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Kasten-Jolly J, Lawrence DA. Cellular and Molecular Immunity to Influenza Viruses and Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:389. [PMID: 38675771 PMCID: PMC11154265 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12040389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune responses to influenza (flu) antigens reflect memory of prior infections or vaccinations, which might influence immunity to new flu antigens. Memory of past antigens has been termed "original antigenic sin" or, more recently, "immune imprinting" and "seniority". We have researched a comparison between the immune response to live flu infections and inactivated flu vaccinations. A brief history of antibody generation theories is presented, culminating in new findings about the immune-network theory and suggesting that a network of clones exists between anti-idiotypic antibodies and T cell receptors. Findings regarding the 2009 pandemic flu strain and immune responses to it are presented, including memory B cells and conserved regions within the hemagglutinin protein. The importance of CD4+ memory T cells and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells responding to both infections and vaccinations are discussed and compared. Innate immune cells, like natural killer (NK) cells and macrophages, are discussed regarding their roles in adaptive immune responses. Antigen presentation via macroautophagy processes is described. New vaccines in development are mentioned along with the results of some clinical trials. The manuscript concludes with how repeated vaccinations are impacting the immune system and a sketch of what might be behind the imprinting phenomenon, including future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Kasten-Jolly
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12208, USA;
| | - David A. Lawrence
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12208, USA;
- Departments of Biomedical Science and Environmental Health Science, University at Albany School of Public Health, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
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Brunel S, Picarda G, Gupta A, Ghosh R, McDonald B, El Morabiti R, Jiang W, Greenbaum JA, Adler B, Seumois G, Croft M, Vijayanand P, Benedict CA. Late-rising CD4 T cells resolve mouse cytomegalovirus persistent replication in the salivary gland. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011852. [PMID: 38236791 PMCID: PMC10796040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Conventional antiviral memory CD4 T cells typically arise during the first two weeks of acute infection. Unlike most viruses, cytomegalovirus (CMV) exhibits an extended persistent replication phase followed by lifelong latency accompanied with some gene expression. We show that during mouse CMV (MCMV) infection, CD4 T cells recognizing an epitope derived from the viral M09 protein only develop after conventional memory T cells have already peaked and contracted. Ablating these CD4 T cells by mutating the M09 genomic epitope in the MCMV Smith strain, or inducing them by introducing the epitope into the K181 strain, resulted in delayed or enhanced control of viral persistence, respectively. These cells were shown to be unique compared to their conventional memory counterparts; producing higher IFNγ and IL-2 and lower IL-10 levels. RNAseq analyses revealed them to express distinct subsets of effector genes as compared to classical CD4 T cells. Additionally, when M09 cells were induced by epitope vaccination they significantly enhanced protection when compared to conventional CD4 T cells alone. These data show that late-rising CD4 T cells are a unique memory subset with excellent protective capacities that display a development program strongly differing from the majority of memory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Brunel
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Gaelle Picarda
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ankan Gupta
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Raima Ghosh
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Bryan McDonald
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Rachid El Morabiti
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Wenjin Jiang
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jason A. Greenbaum
- LJI Bioinformatics Core, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Barbara Adler
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute & Gene Center, Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig- Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gregory Seumois
- Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Michael Croft
- Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Pandurangan Vijayanand
- Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Chris A. Benedict
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California, United States of America
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3
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Rautenschlein S, Schat KA. The Immunological Basis for Vaccination. Avian Dis 2024; 67:366-379. [PMID: 38300658 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-23-99996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Vaccination is crucial for health protection of poultry and therefore important to maintaining high production standards. Proper vaccination requires knowledge of the key players of the well-orchestrated immune system of birds, their interdependence and delicate regulation, and, subsequently, possible modes of stimulation through vaccine antigens and adjuvants. The knowledge about the innate and acquired immune systems of birds has increased significantly during the recent years but open questions remain and have to be elucidated further. Despite similarities between avian and mammalian species in their composition of immune cells and modes of