1
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Liu J, Yuan X, Fan C, Ma G. Application of the zebrafish model in human viral research. Virus Res 2024; 341:199327. [PMID: 38262567 PMCID: PMC10835014 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2024.199327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Viruses are a leading cause of infectious diseases. Well-developed animal models are valuable for understanding the immune responses to viral infections and the pathogenesis of viral diseases. Zebrafish is a commonly used small vertebrate model organism with strong reproductive ability, a short life cycle, and rapid embryonic development. Moreover, zebrafish and human genomes are highly similar; they have approximately 70 % homology in protein-coding genes, and 84 % of genes associated with human diseases have zebrafish counterparts. Recent years, different groups have developed zebrafish models for human viral infections and diseases, offering new insights into the molecular mechanisms of human viral pathogenesis as well as the development of antiviral strategies. The zebrafish model has become a simple and effective model system for understanding host-virus interaction. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the use of zebrafish models in human viral research, particularly in SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, China
| | - Xiaoyi Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, China.
| | - Chunxin Fan
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, China
| | - Guangyong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, China.
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2
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Hu JL, Huang AL. Classifying hepatitis B therapies with insights from covalently closed circular DNA dynamics. Virol Sin 2024; 39:9-23. [PMID: 38110037 PMCID: PMC10877440 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2023.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The achievement of a functional cure for chronic hepatitis B (CHB) remains limited to a minority of patients treated with currently approved drugs. The primary objective in developing new anti-HBV drugs is to enhance the functional cure rates for CHB. A critical prerequisite for the functional cure of CHB is a substantial reduction, or even eradication of covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA). Within this context, the changes in cccDNA levels during treatment become as a pivotal concern. We have previously analyzed the factors influencing cccDNA dynamics and introduced a preliminary classification of hepatitis B treatment strategies based on these dynamics. In this review, we employ a systems thinking perspective to elucidate the fundamental aspects of the HBV replication cycle and to rationalize the classification of treatment strategies according to their impact on the dynamic equilibrium of cccDNA. Building upon this foundation, we categorize current anti-HBV strategies into two distinct groups and advocate for their combined use to significantly reduce cccDNA levels within a well-defined timeframe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Li Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Ai-Long Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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3
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Martino SD, Petri GL, De Rosa M. Hepatitis C: The Story of a Long Journey through First, Second, and Third Generation NS3/4A Peptidomimetic Inhibitors. What Did We Learn? J Med Chem 2024; 67:885-921. [PMID: 38179950 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Hepatitis C viral (HCV) infection is the leading cause of liver failure and still represents a global health burden. Over the past decade, great advancements made HCV curable, and sustained viral remission significantly improved to more than 98%. Historical treatment with pegylated interferon alpha and ribavirin has been displaced by combinations of direct-acting antivirals. These regimens include drugs targeting different stages of the HCV life cycle. However, the emergence of viral resistance remains a big concern. The design of peptidomimetic inhibitors (PIs) able to fit and fill the conserved substrate envelope region within the active site helped avoid contact with the vulnerable sites of the most common resistance-associated substitutions Arg155, Ala156, and Asp168. Herein, we give an overview of HCV NS3 PIs discovered during the past decade, and we deeply discuss the rationale behind the structural optimization efforts essential to achieve pangenotypic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Di Martino
- Drug Discovery Unit, Medicinal Chemistry Group, Ri.MED Foundation, Palermo 90133, Italy
| | - Giovanna Li Petri
- Drug Discovery Unit, Medicinal Chemistry Group, Ri.MED Foundation, Palermo 90133, Italy
| | - Maria De Rosa
- Drug Discovery Unit, Medicinal Chemistry Group, Ri.MED Foundation, Palermo 90133, Italy
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4
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Pan Q, Xie Y, Zhang Y, Guo X, Wang J, Liu M, Zhang XL. EGFR core fucosylation, induced by hepatitis C virus, promotes TRIM40-mediated-RIG-I ubiquitination and suppresses interferon-I antiviral defenses. Nat Commun 2024; 15:652. [PMID: 38253527 PMCID: PMC10803816 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44960-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Aberrant N-glycosylation has been implicated in viral diseases. Alpha-(1,6)-fucosyltransferase (FUT8) is the sole enzyme responsible for core fucosylation of N-glycans during glycoprotein biosynthesis. Here we find that multiple viral envelope proteins, including Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)-E2, Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-G, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-Spike and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-gp120, enhance FUT8 expression and core fucosylation. HCV-E2 manipulates host transcription factor SNAIL to induce FUT8 expression through EGFR-AKT-SNAIL activation. The aberrant increased-FUT8 expression promotes TRIM40-mediated RIG-I K48-ubiquitination and suppresses the antiviral interferon (IFN)-I response through core fucosylated-EGFR-JAK1-STAT3-RIG-I signaling. FUT8 inhibitor 2FF, N-glycosylation site-specific mutation (Q352AT) of EGFR, and tissue-targeted Fut8 silencing significantly increase antiviral IFN-I responses and suppress RNA viral replication, suggesting that core fucosylation mediated by FUT8 is critical for antiviral innate immunity. These findings reveal an immune evasion mechanism in which virus-induced FUT8 suppresses endogenous RIG-I-mediated antiviral defenses by enhancing core fucosylated EGFR-mediated activation.
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Grants
- This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82230078, 22077097, 91740120, 82272978, 21572173 and 21721005), National Outstanding Youth Foundation of China (81025008), National Key R&D Program of China (2022YFA1303500, 2018YFA0507603), Medical Science Advancement Program (Basical Medical Sciences) of Wuhan University (TFJC 2018002.), Key R&D Program of Hubei Province (2020BCB020), the Hubei Province’s Outstanding Medical Academic Leader Program (523-276003), the Innovative Group Project of Hubei Health Committee (WJ2021C002), the Foundational Research Funds for the Central University of China (2042022dx0003, 2042023kf1011) and Natural Science Foundation Project of Hubei Province (2021CFB484), Natural Science Foundation Project of Hubei Province (2021CFB484 to M.L).
- This work was supported by grants from the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province (2021CFB484), National Natural Science Foundation of China 82272978
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, and Department of Immunology, Wuhan University TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, and Department of Immunology, Wuhan University TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, and Department of Immunology, Wuhan University TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xinqi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, and Department of Immunology, Wuhan University TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, and Department of Immunology, Wuhan University TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Min Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, and Department of Immunology, Wuhan University TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Xiao-Lian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, and Department of Immunology, Wuhan University TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan, 430071, China.
- Department of Allergy, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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5
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Bartosh UI, Dome AS, Zhukova NV, Karitskaya PE, Stepanov GA. CRISPR/Cas9 as a New Antiviral Strategy for Treating Hepatitis Viral Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:334. [PMID: 38203503 PMCID: PMC10779197 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis is an inflammatory liver disease primarily caused by hepatitis A (HAV), B (HBV), C (HCV), D (HDV), and E (HEV) viruses. The chronic forms of hepatitis resulting from HBV and HCV infections can progress to cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), while acute hepatitis can lead to acute liver failure, sometimes resulting in fatality. Viral hepatitis was responsible for over 1 million reported deaths annually. The treatment of hepatitis caused by viral infections currently involves the use of interferon-α (IFN-α), nucleoside inhibitors, and reverse transcriptase inhibitors (for HBV). However, these methods do not always lead to a complete cure for viral infections, and chronic forms of the disease pose significant treatment challenges. These facts underscore the urgent need to explore novel drug developments for the treatment of viral hepatitis. The discovery of the CRISPR/Cas9 system and the subsequent development of various modifications of this system have represented a groundbreaking advance in the quest for innovative strategies in the treatment of viral infections. This technology enables the targeted disruption of specific regions of the genome of infectious agents or the direct manipulation of cellular factors involved in viral replication by introducing a double-strand DNA break, which is targeted by guide RNA (spacer). This review provides a comprehensive summary of our current knowledge regarding the application of the CRISPR/Cas system in the regulation of viral infections caused by HAV, HBV, and HCV. It also highlights new strategies for drug development aimed at addressing both acute and chronic forms of viral hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Grigory A. Stepanov
- The Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (U.I.B.); (A.S.D.); (N.V.Z.); (P.E.K.)
