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Bae J, Lee BW. Association between Impaired Ketogenesis and Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1506. [PMID: 37892188 PMCID: PMC10604525 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic (dysfunction) associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is generally developed with excessive accumulation of lipids in the liver. Ketogenesis is an efficient pathway for the disposal of fatty acids in the liver and its metabolic benefits have been reported. In this review, we examined previous studies on the association between ketogenesis and MAFLD and reviewed the candidate mechanisms that can explain this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehyun Bae
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, International St. Mary’s Hospital, Incheon 22711, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Wan Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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2
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Fuiten AM, Yoshimoto Y, Shukunami C, Stadler HS. Digits in a dish: An in vitro system to assess the molecular genetics of hand/foot development at single-cell resolution. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1135025. [PMID: 36994104 PMCID: PMC10040768 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1135025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro models allow for the study of developmental processes outside of the embryo. To gain access to the cells mediating digit and joint development, we identified a unique property of undifferentiated mesenchyme isolated from the distal early autopod to autonomously re-assemble forming multiple autopod structures including: digits, interdigital tissues, joints, muscles and tendons. Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of these developing structures revealed distinct cell clusters that express canonical markers of distal limb development including: Col2a1, Col10a1, and Sp7 (phalanx formation), Thbs2 and Col1a1 (perichondrium), Gdf5, Wnt5a, and Jun (joint interzone), Aldh1a2 and Msx1 (interdigital tissues), Myod1 (muscle progenitors), Prg4 (articular perichondrium/articular cartilage), and Scx and Tnmd (tenocytes/tendons). Analysis of the gene expression patterns for these signature genes indicates that developmental timing and tissue-specific localization were also recapitulated in a manner similar to the initiation and maturation of the developing murine autopod. Finally, the in vitro digit system also recapitulates congenital malformations associated with genetic mutations as in vitro cultures of Hoxa13 mutant mesenchyme produced defects present in Hoxa13 mutant autopods including digit fusions, reduced phalangeal segment numbers, and poor mesenchymal condensation. These findings demonstrate the robustness of the in vitro digit system to recapitulate digit and joint development. As an in vitro model of murine digit and joint development, this innovative system will provide access to the developing limb tissues facilitating studies to discern how digit and articular joint formation is initiated and how undifferentiated mesenchyme is patterned to establish individual digit morphologies. The in vitro digit system also provides a platform to rapidly evaluate treatments aimed at stimulating the repair or regeneration of mammalian digits impacted by congenital malformation, injury, or disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M. Fuiten
- Research Center, Shriners Children’s, Portland, OR, United States
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Yuki Yoshimoto
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Chisa Shukunami
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - H. Scott Stadler
- Research Center, Shriners Children’s, Portland, OR, United States
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- *Correspondence: H. Scott Stadler,
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3
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Fibroblast growth factor 18 alleviates stress-induced pathological cardiac hypertrophy in male mice. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1235. [PMID: 36871047 PMCID: PMC9985628 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36895-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor-18 (FGF18) has diverse organ development and damage repair roles. However, its role in cardiac homeostasis following hypertrophic stimulation remains unknown. Here we investigate the regulation and function of the FGF18 in pressure overload (PO)-induced pathological cardiac hypertrophy. FGF18 heterozygous (Fgf18+/-) and inducible cardiomyocyte-specific FGF18 knockout (Fgf18-CKO) male mice exposed to transverse aortic constriction (TAC) demonstrate exacerbated pathological cardiac hypertrophy with increased oxidative stress, cardiomyocyte death, fibrosis, and dysfunction. In contrast, cardiac-specific overexpression of FGF18 alleviates hypertrophy, decreased oxidative stress, attenuates cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and ameliorates fibrosis and cardiac function. Tyrosine-protein kinase FYN (FYN), the downstream factor of FGF18, was identified by bioinformatics analysis, LC-MS/MS and experiment validation. Mechanistic studies indicate that FGF18/FGFR3 promote FYN activity and expression and negatively regulate NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4), thereby inhibiting reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and alleviating pathological cardiac hypertrophy. This study uncovered the previously unknown cardioprotective effect of FGF18 mediated by the maintenance of redox homeostasis through the FYN/NOX4 signaling axis in male mice, suggesting a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of cardiac hypertrophy.
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Kishimoto H, Nakano T, Torisu K, Tokumoto M, Uchida Y, Yamada S, Taniguchi M, Kitazono T. Indoxyl sulfate induces left ventricular hypertrophy via the AhR-FGF23-FGFR4 signaling pathway. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:990422. [PMID: 36895836 PMCID: PMC9988908 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.990422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have a high risk of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) and indoxyl sulfate (IS) are associated with LVH in patients with CKD, but the interactions between these molecules remain unknown. We investigated whether IS contributes to LVH associated with FGF23 in cultured cardiomyocytes and CKD mice. Methods and results In cultured rat cardiac myoblast H9c2 cells incubated with IS, mRNA levels of the LVH markers atrial natriuretic factor, brain natriuretic peptide, and β-myosin heavy chain were significantly upregulated. Levels of mRNA of the polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 3 (GALNT3), which regulates FGF23 O-glycosylation, and FGF23 were also upregulated in H9c2 cells. Intact FGF23 protein expression and fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) phosphorylation were increased in cell lysates by IS administration. In C57BL/6J mice with heminephrectomy, IS promoted LVH, whereas the inhibition of FGFR4 significantly reduced heart weight and left ventricular wall thickness in IS-treated groups. While there was no significant difference in serum FGF23 concentrations, cardiac FGF23 protein expression was markedly increased in IS-injected mice. GALNT3, hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha, and FGF23 protein expression was induced in H9c2 cells by IS treatment and suppressed by the inhibition of Aryl hydrocarbon receptor which is the receptor for IS. Conclusion This study suggests that IS increases FGF23 protein expression via an increase in GALNT3 and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha expression, and activates FGF23-FGFR4 signaling in cardiomyocytes, leading to LVH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kishimoto
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Nakano
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kumiko Torisu
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Yushi Uchida
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yamada
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Takanari Kitazono
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Falamarzi K, Malekpour M, Tafti MF, Azarpira N, Behboodi M, Zarei M. The role of FGF21 and its analogs on liver associated diseases. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:967375. [PMID: 36457562 PMCID: PMC9705724 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.967375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a member of fibroblast growth factor family, is a hormone-like growth factor that is synthesized mainly in the liver and adipose tissue. FGF21 regulates lipid and glucose metabolism and has substantial roles in decreasing lipogenesis and increasing hepatic insulin sensitivity which causing lipid profile improvement. FGF21 genetic variations also affect nutritional and addictive behaviors such as smoking and alcohol consumption and eating sweets. The role of FGF21 in metabolic associated diseases like diabetes mellitus had been confirmed previously. Recently, several studies have demonstrated a correlation between FGF21 and liver diseases. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent type of chronic liver disease worldwide. NAFLD has a wide range from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis with or without fibrosis and cirrhosis. Elevated serum levels of FGF21 associated with NAFLD and its pathogenesis. Alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD), another condition that cause liver injury, significantly increased FGF21 levels as a protective factor; FGF21 can reverse the progression of AFLD and can be a potential therapeutic agent for it. Also, NAFLD and AFLD are the most important risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) which is the fourth deadliest cancer in the world. Several studies showed that lack of FGF21 induced oncogenic condition and worsened HCC. In this review article, we intend to discuss different aspects of FGF21 in NAFLD, AFLD and HCC; including the role of FGF21 in pathophysiology of these conditions, the effects of FGF21 mutations, the possible use of the FGF21 as a biomarker in different stages of these diseases, as well as the usage of FGF21 and its analog molecules in the treatment of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimia Falamarzi
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahdi Malekpour
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mobin Fallah Tafti
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Negar Azarpira
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Behboodi
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Zarei
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- John B. Little Center for Radiation Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
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Mo P, Chen H, Jiang X, Hu F, Zhang F, Shan G, Chen W, Li S, Li Y, Xu G. FGF15 promotes hepatic NPC1L1 degradation in lithogenic diet-fed mice. Lipids Health Dis 2022; 21:97. [PMID: 36209166 PMCID: PMC9547418 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-022-01709-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholesterol gallstone disease (CGD) is accompanied by biliary cholesterol supersaturation. Hepatic Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1), which is present in humans but not in wild-type (WT) mice, promotes hepatocyte cholesterol uptake and decreases biliary cholesterol supersaturation. In contrast, intestinal NPC1L1 promotes intestinal cholesterol absorption, increasing biliary cholesterol supersaturation. Ezetimibe (EZE) can inhibit both hepatic and intestinal NPC1L1. However, whether hepatic NPC1L1 can affect CGD progress remains unknown. METHODS Mice expressing hepatic NPC1L1 (NPC1L1hepatic-OE mice) were generated using Adeno-associated viruses (AAV) gene delivery. The protein level and function of hepatic NPC1L1 were examined under chow diet, high fat-cholesterol diet (HFCD), and lithogenic diet (LD) feeding. Gallstone formation rates were examined with or without EZE treatment. Fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15) treatment and inhibition of fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) were applied to verify the mechanism of hepatic NPC1L1 degradation. RESULTS The HFCD-fed NPC1L1hepatic-OE mice retained the biliary cholesterol desaturation function of hepatic NPC1L1, whereas EZE treatment decreased biliary cholesterol saturation and did not cause CGD. The ubiquitination and degradation of hepatic NPC1L1 were discovered in LD-fed NPC1L1hepatic-OE mice. Treatment of FGF15 during HFCD feeding and inhibition of FGFR4 during LD feeding could affect the protein level and function of hepatic NPC1L1. CONCLUSIONS LD induces the ubiquitination and degradation of hepatic NPC1L1 via the FGF15-FGFR4 pathway. EZE may act as an effective preventative agent for CGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingfan Mo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongtan Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fengling Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fenming Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guodong Shan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenguo Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sha Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yiqiao Li
- Urology& Nephrology Center, Department of Nephrology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital and Hangzhou Medical College Affiliated People's Hospital, 158 Shangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Guoqiang Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China.