activation, important differences exist, including differences in the innate, but also humoral and cell-mediated immunity with respect to, for example, signaling transduction pathways, antigen presentation, and cell repertoires. For a successful vaccination strategy in birds it always has to be considered that genotype and age of the birds at the time point of immunization as well as their microbiota composition may have an impact and may drive the immune reactions into different directions. Recent achievements in the understanding of the concept of trained immunity will contribute to the advancement of current vaccine types helping to improve protection beyond the specificity of an antigen-driven immune response. The fast developments in new omics technologies will provide insights into protective B- and T-cell epitopes involved in cross-protection, which subsequently will lead to the improvement of vaccine efficacy in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Rautenschlein
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Clinic for Poultry, Hannover, Lower Saxony 30559, Germany,
| | - Karel A Schat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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Reithofer M, Boell SL, Kitzmueller C, Horak F, Bohle B, Jahn-Schmid B. T-cell subset changes during the first year of pre-seasonal allergoid allergen-specific immunotherapy. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21878. [PMID: 38034768 PMCID: PMC10685201 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) is the only treatment for type I allergy, which achieves long-lasting effects. Repeated subcutaneous applications of allergen extracts cause a protective antibody response and an immune deviation of T cells. In AIT with allergoids, chemically modified allergen extracts are injected. During a so-called special pre-seasonal application scheme, after the initial phase of applying increased doses of allergoids is followed by natural allergen exposure as a maintenance phase. The effectiveness of allergoid vaccines has been described regarding the improvement of clinical symptoms and the development of protective humoral responses. In this longitudinal observational study, we sought to investigate changes at the T cell level in pre-seasonal AIT with allergoid. Different subsets within CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were monitored by flow cytometry in PBMC of patients known to possess protective antibody responses. Compared to before treatment, a small early boost among allergenic Th cells was observed after 4 months of AIT. In line, a slight Th2 bias was observed after 4 months within circulating T follicular T cells, Tfh and Tfc, representing pre-existing memory Th2 cells. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that responsiveness of CD8+ T cells to allergen stimulation decreased during the course of treatment. Apart from that, we found an influence of the meteorological season on the activation profile of Tfh and Tfc over the course of the treatment. Together, this is the first study investigating changes of different T cell subsets over the course of an allergoid AIT against airborne allergens. Our findings match previous reports on conventional AIT, especially the initial increase of Th2 responses. However, the observed changes were less pronounced which may be either due to the modification of allergens or to the reduced maintenance dose provided by natural allergen exposure compared to a perennial protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Reithofer
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Simone Lisa Boell
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudia Kitzmueller
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Barbara Bohle
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Beatrice Jahn-Schmid
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Zeng S, Crichton ES, Ford ML, Badell IR. Memory T follicular helper cells drive donor-specific antibodies independent of memory B cells and primary germinal center and alloantibody formation. Am J Transplant 2023; 23:1511-1525. [PMID: 37302575 PMCID: PMC11228286 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajt.2023.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Human leukocyte antigen antibodies are important immunologic mediators of renal allograft loss and are difficult to control. The inability to permanently eliminate donor-specific antibodies (DSA) is partly due to an incomplete understanding of the cellular mechanisms driving alloantibody formation, recurrence, and maintenance. Memory T follicular helper (mTfh) cells rapidly interact with memory B cells upon antigen re-exposure for anamnestic humoral responses, but little is known about Tfh memory in transplantation. We hypothesized that alloreactive mTfh cells form after transplantation and play a critical role in DSA formation following alloantigen re-encounter. To test this hypothesis, we utilized murine skin allograft models to identify and characterize Tfh memory and interrogate its ability to mediate alloantibody responses. We identified alloreactive Tfh memory as a mediator of accelerated humoral alloresponses independent of memory B cells and primary germinal center, or DSA, formation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that mTfh-driven alloantibody formation is susceptible to CD28 costimulation blockade. These findings provide novel insight into a pathologic role for memory Tfh in alloantibody responses and strongly support shifting therapeutic focus from the singular targeting of B cell lineage cells and alloantibodies themselves to multimodal strategies that include inhibition of mTfh cells to treat DSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Zeng