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6
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Gilanipour A, Teimoori A, Arabzadeh SA, Mollaie HR, Mousavi E. Toll-like receptor 7 and RIG-I-like receptors expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of naïve patients with hepatitis C. BMC Res Notes 2023; 16:344. [PMID: 37993939 PMCID: PMC10664272 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-023-06626-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The proper function of Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) as a part of the host immune system can eliminate numerous pathogens from the body. However, some viruses can manipulate PRRs to escape the innate immune system. As there is controversy in the activation of PRRs in patients infected with HCV, we decided to evaluate the gene expression changes of PRRs in HCV cases compared to the healthy control. METHODS In this study, the relative expression of Toll-like receptor 7, RIG-I, and MAD-5 in peripheral mononuclear blood cells of twenty HCV patients and twenty healthy controls of the same gender and age were analyzed by quantitative Real-time PCR. RESULTS Our results showed that the expression of RIG-I and MAD-5 significantly increased in HCV-infected samples compared to the controls (P value:0.01; P value:0.05), while the expression of TLR7 was similar between the case and the control group (P value:0.1). CONCLUSION It seems in suppressing HCV, RIG-I and MAD-5 receptors are likely to be more activated than TRL7 in HCV patients. The lack of TLR7 gene expression might reflect the defect of the host in the stimulation of the innate immune system through the TLR7 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atena Gilanipour
- Department of Medical Microbiology (Bacteriology and Virology), Afzalipour Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ali Teimoori
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Seyed Alimohammad Arabzadeh
- Department of Medical Microbiology (Bacteriology and Virology), Afzalipour Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Mollaie
- Department of Medical Microbiology (Bacteriology and Virology), Afzalipour Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Elham Mousavi
- Department of Medical Microbiology (Bacteriology and Virology), Afzalipour Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
- Medical Mycology and Bacteriology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
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7
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Baraka K, Abozahra RR, Badr E, Abdelhamid SM. Study of some potential biomarkers in Egyptian hepatitis C virus patients in relation to liver disease progression and HCC. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:938. [PMID: 37798688 PMCID: PMC10552374 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-11420-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Egypt has the greatest prevalence of hepatitis C worldwide according to the WHO reports, accounting for 13% of the global HCV infections. HCV is a substantial precursor for fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. This study aimed to investigate the potential relevance of some cytokines, miR-122 and miR-221 for the diagnosis of liver disease progression associated to HCV infection. METHODS One hundred and twenty blood samples were collected from patients with chronic liver disease, HCC, and healthy individuals. Total bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, platelet count, albumin, and creatinine were measured. Serum level of selected cytokines was conducted by ELISA. Serum miRNA expression was detected by RT-PCR. RESULTS IL-2R was higher among HCC patients and the mean concentration of both TNF-αRII and IL-6R was higher among cirrhotic patients. The expression of miRNA-122 showed a little fold decrease in all studied groups; the highest level was observed in HCC patients. The expression of miRNA-221 showed a significant fold increase in HCC and cirrhotic groups. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that there is no difference in liver disease progression in patients regarding sex and age. Routine liver function tests performed poorly in terms of early diagnosis of liver disease progression; however, serum total bilirubin gave somewhat useful guide for discrimination between fibrotic, cirrhotic and HCC cases. IL-2R showed a significant consistent increase in its level with disease progression. The miR-221 serum level showed significant fold increase with liver disease progression. Therefore, making miR-221 a potential non-invasive biomarker for liver disease progression in the diagnostic setting is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kholoud Baraka
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, El Gomhoreya Street, Damanhour, El Behira Egypt
| | - Rania R. Abozahra
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, El Gomhoreya Street, Damanhour, El Behira Egypt
| | - Eman Badr
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, El Gomhoreya Street, Damanhour, El Behira Egypt
| | - Sarah M. Abdelhamid
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, El Gomhoreya Street, Damanhour, El Behira Egypt
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8
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Bahrulolum H, Tarrahimofrad H, Rouzbahani FN, Nooraei S, Sameh MM, Hajizade A, Ahmadian G. Potential of CRISPR/Cas system as emerging tools in the detection of viral hepatitis infection. Virol J 2023; 20:91. [PMID: 37158910 PMCID: PMC10165583 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02048-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral hepatitis, the most common cause of inflammatory liver disease, affects hundreds of millions of people worldwide. It is most commonly associated with one of the five nominal hepatitis viruses (hepatitis A-E viruses). HBV and HCV can cause acute infections and lifelong, persistent chronic infections, while HAV and HEV cause self-limiting acute infections. HAV and HEV are predominantly transmitted through the fecal-oral route, while diseases transmitted by the other forms are blood-borne diseases. Despite the success in the treatment of viral hepatitis and the development of HAV and HBV vaccines, there is still no accurate diagnosis at the genetic level for these diseases. Timely diagnosis of viral hepatitis is a prerequisite for efficient therapeutic intervention. Due to the specificity and sensitivity of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated sequences (Cas) technology, it has the potential to meet critical needs in the field of diagnosis of viral diseases and can be used in versatile point-of-care (POC) diagnostic applications to detect viruses with both DNA and RNA genomes. In this review, we discuss recent advances in CRISPR-Cas diagnostics tools and assess their potential and prospects in rapid and effective strategies for the diagnosis and control of viral hepatitis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howra Bahrulolum
- Department of Industrial and Environmental and Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, 1497716316 Iran
| | - Hossein Tarrahimofrad
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, 1497716316 Iran
| | - Fatemeh Nouri Rouzbahani
- Department of Industrial and Environmental and Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, 1497716316 Iran
| | - Saghi Nooraei
- Department of Industrial and Environmental and Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, 1497716316 Iran
| | - Mehdi Mousavi Sameh
- Department of Industrial and Environmental and Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, 1497716316 Iran
| | - Abbas Hajizade
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1435916471 Iran
| | - Gholamreza Ahmadian
- Department of Industrial and Environmental and Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, 1497716316 Iran
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Cao B, Liu M, Jiang T, Yu Q, Yuan T, Ding P, Zhou X, Huang Y, Zou Y, Huang F. HCV Genotype Distribution and Clinical Characteristics of HCV Mono-Infected and HCV/HIV Co-Infected Patients in Liangshan Prefecture, Sichuan Province, China. J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care 2023; 22:23259582231217810. [PMID: 38099656 PMCID: PMC10725143 DOI: 10.1177/23259582231217810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: The present study aimed to characterize the genotype distribution and clinical characteristics of HCV monoinfected and HCV/HIV coinfected patients in the Liangshan Prefecture, Sichuan Province, China. Methods: All the patients were divided into HCV monoinfection and HCV/HIV coinfection groups according to whether they were complicated with HIV infection. The data from the two groups were collected. Results: In this study, HCV genotype 3 was the most common genotype in both groups, while HCV genotype 6 was significantly higher in the coinfection group than in the monoinfection group (p = 0.046). The white blood cell count, total bilirubin level, and HCV RNA were significantly higher in the HCV monoinfection group than that in the HCV/HIV coinfection group (p = 0.031; p < 0.001; p = 0.027, respectively). Conclusion: HCV prevalence was high in HIV-positive patients in the Liangshan Prefecture. Thus, incorporating screening and management of HCV monoinfection and HCV/HIV coinfection is needed in local region programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianchuan Cao
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Mei Liu
- Antiviral Therapy Center, The First People's Hospital of Yuexi County, Liangshan, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Antiviral Therapy Center, The First People's Hospital of Yuexi County, Liangshan, China
| | - Qinghua Yu
- Antiviral Therapy Center, The First People's Hospital of Yuexi County, Liangshan, China
| | - Tianru Yuan
- Antiviral Therapy Center, The First People's Hospital of Yuexi County, Liangshan, China
| | - Ping Ding
- Antiviral Therapy Center, The First People's Hospital of Yuexi County, Liangshan, China
| | - Xian Zhou
- Antiviral Therapy Center, The First People's Hospital of Yuexi County, Liangshan, China
| | - Yongmao Huang
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yongsheng Zou
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Fuli Huang
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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10
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Ren J, Vaid TM, Lee H, Ojeda I, Johnson ME. Evaluation of interactions between the hepatitis C virus NS3/4A and sulfonamidobenzamide based molecules using molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations and binding free energy calculations. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2023; 37:53-65. [PMID: 36427108 PMCID: PMC9839505 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-022-00490-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) NS3/4A is an attractive target for the treatment of Hepatitis C infection. Herein, we present an investigation of HCV NS3/4A inhibitors based on a sulfonamidobenzamide scaffold. Inhibitor interactions with HCV NS3/4A were explored by molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, and MM/PBSA binding free energy calculations. All of the inhibitors adopt similar molecular docking poses in the catalytic site of the protease that are stabilized by hydrogen bond interactions with G137 and the catalytic S139, which are known to be important for potency and binding stability. The quantitative assessments of binding free energies from MM/PBSA correlate well with the experimental results, with a high coefficient of determination, R2 of 0.92. Binding free energy decomposition analyses elucidate the different contributions of Q41, F43, H57, R109, K136, G137, S138, S139, A156, M485, and Q526 in binding different inhibitors. The importance of these sidechain contributions was further confirmed by computational alanine scanning mutagenesis. In addition, the sidechains of K136 and S139 show crucial but distinct contributions to inhibitor binding with HCV NS3/4A. The structural basis of the potency has been elucidated, demonstrating the importance of the R155 sidechain conformation. This extensive exploration of binding energies and interactions between these compounds and HCV NS3/4A at the atomic level should benefit future antiviral drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhong Ren
- Center for Biomolecular Sciences and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 S. Ashland Ave, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
- BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd, No. 30 Science Park Road, Zhong-Guan-Cun Life Sciences Park, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Tasneem M Vaid
- Center for Biomolecular Sciences and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 S. Ashland Ave, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Hyun Lee
- Center for Biomolecular Sciences and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 S. Ashland Ave, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
- Biophysics Core at Research Resource Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1100 S. Ashland Ave, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Isabel Ojeda
- Center for Biomolecular Sciences and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 S. Ashland Ave, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Michael E Johnson
- Center for Biomolecular Sciences and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 S. Ashland Ave, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA.
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11
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Microbial Natural Products with Antiviral Activities, Including Anti-SARS-CoV-2: A Review. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134305. [PMID: 35807550 PMCID: PMC9268554 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus, which caused the COVID-19 infection, was discovered two and a half years ago. It caused a global pandemic, resulting in millions of deaths and substantial damage to the worldwide economy. Currently, only a few vaccines and antiviral drugs are available to combat SARS-CoV-2. However, there has been an increase in virus-related research, including exploring new drugs and their repurposing. Since discovering penicillin, natural products, particularly those derived from microbes, have been viewed as an abundant source of lead compounds for drug discovery. These compounds treat bacterial, fungal, parasitic, and viral infections. This review incorporates evidence from the available research publications on isolated and identified natural products derived from microbes with anti-hepatitis, anti-herpes simplex, anti-HIV, anti-influenza, anti-respiratory syncytial virus, and anti-SARS-CoV-2 properties. About 131 compounds with in vitro antiviral activity and 1 compound with both in vitro and in vivo activity have been isolated from microorganisms, and the mechanism of action for some of these compounds has been described. Recent reports have shown that natural products produced by the microbes, such as aurasperone A, neochinulin A and B, and aspulvinone D, M, and R, have potent in vitro anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity, targeting the main protease (Mpro). In the near and distant future, these molecules could be used to develop antiviral drugs for treating infections and preventing the spread of disease.
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12
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The Importance of CXCL1 in the Physiological State and in Noncancer Diseases of the Oral Cavity and Abdominal Organs. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137151. [PMID: 35806156 PMCID: PMC9266754 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CXCL1 is a CXC chemokine, CXCR2 ligand and chemotactic factor for neutrophils. In this paper, we present a review of the role of the chemokine CXCL1 in physiology and in selected major non-cancer diseases of the oral cavity and abdominal organs (gingiva, salivary glands, stomach, liver, pancreas, intestines, and kidneys). We focus on the importance of CXCL1 on implantation and placentation as well as on human pluripotent stem cells. We also show the significance of CXCL1 in selected diseases of the abdominal organs, including the gastrointestinal tract and oral cavity (periodontal diseases, periodontitis, Sjögren syndrome, Helicobacter pylori infection, diabetes, liver cirrhosis, alcoholic liver disease (ALD), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), HBV and HCV infection, liver ischemia and reperfusion injury, inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis), obesity and overweight, kidney transplantation and ischemic-reperfusion injury, endometriosis and adenomyosis).