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Lee Y, Kim JH. The emerging roles of extracellular vesicles as intercellular messengers in liver physiology and pathology. Clin Mol Hepatol 2022; 28:706-724. [PMID: 35232008 PMCID: PMC9597227 DOI: 10.3350/cmh.2021.0390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-enclosed particles released from almost all cell types. EVs mediate intercellular communication by delivering their surface and luminal cargoes, including nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, which reflect the pathophysiological conditions of their cellular origins. Hepatocytes and hepatic non-parenchymal cells utilize EVs to regulate a wide spectrum of biological events inside the liver and transfer them to distant organs through systemic circulation. The liver also receives EVs from multiple organs and integrates these extrahepatic signals that participate in pathophysiological processes. EVs have recently attracted growing attention for their crucial roles in maintaining and regulating hepatic homeostasis. This review summarizes the roles of EVs in intrahepatic and interorgan communications under different pathophysiological conditions of the liver, with a focus on chronic liver diseases including nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, alcoholic hepatitis, viral hepatitis, liver fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. This review also discusses recent progress for potential therapeutic applications of EVs by targeting or enhancing EV-mediated cellular communication for the treatment of liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngseok Lee
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea,Corresponding author : Jong-Hoon Kim Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea Tel: +82-2-3290-3007, Fax: +82-2-3290-3040, E-mail:
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8
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Korkmaz D, Konya P, Demirtürk N. Investigation of the Characteristics of Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Cases Reported in Afyonkarahisar Province. TURKIYE PARAZITOLOJII DERGISI 2022; 46:224-227. [PMID: 36094125 DOI: 10.4274/tpd.galenos.2022.14633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF); fever, widespread pain in the body, deterioration in liver function tests; it is a tick-borne viral infectious disease that can cause bleeding and death in the skin, mucous membranes, and sometimes internal organs. In this study, we retrospectively evaluated the clinical, laboratory, and epidemiological characteristics of CCHF cases diagnosed in Afyonkarahisar. METHODS Demographic and clinical characteristics, laboratory findings, treatments, and prognoses of patients diagnosed with CCHF in Afyonkarahisar were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS In Afyonkarahisar, it was determined that 35 case reports were made between 2002 and November 2019, the date when the CCHF was first seen in Turkey. A history of tick attachment was detected in 31 subjects. Tick arrest cases were most common in June (12 cases; 34.3%) and July (9 cases; 2.9%). There was a history of living in rural areas in twenty-seven (77.1%) patients, close contact with animals in 12 patients, and a history of contact with animal blood in 4 patients. All the 35 cases that followed resulted in healing and no mortality was observed. CONCLUSION CCHF is an endemic disease that still maintains its importance in our country. The most important factor in the control with the disease is to prevent virus contact to prevent transmission. People living in endemic areas should be informed about the precautions to be taken against tick bites, and awareness should be raised by providing education about the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derya Korkmaz
- Afyonkarahisar Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi, Sağlık Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi, Enfeksiyon Hastalıkları ve Klinik Mikrobiyoloji Anabilim Dalı, Afyonkarahisar, Türkiye
| | - Petek Konya
- Afyonkarahisar Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi, Sağlık Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi, Enfeksiyon Hastalıkları ve Klinik Mikrobiyoloji Anabilim Dalı, Afyonkarahisar, Türkiye
| | - Neşe Demirtürk
- Afyonkarahisar Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi, Sağlık Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi, Enfeksiyon Hastalıkları ve Klinik Mikrobiyoloji Anabilim Dalı, Afyonkarahisar, Türkiye
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Ornitz DM, Itoh N. New developments in the biology of fibroblast growth factors. WIREs Mech Dis 2022; 14:e1549. [PMID: 35142107 PMCID: PMC10115509 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family is composed of 18 secreted signaling proteins consisting of canonical FGFs and endocrine FGFs that activate four receptor tyrosine kinases (FGFRs 1-4) and four intracellular proteins (intracellular FGFs or iFGFs) that primarily function to regulate the activity of voltage-gated sodium channels and other molecules. The canonical FGFs, endocrine FGFs, and iFGFs have been reviewed extensively by us and others. In this review, we briefly summarize past reviews and then focus on new developments in the FGF field since our last review in 2015. Some of the highlights in the past 6 years include the use of optogenetic tools, viral vectors, and inducible transgenes to experimentally modulate FGF signaling, the clinical use of small molecule FGFR inhibitors, an expanded understanding of endocrine FGF signaling, functions for FGF signaling in stem cell pluripotency and differentiation, roles for FGF signaling in tissue homeostasis and regeneration, a continuing elaboration of mechanisms of FGF signaling in development, and an expanding appreciation of roles for FGF signaling in neuropsychiatric diseases. This article is categorized under: Cardiovascular Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Neurological Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Congenital Diseases > Stem Cells and Development Cancer > Stem Cells and Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Nobuyuki Itoh
- Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
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Puengel T, Lefere S, Hundertmark J, Kohlhepp M, Penners C, Van de Velde F, Lapauw B, Hoorens A, Devisscher L, Geerts A, Boehm S, Zhao Q, Krupinski J, Charles ED, Zinker B, Tacke F. Combined Therapy with a CCR2/CCR5 Antagonist and FGF21 Analogue Synergizes in Ameliorating Steatohepatitis and Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126696. [PMID: 35743140 PMCID: PMC9224277 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: With new potential drug targets emerging, combination therapies appear attractive to treat non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and fibrosis. Chemokine receptor CCR2/5 antagonists can improve fibrosis by reducing monocyte infiltration and altering hepatic macrophage subsets. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) may improve NASH by modulating lipid and glucose metabolism. We compared effects of single drug to combination treatment as therapeutic strategies against NASH. (2) Methods: We analyzed serum samples and liver biopsies from 85 nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients. A CCR2/5 inhibitor (BMS-687681-02-020) and a pegylated FGF21 agonist (BMS-986171) were tested in male C57BL/6J mice subjected to dietary models of NASH and fibrosis (choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined, high-fat diet (CDAHFD) up to 12 weeks; short- (2w) or long-term (6w) treatment). (3) Results: In NAFLD patients, chemokine CCL2 and FGF21 serum levels correlated with inflammatory serum markers, only CCL2 was significantly associated with advanced liver fibrosis. In rodent NASH, CCR2/5 inhibition significantly reduced circulating Ly6C+ monocytes and hepatic monocyte-derived macrophages, alongside reduced hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. FGF21 agonism decreased body weight, liver triglycerides and histological NASH activity. Combination treatment reflected aspects of both compounds upon short- and long-term application, thereby amplifying beneficial effects on all aspects of steatohepatitis and fibrosis. (4) Conclusions: CCR2/5 inhibition blocks hepatic infiltration of inflammatory monocytes, FGF21 agonism improves obesity-related metabolic disorders. Combined therapy ameliorates steatohepatitis and fibrosis more potently than single drug treatment in rodent NASH, corroborating the therapeutic potential of combining these two approaches in NASH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Puengel
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum (CVK) and Campus Charité Mitte (CCM), 13353 Berlin, Germany; (J.H.); (M.K.); (F.T.)
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), 10178 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Medicine III, RWTH-University Hospital Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
- Correspondence: (T.P.); (S.L.); Tel.: +49-30-450-630-057 (T.P.); +49-30-450-553-022 (S.L.)
| | - Sander Lefere
- Department of Medicine III, RWTH-University Hospital Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
- Hepatology Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Liver Research Center Ghent, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Correspondence: (T.P.); (S.L.); Tel.: +49-30-450-630-057 (T.P.); +49-30-450-553-022 (S.L.)
| | - Jana Hundertmark
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum (CVK) and Campus Charité Mitte (CCM), 13353 Berlin, Germany; (J.H.); (M.K.); (F.T.)
| | - Marlene Kohlhepp
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum (CVK) and Campus Charité Mitte (CCM), 13353 Berlin, Germany; (J.H.); (M.K.); (F.T.)
| | - Christian Penners
- Department of Medicine III, RWTH-University Hospital Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
| | | | - Bruno Lapauw
- Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; (F.V.d.V.); (B.L.)
| | - Anne Hoorens
- Department of Pathology, Ghent University Hospital, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Lindsey Devisscher
- Gut-Liver Immunopharmacology Unit, Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, Liver Research Center Ghent, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Anja Geerts
- Hepatology Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Liver Research Center Ghent, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Stephanie Boehm
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA; (S.B.); (Q.Z.); (J.K.); (E.D.C.); (B.Z.)
| | - Qihong Zhao
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA; (S.B.); (Q.Z.); (J.K.); (E.D.C.); (B.Z.)
| | - John Krupinski
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA; (S.B.); (Q.Z.); (J.K.); (E.D.C.); (B.Z.)
| | - Edgar D. Charles
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA; (S.B.); (Q.Z.); (J.K.); (E.D.C.); (B.Z.)
| | - Bradley Zinker
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA; (S.B.); (Q.Z.); (J.K.); (E.D.C.); (B.Z.)
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum (CVK) and Campus Charité Mitte (CCM), 13353 Berlin, Germany; (J.H.); (M.K.); (F.T.)
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Zhao Z, Yin W, Peng X, Cai Q, He B, Shi S, Peng W, Tu G, Li Y, Li D, Tao Y, Peng M, Wang X, Yu F. A Machine-Learning Approach to Developing a Predictive Signature Based on Transcriptome Profiling of Ground-Glass Opacities for Accurate Classification and Exploring the Immune Microenvironment of Early-Stage LUAD. Front Immunol 2022; 13:872387. [PMID: 35693786 PMCID: PMC9178173 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.872387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Screening for early-stage lung cancer with low-dose computed tomography is recommended for high-risk populations; consequently, the incidence of pure ground-glass opacity (pGGO) is increasing. Ground-glass opacity (GGO) is considered the appearance of early lung cancer, and there remains an unmet clinical need to understand the pathology of small GGO (<1 cm in diameter). The objective of this study was to use the transcriptome profiling of pGGO specimens <1 cm in diameter to construct a pGGO-related gene risk signature to predict the prognosis of early-stage lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and explore the immune microenvironment of GGO. pGGO-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened to identify prognostic marker genes with two machine learning algorithms. A 15-gene risk signature was constructed from the DEGs that were shared between the algorithms. Risk scores were calculated using the regression coefficients for the pGGO-related DEGs. Patients with Stage I/II LUAD or Stage IA LUAD and high-risk scores had a worse prognosis than patients with low-risk scores. The prognosis of high-risk patients with Stage IA LUAD was almost identical to that of patients with Stage II LUAD, suggesting that treatment strategies for patients with Stage II LUAD may be beneficial in high-risk patients with Stage IA LUAD. pGGO-related DEGs were mainly enriched in immune-related pathways. Patients with high-risk scores and high tumor mutation burden had a worse prognosis and may benefit from immunotherapy. A nomogram was constructed to facilitate the clinical application of the 15-gene risk signature. Receiver operating characteristic curves and decision curve analysis validated the predictive ability of the nomogram in patients with Stage I LUAD in the TCGA-LUAD cohort and GEO datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Early Diagnosis and Precise Treatment of Lung Cancer, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Yin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Early Diagnosis and Precise Treatment of Lung Cancer, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiong Peng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Early Diagnosis and Precise Treatment of Lung Cancer, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qidong Cai
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Early Diagnosis and Precise Treatment of Lung Cancer, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Boxue He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Early Diagnosis and Precise Treatment of Lung Cancer, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shuai Shi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Early Diagnosis and Precise Treatment of Lung Cancer, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Weilin Peng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Early Diagnosis and Precise Treatment of Lung Cancer, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guangxu Tu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Early Diagnosis and Precise Treatment of Lung Cancer, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yunping Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | | | - Yongguang Tao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Early Diagnosis and Precise Treatment of Lung Cancer, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Health Council (NHC) Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University), Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Muyun Peng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Early Diagnosis and Precise Treatment of Lung Cancer, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Xiang Wang, ; Muyun Peng, ; Fenglei Yu,
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Early Diagnosis and Precise Treatment of Lung Cancer, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Xiang Wang, ; Muyun Peng, ; Fenglei Yu,
| | - Fenglei Yu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Early Diagnosis and Precise Treatment of Lung Cancer, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Xiang Wang, ; Muyun Peng, ; Fenglei Yu,
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12
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Chang SJ, Toyoda Y, Kawamura Y, Nakamura T, Nakatochi M, Nakayama A, Liao WT, Shimizu S, Takada T, Takeuchi K, Wakai K, Shi Y, Shinomiya N, Chen CJ, Li C, Okada Y, Ichida K, Matsuo H. A meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies using Japanese and Taiwanese has revealed novel loci associated with gout susceptibility. Hum Cell 2022; 35:767-770. [PMID: 35032298 PMCID: PMC8866370 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-021-00665-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Jen Chang
- Department of Kinesiology, Health and Leisure Studies, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu Toyoda
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kawamura
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nakamura
- Laboratory for Mathematics, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakatochi
- Public Health Informatics Unit, Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Nakayama
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Wei-Ting Liao
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Seiko Shimizu
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Tappei Takada
- Department of Pharmacy, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Takeuchi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kenji Wakai
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yongyong Shi
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University and Biomedical Sciences Institute of Qingdao University (Qingdao Branch of SJTU Bio-X Institutes), Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Nariyoshi Shinomiya
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Chung-Jen Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Changgui Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yukinori Okada
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kimiyoshi Ichida
- Department of Pathophysiology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Matsuo
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan.