- Emory Transplant Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Yin S, Wang J, Chen L, Mao M, Rahma I, Geng Y, Huang R, Tong X, Liu Y, Wu C, Chen Y, Li J. Circulating Th2-biased T follicular helper cells impede antiviral humoral responses during chronic hepatitis B infection through upregulating CTLA4. Antiviral Res 2023:105665. [PMID: 37421985 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Failure in curing chronic hepatitis B (CHB) caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV) can lead to functional impairment of B cells. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated antigen 4 (CTLA4) regulates B cell and T follicular helper (Tfh) cell differentiation. In addition, Tfh cells play a critical role in helping B cells generate antibodies upon pathogen exposure. Here, we analyzed the global and HBsAg-specific B cells and circulating Tfh (cTfh) cells using samples from treatment-naïve and Peg-IFN-α-treated CHB patients and healthy subjects. Compared to healthy subjects, CTLA4 expression was significantly increased in cTfh cells, from CHB patients. The frequency of CTLA4+cTfh2 cells was negatively correlated with that of HBsAg-specific resting memory B cells. Importantly, inhibition of CTLA4 restored HBsAb secretion and promoted plasma cell differentiation. In addition, CTLA4+cTfh2 cells from CHB patients were ineffective in providing B cell help. Both expression of CTLA4 in cTfh and cTfh2 cells and ratios of CLTA4+cTfh and CTLA4+cTfh2 cells were significantly decreased in Peg-IFN-α-treated CHB patients who showed complete responses. Thus, our results highlighted that cTh2-biased T follicular helper cells could impede antiviral humoral responses during chronic HBV infection by upregulating CTLA4, suggesting that further optimizing potent Tfh cell responses may promote functional cure of CHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengxia Yin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Institute of Viruses and Infectious Diseases, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Institute of Viruses and Infectious Diseases, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Minxin Mao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Issa Rahma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu Geng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rui Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Institute of Viruses and Infectious Diseases, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Tong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Institute of Viruses and Infectious Diseases, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Institute of Viruses and Infectious Diseases, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, China; Department of Experimental Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Institute of Viruses and Infectious Diseases, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yuxin Chen
- Institute of Viruses and Infectious Diseases, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Institute of Viruses and Infectious Diseases, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, China.
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7
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Samer S, Chowdhury A, Wiche Salinas TR, Estrada PMDR, Reuter M, Tharp G, Bosinger S, Cervasi B, Auger J, Gill K, Ablanedo-Terrazas Y, Reyes-Teran G, Estes JD, Betts MR, Silvestri G, Paiardini M. Lymph-Node-Based CD3 + CD20 + Cells Emerge from Membrane Exchange between T Follicular Helper Cells and B Cells and Increase Their Frequency following Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. J Virol 2023; 97:e0176022. [PMID: 37223960 PMCID: PMC10308947 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01760-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T follicular helper (TFH) cells are key targets for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) replication and contribute to the virus reservoir under antiretroviral therapy (ART). Here, we describe a novel CD3+ CD20+ double-positive (DP) lymphocyte subset, resident in secondary lymphoid organs of humans and rhesus macaques (RMs), that appear predominantly after membrane exchange between TFH and B cells. DP lymphocytes are enriched in cells displaying a TFH phenotype (CD4+ PD1hi CXCR5hi), function (interleukin 21 positive [IL-21+]), and gene expression profile. Importantly, expression of CD40L upon brief in vitro mitogen stimulation identifies, by specific gene-expression signatures, DP cells of TFH-cell origin versus those of B-cell origin. Analysis of 56 RMs showed that DP cells (i) significantly increase following SIV infection, (ii) are reduced after 12 months of ART in comparison to pre-ART levels, and (iii) expand to a significantly higher frequency following ART interruption. Quantification of total SIV-gag DNA on sorted DP cells from chronically infected RMs showed that these cells are susceptible to SIV infection. These data reinforce earlier observations that CD20+ T cells are infected and expanded by HIV infection, while suggesting that these cells phenotypically overlap activated CD4+ TFH cells that acquire CD20 expression via trogocytosis and can be targeted as part of therapeutic strategies aimed at HIV remission. IMPORTANCE The HIV reservoir is largely composed of latently infected memory CD4+ T cells that persist during antiretroviral therapy and constitute a major barrier toward HIV eradication. In particular, CD4+ T follicular helper cells have been demonstrated as key targets for viral replication and persistence under ART. In lymph nodes from HIV-infected humans and SIV-infected rhesus macaques, we show that CD3+ CD20+ lymphocytes emerge after membrane exchange between T cells and B cells and are enriched in phenotypic, functional, and gene expression profiles found in T follicular helper cells. Furthermore, in SIV-infected rhesus macaques, these cells expand following experimental infection and after interruption of ART and harbor SIV DNA at levels similar to those found in CD4+ T cells; thus, CD3+ CD20+ lymphocytes are susceptible to SIV infection and can contribute to SIV persistence.