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13
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Dambadarjaa D, Mukhtar Y, Tsogzolbaatar EO, Khuyag SO, Dayan A, Oyunbileg NE, Shagdarsuren OE, Nyam G, Nakamura Y, Takahashi M, Okamoto H. Hepatitis B, C, and D virus infections and AFP tumor marker prevalence among elderly population in Mongolia: A nationwide survey. J Prev Med Public Health 2022; 55:263-272. [PMID: 35678000 PMCID: PMC9201085 DOI: 10.3961/jpmph.21.573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Infections with hepatitis B, C, and D virus (HBV, HCV, and HDV) are a major public health problem and lead to serious complications such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. We aimed to determine the seroprevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), anti-HCV, anti-HDV immunoglobulin G, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), and dual and triple hepatitis virus infections in Mongolia. Methods A total of 2313 participants from urban and rural regions were randomly recruited for this cross-sectional study. A questionnaire was used to identify the risk factors for hepatitis virus infections, and the seromarkers were measured using immunoassay kits. Results Among all participants, the prevalence of HBV, HCV, and HDV was 15.6%, 36.6%, and 14.3%, respectively. The infection rates were significantly higher in females and participants with a lower education level, rural residence, older age, and a history of blood transfusion. HBV and HCV co-infection was found in 120 (5.2%) participants and HBV, HCV, and HDV triple infection was detected in 67 (2.9%) participants. The prevalence of elevated AFP was 2.7%, 5.5%, and 2.6% higher in participants who were seropositive for HBsAg (p=0.01), anti-HCV (p<0.001), and anti-HDV (p=0.022), respectively. Elevated AFP was more prevalent in participants co-infected with HBV and HCV (5.8%, p=0.023), HBV and HDV (6.0%, p<0.001), and triple-infected with HBV, HCV, and HDV (7.5%) than in uninfected individuals. Conclusions Nearly half (49.8%) of the study population aged ≥40 years were infected with HBV, HCV, or HDV, and 22.4% had dual or triple infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davaalkham Dambadarjaa
- School of Public Health, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar,
Mongolia
| | - Yerkyebulan Mukhtar
- School of Public Health, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar,
Mongolia
| | - Enkh-Oyun Tsogzolbaatar
- School of Public Health, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar,
Mongolia
| | - Ser-Od Khuyag
- School of Public Health, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar,
Mongolia
| | - Angarmurun Dayan
- School of Public Health, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar,
Mongolia
| | - Nandin-Erdene Oyunbileg
- School of Public Health, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar,
Mongolia
| | - Oyu-Erdene Shagdarsuren
- School of Public Health, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar,
Mongolia
| | - Gunchmaa Nyam
- School of Public Health, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar,
Mongolia
| | - Yosikazu Nakamura
- Department of Public Health, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke,
Japan
| | - Masaharu Takahashi
- Department of Public Health, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke,
Japan
| | - Hiroaki Okamoto
- Department of Public Health, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke,
Japan
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14
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Yu Y, Wan Z, Wang JH, Yang X, Zhang C. Review of human pegivirus: Prevalence, transmission, pathogenesis, and clinical implication. Virulence 2022; 13:324-341. [PMID: 35132924 PMCID: PMC8837232 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2029328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pegivirus (HPgV-1), previously known as GB virus C (GBV-C) or hepatitis G virus (HGV), is a single-stranded positive RNA virus belonging to the genus Pegivirus of the Flaviviridae family. It is transmitted by percutaneous injuries (PIs), contaminated blood and/or blood products, sexual contact, and vertical mother-to-child transmission. It is widely prevalent in general population, especially in high-risk groups. HPgV-1 viremia is typically cleared within the first 1–2 years of infection in most healthy individuals, but may persist for longer periods of time in immunocompromised individuals and/or those co-infected by other viruses. A large body of evidences indicate that HPgV-1 persistent infection has a beneficial clinical effect on many infectious diseases, such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and hepatitis C. The beneficial effects seem to be related to a significant reduction of immune activation, and/or the inhabitation of co-infected viruses (e.g. HIV-1). HPgV-1 has a broad cellular tropism for lymphoid and myeloid cells, and preferentially replicates in bone marrow and spleen without cytopathic effect, implying a therapeutic potential. The paper aims to summarize the natural history, prevalence and distribution characteristics, and pathogenesis of HPgV-1, and discuss its association with other human viral diseases, and potential use in therapy as a biovaccine or viral vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China.,Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenzhou Wan
- Medical Laboratory of Taizhou Fourth People's Hospital, Taizhou, China
| | - Jian-Hua Wang
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianguang Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Chiyu Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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15
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Mohamed EI, El-Ghnam SM, Bayoumi AM, Abdel-Mageed SM, Ghareeb DA, Ross B. Electronic nose versus quadrupole mass spectrometry for identifying viral hepatitis C patients. J Viral Hepat 2022; 29:147-155. [PMID: 34773341 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.13630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C is a leading cause of liver disease and transplantation and is a significant burden on public health worldwide. This study aimed to apply the Electronic Nose (E-Nose) and quadrupole Mass Spectrometry (MS/MS) technologies for screening blood samples from hepatitis C patients and healthy controls. We analysed volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the headspace over blood samples to identify those VOCs characteristic for diagnosing hepatitis C patients. The study comprised 150 acute hepatitis C patients with age range: 24-59 years, and mean age ±SD: 41.5 ± 12.8 years and 150 age-matched healthy controls (age range: 24-51 and mean age: 40.11 ± 4.89 years) from the Hospital of the Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt. Collected blood samples were analysed qualitatively and quantitatively using the E-Nose and MS/MS techniques, respectively. Principal component analysis of the E-Nose 10-sensor responses accurately classified blood samples from hepatitis C patients and healthy controls. The first two principal components explained over 98.35% of the variance in signals with no false-positive (healthy controls) or false-negative (hepatitis C patients) results. MS/MS showed two fragmentation ions at m/z of 104 and 151 Da with the positive electrospray ionization mode (ESI+) in blood samples for hepatitis C patients, but not for healthy controls or background water samples. We identified the two specific fragmentation ions at m/z 104 and m/z 151 Da as malonic acid (MF: C3 H4 O4 ; MW: 104.06 g/mol) and monosaccharide pentose (MF: C5 H10 O5 ; MW: 150.13 g/mol) in VOCs of the headspace over blood samples for hepatitis C patients. This provides a rationale for developing diagnostic tests for hepatitis C virus based on altered trace VOCs concentrations using the relatively inexpensive, easy-to-use, portable and non-invasive E-Nose technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehab I Mohamed
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Sameh M El-Ghnam
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Amani M Bayoumi
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Samir M Abdel-Mageed
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Doaa A Ghareeb
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.,Pre-Clinical Center, Scientific Research and Technology Applications City, Borg Al-Arab, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Brian Ross
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Lakehead University, Ontario, Canada
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16
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Gu CY, Lee TKW. Preclinical mouse models of hepatocellular carcinoma: An overview and update. Exp Cell Res 2022; 412:113042. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2022.113042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Algal and Cyanobacterial Lectins and Their Antimicrobial Properties. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19120687. [PMID: 34940686 PMCID: PMC8707200 DOI: 10.3390/md19120687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lectins are proteins with a remarkably high affinity and specificity for carbohydrates. Many organisms naturally produce them, including animals, plants, fungi, protists, bacteria, archaea, and viruses. The present report focuses on lectins produced by marine or freshwater organisms, in particular algae and cyanobacteria. We explore their structure, function, classification, and antimicrobial properties. Furthermore, we look at the expression of lectins in heterologous systems and the current research on the preclinical and clinical evaluation of these fascinating molecules. The further development of these molecules might positively impact human health, particularly the prevention or treatment of diseases caused by pathogens such as human immunodeficiency virus, influenza, and severe acute respiratory coronaviruses, among others.
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18
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Mohammed AS, Balapure A, Khan AA, Khaja MN, Ganesan R, Dutta JR. Genotyping simplified: rationally designed antisense oligonucleotide-mediated PCR amplification-free colorimetric sensing of viral RNA in HCV genotypes 1 and 3. Analyst 2021; 146:4767-4774. [PMID: 34231566 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00590a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Molecular diagnosis of viral genotyping devoid of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification in clinical cohorts has hitherto been challenging. Here we present a simplified molecular diagnostic strategy for direct genotyping of hepatitis C virus (HCV) 1 and 3 (prevalent worldwide) using a combination of rationally designed genotype-specific antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) and plasmonic gold nanoparticles. The ASOs specific to genotypes 1 and 3 have been designed from the nonstructural region 5A (NS5A) of the viral genome using the ClustalW multiple sequence alignment tool. A total of 79 clinical samples including 18 HCV genotype 1, 18 HCV genotype 3, one HIV positive, one HBV positive, and 41 healthy controls have been tested against both the designed ASOs. The study reveals 100% specificity and sensitivity with the employed samples and thereby opens up new avenues for PCR-free direct genotyping of other viruses as well, through the rational design of ASOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almas Shamaila Mohammed
- Department of Biological Sciences, BITS Pilani Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Kapra Mandal, Medchal, Hyderabad-500078, India.