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13
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Zhang J, Liu Q, He J, Li Y. Novel Therapeutic Targets in Liver Fibrosis. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:766855. [PMID: 34805276 PMCID: PMC8602792 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.766855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is end-stage liver disease that can be rescued. If irritation continues due to viral infection, schistosomiasis and alcoholism, liver fibrosis can progress to liver cirrhosis and even cancer. The US Food and Drug Administration has not approved any drugs that act directly against liver fibrosis. The only treatments currently available are drugs that eliminate pathogenic factors, which show poor efficacy; and liver transplantation, which is expensive. This highlights the importance of clarifying the mechanism of liver fibrosis and searching for new treatments against it. This review summarizes how parenchymal, nonparenchymal cells, inflammatory cells and various processes (liver fibrosis, hepatic stellate cell activation, cell death and proliferation, deposition of extracellular matrix, cell metabolism, inflammation and epigenetics) contribute to liver fibrosis. We highlight discoveries of novel therapeutic targets, which may provide new insights into potential treatments for liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhang Zhang
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Qinhui Liu
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Jinhan He
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China.,Department of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanping Li
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
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14
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Li J, Li Y, Liu Y, Yu H, Xu N, Huang D, Xue Y, Li S, Chen H, Liu J, Li Q, Zhao Y, Zhang R, Xue H, Sun Y, Li M, Li P, Liu M, Zhang Z, Li X, Du W, Wang N, Yang B. Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Ameliorates Na V1.5 and Kir2.1 Channel Dysregulation in Human AC16 Cardiomyocytes. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:715466. [PMID: 34630093 PMCID: PMC8493335 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.715466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Infarcted myocardium is predisposed to cause lethal ventricular arrhythmias that remain the main cause of death in patients suffering myocardial ischemia. Liver-derived fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is an endocrine regulator, which exerts metabolic actions by favoring glucose and lipids metabolism. Emerging evidence has shown a beneficial effect of FGF21 on cardiovascular diseases, but the role of FGF21 on ventricular arrhythmias following myocardial infarction (MI) in humans has never been addressed. This study was conducted to investigate the pharmacological effects of FGF21 on cardiomyocytes after MI in humans. Patients with arrhythmia in acute MI and healthy volunteers were enrolled in this study. Serum samples were collected from these subjects on day 1 and days 7–10 after the onset of MI for measuring FGF21 levels using ELISA. Here, we found that the serum level of FGF21 was significantly increased on day 1 after the onset of MI and it returned to normal on days 7–10, relative to the Control samples. In order to clarify the regulation of FGF21 on arrhythmia, two kinds of arrhythmia animal models were established in this study, including ischemic arrhythmia model (MI rat model) and nonischemic arrhythmia model (ouabain-induced guinea pig arrhythmia model). The results showed that the incidence and duration time of ischemic arrhythmias in rhbFGF21-treated MI rats were significantly reduced at different time point after MI compared with normal saline-treated MI rats. Moreover, the onset of the first ventricular arrhythmias was delayed and the numbers of VF and maintenance were attenuated by FGF21 compared to the rhbFGF21-untreated group in the ouabain model. Consistently, in vitro study also demonstrated that FGF21 administration was able to shorten action potential duration (APD) in hydrogen peroxide-treated AC16 cells. Mechanically, FGF21 can ameliorate the electrophysiological function of AC16 cells, which is characterized by rescuing the expression and dysfunction of cardiac sodium current (INa) and inward rectifier potassium (Ik1) in AC16 cells induced by hydrogen peroxide. Moreover, the restorative effect of FGF21 on NaV1.5 and Kir2.1 was eliminated when FGF receptors were inhibited. Collectively, FGF21 has the potential role of ameliorating transmembrane ion channels remodeling through the NaV1.5/Kir2.1 pathway by FGF receptors and thus reducing life-threatening postinfarcted arrhythmias, which provides new strategies for antiarrhythmic therapy in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin Li
- The Department of Pharmacology and State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuanshi Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yining Liu
- The Department of Pharmacology and State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hang Yu
- The Department of Pharmacology and State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ning Xu
- The Department of Pharmacology and State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Di Huang
- The Department of Pharmacology and State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yadong Xue
- The Department of Pharmacology and State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Sijia Li
- The Department of Pharmacology and State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Haixin Chen
- The Department of Pharmacology and State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiali Liu
- The Department of Pharmacology and State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Qingsui Li
- The Department of Pharmacology and State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yiming Zhao
- The Department of Pharmacology and State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ronghao Zhang
- The Department of Pharmacology and State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongru Xue
- The Department of Pharmacology and State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuehang Sun
- The Department of Pharmacology and State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ming Li
- The Department of Pharmacology and State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Pengyu Li
- The Department of Pharmacology and State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Mingbin Liu
- The Department of Pharmacology and State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- The Department of Pharmacology and State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Li
- The Department of Pharmacology and State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Weijie Du
- The Department of Pharmacology and State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ning Wang
- The Department of Pharmacology and State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Baofeng Yang
- The Department of Pharmacology and State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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15
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Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are cell-signaling proteins with diverse functions in cell development, repair, and metabolism. The human FGF family consists of 22 structurally related members, which can be classified into three separate groups based on their action of mechanisms, namely: intracrine, paracrine/autocrine, and endocrine FGF subfamilies. FGF19, FGF21, and FGF23 belong to the hormone-like/endocrine FGF subfamily. These endocrine FGFs are mainly associated with the regulation of cell metabolic activities such as homeostasis of lipids, glucose, energy, bile acids, and minerals (phosphate/active vitamin D). Endocrine FGFs function through a unique protein family called klotho. Two members of this family, α-klotho, or β-klotho, act as main cofactors which can scaffold to tether FGF19/21/23 to their receptor(s) (FGFRs) to form an active complex. There are ongoing studies pertaining to the structure and mechanism of these individual ternary complexes. These studies aim to provide potential insights into the physiological and pathophysiological roles and therapeutic strategies for metabolic diseases. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of the history, structure–function relationship(s), downstream signaling, physiological roles, and future perspectives on endocrine FGFs.
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16
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Pemafibrate Prevents Retinal Dysfunction in a Mouse Model of Unilateral Common Carotid Artery Occlusion. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179408. [PMID: 34502311 PMCID: PMC8431531 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases lead to retinal ischemia, one of the leading causes of blindness. Retinal ischemia triggers pathological retinal glial responses and functional deficits. Therefore, maintaining retinal neuronal activities and modulating pathological gliosis may prevent loss of vision. Previously, pemafibrate, a selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha modulator, was nominated as a promising drug in retinal ischemia. However, a protective role of pemafibrate remains untouched in cardiovascular diseases-mediated retinal ischemia. Therefore, we aimed to unravel systemic and retinal alterations by treating pemafibrate in a new murine model of retinal ischemia caused by cardiovascular diseases. Adult C57BL/6 mice were orally administered pemafibrate (0.5 mg/kg) for 4 days, followed by unilateral common carotid artery occlusion (UCCAO). After UCCAO, pemafibrate was continuously supplied to mice until the end of experiments. Retinal function (a-and b-waves and the oscillatory potentials) was measured using electroretinography on day 5 and 12 after UCCAO. Moreover, the retina, liver, and serum were subjected to qPCR, immunohistochemistry, or ELISA analysis. We found that pemafibrate enhanced liver function, elevated serum levels of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), one of the neuroprotective molecules in the eye, and protected against UCCAO-induced retinal dysfunction, observed with modulation of retinal gliosis and preservation of oscillatory potentials. Our current data suggest a promising pemafibrate therapy for the suppression of retinal dysfunction in cardiovascular diseases.
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17
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Finotti M, Romano M, Auricchio P, Scopelliti M, Brizzolari M, Grossi U, Piccino M, Benvenuti S, Morana G, Cillo U, Zanus G. Target Therapies for NASH/NAFLD: From the Molecular Aspect to the Pharmacological and Surgical Alternatives. J Pers Med 2021; 11:499. [PMID: 34199535 PMCID: PMC8229090 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11060499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease represents an increasing cause of chronic hepatic disease in recent years. This condition usually arises in patients with multiple comorbidities, the so-called metabolic syndrome. The therapeutic options are multiple, ranging from lifestyle modifications, pharmacological options, to liver transplantation in selected cases. The choice of the most beneficial one and their interactions can be challenging. It is mandatory to stratify the patients according to the severity of their disease to tailor the available treatments. In our contribution, we review the most recent pharmacological target therapies, the role of bariatric surgery, and the impact of liver transplantation on the NAFLD outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Finotti
- 4th Surgery Unit, Regional Hospital Treviso, DISCOG, University of Padua, 31100 Padua, Italy; (M.R.); (M.S.); (M.B.); (U.G.); (M.P.); (G.Z.)
| | - Maurizio Romano
- 4th Surgery Unit, Regional Hospital Treviso, DISCOG, University of Padua, 31100 Padua, Italy; (M.R.); (M.S.); (M.B.); (U.G.); (M.P.); (G.Z.)
| | - Pasquale Auricchio
- Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation Unit, DISCOG, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (P.A.); (U.C.)
| | - Michele Scopelliti
- 4th Surgery Unit, Regional Hospital Treviso, DISCOG, University of Padua, 31100 Padua, Italy; (M.R.); (M.S.); (M.B.); (U.G.); (M.P.); (G.Z.)
| | - Marco Brizzolari
- 4th Surgery Unit, Regional Hospital Treviso, DISCOG, University of Padua, 31100 Padua, Italy; (M.R.); (M.S.); (M.B.); (U.G.); (M.P.); (G.Z.)
| | - Ugo Grossi
- 4th Surgery Unit, Regional Hospital Treviso, DISCOG, University of Padua, 31100 Padua, Italy; (M.R.); (M.S.); (M.B.); (U.G.); (M.P.); (G.Z.)
| | - Marco Piccino
- 4th Surgery Unit, Regional Hospital Treviso, DISCOG, University of Padua, 31100 Padua, Italy; (M.R.); (M.S.); (M.B.); (U.G.); (M.P.); (G.Z.)
| | - Stefano Benvenuti
- Gastroenterology Unit (IV), Cà Foncello Regional Hospital, 31100 Treviso, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Morana
- Division of Radiology, Treviso Regional Hospital, 31100 Treviso, Italy;
| | - Umberto Cillo
- Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation Unit, DISCOG, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (P.A.); (U.C.)
| | - Giacomo Zanus
- 4th Surgery Unit, Regional Hospital Treviso, DISCOG, University of Padua, 31100 Padua, Italy; (M.R.); (M.S.); (M.B.); (U.G.); (M.P.); (G.Z.)
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18
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Wang H, Yang J, Zhang K, Liu J, Li Y, Su W, Song N. Advances of Fibroblast Growth Factor/Receptor Signaling Pathway in Hepatocellular Carcinoma and its Pharmacotherapeutic Targets. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:650388. [PMID: 33935756 PMCID: PMC8082422 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.650388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a type of primary liver cancer with poor prognosis, and its incidence and mortality rate are increasing worldwide. It is refractory to conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy owing to its high tumor heterogeneity. Accumulated genetic alterations and aberrant cell signaling pathway have been characterized in HCC. The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family and their receptors (FGFRs) are involved in diverse biological activities, including embryonic development, proliferation, differentiation, survival, angiogenesis, and migration, etc. Data mining results of The Cancer Genome Atlas demonstrate high levels of FGF and/or FGFR expression in HCC tumors compared with normal tissues. Moreover, substantial evidence indicates that the FGF/FGFR signaling axis plays an important role in various mechanisms that contribute to HCC development. At present, several inhibitors targeting FGF/FGFR, such as multikinase inhibitors, specific FGFR4 inhibitors, and FGF ligand traps, exhibit antitumor activity in preclinical or early development phases in HCC. In this review, we summarize the research progress regarding the molecular implications of FGF/FGFR-mediated signaling and the development of FGFR-targeted therapeutics in hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jie Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jia Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yushan Li
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Wei Su
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Na Song
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Institute of Precision Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
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Lee D, Tomita Y, Miwa Y, Jeong H, Mori K, Tsubota K, Kurihara T. Fenofibrate Protects against Retinal Dysfunction in a Murine Model of Common Carotid Artery Occlusion-Induced Ocular Ischemia. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14030223. [PMID: 33799938 PMCID: PMC7999063 DOI: 10.3390/ph14030223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ocular ischemia is a common cause of blindness and plays a detrimental role in various diseases such as diabetic retinopathy, occlusion of central retinal arteries, and ocular ischemic syndrome. Abnormalities of neuronal activities in the eye occur under ocular ischemic conditions. Therefore, protecting their activities may prevent vision loss. Previously, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) agonists were suggested as promising drugs in ocular ischemia. However, the potential therapeutic roles of PPARα agonists in ocular ischemia are still unknown. Thus, we attempted to unravel systemic and ocular changes by treatment of fenofibrate, a well-known PPARα agonist, in a new murine model of ocular ischemia. Adult mice were orally administered fenofibrate (60 mg/kg) for 4 days once a day, followed by induction of ocular ischemia by unilateral common carotid artery occlusion (UCCAO). After UCCAO, fenofibrate was continuously supplied to mice once every 2 days during the experiment period. Electroretinography was performed to measure retinal functional changes. Furthermore, samples from the retina, liver, and blood were subjected to qPCR, Western blot, or ELISA analysis. We found that fenofibrate boosted liver function, increased serum levels of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), one of the neuroprotective molecules in the central nervous system, and protected against UCCAO-induced retinal dysfunction. Our current data suggest a promising fenofibrate therapy in ischemic retinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deokho Lee
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (D.L.); (Y.T.); (Y.M.); (H.J.); (K.M.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yohei Tomita
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (D.L.); (Y.T.); (Y.M.); (H.J.); (K.M.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- Boston Children’s Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yukihiro Miwa
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (D.L.); (Y.T.); (Y.M.); (H.J.); (K.M.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- Animal Eye Care, Tokyo Animal Eye Clinic, Tokyo 158-0093, Japan
| | - Heonuk Jeong
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (D.L.); (Y.T.); (Y.M.); (H.J.); (K.M.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kiwako Mori
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (D.L.); (Y.T.); (Y.M.); (H.J.); (K.M.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tsubota
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- Tsubota Laboratory, Inc., Tokyo 160-0016, Japan
- Correspondence: (K.T.); (T.K.); Tel.: +81-3-5636-3269 (K.T.); +81-3-5636-3204 (T.K.)
| | - Toshihide Kurihara
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (D.L.); (Y.T.); (Y.M.); (H.J.); (K.M.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- Correspondence: (K.T.); (T.K.); Tel.: +81-3-5636-3269 (K.T.); +81-3-5636-3204 (T.K.)
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20
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Sobhani N, Fassl A, Mondani G, Generali D, Otto T. Targeting Aberrant FGFR Signaling to Overcome CDK4/6 Inhibitor Resistance in Breast Cancer. Cells 2021; 10:293. [PMID: 33535617 PMCID: PMC7912842 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cause of cancer-related death in women worldwide. Therapies targeting molecular pathways altered in BC had significantly enhanced treatment options for BC over the last decades, which ultimately improved the lives of millions of women worldwide. Among various molecular pathways accruing substantial interest for the development of targeted therapies are cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)-in particular, the two closely related members CDK4 and CDK6. CDK4/6 inhibitors indirectly trigger the dephosphorylation of retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein by blocking CDK4/6, thereby blocking the cell cycle transition from the G1 to S phase. Although the CDK4/6 inhibitors abemaciclib, palbociclib, and ribociclib gained FDA approval for the treatment of hormone receptor (HR)-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative BC as they significantly improved progression-free survival (PFS) in randomized clinical trials, regrettably, some patients showed resistance to these therapies. Though multiple molecular pathways could be mechanistically responsible for CDK4/6 inhibitor therapy resistance, one of the most predominant ones seems to be the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) pathway. FGFRs are involved in many aspects of cancer formation, such as cell proliferation, differentiation, and growth. Importantly, FGFRs are frequently mutated in BC, and their overexpression and/or hyperactivation correlates with CDK4/6 inhibitor resistance and shortened PFS in BC. Intriguingly, the inhibition of aberrant FGFR activity is capable of reversing the resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitors. This review summarizes the molecular background of FGFR signaling and discusses the role of aberrant FGFR signaling during cancer development in general and during the development of CDK4/6 inhibitor resistance in BC in particular, together with other possible mechanisms for resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitors. Subsequently, future directions on novel therapeutic strategies targeting FGFR signaling to overcome such resistance during BC treatment will be further debated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Sobhani
- Department of Medicine, Section of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Anne Fassl
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA;
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Giuseppina Mondani
- Department Breast Oncoplastic Surgery Royal Cornwall Hospital, Treliske, Truro TR13LJ, UK;
| | - Daniele Generali
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Cattinara Hospital, 34149 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Tobias Otto
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is a phosphotropic hormone that belongs to a subfamily of endocrine FGFs with evolutionarily conserved functions in worms and fruit flies. FAM20C phosphorylates FGF23 post-translationally, targeting it to proteolysis through subtilisin-like proprotein convertase FURIN, resulting in secretion of FGF23 fragments. O-glycosylation of FGF23 through GALNT3 appears to prevent proteolysis, resulting in secretion of biologically active intact FGF23. In the circulation, FGF23 may undergo further processing by plasminogen activators. Crystal structures show that the ectodomain of the cognate FGF23 receptor FGFR1c binds with the ectodomain of the co-receptor alpha-KLOTHO. The KLOTHO-FGFR1c double heterodimer creates a high-affinity binding site for the FGF23 C-terminus. The topology of FGF23 deviates from that of paracrine FGFs, resulting in poor affinity for heparan sulphate, which may explain why FGF23 diffuses freely in the bone matrix to enter the bloodstream following its secretion by cells of osteoblastic lineage. Intact FGF23 signalling by this canonical pathway activates FRS2/RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK1/2. It reduces serum phosphate by inhibiting 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D synthesis, suppressing intestinal phosphate absorption, and by downregulating the transporters NPT2a and NPT2c, suppressing phosphate reabsorption in the proximal tubules. The physiological role of FGF23 fragments, which may be inhibitory, remains unclear. Pharmacological and genetic activation of canonical FGF23 signalling causes hypophosphatemic disorders, while its inhibition results in hyperphosphatemic disorders. Non-canonical FGF23 signalling through binding and activation of FGFR3/FGFR4/calcineurin/NFAT in an alpha-KLOTHO-independent fashion mainly occurs at extremely elevated circulating FGF23 levels and may contribute to mortality due to cardiovascular disease and left ventricular hypertrophy in chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan B Ho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Clemens Bergwitz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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22
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Zhu Y, Zeng Q, Li F, Fang H, Zhou Z, Jiang T, Yin C, Wei Q, Wang Y, Ruan J, Huang J. Dysregulated H3K27 Acetylation Is Implicated in Fatty Liver Hemorrhagic Syndrome in Chickens. Front Genet 2021; 11:574167. [PMID: 33505421 PMCID: PMC7831272 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.574167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation of gene expression has been reported in the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders such as diabetes and liver steatosis in humans. However, the molecular mechanisms of fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS) in chickens have been rarely studied. H3K27ac chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with high-throughput sequencing and high-throughput RNA sequencing was performed to compare genome-wide H3K27ac profiles and transcriptomes of liver tissue between healthy and FLHS chickens. In total, 1,321 differential H3K27ac regions and 443 differentially expressed genes were identified (| log2Fold change| ≥ 1 and P-value ≤ 0.05) between the two groups. Binding motifs for transcription factors involved in immune processes and metabolic homeostasis were enriched among those differential H3K27ac regions. Differential H3K27ac peaks were associated with multiple known FLHS risk genes, involved in lipid and energy metabolism (PCK1, APOA1, ANGPTL4, and FABP1) and the immune system (FGF7, PDGFRA, and KIT). Previous studies and our current results suggested that the high-energy, low-protein (HELP) diet might have an impact on histone modification and chromatin structure, leading to the dysregulation of candidate genes and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway, which causes excessive accumulation of fat in the liver tissue and induces the development of FLHS. These findings highlight that epigenetic modifications contribute to the regulation of gene expression and play a central regulatory role in FLHS. The PPAR signaling pathway and other genes implicated in FLHS are of great importance for the development of novel and specific therapies for FLHS-susceptible commercial laying hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaling Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Laboratory Animal Research Center, College of Basic Medical Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qingjie Zeng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Haoshu Fang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Laboratory Animal Research Center, College of Basic Medical Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhimin Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Chao Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qing Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yujie Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jiming Ruan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jianzhen Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
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MicroRNA expression profiling reveals potential roles for microRNA in the liver during pigeon (Columba livia) development. Poult Sci 2020; 99:6378-6389. [PMID: 33248553 PMCID: PMC7705055 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is the central organ for metabolism and influence the growth and development of the animals. To date, little is known about the microRNA (miRNA) in pigeon livers, particularly in different developmental stages. A comprehensive investigation into miRNA transcriptomes in livers across 3 pigeon developmental stages (1, 14, 28 d old) and an adult stage (2 y old) was performed by small RNA sequencing. We identified 312 known miRNA, 433 conserved miRNA, and 192 novel miRNA in pigeon livers. A set of differentially expressed (DE) miRNA in livers were screened out during pigeon development. This set of miRNA might be involved in hepatospecific phenotype and liver development. A Short Time-series Expression Miner analysis indicated significant expression variations in DE miRNA during liver development of pigeons. These DE miRNA with different expression patterns might play essential roles in response to growth factor, cell morphogenesis, and gland development, etc. Protein-protein interaction network and Molecular Complex Detection analysis identified several vital target genes (e.g., TNRC6B, FRS2, PTCH1, etc.) of DE miRNA, which is closely linked in liver development and enriched in PI3K cascade and regulation of growth. Our results expanded the repertoire of pigeon miRNA and may be of help in better understanding the mechanism of squab's rapid development from the perspective of liver development.
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24
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Agoro R, Ni P, Noonan ML, White KE. Osteocytic FGF23 and Its Kidney Function. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:592. [PMID: 32982979 PMCID: PMC7485387 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteocytes, which represent up to 95% of adult skeletal cells, are deeply embedded in bone. These cells exhibit important interactive abilities with other bone cells such as osteoblasts and osteoclasts to control skeletal formation and resorption. Beyond this local role, osteocytes can also influence the function of distant organs due to the presence of their sophisticated lacunocanalicular system, which connects osteocyte dendrites directly to the vasculature. Through these networks, osteocytes sense changes in circulating metabolites and respond by producing endocrine factors to control homeostasis. One critical function of osteocytes is to respond to increased blood phosphate and 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D (1,25D) by producing fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23). FGF23 acts on the kidneys through partner fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) and the co-receptor Klotho to promote phosphaturia via a downregulation of phosphate transporters, as well as the control of vitamin D metabolizing enzymes to reduce blood 1,25D. In the first part of this review, we will explore the signals involved in the positive and negative regulation of FGF23 in osteocytes. In the second portion, we will bridge bone responses with the review of current knowledge on FGF23 endocrine functions in the kidneys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafiou Agoro
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Pu Ni
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Megan L. Noonan
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Kenneth E. White
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Medicine/Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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25
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Chen W, Zhang X, Xu M, Jiang L, Zhou M, Liu W, Chen Z, Wang Y, Zou Q, Wang L. Betaine prevented high-fat diet-induced NAFLD by regulating the FGF10/AMPK signaling pathway in ApoE -/- mice. Eur J Nutr 2020; 60:1655-1668. [PMID: 32808060 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02362-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is currently the leading cause of chronic liver disease in developing countries. The pathogenesis is complex, and there is currently no effective treatment. Betaine is an essential intermediate in choline catabolism and an important component of the methionine cycle. Betaine deficiency is associated with NAFLD severity, and its mechanism needs to be further elaborated. METHODS In this study, an NAFLD mouse model was established by feeding ApoE-/- mice a high-fat diet. The effects of betaine on NAFLD were investigated, including its mechanism. RESULTS In this study, after treatment with betaine, blood lipid levels and liver damage were significantly decreased in the NAFLD mouse model. The fat infiltration of the liver tissues of high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice after betaine administration was significantly improved. Betaine treatment significantly upregulated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10), and adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) protein levels both in vivo and in vitro and suppressed lipid metabolism-related genes. Furthermore, the overexpression of FGF10 increased the protein level of AMPK and decreased lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells. CONCLUSION Taken together, the data strongly suggest that betaine significantly prevents high-fat diet-induced NAFLD through the FGF10/AMPK signaling pathway in ApoE-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular DiseasesMinistry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
- KingMed Diagnostics, Guangzhou, 510320, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular DiseasesMinistry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Minwen Xu
- First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Lixia Jiang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Min Zhou
- Undergraduate of Biotechnology, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- Undergraduate of Biotechnology, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Zhijun Chen
- Undergraduate of Biotechnology, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Yucai Wang
- Jiangxi Xi Di Biological Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Qingyan Zou
- Jiangxi Xi Di Biological Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Liefeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular DiseasesMinistry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China.