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19
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Gallardo-Flores CE, Colpitts CC. Cyclophilins and Their Roles in Hepatitis C Virus and Flavivirus Infections: Perspectives for Novel Antiviral Approaches. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10070902. [PMID: 34358052 PMCID: PMC8308494 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclophilins are cellular peptidyl-prolyl isomerases that play an important role in viral infections, with demonstrated roles in the replication of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and other viruses in the Flaviviridae family, such as dengue virus (DENV) and yellow fever virus (YFV). Here, we discuss the roles of cyclophilins in HCV infection and provide a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms underlying the requirement for cyclophilins during HCV replication. Notably, cyclophilin inhibitor therapy has been demonstrated to be effective in reducing HCV replication in chronically infected patients. While the roles of cyclophilins are relatively well-understood for HCV infection, cyclophilins are more recently emerging as host factors for flavivirus infection as well, providing potential new therapeutic avenues for these viral infections which currently lack antiviral therapies. However, further studies are required to elucidate the roles of cyclophilins in flavivirus replication. Here, we review the current knowledge of the role of cyclophilins in HCV infection to provide a conceptual framework to understand how cyclophilins may contribute to other viral infections, such as DENV and YFV. Improved understanding of the roles of cyclophilins in viral infection may open perspectives for the development of cyclophilin inhibitors as effective antiviral therapeutics for HCV and related viruses.
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20
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Perisetti A, Goyal H, Yendala R, Thandassery RB, Giorgakis E. Non-cirrhotic hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic viral hepatitis: Current insights and advancements. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:3466-3482. [PMID: 34239263 PMCID: PMC8240056 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i24.3466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary liver cancers carry significant morbidity and mortality. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) develops within the hepatic parenchyma and is the most common malignancy originating from the liver. Although 80% of HCCs develop within background cirrhosis, 20% may arise in a non-cirrhotic milieu and are referred to non-cirrhotic-HCC (NCHCC). NCHCC is often diagnosed late due to lack of surveillance. In addition, the rising prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and diabetes mellitus have increased the risk of developing HCC on non-cirrhotic patients. Viral infections such as chronic Hepatitis B and less often chronic hepatitis C with advance fibrosis are associated with NCHCC. NCHCC individuals may have Hepatitis B core antibodies and occult HBV infection, signifying the role of Hepatitis B infection in NCHCC. Given the effectiveness of current antiviral therapies, surgical techniques and locoregional treatment options, nowadays such patients have more options and potential for cure. However, these lesions need early identification with diagnostic models and multiple surveillance strategies to improve overall outcomes. Better understanding of the NCHCC risk factors, tumorigenesis, diagnostic tools and treatment options are critical to improving prognosis and overall outcomes on these patients. In this review, we aim to discuss NCHCC epidemiology, risk factors, and pathogenesis, and elaborate on NCHCC diagnosis and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhilash Perisetti
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States
| | - Hemant Goyal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Macon University School of Medicine, Macon, GA 31207, United States
| | - Rachana Yendala
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Conway Regional Health System (CRHS), Conway, AR 72034, United States
| | - Ragesh B Thandassery
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States
| | - Emmanouil Giorgakis
- Department of Transplant, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock, AR 72205, United States
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21
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Schneider J, Hoffmann B, Fevola C, Schmidt ML, Imholt C, Fischer S, Ecke F, Hörnfeldt B, Magnusson M, Olsson GE, Rizzoli A, Tagliapietra V, Chiari M, Reusken C, Bužan E, Kazimirova M, Stanko M, White TA, Reil D, Obiegala A, Meredith A, Drexler JF, Essbauer S, Henttonen H, Jacob J, Hauffe HC, Beer M, Heckel G, Ulrich RG. Geographical Distribution and Genetic Diversity of Bank Vole Hepaciviruses in Europe. Viruses 2021; 13:1258. [PMID: 34203238 PMCID: PMC8310187 DOI: 10.3390/v13071258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of new diagnostic methods resulted in the discovery of novel hepaciviruses in wild populations of the bank vole (Myodes glareolus, syn. Clethrionomys glareolus). The naturally infected voles demonstrate signs of hepatitis similar to those induced by hepatitis C virus (HCV) in humans. The aim of the present research was to investigate the geographical distribution of bank vole-associated hepaciviruses (BvHVs) and their genetic diversity in Europe. Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) screening revealed BvHV RNA in 442 out of 1838 (24.0%) bank voles from nine European countries and in one of seven northern red-backed voles (Myodes rutilus, syn. Clethrionomys rutilus). BvHV RNA was not found in any other small mammal species (n = 23) tested here. Phylogenetic and isolation-by-distance analyses confirmed the occurrence of both BvHV species (Hepacivirus F and Hepacivirus J) and their sympatric occurrence at several trapping sites in two countries. The broad geographical distribution of BvHVs across Europe was associated with their presence in bank voles of different evolutionary lineages. The extensive geographical distribution and high levels of genetic diversity of BvHVs, as well as the high population fluctuations of bank voles and occasional commensalism in some parts of Europe warrant future studies on the zoonotic potential of BvHVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Schneider
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (M.L.S.); (S.F.)
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (B.H.); (M.B.)
| | - Cristina Fevola
- Research and Innovation Centre, Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Fondazione Edmund Mach, 38098 San Michele all’Adige, Italy; (C.F.); (A.R.); (V.T.); (H.C.H.)
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marie Luisa Schmidt
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (M.L.S.); (S.F.)
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Christian Imholt
- Vertebrate Research, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Horticulture and Forests, Julius Kühn-Institute (JKI), Toppheideweg 88, 48161 Münster, Germany; (C.I.); (D.R.); (J.J.)
| | - Stefan Fischer
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (M.L.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Frauke Ecke
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden; (F.E.); (B.H.); (M.M.); (G.E.O.)
| | - Birger Hörnfeldt
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden; (F.E.); (B.H.); (M.M.); (G.E.O.)
| | - Magnus Magnusson
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden; (F.E.); (B.H.); (M.M.); (G.E.O.)
| | - Gert E. Olsson
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden; (F.E.); (B.H.); (M.M.); (G.E.O.)
- Unit for Nature Conservation, County Administrative Board of Halland County, 30004 Halmstad, Sweden
| | - Annapaola Rizzoli
- Research and Innovation Centre, Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Fondazione Edmund Mach, 38098 San Michele all’Adige, Italy; (C.F.); (A.R.); (V.T.); (H.C.H.)
| | - Valentina Tagliapietra
- Research and Innovation Centre, Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Fondazione Edmund Mach, 38098 San Michele all’Adige, Italy; (C.F.); (A.R.); (V.T.); (H.C.H.)
| | - Mario Chiari
- Direzione Generale Welfare, U.O. Veterinaria, Piazza Città di Lombardia 1, 20124 Milan, Italy;
| | - Chantal Reusken
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 Bilthoven, The Netherlands;
| | - Elena Bužan
- Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, 6000 Koper, Slovenia;
- Environmental Protection College, 3320 Velenje, Slovenia
| | - Maria Kazimirova
- Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences (SAS), 81438 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Michal Stanko
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, 04001 Košice, Slovakia;
| | - Thomas A. White
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA2 0QZ, UK;
| | - Daniela Reil
- Vertebrate Research, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Horticulture and Forests, Julius Kühn-Institute (JKI), Toppheideweg 88, 48161 Münster, Germany; (C.I.); (D.R.); (J.J.)
| | - Anna Obiegala
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, 04109 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Anna Meredith
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AB, UK;
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Jan Felix Drexler
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany;
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Associated Partner Site Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sandra Essbauer
- Department Virology and Rickettsiology, Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, 80937 Munich, Germany;
| | - Heikki Henttonen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE), 00791 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Jens Jacob
- Vertebrate Research, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Horticulture and Forests, Julius Kühn-Institute (JKI), Toppheideweg 88, 48161 Münster, Germany; (C.I.); (D.R.); (J.J.)
| | - Heidi C. Hauffe
- Research and Innovation Centre, Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Fondazione Edmund Mach, 38098 San Michele all’Adige, Italy; (C.F.); (A.R.); (V.T.); (H.C.H.)
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (B.H.); (M.B.)
| | - Gerald Heckel
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Rainer G. Ulrich
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (M.L.S.); (S.F.)
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22
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Felicetti T, Pismataro MC, Cecchetti V, Tabarrini O, Massari S. Triazolopyrimidine Nuclei: Privileged Scaffolds for Developing Antiviral Agents with a Proper Pharmacokinetic Profile. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:1379-1407. [PMID: 34042030 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210526120534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are a continuing threat to global health. The lack or limited therapeutic armamentarium against some viral infections and increasing drug resistance issues make the search for new antiviral agents urgent. In recent years, a growing literature highlighted the use of triazolopyrimidine (TZP) heterocycles in the development of antiviral agents, with numerous compounds that showed potent antiviral activities against different RNA and DNA viruses. TZP core represents a privileged scaffold for achieving biologically active molecules, thanks to: i) the synthetic feasibility that allows to variously functionalize TZPs in the different positions of the nucleus, ii) the ability of TZP core to establish multiple interactions with the molecular target, and iii) its favorable pharmacokinetic properties. In the present review, after mentioning selected examples of TZP-based compounds with varied biological activities, we will focus on those antivirals that appeared in the literature in the last 10 years. Approaches used for their identification, the hit-to-lead studies, and the emerged structure-activity relationship will be described. A mention of the synthetic methodologies to prepare TZP nuclei will also be given. In addition, their mechanism of action, the binding mode within the biological target, and pharmacokinetic properties will be analyzed, highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of compounds based on the TZP scaffold, which is increasingly used in medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Felicetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Violetta Cecchetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Oriana Tabarrini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Serena Massari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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23
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Elmekawy HA, Belal F, Abdelaziz AE, Abdelkawy KS, Ali AA, Elbarbry F. Pharmacokinetic interaction between atorvastatin and fixed-dose combination of sofosbuvir/ledipasvir in healthy male Egyptian volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2021; 77:1369-1379. [PMID: 33791829 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-021-03130-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Comorbid conditions of heart and liver disorders added to HCV-induced hepatic steatosis make co-administration of statins, and direct-acting antivirals is common in clinical practice. This study aimed to evaluate the pharmacokinetic interaction of atorvastatin and fixed-dose combination of sofosbuvir/ledipasvir "FDCSL" with rationalization to the underlying mechanism. METHODS A randomized, three-phase crossover study that involves 12 healthy volunteers was performed. Participants received a single-dose of atorvastatin 80 mg alone, atorvastatin 80-mg plus tablets containing 400/90 mg FDCSL, or tablets containing 400/90 mg FDCSL alone. Plasma samples were analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for atorvastatin, sofosbuvir, ledipasvir, and sofosbuvir metabolite "GS-331007," and their pharmacokinetics parameters were determined. RESULTS Compared to atorvastatin alone, the administration of FDCSL caused a significant increase in both areas under the concentration-time curve from time zero to infinity (AUC0-∞) and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of atorvastatin by 65.5% and 156.0%, respectively. Also, atorvastatin caused a significant increase in the AUC0-∞ and Cmax of sofosbuvir by 32.0% and 11.0%, respectively. Similarly, AUC0-∞ and Cmax of sofosbuvir metabolite significantly increased by 84.0% and 74.0%, respectively. However, ledipasvir AUC0-∞ showed no significant change after atorvastatin intake. The elimination rate in all drugs revealed no significant changes. CONCLUSION After concurrent administration of FDCSL with atorvastatin, the AUC0-∞ of both atorvastatin and sofosbuvir were increased. Caution should be taken with close monitoring for possible side effects after co-administration of atorvastatin and FDCSL in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Elmekawy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33511, Egypt
| | - F Belal
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Mansoura, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - A E Abdelaziz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - K S Abdelkawy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33511, Egypt
| | - A A Ali
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33511, Egypt
| | - F Elbarbry
- Pacific University Oregon School of Pharmacy, Hillsboro, OR, 97123, USA.