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26
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Wang C, Li Y, Li H, Zhang Y, Ying Z, Wang X, Zhang T, Zhang W, Fan Z, Li X, Ma J, Pan X. Disruption of FGF Signaling Ameliorates Inflammatory Response in Hepatic Stellate Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:601. [PMID: 32793588 PMCID: PMC7387415 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It is a well-documented event that fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) regulate liver development and homeostasis in autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine manners via binding and activating FGF receptors (FGFRs) tyrosine kinase in hepatocytes. Recent research reveals that hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) play a fundamental role in liver immunology. However, how FGF signaling in HSCs regulates liver inflammation remains unclear. Here, we report that FGF promoted NF-κB signaling, an inflammatory pathway, in human HSCs, which was associated with FGFR1 expression. Both FGF and NF-κB signaling in HSCs were compromised by FGFR1 tyrosine kinase inhibitor. After stimulating HSCs with proinflammatory cytokines, expression of multiple FGF ligands was significantly increased. However, disruption of FGF signaling with FGFR inhibitors prominently reduced the apoptosis, inflammatory response, NF-κB nuclear translocation, and expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) induced by TNFα in HSCs. Interestingly, FGF21 significantly alleviated the inflammation responses in the concanavalin A (Con A)-induced acutely injured liver. Unlike canonic FGFs that elicit signals through activating the FGFR–heparan sulfate complex, FGF21 activates the FGFR–KLB complex and elicits a different set of signals. Therefore, the finding here indicates the urgency of developing pathway-specific inhibitors that only suppress canonical FGF, but not non-canonical FGF21, signaling for alleviating inflammation in the liver, which is presented in all stages of diseased liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yuelong Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hao Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yali Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhangguo Ying
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xuye Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wenshu Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhichao Fan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jisheng Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xuebo Pan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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27
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Sumida Y, Yoneda M, Ogawa Y, Yoneda M, Okanoue T, Nakajima A. Current and new pharmacotherapy options for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2020; 21:953-967. [PMID: 32237916 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2020.1744564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is an unmet medical need for an effective anti-fibrotic treatment for NASH with advanced fibrosis. AREAS COVERED The authors review the current and novel agents for the treatment of NASH with fibrosis. They also consider the potential future strategies of combination therapies. EXPERT OPINION Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist (obeticholic acid [OCA]) significantly ameliorated hepatic fibrosis in NASH stage 2/3 fibrosis in an interim analysis of phase 3 trial. Because OCA has several drawbacks such as itching and elevated low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), non-bile acid FXR agonists are now under development. Selonsertib (apoptosis signaling kinase 1 inhibitor), emricasan (an irreversible pan-caspase inhibitor), and simtsuzumab (a monoclonal antibody against lysyl oxidase-like 2) were discontinued because of no efficacy over placebo. Peroxisome proliferator-activator receptor α/δ agonists, C-C motif chemokine receptor-2/5 antagonists, and thyroid β receptor agonist are ongoing in phase 3 trials. A variety of agents including fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-21 and FGF-19 agonists, as well as acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitors, are also expected. Among antidiabetic agents, semaglutide, a novel GLP-1 RA, is ongoing for NASH stage 1-3 fibrosis in a phase 2 trial. Furthermore, the combination of GLP-RA/glucagon receptor agonist and GLP-RA/gastrointestinal peptide agonist are promising future options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Sumida
- Division of Hepatology and Pancreatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Aichi Medical University , Kasugai, Japan
| | - Masato Yoneda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University , Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yuji Ogawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University , Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masashi Yoneda
- Division of Hepatology and Pancreatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Aichi Medical University , Kasugai, Japan
| | - Takeshi Okanoue
- Department of Gastroenterology, Suita Hospital , Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nakajima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University , Yokohama, Japan
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28
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Tillman EJ, Rolph T. FGF21: An Emerging Therapeutic Target for Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis and Related Metabolic Diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:601290. [PMID: 33381084 PMCID: PMC7767990 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.601290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The rising global prevalence of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes has driven a sharp increase in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), characterized by excessive fat accumulation in the liver. Approximately one-sixth of the NAFLD population progresses to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) with liver inflammation, hepatocyte injury and cell death, liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. NASH is one of the leading causes of liver transplant, and an increasingly common cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), underscoring the need for intervention. The complex pathophysiology of NASH, and a predicted prevalence of 3-5% of the adult population worldwide, has prompted drug development programs aimed at multiple targets across all stages of the disease. Currently, there are no approved therapeutics. Liver-related morbidity and mortality are highest in more advanced fibrotic NASH, which has led to an early focus on anti-fibrotic approaches to prevent progression to cirrhosis and HCC. Due to limited clinical efficacy, anti-fibrotic approaches have been superseded by mechanisms that target the underlying driver of NASH pathogenesis, namely steatosis, which drives hepatocyte injury and downstream inflammation and fibrosis. Among this wave of therapeutic mechanisms targeting the underlying pathogenesis of NASH, the hormone fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) holds considerable promise; it decreases liver fat and hepatocyte injury while suppressing inflammation and fibrosis across multiple preclinical studies. In this review, we summarize preclinical and clinical data from studies with FGF21 and FGF21 analogs, in the context of the pathophysiology of NASH and underlying metabolic diseases.
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29
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Asakawa M, Itoh M, Suganami T, Sakai T, Kanai S, Shirakawa I, Yuan X, Hatayama T, Shimada S, Akiyama Y, Fujiu K, Inagaki Y, Manabe I, Yamaoka S, Yamada T, Tanaka S, Ogawa Y. Upregulation of cancer-associated gene expression in activated fibroblasts in a mouse model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19601. [PMID: 31862949 PMCID: PMC6925281 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56039-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), characterized by chronic inflammation and fibrosis, is predicted to be the leading cause of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the next decade. Although recent evidence suggests the importance of fibrosis as the strongest determinant of HCC development, the molecular mechanisms underlying NASH-induced carcinogenesis still remain unclear. Here we performed RNA sequencing analysis to compare gene expression profiles of activated fibroblasts prepared from two distinct liver fibrosis models: carbon tetrachloride–induced fibrosis as a model without obesity and HCC and genetically obese melanocortin 4 receptor–deficient (MC4R-KO) mice fed Western diet, which develop steatosis, NASH, and eventually HCC. Our data showed that activated fibroblasts exhibited distinct gene expression patterns in each etiology, and that the ‘pathways in cancer’ were selectively upregulated in the activated fibroblasts from MC4R-KO mice. The most upregulated gene in these pathways was fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9), which was induced by metabolic stress such as palmitate. FGF9 exerted anti-apoptotic and pro-migratory effects in fibroblasts and hepatoma cells in vitro and accelerated tumor growth in a subcutaneous xenograft model. This study reveals upregulation of cancer-associated gene expression in activated fibroblasts in NASH, which would contribute to the progression from NASH to HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Asakawa
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michiko Itoh
- Department of Organ Network and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan. .,Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, Kawasaki, Japan. .,Department of Molecular Medicine and Metabolism, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Takayoshi Suganami
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Metabolism, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan. .,Department of Immunometabolism, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Takeru Sakai
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sayaka Kanai
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ibuki Shirakawa
- Department of Organ Network and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Metabolism, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Xunmei Yuan
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomomi Hatayama
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shu Shimada
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Akiyama
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuhito Fujiu
- Department of Advanced Cardiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Inagaki
- Center for Matrix Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan
| | - Ichiro Manabe
- Department of Disease Biology and Molecular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shoji Yamaoka
- Department of Molecular Virology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yamada
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ogawa
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Metabolism, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan. .,Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan. .,Department of Molecular and Cellular Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan. .,Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, CREST, Tokyo, Japan.
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Huang J, Wang K, Shiflett LA, Brotto L, Bonewald LF, Wacker MJ, Dallas SL, Brotto M. Fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9) inhibits myogenic differentiation of C2C12 and human muscle cells. Cell Cycle 2019; 18:3562-3580. [PMID: 31735119 PMCID: PMC6927711 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2019.1691796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis and sarcopenia (osteosarcopenia (OS)) are twin-aging diseases. The biochemical crosstalk between muscle and bone seems to play a role in OS. We have previously shown that osteocytes produce soluble factors with beneficial effects on muscle and vice versa. Recently, enhanced FGF9 production was observed in the OmGFP66 osteogenic cell line. To test its role in myogenic differentiation, C2C12 myoblasts were treated with recombinant FGF9. FGF9 as low as 10 ng/mL inhibited myogenic differentiation, suggesting that FGF9 might be a potential inhibitory factor produced from bone cells with effects on muscle cells. FGF9 (10–50 ng/mL) significantly decreased mRNA expression of MyoG and Mhc while increasing the expression of Myostatin. Consistent with the phenotype, RT-qPCR array revealed that FGF9 (10 ng/mL) increased the expression of Icam1 while decreased the expression of Wnt1 and Wnt6 decreased, respectively. FGF9 decreased caffeine-induced Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of C2C12 myotubes and reduced the expression of genes (i.e. Cacna1s, RyR2, Naftc3) directly associated with intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis. Myogenic differentiation in human skeletal muscle cells was similarly inhibited by FGF9 but required higher doses of 200 ng/mL FGF9. FGF9 was also shown to stimulate C2C12 myoblast proliferation. FGF2 and the FGF9 subfamily members FGF16 and FGF20 also inhibited C2C12 myoblast differentiation and enhanced proliferation. Intriguingly, the differentiation inhibition was independent of proliferation enhancement. These findings suggest that FGF9 may modulate myogenesis via a complex signaling mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Huang
- Bone-Muscle Research Center, College of Nursing & Health Innovation, the University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Lora A Shiflett
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Leticia Brotto
- Bone-Muscle Research Center, College of Nursing & Health Innovation, the University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Lynda F Bonewald
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Michael J Wacker
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Sarah L Dallas
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Marco Brotto
- Bone-Muscle Research Center, College of Nursing & Health Innovation, the University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
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Tennant KG, Lindsley SR, Kirigiti MA, True C, Kievit P. Central and Peripheral Administration of Fibroblast Growth Factor 1 Improves Pancreatic Islet Insulin Secretion in Diabetic Mouse Models. Diabetes 2019; 68:1462-1472. [PMID: 31048370 PMCID: PMC6609981 DOI: 10.2337/db18-1175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) has been shown to reverse hyperglycemia in diabetic rodent models through peripheral and central administration routes. Previous studies demonstrated that insulin is required for central and peripheral FGF1 metabolic improvements; however, it is unknown if FGF1 targets insulin secretion at the islet level. Here we show for the first time that FGF1 increases islet insulin secretion in diabetic mouse models. FGF1 was administered via a single intracerebroventricular or multiple subcutaneous injections to leptin receptor-deficient (db/db), diet-induced obese, and control mice; pancreatic islets were isolated 7 days later for analysis of insulin secretion. Central and peripheral FGF1 significantly lowered blood glucose in vivo and increased ex vivo islet insulin secretion from diabetic, but not control, mice. FGF1 injections to the cisterna magna mimicked intracerebroventricular outcomes, pointing to a novel therapeutic potential. Central effects of FGF1 appeared dependent on reductions in food intake, whereas peripheral FGF1 had acute actions on islet function prior to significant changes in food intake or blood glucose. Additionally, peripheral, but not central, FGF1 increased islet β-cell density, suggesting that peripheral FGF1 may induce long-term changes in islet structure and function that are not present with central treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine G Tennant
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR
| | - Sarah R Lindsley
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR
| | - Melissa A Kirigiti
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR
| | - Cadence True
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR
| | - Paul Kievit
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR
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Cross-Talk between Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors and Other Cell Surface Proteins. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050455. [PMID: 31091809 PMCID: PMC6562592 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors (FGFRs) constitute signaling circuits that transmit signals across the plasma membrane, regulating pivotal cellular processes like differentiation, migration, proliferation, and apoptosis. The malfunction of FGFs/FGFRs signaling axis is observed in numerous developmental and metabolic disorders, and in various tumors. The large diversity of FGFs/FGFRs functions is attributed to a great complexity in the regulation of FGFs/FGFRs-dependent signaling cascades. The function of FGFRs is modulated at several levels, including gene expression, alternative splicing, posttranslational modifications, and protein trafficking. One of the emerging ways to adjust FGFRs activity is through formation of complexes with other integral proteins of the cell membrane. These proteins may act as coreceptors, modulating binding of FGFs to FGFRs and defining specificity of elicited cellular response. FGFRs may interact with other cell surface receptors, like G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) or receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). The cross-talk between various receptors modulates the strength and specificity of intracellular signaling and cell fate. At the cell surface FGFRs can assemble into large complexes involving various cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). The interplay between FGFRs and CAMs affects cell–cell interaction and motility and is especially important for development of the central nervous system. This review summarizes current stage of knowledge about the regulation of FGFRs by the plasma membrane-embedded partner proteins and highlights the importance of FGFRs-containing membrane complexes in pathological conditions, including cancer.
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Abdrabouh AE. Liver disorders related to exposure to gasoline fumes in male rats and role of fenugreek seed supplementation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:8949-8957. [PMID: 30719662 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04307-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Progressive effects of inhalation of gasoline fumes on the liver and the protective potential with fenugreek seed supplementation were evaluated in adult male rats. Twenty-four rats were divided into four groups, unexposed control and fenugreek groups, as well as exposed groups to gasoline fumes for 6 h/6 days/week for 10 weeks, with and without supplementation of fenugreek seed powder in food (5%w/w). Exposure to gasoline fumes resulted in a significant elevation in serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, total bilirubin, total cholesterol, total triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein, along with a significant decrease in high-density lipoprotein, total protein, and albumin contents compared to the control. Meanwhile, liver oxidative stress markers, malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and nitric oxide, were highly detected with decreased antioxidants, superoxide dismutase and catalase. Also, levels of inflammatory markers, interleukin(IL)-1β and IL-6, were significantly elevated with fibrotic markers, transforming growth factor (TGFβ1), fibroblast growth factor (FGF1), and collagen I. Histopathological studies illustrated that rats exposed to gasoline fumes have degenerated hepatocytes with cellular infiltration and necrotic areas, along with remarkable deposition of collagen fibers, suggesting an incidence of liver fibrosis. Administration of fenugreek seeds, rich with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory components, during gasoline exposure showed significant amelioration through suppressing oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer E Abdrabouh
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
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Zhang X, Guo Y, Yang J, Niu J, Du L, Li H, Li X. A functional variant alters binding of activating protein 1 regulating expression of FGF7 gene associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2019; 20:33. [PMID: 30777021 PMCID: PMC6380023 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-019-0761-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of a large cohort of subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have successfully identified multiple risk genes, including fibroblast growth factor 7 (FGF7). However, the underlying molecular mechanism influencing function of FGF7 and risk of COPD remains further study. Methods In this study, we replicated the genetic association of variants near the FGF7 gene in 258 Chinese Han patients with COPD and 311 healthy controls. Additionally, we functionally evaluated a candidate causal variant upstream of the FGF7 gene. Results The most significant association was observed at rs12905203 (P = 5.9 × 10− 3, odd ratio, OR = 1.516) that explains associations of previously reported variants at the FGF7 locus. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (ChIP-qPCR) assays showed that the risk allele of the variant was bound to activator protein 1 transcription factors (c-Fos and c-Jun) with a significantly reduced affinity and associated with decreased mRNA expression of FGF7 in fibroblast cells at both resting and PMA/Ionomycin-stimulated conditions. Overexpression of c-Fos and c-Jun proteins or stimulation with PMA/Ionomycin significantly increases mRNA expression of FGF7 in fibroblast cells. Bioinformatic analysis showed that the variant overlaps with multiple genetic regulatory marks, suggesting the regulatory DNA element might function as an enhancer for the FGF7 gene. Luciferase enhancer activity assays demonstrated that the DNA sequences carrying the variant produce enhancer activity while the risk allele of the variant reduces its activity. Conclusions In this study, we demonstrated a consistent association of the FGF7 gene with COPD and mechanistically characterized a candidate functional variant upstream of the FGF7 gene. These data highlighted the important role of the risk variant and the FGF7 gene in influencing risk for COPD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12881-019-0761-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Zhang
- College of Life Science, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, NO. 2888, XinCheng Avenue, Changchun, 130118, China.
| | - Yongxin Guo
- College of Life Science, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, NO. 2888, XinCheng Avenue, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Jing Yang
- College of Life Science, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, NO. 2888, XinCheng Avenue, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Jianlou Niu
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan Avenue, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lina Du
- College of Life Science, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, NO. 2888, XinCheng Avenue, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Haiyan Li
- College of Life Science, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, NO. 2888, XinCheng Avenue, Changchun, 130118, China.
| | - Xiaokun Li
- College of Life Science, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, NO. 2888, XinCheng Avenue, Changchun, 130118, China. .,School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan Avenue, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China.
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Manzano-Núñez F, Arámbul-Anthony MJ, Galán Albiñana A, Leal Tassias A, Acosta Umanzor C, Borreda Gascó I, Herrera A, Forteza Vila J, Burks DJ, Noon LA. Insulin resistance disrupts epithelial repair and niche-progenitor Fgf signaling during chronic liver injury. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e2006972. [PMID: 30695023 PMCID: PMC6368328 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2006972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin provides important information to tissues about feeding behavior and energy status. Defective insulin signaling is associated with ageing, tissue dysfunction, and impaired wound healing. In the liver, insulin resistance leads to chronic damage and fibrosis, but it is unclear how tissue-repair mechanisms integrate insulin signals to coordinate an appropriate injury response or how they are affected by insulin resistance. In this study, we demonstrate that insulin resistance impairs local cellular crosstalk between the fibrotic stroma and bipotent adult liver progenitor cells (LPCs), whose paracrine interactions promote epithelial repair and tissue remodeling. Using insulin-resistant mice deficient for insulin receptor substrate 2 (Irs2), we highlight dramatic impairment of proregenerative fibroblast growth factor 7 (Fgf7) signaling between stromal niche cells and LPCs during chronic injury. We provide a detailed account of the role played by IRS2 in promoting Fgf7 ligand and receptor (Fgfr2-IIIb) expression by the two cell compartments, and we describe an insulin/IRS2-dependent feed-forward loop capable of sustaining hepatic re-epithelialization by driving FGFR2-IIIb expression. Finally, we shed light on the regulation of IRS2 and FGF7 within the fibrotic stroma and show—using a human coculture system—that IRS2 silencing shifts the equilibrium away from paracrine epithelial repair in favor of fibrogenesis. Hence, we offer a compelling insight into the contribution of insulin resistance to the pathogenesis of chronic liver disease and propose IRS2 as a positive regulator of communication between cell types and the transition between phases of stromal to epithelial repair. “Insulin resistance” is a chronic state of reduced sensitivity to the effects of circulating insulin. It is one of the hallmarks of metabolic disease and a consequence of ageing, but insulin resistance is also observed in otherwise healthy individuals after severe trauma/hemorrhage/sepsis, suggesting that it plays a physiological role in modulating the response to injury. Defective insulin signals are linked to impaired wound healing, yet it remains unclear how systemic changes affect locally the cells that coordinate tissue repair. In this study, we used the liver to assess how insulin resistance impacts the injury response in mice. We provide proof of concept that insulin signals are locally integrated by the fibrotic microenvironment surrounding the adult liver stem cells during chronic injury, resulting in the increased expression of epithelial repair signals. Insulin also simultaneously primes stem cells to respond to these stromal growth factors, leading to an increased participation in epithelial repair. Insulin resistance disrupts this local paracrine circuit, resulting in a blunted epithelial response to chronic injury that exacerbates tissue damage. Our model highlights a potential role for insulin in switching the hepatic injury response from a stromal repair process to an epithelial repair process. To our knowledge, our data provide a new perspective from which to reassess how insulin resistance influences fibrosis, wound healing, and tissue remodeling during injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Manzano-Núñez
- CIBERDEM (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | - María José Arámbul-Anthony
- CIBERDEM (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | - Carlos Acosta Umanzor
- CIBERDEM (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Irene Borreda Gascó
- Instituto Valenciano de Patología, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Màrtir, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Jerónimo Forteza Vila
- Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
- Instituto Valenciano de Patología, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Màrtir, Valencia, Spain
| | - Deborah J. Burks
- CIBERDEM (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Luke A. Noon
- CIBERDEM (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Park S, In Hwang S, Kim J, Hwang S, Kang S, Yang S, Kim J, Kang W, Kim KH, Han DW, Paik YH. The therapeutic potential of induced hepatocyte-like cells generated by direct reprogramming on hepatic fibrosis. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:21. [PMID: 30635054 PMCID: PMC6330392 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-1127-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Until now, there is no effective anti-fibrotic therapy available for liver cirrhosis. Stem cell therapies have been studied for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis. However, the use of embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) has limitations such as ethical concern or malignancy potential. Induced hepatocyte-like cells (iHEPs) generated by direct reprogramming technology may overcome these limitations. METHODS In this study, we generated iHEPs by direct reprogramming from mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) either using specific transcription factors such as c-Myc and Klf-4 (type A), or adding small molecules to HNF1α (type B). RESULTS We investigated the effect of iHEPs on acute liver injury and chronic hepatic fibrosis animal models induced by CCl4 intra-peritoneal injection in BALB/C nude mice. In acute liver injury model, serum AST/ALT levels peaked at 24 h after CCl4 injection. Intra-splenic transplantation of iHEPs significantly attenuated CCl4-induced acute liver injury. GFP-labeled iHEPs (type A) migrated to the liver after intra-splenic transplantation that was confirmed by Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining. We found that GFP and albumin were co-localized in migrated iHEPs in the liver suggesting migrated iHEPs were functional. In chronic hepatic fibrosis mice experiment, transplantation of either type A or type B iHEPs significantly attenuated liver fibrosis induced by CCl4 injection for 10 weeks. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that iHEPs may be used as a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhyun Park
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-Ro, Gangnam-Gu, Seoul, 06351, South Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seon In Hwang
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Advanced Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea.,Konkuk University Open Innovation Center, Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jonghun Kim
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Advanced Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea.,Konkuk University Open Innovation Center, Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seoyeon Hwang
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-Ro, Gangnam-Gu, Seoul, 06351, South Korea
| | - Sohee Kang
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-Ro, Gangnam-Gu, Seoul, 06351, South Korea
| | - Sera Yang
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-Ro, Gangnam-Gu, Seoul, 06351, South Korea
| | - Jonghwa Kim
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-Ro, Gangnam-Gu, Seoul, 06351, South Korea
| | - Wonseok Kang
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-Ro, Gangnam-Gu, Seoul, 06351, South Korea
| | - Kyun-Hwan Kim
- Konkuk University Open Innovation Center, Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research and Diagnostic Medicine, IBST, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong Wook Han
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Advanced Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea.,Konkuk University Open Innovation Center, Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong-Han Paik
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-Ro, Gangnam-Gu, Seoul, 06351, South Korea. .,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea.