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Al-Ansari MM, Ranjit Singh AJA, Al-Khattaf FS, Michael JS. Nano-formulation of herbo-mineral alternative medicine from linga chenduram and evaluation of antiviral efficacy. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:1596-1606. [PMID: 33732045 PMCID: PMC7938193 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional medicine is becoming a primary source of health care in many countries in recent years. The current study proposes a new dimension of understanding a traditional origin treatment, using herbo-mineral preparations in nanoform. The herbo-mineral preparation, Linga chenduram [HMLC], was prepared according to the ancient palm script protocol dates back to 1000 years. In search of alternative therapy for the coronavirus, an attempt was made to determine this ethnic medicine formulation's therapeutic potential for viral hepatitis infection. The Hepatitis C virus [HCV] has several genomic similarities with SARS-CoV-2 viruses. The herbo-mineral formulation (HMLC) were analyzed using UV–vis, EDAX, FTIR, XRD, SEM, and TEM studies. SEM images confirmed the ' presence of nanoparticles with agglomerated conditions having an average grain size of 18 to 25 nm. EDAX studies showed the presence of metallic components in oxide or sulfide form in HMLC. The HCV inhibitory effects of HMLC indicated a good response. The cytotoxicity of this preparation against the Huh-7 human hepatoma cell line was significant. The HMLC showed a strong inhibitory effect on HCV replication in a dose-dependent manner. The genomic component of HCV is similar to COVID −19 virus. The Hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3/4A protease has a striking three-dimensional structural similarity to the SARS-CoV2 Mpro protease, particularly in the arrangement of key active site residues. So HMLC can be tried to treat coronavirus infection. At higher concentrations, HMLC exhibited over 100-fold inhibition. In the MTT assay, HMLC did not show any apparent cytotoxic effect on cell viability at the concentrations 1–100 µg. Histological studies indicated that the liver and kidney did not experience any toxicity by 7 and 15 consecutive days of administration of HMLC on experimental Wistar rats. Hence, the HMLC can be tried as a therapy for COVID −19 infections using the preparations strictly according to ethnopharmacological protocol and optimum doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mysoon M Al-Ansari
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - A J A Ranjit Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Prathyusha Engineering College, Chennai 600056, India
| | - Fatimah S Al-Khattaf
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - J S Michael
- Department of Biotechnology, Prathyusha Engineering College, Chennai 600056, India
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25
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de Torres Santos AP, Martins Silva VC, Mendes-Corrêa MC, Lemos MF, de Mello Malta F, Santana RAF, Dastoli GTF, de Castro VFD, Pinho JRR, Moreira RC. Prevalence and Pattern of Resistance in NS5A/NS5B in Hepatitis C Chronic Patients Genotype 3 Examined at a Public Health Laboratory in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Infect Drug Resist 2021; 14:723-730. [PMID: 33658809 PMCID: PMC7917774 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s247071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Globally, it is estimated that 71 million people are chronically infected with hepatitis C, and 10-20% of these will develop cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The development of new direct-acting antiviral (DAA) drugs has contributed to sustained virological response (SVR), eliminating the infection and achieving cure of chronic hepatitis C. However, treated patients can develop HCV resistance to DAAs, which can contribute to the failure of treatment. Here, we aimed to evaluate the prevalence and specific pattern of NS5A and NS5B resistance-associated substitutions (RAS) in samples from patients chronically infected with HCV genotype 3a at a public health laboratory, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, Brazil. Patients and Methods Serum samples from the enrolled individuals were submitted to "in-house" polymerase chain reaction amplification of NS5A and NS5B non-structural protein genes, which were then sequenced by Sanger method. Results A total of 170 and 190 samples were amplified and analyzed for NS5A and NS5B, respectively. For NS5A, 20 (12.0%) samples showed some important RAS; 16 (9.0%) showed some type of substitution and 134 (79.0%) showed no polymorphism. No sample showed any RAS for NS5B. Conclusion This study found important RAS in samples from naïve chronic HCV patients in some areas from São Paulo. The most prevalent were A62S, A30K, and Y93H, which could indicate an increase in resistance to some DAAs used in HCV treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula de Torres Santos
- Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Virology Center, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Divisão de Laboratório Central, Laboratório de Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Cássia Mendes-Corrêa
- LIM-52-Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Fernanda de Mello Malta
- Laboratory of Tropical Gastroenterology and Hepatology "João de Queiroz and Castorina Bettencourt Alves"‑LIM 07‑Institute of Tropical Medicine Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - João Renato Rebello Pinho
- Divisão de Laboratório Central, Laboratório de Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Laboratory of Tropical Gastroenterology and Hepatology "João de Queiroz and Castorina Bettencourt Alves"‑LIM 07‑Institute of Tropical Medicine Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Albert Einstein Medicina Diagnóstica, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Regina Célia Moreira
- Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Virology Center, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Mohammed AS, Balapure A, Khaja MN, Ganesan R, Dutta JR. Naked-eye colorimetric detection of HCV RNA mediated by a 5' UTR-targeted antisense oligonucleotide and plasmonic gold nanoparticles. Analyst 2021; 146:1569-1578. [PMID: 33586713 DOI: 10.1039/d0an02481c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The increasing incidence of hepatitis C viral (HCV) infection worldwide is a major concern for causing liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, leading to increased morbidity and mortality. Currently, the prevalence of HCV infection is estimated to be in the range of ∼3%. According to the World Health Organization, antiviral drugs can cure more than 95% of the HCV infected cases, if timely diagnosis and treatment are provided. The gold standard RT-qPCR assay is expensive and requires a minimum turnaround time of 4 h. Hence, a rapid and cost-effective detection assay that can be used even in resource-limited settings would be highly beneficial for mass level screening. Herein, we present an Au NP based facile strategy for rapid, early-stage, and sensitive detection of HCV RNA in clinical samples which avoids thiol tagging to the antisense oligonucleotide and expensive infrastructure. This technique utilizes the hybridization of a short-chain antisense oligonucleotide from the 5' untranslated region (UTR) of the viral genome with the isolated HCV RNA samples. Using a specific sequence universal to all HCV genotypes-obtained through the NCBI BLASTn tool-the HCV positive samples have stabilized the citrate capped Au NPs against salt-induced aggregation, retaining their red color. On the other hand, negative controls, including HBV and HIV positive samples, do not stabilize the Au NPs, which results in purple coloration. Besides, the assay is successfully tested with a RNase A enzyme-treated HCV positive sample, which does not stabilize the Au NPs, thus confirming the role of the viral HCV RNA in this strategy. This Au NP based assay takes about 30 min using the viral RNA isolate and has high specificity with a detection limit of 100 IU mL-1, which is ∼10 fold lower than the state-of-the-art Au NP based strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almas Shamaila Mohammed
- Department of Biological Sciences, BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Kapra Mandal, Medchal, Hyderabad-500078, India. and Bioviz Technologies Pvt Ltd, Plot No. 46, UBI Colony, Road No. 3, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad-500034, India
| | - Aniket Balapure
- Department of Chemistry, BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Kapra Mandal, Medchal, Hyderabad-500078, India.
| | - Mahammad Nanne Khaja
- Bioviz Technologies Pvt Ltd, Plot No. 46, UBI Colony, Road No. 3, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad-500034, India
| | - Ramakrishnan Ganesan
- Department of Chemistry, BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Kapra Mandal, Medchal, Hyderabad-500078, India.
| | - Jayati Ray Dutta
- Department of Biological Sciences, BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Kapra Mandal, Medchal, Hyderabad-500078, India.
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Shahid M, Shahzad-Ul-Hussan S. Structural insights of key enzymes into therapeutic intervention against SARS-CoV-2. J Struct Biol 2020; 213:107690. [PMID: 33383190 PMCID: PMC7769706 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has drastically affected human health all over the world. After the emergence of the pandemic the major focus of efforts to attenuate the infection has been on repurposing the already approved drugs to treat COVID-19 adopting a fast-track strategy. However, to date a specific regimen to treat COVID-19 is not available. Over the last few months a substantial amount of data about the structures of various key proteins and their recognition partners involved in the SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis has emerged. These studies have not only provided the molecular level descriptions ofthe viral pathogenesis but also laid the foundation for rational drug design and discovery. In this review, we have recapitulated the structural details of four key viral enzymes, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, 3-chymotrypsin like protease, papain-like protease and helicase, and two host factors including angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and transmembrane serine protease involved in the SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis, and described the potential hotspots present on these structures which could be explored for therapeutic intervention. We have also discussed the significance of endoplasmic reticulum α-glucosidases as potential targets for anti-SARS-CoV-2 drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munazza Shahid
- Department of Biology, SBA School of Science and Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore 54792, Pakistan
| | - Syed Shahzad-Ul-Hussan
- Department of Biology, SBA School of Science and Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore 54792, Pakistan.
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28
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Chidambaranathan-Reghupaty S, Fisher PB, Sarkar D. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): Epidemiology, etiology and molecular classification. Adv Cancer Res 2020; 149:1-61. [PMID: 33579421 PMCID: PMC8796122 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the primary malignancy of hepatocytes, is a diagnosis with bleak outcome. According to National Cancer Institute's SEER database, the average five-year survival rate of HCC patients in the US is 19.6% but can be as low as 2.5% for advanced, metastatic disease. When diagnosed at early stages, it is treatable with locoregional treatments including surgical resection, Radio-Frequency Ablation, Trans-Arterial Chemoembolization or liver transplantation. However, HCC is usually diagnosed at advanced stages when the tumor is unresectable, making these treatments ineffective. In such instances, systemic therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) becomes the only viable option, even though it benefits only 30% of patients, provides only a modest (~3months) increase in overall survival and causes drug resistance within 6months. HCC, like many other cancers, is highly heterogeneous making a one-size fits all option problematic. The selection of liver transplantation, locoregional treatment, TKIs or immune checkpoint inhibitors as a treatment strategy depends on the disease stage and underlying condition(s). Additionally, patients with similar disease phenotype can have different molecular etiology making treatment responses different. Stratification of patients at the molecular level would facilitate development of the most effective treatment option. With the increase in efficiency and affordability of "omics"-level analysis, considerable effort has been expended in classifying HCC at the molecular, metabolic and immunologic levels. This review examines the results of these efforts and the ways they can be leveraged to develop targeted treatment options for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saranya Chidambaranathan-Reghupaty
- C. Kenneth and Dianne Wright Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Paul B Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Devanand Sarkar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States.
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29
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Khan M, Rauf W, Habib FE, Rahman M, Iqbal M. Screening and identification of bioactive compounds from citrus against non-structural protein 3 protease of hepatitis C virus genotype 3a by fluorescence resonance energy transfer assay and mass spectrometry. World J Hepatol 2020; 12:976-992. [PMID: 33312423 PMCID: PMC7701965 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v12.i11.976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus genotype 3a (HCV G3a) is highly prevalent in Pakistan. Due to the elevated cost of available Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs against HCV, medicinal natural products of potent antiviral activity should be screened for the cost-effective treatment of the disease. Furthermore, from natural products, active compounds against vital HCV proteins like non-structural protein 3 (NS3) protease could be identified to prevent viral proliferation in the host. AIM To develop cost-effective HCV genotype 3a NS3 protease inhibitors from citrus fruit extracts. METHODS Full-length NS3 without co-factor non-structural protein 4A (NS4A) and codon optimized NS3 protease in fusion with NS4A were expressed in Escherichia coli. The expressed protein was purified by metal ion affinity chromatography and gel filtration. Citrus fruit extracts were screened using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) assay against the protease and polyphenols were identified as potential inhibitors using electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (MS)/MS technique. Among different polyphenols, highly potent compounds were screened using molecular modeling approaches and consequently the most active compound was further evaluated against HCV NS4A-NS3 protease domain using FRET assay. RESULTS NS4A fused with NS3 protease domain gene was overexpressed and the purified protein yield was high in comparison to the lower yield of the full-length NS3 protein. Furthermore, in enzyme kinetic studies, NS4A fused with NS3 protease proved to be functionally active compared to full-length NS3. So it was concluded that co-factor NS4A fusion is essential for the purification of functionally active protease. FRET assay was developed and validated by the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of commercially available inhibitors. Screening of citrus fruit extracts against the native purified fused NS4A-NS3 protease domain showed that the grapefruit mesocarp extract exhibits the highest percentage inhibition 91% of protease activity. Among the compounds identified by LCMS analysis, hesperidin showed strong binding affinity with the protease catalytic triad having S-score value of -10.98. CONCLUSION Fused NS4A-NS3 protease is functionally more active, which is effectively inhibited by hesperidin from the grapefruit mesocarp extract with an IC50 value of 23.32 µmol/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahim Khan
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad 38000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Waqar Rauf
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad 38000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Fazal-E- Habib
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad 38000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Moazur Rahman
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad 38000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Mazhar Iqbal
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad 38000, Punjab, Pakistan.
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D'souza S, Lau KCK, Coffin CS, Patel TR. Molecular mechanisms of viral hepatitis induced hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:5759-5783. [PMID: 33132633 PMCID: PMC7579760 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i38.5759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic infection with viral hepatitis affects half a billion individuals worldwide and can lead to cirrhosis, cancer, and liver failure. Liver cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-associated mortality, of which hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents 90% of all primary liver cancers. Solid tumors like HCC are complex and have heterogeneous tumor genomic profiles contributing to complexity in diagnosis and management. Chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis delta virus (HDV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are the greatest etiological risk factors for HCC. Due to the significant role of chronic viral infection in HCC development, it is important to investigate direct (viral associated) and indirect (immune-associated) mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of HCC. Common mechanisms used by HBV, HCV, and HDV that drive hepatocarcinogenesis include persistent liver inflammation with an impaired antiviral immune response, immune and viral protein-mediated oxidative stress, and deregulation of cellular signaling pathways by viral proteins. DNA integration to promote genome instability is a feature of HBV infection, and metabolic reprogramming leading to steatosis is driven by HCV infection. The current review aims to provide a brief overview of HBV, HCV and HDV molecular biology, and highlight specific viral-associated oncogenic mechanisms and common molecular pathways deregulated in HCC, and current as well as emerging treatments for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simmone D'souza
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 1N4, AB, Canada
| | - Keith CK Lau
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 1N4, AB, Canada
| | - Carla S Coffin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 1N4, AB, Canada
| | - Trushar R Patel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 1N4, AB, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Alberta RNA Research and Training Institute, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge T1K3M4, AB, Canada
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Abstract
Between 70 and 170 million people worldwide are infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) which frequently causes chronic liver disease and cirrhosis. There are several genotypes and many subtypes of HCV. Direct-acting antiviral agents are effective at eradicating HCV in the vast majority of patients, producing much higher cure rates than were seen with interferon and ribavirin regimens only a few years ago. The chapter reviews the epidemiology and virology of HCV infection. Treatment regimens are complex but a straightforward approach to selection of patients, choice of direct-acting antiviral agents and follow-up is presented.
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32
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Smith SK. Pediatric Hepatitis C. Adv Pediatr 2020; 67:47-56. [PMID: 32591063 DOI: 10.1016/j.yapd.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Kathryn Smith
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, 5th Floor, Mail Code 0136, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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Stolz ML, McCormick C. The bZIP Proteins of Oncogenic Viruses. Viruses 2020; 12:v12070757. [PMID: 32674309 PMCID: PMC7412551 DOI: 10.3390/v12070757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors (TFs) govern diverse cellular processes and cell fate decisions. The hallmark of the leucine zipper domain is the heptad repeat, with leucine residues at every seventh position in the domain. These leucine residues enable homo- and heterodimerization between ZIP domain α-helices, generating coiled-coil structures that stabilize interactions between adjacent DNA-binding domains and target DNA substrates. Several cancer-causing viruses encode viral bZIP TFs, including human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and the herpesviruses Marek’s disease virus (MDV), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). Here, we provide a comprehensive review of these viral bZIP TFs and their impact on viral replication, host cell responses and cell fate.