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Ogawa Y, Yoneda M, Kobayashi T, Honda Y, Kessoku T, Imajo K, Saito S, Nakajima A. Present and emerging pharmacotherapies for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in adults. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2018; 20:69-82. [DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2018.1543403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Ogawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masato Yoneda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takashi Kobayashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yasushi Honda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takaomi Kessoku
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kento Imajo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Satoru Saito
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nakajima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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Cui G, Martin RC, Jin H, Liu X, Pandit H, Zhao H, Cai L, Zhang P, Li W, Li Y. Up-regulation of FGF15/19 signaling promotes hepatocellular carcinoma in the background of fatty liver. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2018; 37:136. [PMID: 29973237 PMCID: PMC6031179 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0781-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Upregulated fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) expression in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) specimens is associated with tumor progression and poor prognosis. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) patients are at high risk for malignant transformation into HCC. Methods A steatohepatitis-HCC model was established in male C57L/J mice treated with N-nitrosodiethylamine (DEN) and high-fat diet (HFD). A mouse HCC cell line (Hepa1–6) and a mouse hepatocyte line (FL83B) were used to elucidate the mechanism by free fatty acids (FFA) treatment. FGF15, the mouse orthologue of FGF19, and it receptor fibroblast growth factor receptor4 (FGFR4) as well as co-receptor β-klotho were studied. FGF19 signaling was also studied in human samples of HCC with steatohepatitis. Results HCC incidence and tumor volume were significantly increased in the DEN+HFD group compared to that in the DEN+control diet (CD) group. Increased levels of FGF15/FGFR4/β-klotho, aberrant epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and Wnt/β-catenin signaling were detected in DEN+HFD mice. Blockage of the FGF15 signal can attenuate cell migration ability and aberrant EMT and Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Conclusions Up-regulated FGF15/FGFR4 signaling promoted the development of HCC by activation of EMT and Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the lipid metabolic disorder microenvironment. Further investigation of FGF19/FGFR4 signaling is important for potential early diagnosis and therapeutic targeting in HCC patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-018-0781-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhen Cui
- Department of Hepatology, Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 71. Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Robert C Martin
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 511 S Floyd ST MDR Bldg Rm326A, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Hang Jin
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Xingkai Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Harshul Pandit
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 511 S Floyd ST MDR Bldg Rm326A, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Hengjun Zhao
- Department of Hepatology, Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 71. Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Lu Cai
- Department of Pediatrics, Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Hepatology, Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 71. Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China.
| | - Yan Li
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 511 S Floyd ST MDR Bldg Rm326A, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
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Morgani SM, Saiz N, Garg V, Raina D, Simon CS, Kang M, Arias AM, Nichols J, Schröter C, Hadjantonakis AK. A Sprouty4 reporter to monitor FGF/ERK signaling activity in ESCs and mice. Dev Biol 2018; 441:104-126. [PMID: 29964027 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The FGF/ERK signaling pathway is highly conserved throughout evolution and plays fundamental roles during embryonic development and in adult organisms. While a plethora of expression data exists for ligands, receptors and pathway regulators, we know little about the spatial organization or dynamics of signaling in individual cells within populations. To this end we developed a transcriptional readout of FGF/ERK activity by targeting a histone H2B-linked Venus fluorophore to the endogenous locus of Spry4, an early pathway target, and generated Spry4H2B-Venus embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and a derivative mouse line. The Spry4H2B-Venus reporter was heterogeneously expressed within ESC cultures and responded to FGF/ERK signaling manipulation. In vivo, the Spry4H2B-Venus reporter recapitulated the expression pattern of Spry4 and localized to sites of known FGF/ERK activity including the inner cell mass of the pre-implantation embryo and the limb buds, somites and isthmus of the post-implantation embryo. Additionally, we observed highly localized reporter expression within adult organs. Genetic and chemical disruption of FGF/ERK signaling, in vivo in pre- and post-implantation embryos, abrogated Venus expression establishing the reporter as an accurate signaling readout. This tool will provide new insights into the dynamics of the FGF/ERK signaling pathway during mammalian development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie M Morgani
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Centre for Stem Cell Research, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Nestor Saiz
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Vidur Garg
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Dhruv Raina
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Claire S Simon
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Minjung Kang
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Jennifer Nichols
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Centre for Stem Cell Research, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Christian Schröter
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Anna-Katerina Hadjantonakis
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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40
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Shan Z, Alvarez-Sola G, Uriarte I, Arechederra M, Fernández-Barrena MG, Berasain C, Ju C, Avila MA. Fibroblast growth factors 19 and 21 in acute liver damage. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2018; 6:257. [PMID: 30069459 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2018.05.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Currently there are very few pharmacological options available to treat acute liver injury. Because its natural exposure to noxious stimuli the liver has developed a strong endogenous hepatoprotective capacity. Indeed, experimental evidence exposed a variety of endogenous hepatic and systemic responses naturally activated to protect the hepatic parenchyma and to foster liver regeneration, therefore preserving individual's survival. The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family encompasses a range of polypeptides with important effects on cellular differentiation, growth survival and metabolic regulation in adult organisms. Among these FGFs, FGF19 and FGF21 are endocrine hormones that profoundly influence systemic metabolism but also exert important hepatoprotective activities. In this review, we revisit the biology of these factors and highlight their potential application for the clinical management of acute liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Shan
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gloria Alvarez-Sola
- Hepatology Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Carlos III Institute of Health, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Iker Uriarte
- Hepatology Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Carlos III Institute of Health, Pamplona, Spain
| | - María Arechederra
- Hepatology Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Carlos III Institute of Health, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maite G Fernández-Barrena
- Hepatology Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Carlos III Institute of Health, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carmen Berasain
- Hepatology Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Carlos III Institute of Health, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Cynthia Ju
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, USA
| | - Matías A Avila
- Hepatology Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Carlos III Institute of Health, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
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41
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Mattinzoli D, Ikehata M, Tsugawa K, Alfieri CM, Dongiovanni P, Trombetta E, Valenti L, Puliti A, Lazzari L, Messa P. FGF23 and Fetuin-A Interaction in the Liver and in the Circulation. Int J Biol Sci 2018; 14:586-598. [PMID: 29904273 PMCID: PMC6001652 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.23256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently it has been demonstrated that Fetuin-A, an anti-inflammatory protein synthesized by the liver, is produced also in bone by an FGF23-regulated pathway. FGF23 has been also demonstrated to induce inflammatory cytokine production in the liver. This study aimed to explore if FGF23 plays a role in the Fetuin-A production in the liver cells too and the possible relationships with FGF23 pro-inflammatory effects. FGF23 and Fetuin-A were studied in liver, kidney and in plasma with immunochemistry, immunoprecipitation, western blot, chromatin immunoprecipitation, duolink, ELISA, qrtPCR methodology. FGF23 is produced, but not secreted by the liver cells. In hepatocytes and circulation, FGF23 was present only strictly linked to Fetuin-A, while Fetuin-A was found also in unbounded form. No link was observed in the kidney. FGF23 up to 600 pg/ml stimulates, while, at higher concentrations, reduces Fetuin-A expression. Notably, overall the range of concentrations, FGF23 stimulates Fetuin-A promoter, TNFα and IL6 expression. In the nucleus, FGF23 seems to act as a direct transcription factor of Fetuin-A promoter. These results suggest that FGF23 played a direct regulatory role in Fetuin-A expression in liver cells with a biphasic effect: Fetuin-A progressively increases when FGF23 increases up to 400-600 pg/mL, and declines at higher FGF23 concentrations. These results lead us to hypothesize: a) a possible epigenetic post-transcriptional regulation; b) a possible counter-regulatory effect of FGF23 induced inflammatory cytokines (TNFα/ NF-κB mechanism). This study could add an additional key for the interpretation of the possible mechanisms linking FGF23, Fetuin-A and inflammation in CKD patients and suggests a role for FGF23 as transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Mattinzoli
- Renal Research Laboratory Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Masami Ikehata
- Renal Research Laboratory Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Koji Tsugawa
- Renal Research Laboratory Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo M Alfieri
- Renal Research Laboratory Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy.,Unit of Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal transplant Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Dongiovanni
- Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Trombetta
- Flow Cytometry and Experimental Hepatology Service, Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Valenti
- Department of pathophysiology and transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Aldamaria Puliti
- DiNOGMI, University of Genoa, Italy.,Medical Genetics Unit, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Italy
| | - Lorenza Lazzari
- Cell Factory Unit of Cell Therapy and Cryobiology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Piergiorgio Messa
- Renal Research Laboratory Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy.,Unit of Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal transplant Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
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42
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Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent liver disease worldwide, and there is no approved pharmacotherapy. The efficacy of vitamin E and pioglitazone has been established in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a progressive form of NAFLD. GLP-1RA and SGLT2 inhibitors, which are currently approved for use in diabetes, have shown early efficacy in NASH, and also have beneficial cardiovascular or renal effects. Innovative NASH therapies include four main pathways. The first approach is targeting hepatic fat accumulation. Medications in this approach include modulation of peroxisome proliferator-activator receptors (e.g., pemafibrate, elafibranor), medications targeting farnesoid X receptor axis [obeticholic acid; OCA)], inhibitors of de novo lipogenesis (aramchol, ACC inhibitor), and fibroblast growth factor-21 analogues. A second target is oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. This class of drug includes apoptosis signaling kinase 1 (ASK1) inhibitor and emricasan (an irreversible caspase inhibitor). A third target is intestinal microbiomes and metabolic endotoxemia. Several agents are in ongoing trials, including IMMe124, TLR4 antagonist, and solithromycin (macrolide antibiotics). The final target is hepatic fibrosis, which is strongly associated with all-cause or liver-related mortality in NASH. Antifibrotic agents are a cysteine-cysteine motif chemokine receptor-2/5 antagonist (cenicriviroc; CVC) and galectin 3 antagonist. Among a variety of medications in development, four agents such as OCA, elafibranor, ASK1 inhibitor, and CVC are currently being evaluated in an international phase 3 trial for the treatment of NASH. Within the next few years, the availability of therapeutic options for NASH will hopefully curb the rising trend of NASH-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Sumida
- Division of Hepatology and Pancreatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan.