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Martínez JL, Arias CF. Role of the Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor GBF1 in the Replication of RNA Viruses. Viruses 2020; 12:E682. [PMID: 32599855 PMCID: PMC7354614 DOI: 10.3390/v12060682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The guanine nucleotide exchange factor GBF1 is a well-known factor that can activate different ADP-ribosylation factor (Arf) proteins during the regulation of different cellular vesicular transport processes. In the last decade, it has become increasingly evident that GBF1 can also regulate different steps of the replication cycle of RNA viruses belonging to different virus families. GBF1 has been shown not only to facilitate the intracellular traffic of different viral and cellular elements during infection, but also to modulate the replication of viral RNA, the formation and maturation of viral replication complexes, and the processing of viral proteins through mechanisms that do not depend on its canonical role in intracellular transport. Here, we review the various roles that GBF1 plays during the replication of different RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos F. Arias
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 4510, Morelos, Mexico;
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35
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Liu D, Ndongwe TP, Puray-Chavez M, Casey MC, Izumi T, Pathak VK, Tedbury PR, Sarafianos SG. Effect of P-body component Mov10 on HCV virus production and infectivity. FASEB J 2020; 34:9433-9449. [PMID: 32496609 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800641r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mov10 is a processing body (P-body) protein and an interferon-stimulated gene that can affect replication of retroviruses, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus (HCV). The mechanism of HCV inhibition by Mov10 is unknown. Here, we investigate the effect of Mov10 on HCV infection and determine the virus life cycle steps affected by changes in Mov10 overexpression. Mov10 overexpression suppresses HCV RNA in both infectious virus and subgenomic replicon systems. Additionally, Mov10 overexpression decreases the infectivity of released virus, unlike control P-body protein DCP1a that has no effect on HCV RNA production or infectivity of progeny virus. Confocal imaging of uninfected cells shows endogenous Mov10 localized at P-bodies. However, in HCV-infected cells, Mov10 localizes in circular structures surrounding cytoplasmic lipid droplets with NS5A and core protein. Mutagenesis experiments show that the RNA binding activity of Mov10 is required for HCV inhibition, while its P-body localization, helicase, and ATP-binding functions are not required. Unexpectedly, endogenous Mov10 promotes HCV replication, as CRISPR-Cas9-based Mov10 depletion decreases HCV replication and infection levels. Our data reveal an important and complex role for Mov10 in HCV replication, which can be perturbed by excess or insufficient Mov10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Liu
- Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Tanyaradzwa P Ndongwe
- Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Maritza Puray-Chavez
- Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Mary C Casey
- Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Taisuke Izumi
- Viral Mutation Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Vinay K Pathak
- Viral Mutation Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Philip R Tedbury
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stefan G Sarafianos
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Xue Y, Bhushan B, Mars WM, Bowen W, Tao J, Orr A, Stoops J, Yu Y, Luo J, Duncan AW, Michalopoulos GK. Phosphorylated Ezrin (Thr567) Regulates Hippo Pathway and Yes-Associated Protein (Yap) in Liver. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 190:1427-1437. [PMID: 32289287 PMCID: PMC10069283 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The activation of CD81 [the portal of entry of hepatitis C virus (HCV)] by agonistic antibody results in phosphorylation of Ezrin via Syk kinase and is associated with inactivation of the Hippo pathway and increase in yes-associated protein (Yap1). The opposite occurs when glypican-3 or E2 protein of HCV binds to CD81. Hepatocyte-specific glypican-3 transgenic mice have decreased levels of phosphorylated (p)-Ezrin (Thr567) and Yap, increased Hippo activity, and suppressed liver regeneration. The role of Ezrin in these processes has been speculated, but not proved. We show that Ezrin has a direct role in the regulation of Hippo pathway and Yap. Forced expression of plasmids expressing mutant Ezrin (T567D) that mimics p-Ezrin (Thr567) suppressed Hippo activity and activated Yap signaling in hepatocytes in vivo and enhanced activation of pathways of β-catenin and leucine rich repeat containing G protein-coupled receptor 4 (LGR4) and LGR5 receptors. Hepatoma cell lines JM1 and JM2 have decreased CD81 expression and Hippo activity and up-regulated p-Ezrin (T567). NSC668394, a p-Ezrin (Thr567) antagonist, significantly decreased hepatoma cell proliferation. We additionally show that p-Ezrin (T567) is controlled by epidermal growth factor receptor and MET. Ezrin phosphorylation, mediated by CD81-associated Syk kinase, is directly involved in regulation of Hippo pathway, Yap levels, and growth of normal and neoplastic hepatocytes. The finding has mechanistic and potentially therapeutic applications in hepatocyte growth biology, hepatocellular carcinoma, and HCV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhua Xue
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Bharat Bhushan
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Wendy M Mars
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - William Bowen
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Junyan Tao
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Anne Orr
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - John Stoops
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yanping Yu
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jianhua Luo
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew W Duncan
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Starbird LE, Hong H, Sulkowski MS, Farley JE. Management of the Patient With HIV/Hepatitis C Drug Interactions: A Guide for Nurses and Nurse Practitioners. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care 2020; 31:241-248. [PMID: 31855873 PMCID: PMC7047613 DOI: 10.1097/jnc.0000000000000144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Approximately one third of patients coinfected with HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) who initiate direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) for HCV treatment may have to switch antiretroviral therapy (ART) because of drug interactions. ART switches can negatively affect quality of life, increase HIV symptom burden, and delay HCV therapy. Approaches to identify ART/DAA drug interactions that minimize the impact of switching ART are urgently needed. Nurses can lead the way in addressing this new and major need. We provide a guide for registered nurses and nurse practitioners who care for patients coinfected with HIV and HCV to identify HIV/HCV drug interactions and manage ART/DAA coadministration when needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hyejeong Hong
- University of Washington School of Nursing, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Mark S. Sulkowski
- Viral Hepatitis Center and Professor, Divisions of Infectious Diseases and Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jason E. Farley
- REACH Initiative and Professor, Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Autophagy in hepatitis B or C virus infection: An incubator and a potential therapeutic target. Life Sci 2020; 242:117206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.117206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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El-Ghitany EM, Farghaly AG. Geospatial epidemiology of hepatitis C infection in Egypt 2017 by governorate. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02249. [PMID: 31463388 PMCID: PMC6709406 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and spatial epidemiological methods may provide a basis for disease investigation through which hotspots and disease determinants can be identified. Applying these methods for hepatitis C virus (HCV) in Egypt would support a more effective strategy to control its transmission. Therefore, this study used GIS software to draw one of the first HCV maps in Egypt elucidating and analyzing geographical and epidemiological differences in HCV distribution within the country. METHODS A cross-sectional survey of 21 governorates (n = 12169, 8080 rural, 3733 urban and 356 slums areas) was completed. All participants were interviewed regarding potential exposures to HCV. Third generation ELISA was used to test serum for HCV antibody. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR was used to test anti-HCV positive subjects for HCV-RNA. RESULTS The participants ranged in age from 14-90 years. Overall, anti-HCV sero-prevalence was 14.8%. The prevalence of HCV-RNA, was 9.5%. Proportionally, 65.8% of anti-HCV positives were positive for HCV-RNA. The map of Egyptian governorates highlighted the darkest spot of HCV infection in Menoufeya (37.8%) followed by Beni Suef (29.2%) and Minya (28.6%). Anti-HCV prevalence was higher among males and logistic regression models revealed a strong independent association with increasing age, rural residence and parenteral anti-schistosomal therapy. CONCLUSIONS Rural residences and HCV hotspots should be prioritized for HCV prevention programs. The unique age distribution first shown in this study shows that the older age groups (≥60 years old) constitutes a considerable reservoir of infection and must not be neglected.
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Mohammed AS, Nagarjuna R, Khaja MN, Ganesan R, Ray Dutta J. Effects of free patchy ends in ssDNA and dsDNA on gold nanoparticles in a colorimetric gene sensor for Hepatitis C virus RNA. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 186:566. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3685-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Humanized Mouse Models for the Study of Hepatitis C and Host Interactions. Cells 2019; 8:cells8060604. [PMID: 31213010 PMCID: PMC6627916 DOI: 10.3390/cells8060604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is commonly attributed as a major cause of chronic hepatotropic diseases, such as, steatosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. As HCV infects only humans and primates, its narrow host tropism hampers in vivo studies of HCV-mammalian host interactions and the development of effective therapeutics and vaccines. In this context, we will focus our discussion on humanized mice in HCV research. Here, these humanized mice are defined as animal models that encompass either only human hepatocytes or both human liver and immune cells. Aspects related to immunopathogenesis, anti-viral interventions, drug testing and perspectives of these models for future HCV research will be discussed.
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Todorovska B, Caloska-Ivanova V, Dimitrova-Genadieva M, Trajkovska M, Popova-Jovanovska R, Grivceva-Stardelova K, Licoska-Josifovic F, Andreevski V, Curakova-Ristovska E, Joksimovic N. Atorvastatin in Combination with Pegylated Interferon and Ribavirin Provided High Rate of Sustained Virological Response in Patients with Genotype 3 Hepatitis C Virus. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2019; 7:1641-1648. [PMID: 31210815 PMCID: PMC6560281 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2019.459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Chronic hepatitis C virus infection represents a more frequent cause of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Statins, inhibit HCV replication in vitro, enhance the antiviral effect of the already known antiviral drugs and reduce their resistance. AIM: To determine the impact of additional therapy (treatment with Atorvastatin 20 mg) to the standard antiviral therapy (pegylated interferon alpha-peg-IFN α and ribavirin) on achieving sustained virological response (SVR). MATERIAL AND METHODS: In the study which is comparative, open-label, prospective-retrospective, 70 patients diagnosed with chronic hepatitis C virus infection who met criteria for treatment with standard antiviral therapy combined with anti-lipemic therapy (Atorvastatin 20 mg) were included. Patients in the study were divided into two groups: one group of 35 patients receiving combination therapy (Atorvastatin + peg-IFN α + Ribavirin) and another group of 35 patients received only standard antiviral therapy. Those parameters were followed in all patients: genotyping, quantification of the virus, histological assessment of liver inflammation and fibrosis degree (before starting treatment), the presence of steatosis, laboratory analysis: hematology, liver, lipid and carbohydrate status, insulin blood level (the calculation of HOMA-IR) and body mass index (BMI) calculation. The overall treatment of the patients depends from the virus genotype, thus, patients with genotype 1 and 4 received 48 weeks standard antiviral therapy, but patients with genotypes 2 and 3 received 24 weeks of antiviral therapy. SVR was considered an undetectable level of HCV RNA levels 24 weeks after completion of antiviral therapy. The results were statistically analysed, and all results for p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Combination therapy leads to a slightly higher percentage of SVR (85.71%) in patients with chronic hepatitis C versus standard therapy (74.29%), but in a group of patients with genotype 3 this rate of SVR amounting to 95.83%. Combination therapy leads to significant improvement of lipid and glucose status after treatment, and in terms of side effects, there was no appearance of serious adverse events that would be a reason for discontinuation of the therapy. CONCLUSION: Combination therapy Atorvastatin + pegylated interferon alpha + Ribavirin leads to high rate of SVR of 95.83% in patients with chronic hepatitis C, genotype 3. Statins can be used safely in patients with chronic hepatitis C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beti Todorovska
- University Clinic of Gastroenterohepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Ss Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Viktorija Caloska-Ivanova
- University Clinic of Gastroenterohepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Ss Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Magdalena Dimitrova-Genadieva
- University Clinic of Gastroenterohepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Ss Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Meri Trajkovska
- University Clinic of Gastroenterohepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Ss Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Rozalinda Popova-Jovanovska
- University Clinic of Gastroenterohepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Ss Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Kalina Grivceva-Stardelova
- University Clinic of Gastroenterohepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Ss Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Fana Licoska-Josifovic
- University Clinic of Gastroenterohepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Ss Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Vladimir Andreevski
- University Clinic of Gastroenterohepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Ss Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Elena Curakova-Ristovska
- University Clinic of Gastroenterohepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Ss Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Nenad Joksimovic
- University Clinic of Gastroenterohepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Ss Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
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Shamshirian A, Alizadeh-Navaei R, Pourfathollah AA, Alipoor R, Mohseni AR. Seroprevalence and geographical distribution of hepatitis C virus in Iranian patients with thalassemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J LAB MED 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/labmed-2018-0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Thalassemia as a hereditary hemoglobinopathy is the most common monogenic disease worldwide. Patients with thalassemia require regular blood transfusion, which provides the risk for the transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) as the most common post-transfusion infection in such patients, and this rate is very diverse in different parts of the world. We aimed to determine the prevalence of HCV among patients with thalassemia in Iran.
Methods
In this study, we searched for articles on the prevalence of HCV among Iranian thalassemia patients in English and Persian databases up to 2017. Heterogeneities were assessed by using an I-square (I2) test. Prevalence and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using the random effects model.
Results
In total, 37 studies with 9185 patients were included in the meta-analysis. The prevalence of HCV among Iranian thalassemia patients was 17.0% (95% CI: 14.5–19.8). The rate of prevalence among male and female subjects was 17.4% (95% CI: 13.8–21.9) and 16.8% (95% CI: 13.2–21.1), respectively.
Conclusions
We found that the prevalence of HCV among Iranian thalassemia patients declined over time and the Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization has had a reasonable performance in HCV screening.
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Yang Y, Cao L, Gao H, Wu Y, Wang Y, Fang F, Lan T, Lou Z, Rao Y. Discovery, Optimization, and Target Identification of Novel Potent Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2019; 62:4056-4073. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiqing Yang
- Tsinghua University−Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Lin Cao
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Hongying Gao
- Tsinghua University−Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | | | - Yaxin Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, P. R. China
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Effect of sofosbuvir and daclatasvir on lipid profile, glycemic control and quality of life index in chronic hepatitis C, genotype 3 patients. Indian J Gastroenterol 2019; 38:39-43. [PMID: 30710219 DOI: 10.1007/s12664-019-00935-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The management of hepatitis C has progressed from interferon-based therapy to oral direct acting antiviral therapy. Deranged lipid levels (total cholesterol, triglyceride) after treatment with interferon-based therapy are well known. There is a paucity of data on changes in lipid profile, glycemic parameters and alteration in quality of life with the newer regimen. This study was designed to assess the changes in lipid profile, glycemic parameters, quality of life in chronic hepatitis C patients with genotype 3 after treatment with sofosbuvir and daclatasvir. METHODS The study was a single-centre, prospective study, conducted at tertiary care hospital from January 2017 to December 2017. Fifty patients, who received sofosbuvir (400 mg) and daclatasvir (60 mg) orally once daily for a period of 12 weeks for chronic hepatitis C and genotype 3, were recruited. RESULTS Total cholesterol levels (166.9 ± 23.8 to 192.4 ± 34.5 mg/dL, p-value < 0.0001) and low-density cholesterol (LDL) levels (100.9 ± 22.8 to 121.6 ± 37.2, p-value < 0.0001) were elevated after the treatment. A significant decrease in median levels of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was observed (5.57% to 5.41%, p-value < 0.002). Quality of life markedly improved in all domains, i.e. physical, physiological, environmental, and social relationships according to an abbreviated form of World Health Organization quality of life assessment named WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire. Treatment was found to be effective with sustained virological response (SVR) achieved in 94% patients. CONCLUSIONS Our study reports a substantial increment in total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein with sofosbuvir and daclatasvir treatment though it achieved SVR in 94% of patients and improved their quality of life.
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Sharifnia Z, Bandehpour M, Kazemi B, Zarghami N. Design and Development of Modified mRNA Encoding Core Antigen of Hepatitis C Virus: a Possible Application in Vaccine Production. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2019; 23:57-67. [PMID: 30056690 PMCID: PMC6305823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a blood-borne pathogen, resulting in liver cirrhosis and liver cancer. Despite of many efforts in development of treatments for HCV, no vaccine has been licensed yet. The purpose of this study was to design and prepare a specific mRNA, without 5' cap and poly (A) tail transcribed in vitro capable of coding core protein and also to determine its functionality. Methods Candidate mRNA was prepared by in vitro transcription of the designed construct consisting of 5ʹ and 3ʹ untranslated regions of heat shock proteins 70 (hsp70) mRNA, T7 promoter, internal ribosome entry site (IRES) sequences of eIF4G related to human dendritic cells (DCs), and the Core gene of HCV. To design the modified mRNA, the 5' cap and poly (A) tail structures were not considered. DCs were transfected by in vitro-transcribed messenger RNA (IVT-mRNA) and the expressions of green fluorescent protein (GFP), and Core genes were determined by microscopic examination and Western blotting assay. Results Cell transfection results showed that despite the absence of 5' cap and poly (A) tail, the structure of the mRNA was stable. Moreover, the successful expressions of GFP and Core genes were achieved. Conclusion Our findings indicated the effectiveness of a designed IVT-mRNA harboring the Core gene of HCV in transfecting and expressing the antigens in DCs. Considering the simple and efficient protocol for the preparation of this IVT-mRNA and its effectiveness in expressing the gene that it carries, this IVT-mRNA could be suitable for development of an RNA vaccine against HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zarin Sharifnia
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojgan Bandehpour
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahram Kazemi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nosratollah Zarghami
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratories Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Ganta NM, Gedda G, Rathnakar B, Satyanarayana M, Yamajala B, Ahsan MJ, Jadav SS, Balaraju T. A review on HCV inhibitors: Significance of non-structural polyproteins. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 164:576-601. [PMID: 30639895 PMCID: PMC7185800 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) mortality and morbidity is a world health misery with an approximate 130–150 million chronically HCV tainted and suffering individuals and it initiate critical liver malfunction like cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma or liver HCV cancer. HCV NS5B protein one of the best studied therapeutic target for the identification of new drug candidates to be added to the combination or multiple combination medication recently approved. During the past few years, NS5B has thus been an important object of attractive medicinal chemistry endeavors, which induced to the surfacing of betrothal preclinical drug molecules. In this scenario, the current review set limit to discuss research published on NS5B and few other therapeutic functional inhibitors concentrating on hit investigation, hit to lead optimization, ADME parameters evaluation, and the SAR data which was out for each compound type and similarity taken into consideration. The discussion outlined in this specific review will surly helpful and vital tool for those medicinal chemists investigators working with HCV research programs mainly pointing on NS5B and set broad spectrum identification of creative anti HCV compounds. This mini review also tells each and every individual compound ability related how much they are active against NS5B and few other targets. Hepatitis C infection causes severe liver cirrhosis and carcinoma. The new acute HCV infections are raising every year and mortality rate become serious concern. The plausible list of anti-HCV drugs and clinical agents were listed in this review. The divergent medicinal scaffolds as anti-HCV agents were presented as per their targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayana Murthy Ganta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vishnu Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Narsapur, Medak, Telangana, 502313, India
| | - Gangaraju Gedda
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, GITAM deemed to be University, Rudraram, Patancheru Mandal, Hyderabad, Telangana, Sangareddy Dist. 502329, India
| | - Bethi Rathnakar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Telangana University, Nizamabad, Telangana, 503322, India
| | - Mavurapu Satyanarayana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Telangana University, Nizamabad, Telangana, 503322, India
| | - Bhaskar Yamajala
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, GITAM deemed to be University, Rudraram, Patancheru Mandal, Hyderabad, Telangana, Sangareddy Dist. 502329, India
| | - Mohamed Jawed Ahsan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Surender Singh Jadav
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500007, India.
| | - Tuniki Balaraju
- Deapartment of Chemistry, Material Science Centre, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, WB, 741 246, India.
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Vanichanan J, Udomkarnjananun S, Avihingsanon Y, Jutivorakool K. Common viral infections in kidney transplant recipients. Kidney Res Clin Pract 2018; 37:323-337. [PMID: 30619688 PMCID: PMC6312768 DOI: 10.23876/j.krcp.18.0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious complications have been considered as a major cause of morbidity and mortality after kidney transplantation, especially in the Asian population. Therefore, prevention, early detection, and prompt treatment of such infections are crucial in kidney transplant recipients. Among all infectious complications, viruses are considered to be the most common agents because of their abundance, infectivity, and latency ability. Herpes simplex virus, varicella zoster virus, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, hepatitis B virus, BK polyomavirus, and adenovirus are well-known etiologic agents of viral infections in kidney transplant patients worldwide because of their wide range of distribution. As DNA viruses, they are able to reactivate after affected patients receive immunosuppressive agents. These DNA viruses can cause systemic diseases or allograft dysfunction, especially in the first six months after transplantation. Pretransplant evaluation and immunization as well as appropriate prophylaxis and preemptive approaches after transplant have been established in the guidelines and are used effectively to reduce the incidence of these viral infections. This review will describe the etiology, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of viral infections that commonly affect kidney transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakapat Vanichanan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suwasin Udomkarnjananun
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand.,Renal Immunology and Therapeutic Apheresis Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yingyos Avihingsanon
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand.,Renal Immunology and Therapeutic Apheresis Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Excellence Center of Immunology and Immune-mediated Diseases, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kamonwan Jutivorakool
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
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Assessment of serum level of MiRNAs before and after treatment with sofosbuvir in Egyptian patients with chronic HCV infection. Meta Gene 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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50
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Lu T, Han Y, Zhang R, Zhang K, Lin G, Li J. Quantitative detection of hepatitis C virus RNA in urine of patients with chronic hepatitis C using a novel real-time PCR assay. J Med Virol 2018; 91:115-123. [PMID: 30091789 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA can be detected in body fluids such as urine. However, because of deficiencies in established isolation and detection methods, the actual prevalence and form of HCV RNA in the urine of patients with hepatitis C remain unclear. To more sensitively and accurately measure urine HCV RNA levels, a novel real-time PCR assay with a modified isolation method and short amplicon designed for short HCV RNA fragments was developed in this study. The limit of detection, precision, linearity, and specificity of the assay was evaluated and demonstrated high-quality performance. The prevalence of HCV RNA in the urine of viremic patients infected with HCV was 60% (36/60), as determined by a 62-bp assay. The HCV RNA detection rate and concentration were much lower with a 157-bp assay, and were undetectable with 222- and 304-bp assays. With the 62-bp assay, patients with detectable urine HCV RNA had significantly higher plasma HCV RNA levels ( P < 0.001), and plasma and urine concentrations were significantly positively correlated ( R 2 = 0.708, P < 0.001). The method not only increased the detection rate of urine HCV RNA but also revealed the presence of short HCV RNA fragments in urine, indicating that urine from CHC patients with normal kidney function should not be infectious. In addition, it raised the possibility of urinary HCV RNA as a potential noninvasive marker for therapeutic monitoring of patients with hepatitis C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Lu
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China.,Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yanxi Han
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Kuo Zhang
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Guigao Lin
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jinming Li
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China.,Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China
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