| | - Masashi Yoneda
- Division of Hepatology and Pancreatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan
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43
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Al-Okbi SY, Mohamed DA, Hamed TE, Edris AE, Fouda K. Hepatic Regeneration and Reno-Protection by Fish oil, Nigella sativa Oil and Combined Fish Oil/Nigella sativa Volatiles in CCl 4 Treated Rats. J Oleo Sci 2018; 67:345-353. [PMID: 29459508 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess17204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present research was to investigate the effect of fish oil, crude Nigella sative oil and combined fish oil/Nigella sative volatile oil as hepato-regenerative and renal protective supplements. The oils were administered as emulsions to rat model with liver injury induced by CCl4. Plasma activities of transaminases (AST and ALT) were evaluated as liver function indicators, while plasma creatinine and urea and creatinine clearance were determined as markers of kidney function. Plasma malondialdehyde (MDA), nitrite (NO) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were estimated to assess the exposure to oxidative stress and subsequent inflammation. Liver fat was extracted and their fatty acids´ methyl esters were determined using gas chromatography. Results showed that plasma activities of AST and ALT were significantly higher in CCl4 control group compared to control healthy group. Plasma levels of creatinine and urea increased significantly in CCl4 control, while creatinine clearance was reduced significantly in the same group. All rat treated groups given the three oil emulsions showed improvement in liver function pointing to the initiation of liver regeneration. The combination of fish oil/Nigella sative volatiles showed the most promising regenerative activity. Oxidative stress and inflammation which were increased significantly in CCl4 control group showed improvement on administration of the three different oil emulsions. Fatty acids methyl ester of liver fat revealed that rats treated with fish oil/Nigella sative volatile oil presented the highest content of unsaturated fatty acids (45.52% ± 0.81) while fish oil showed the highest saturated fatty acids (53.28% ± 1.68). Conclusion; Oral administration of oil emulsions of native fish oil, Nigella sative crude oil and combined fish oil/Nigella sative volatile oil reduced liver and kidney injury in rat model of CCl4 through exerting anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. Fish oil/Nigella sative volatile oil emulsion was the most promising hepato-regenerative and reno-protective formula among the different groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Y Al-Okbi
- Nutrition and Food Sciences Department, National Research Centre
| | - Doha A Mohamed
- Nutrition and Food Sciences Department, National Research Centre
| | - Thanaa E Hamed
- Nutrition and Food Sciences Department, National Research Centre
| | - Amr E Edris
- Aroma and Flavor Chemistry Department, National Research Centre
| | - Karem Fouda
- Nutrition and Food Sciences Department, National Research Centre
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44
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Aluru N, Karchner SI, Krick KS, Zhu W, Liu J. Role of DNA methylation in altered gene expression patterns in adult zebrafish ( Danio rerio) exposed to 3, 3', 4, 4', 5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126). ENVIRONMENTAL EPIGENETICS 2018; 4:dvy005. [PMID: 29686887 PMCID: PMC5905506 DOI: 10.1093/eep/dvy005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that environmental toxicants can affect various physiological processes by altering DNA methylation patterns. However, very little is known about the impact of toxicant-induced DNA methylation changes on gene expression patterns. The objective of this study was to determine the genome-wide changes in DNA methylation concomitant with altered gene expression patterns in response to 3, 3', 4, 4', 5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB126) exposure. We used PCB126 as a model environmental chemical because the mechanism of action is well-characterized, involving activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor, a ligand-activated transcription factor. Adult zebrafish were exposed to 10 nM PCB126 for 24 h (water-borne exposure) and brain and liver tissues were sampled at 7 days post-exposure in order to capture both primary and secondary changes in DNA methylation and gene expression. We used enhanced Reduced Representation Bisulfite Sequencing and RNAseq to quantify DNA methylation and gene expression, respectively. Enhanced reduced representation bisulfite sequencing analysis revealed 573 and 481 differentially methylated regions in the liver and brain, respectively. Most of the differentially methylated regions are located more than 10 kilobases upstream of transcriptional start sites of the nearest neighboring genes. Gene Ontology analysis of these genes showed that they belong to diverse physiological pathways including development, metabolic processes and regeneration. RNAseq results revealed differential expression of genes related to xenobiotic metabolism, oxidative stress and energy metabolism in response to polychlorinated biphenyl exposure. There was very little correlation between differentially methylated regions and differentially expressed genes suggesting that the relationship between methylation and gene expression is dynamic and complex, involving multiple layers of regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelakanteswar Aluru
- Department of Biology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
- Correspondence address. Department of Biology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 45 Water Street, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. Tel: 508-289-3607; Fax: 508-457-2134; E-mail:
| | - Sibel I Karchner
- Department of Biology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Keegan S Krick
- Department of Biology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Wei Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic Sciences and Information, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Beijing Institute of Genomics, CAS, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic Sciences and Information, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Beijing Institute of Genomics, CAS, Beijing 100101, China
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45
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Richter B, Faul C. FGF23 Actions on Target Tissues-With and Without Klotho. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:189. [PMID: 29770125 PMCID: PMC5940753 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 23 is a phosphaturic hormone whose physiologic actions on target tissues are mediated by FGF receptors (FGFR) and klotho, which functions as a co-receptor that increases the binding affinity of FGF23 for FGFRs. By stimulating FGFR/klotho complexes in the kidney and parathyroid gland, FGF23 reduces renal phosphate uptake and secretion of parathyroid hormone, respectively, thereby acting as a key regulator of phosphate metabolism. Recently, it has been shown that FGF23 can also target cell types that lack klotho. This unconventional signaling event occurs in an FGFR-dependent manner, but involves other downstream signaling pathways than in "classic" klotho-expressing target organs. It appears that klotho-independent signaling mechanisms are only activated in the presence of high FGF23 concentrations and result in pathologic cellular changes. Therefore, it has been postulated that massive elevations in circulating levels of FGF23, as found in patients with chronic kidney disease, contribute to associated pathologies by targeting cells and tissues that lack klotho. This includes the induction of cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis, the elevation of inflammatory cytokine expression in the liver, and the inhibition of neutrophil recruitment. Here, we describe the signaling and cellular events that are caused by FGF23 in tissues lacking klotho, and we discuss FGF23's potential role as a hormone with widespread pathologic actions. Since the soluble form of klotho can function as a circulating co-receptor for FGF23, we also discuss the potential inhibitory effects of soluble klotho on FGF23-mediated signaling which might-at least partially-underlie the pleiotropic tissue-protective functions of klotho.
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Abstract
A hypercaloric diet combined with a sedentary lifestyle is a major risk factor for the development of insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and associated comorbidities. Standard treatment for T2DM begins with lifestyle modification, and includes oral medications and insulin therapy to compensate for progressive β-cell failure. However, current pharmaceutical options for T2DM are limited in that they do not maintain stable, durable glucose control without the need for treatment intensification. Furthermore, each medication is associated with adverse effects, which range from hypoglycaemia to weight gain or bone loss. Unexpectedly, fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) and its low mitogenic variants have emerged as potentially safe candidates for restoring euglycaemia, without causing overt adverse effects. In particular, a single peripheral injection of FGF1 can lower glucose to normal levels within hours, without the risk of hypoglycaemia. Similarly, a single intracerebroventricular injection of FGF1 can induce long-lasting remission of the diabetic phenotype. This Review discusses potential mechanisms by which centrally administered FGF1 improves central glucose-sensing and peripheral glucose uptake in a sustained manner. Specifically, we explore the potential crosstalk between FGF1 and glucose-sensing neuronal circuits, hypothalamic neural stem cells and synaptic plasticity. Finally, we highlight therapeutic considerations of FGF1 and compare its metabolic actions with FGF15 (rodents), FGF19 (humans) and FGF21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Gasser
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies
| | - Christopher P Moutos
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
- College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA
| | - Michael Downes
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies
| | - Ronald M Evans
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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47
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Somm E, Henry H, Bruce SJ, Aeby S, Rosikiewicz M, Sykiotis GP, Asrih M, Jornayvaz FR, Denechaud PD, Albrecht U, Mohammadi M, Dwyer A, Acierno JS, Schoonjans K, Fajas L, Greub G, Pitteloud N. β-Klotho deficiency protects against obesity through a crosstalk between liver, microbiota, and brown adipose tissue. JCI Insight 2017; 2:91809. [PMID: 28422755 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.91809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Klotho (encoded by Klb) is the obligate coreceptor mediating FGF21 and FGF15/19 signaling. Klb-/- mice are refractory to beneficial action of pharmacological FGF21 treatment including stimulation of glucose utilization and thermogenesis. Here, we investigated the energy homeostasis in Klb-/- mice on high-fat diet in order to better understand the consequences of abrogating both endogenous FGF15/19 and FGF21 signaling during caloric overload. Surprisingly, Klb-/- mice are resistant to diet-induced obesity (DIO) owing to enhanced energy expenditure and BAT activity. Klb-/- mice exhibited not only an increase but also a shift in bile acid (BA) composition featured by activation of the classical (neutral) BA synthesis pathway at the expense of the alternative (acidic) pathway. High hepatic production of cholic acid (CA) results in a large excess of microbiota-derived deoxycholic acid (DCA). DCA is specifically responsible for activating the TGR5 receptor that stimulates BAT thermogenic activity. In fact, combined gene deletion of Klb and Tgr5 or antibiotic treatment abrogating bacterial conversion of CA into DCA both abolish DIO resistance in Klb-/- mice. These results suggested that DIO resistance in Klb-/- mice is caused by high levels of DCA, signaling through the TGR5 receptor. These data also demonstrated that gut microbiota can regulate host thermogenesis via conversion of primary into secondary BA. Pharmacologic or nutritional approaches to selectively modulate BA composition may be a promising target for treating metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Somm
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hugues Henry
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stephen J Bruce
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sébastien Aeby
- Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marta Rosikiewicz
- Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gerasimos P Sykiotis
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mohammed Asrih
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - François R Jornayvaz
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Damien Denechaud
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Urs Albrecht
- Department of Biology, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Moosa Mohammadi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Andrew Dwyer
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - James S Acierno
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kristina Schoonjans
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lluis Fajas
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gilbert Greub
- Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nelly Pitteloud
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Lytle KA, Wong CP, Jump DB. Docosahexaenoic acid blocks progression of western diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in obese Ldlr-/- mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173376. [PMID: 28422962 PMCID: PMC5396882 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major public health concern in western societies. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), the progressive form of NAFLD, is characterized by hepatic steatosis, inflammation, oxidative stress and fibrosis. NASH is a risk factor for cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. NASH is predicted to be the leading cause of liver transplants by 2020. Despite this growing public health concern, there remain no Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved NASH treatments. Using Ldlr-/- mice as a preclinical model of western diet (WD)-induced NASH, we previously established that dietary supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6,ω3) attenuated WD-induced NASH in a prevention study. Herein, we evaluated the capacity of DHA supplementation of the WD and a low fat diet to fully reverse NASH in mice with pre-existing disease. Methods Ldlr-/- mice fed the WD for 22 wks developed metabolic syndrome (MetS) and a severe NASH phenotype, including obesity, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, hepatic steatosis, inflammation, fibrosis and low hepatic polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content. These mice were randomized to 5 groups: a baseline group (WDB, sacrificed at 22 wks) and 4 treatments: 1) WD + olive oil (WDO); 2) WD + DHA (WDD); 3) returned to chow + olive oil (WDChO); or 4) returned to chow + DHA (WDChD). The four treatment groups were maintained on their respective diets for 8 wks. An additional group was maintained on standard laboratory chow (Reference Diet, RD) for the 30-wk duration of the study. Results When compared to the WDB group, the WDO group displayed increased hepatic expression of genes linked to inflammation (Opn, Il1rn, Gdf15), hepatic fibrosis (collagen staining, Col1A1, Thbs2, Lox) reflecting disease progression. Mice in the WDD group, in contrast, had increased hepatic C20-22 ω3 PUFA and no evidence of NASH progression. MetS and NASH markers in the WDChO or WDChD groups were significantly attenuated and marginally different from the RD group, reflecting disease remission. Conclusion While these studies establish that DHA supplementation of the WD blocks WD-induced NASH progression, DHA alone does not promote full remission of diet-induced MetS or NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli A. Lytle
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Carmen P. Wong
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Donald B. Jump
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Itoh N, Ohta H, Nakayama Y, Konishi M. Roles of FGF Signals in Heart Development, Health, and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:110. [PMID: 27803896 PMCID: PMC5067508 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The heart provides the body with oxygen and nutrients and assists in the removal of metabolic waste through the blood vessels of the circulatory system. It is the first organ to form during embryonic morphogenesis. FGFs with diverse functions in development, health, and disease are signaling proteins, mostly as paracrine growth factors or endocrine hormones. The human/mouse FGF family comprises 22 members. Findings obtained from mouse models and human diseases with FGF signaling disorders have indicated that several FGFs are involved in heart development, health, and disease. Paracrine FGFs including FGF8, FGF9, FGF10, and FGF16 act as paracrine signals in embryonic heart development. In addition, paracrine FGFs including FGF2, FGF9, FGF10, and FGF16 play roles as paracrine signals in postnatal heart pathophysiology. Although FGF15/19, FGF21, and FGF23 are typical endocrine FGFs, they mainly function as paracrine signals in heart development or pathophysiology. In heart diseases, serum FGF15/19 levels or FGF21 and FGF23 levels decrease or increase, respectively, indicating their possible roles in heart pathophysiology. FGF2 and FGF10 also stimulate the cardiac differentiation of cultured stem cells and cardiac reprogramming of cultured fibroblasts. These findings provide new insights into the roles of FGF signaling in the heart and potential therapeutic strategies for cardiac disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Itoh
- Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroya Ohta
- Department of Microbial Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University Kobe, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Nakayama
- Department of Microbial Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University Kobe, Japan
| | - Morichika Konishi
- Department of Microbial Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University Kobe, Japan
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Mintziori G, Polyzos SA. Emerging and future therapies for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in adults. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2016; 17:1937-46. [DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2016.1225727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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