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Grants
- P30 AI050409 NIAID NIH HHS
- 75N91019D00024 NCI NIH HHS
- P51 OD011132 NIH HHS
- HHSN261200800001C NCI NIH HHS
- U24 OD011023 NIH HHS
- U42 OD011023 NIH HHS
- P01 AI131338 NIAID NIH HHS
- HHSN261200800001E NCI NIH HHS
- UM1 AI164562 NIAID NIH HHS
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (DIR, NIAID)
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (DIR, NIAID, NIDA, NIDDK, NHLBI, NINDS)
- HHS | NIH | National Cancer Institute (NCI)
- HHS | NIH | Office of Research Infrastructure Programs, National Institutes of Health (ORIP)
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Samer
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ankita Chowdhury
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | | | - Morgan Reuter
- Department of Microbiology and Center for AIDS Research, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gregory Tharp
- Emory NHP Genomics Core Laboratory, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Steven Bosinger
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Emory NHP Genomics Core Laboratory, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Barbara Cervasi
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - James Auger
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kiran Gill
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yuria Ablanedo-Terrazas
- Práctica Médica Grupal en Otorrinolaringología, Centro Médico ABC Santa Fe, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Reyes-Teran
- Comisión Coordinadora de los Institutos Nacionales de Salud y Hospitales de Alta Especialidad, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jacob D. Estes
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Michael R. Betts
- Department of Microbiology and Center for AIDS Research, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Wakui M, Uwamino Y, Yatabe Y, Nakagawa T, Sakai A, Kurafuji T, Shibata A, Tomita Y, Noguchi M, Tanabe A, Arai T, Ohno A, Yokota H, Uno S, Yamasawa W, Sato Y, Ikeda M, Yoshimura A, Hasegawa N, Saya H, Murata M. Assessing anti-SARS-CoV-2 cellular immunity in 571 vaccines by using an IFN-γ release assay. Eur J Immunol 2022; 52:1961-1971. [PMID: 36250411 PMCID: PMC9874394 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202249794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Memory T cell responses have been analyzed only in small cohorts of COVID-19 vaccines. Herein, we aimed to assess anti-SARS-CoV-2 cellular immunity in a large cohort using QuantiFERON assays, which are IFN-γ release assays (IGRAs) based on short-term whole blood culture. The study included 571 individuals receiving the viral spike (S) protein-expressing BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. QuantiFERON assays revealed antigen-specific IFN-γ production in most individuals 8 weeks after the second dose. Simultaneous flow cytometric assays to detect T cells expressing activation-induced markers (AIMs) performed for 28 randomly selected individuals provided data correlating with the QuantiFERON data. Simultaneous IFN-γ enzyme-linked immunospot and AIM assays for another subset of 31 individuals, based on short-term peripheral blood mononuclear cell culture, also indicated a correlation between IFN-γ production and AIM positivity. These observations indicated the acquisition of T cell memory responses and supported the usability of IGRAs to assess cellular immunity. The QuantiFERON results were weakly correlated with serum IgG titers against the receptor-binding domain of the S protein and were associated with pre-vaccination infection and adverse reactions after the second dose. The present study revealed cellular immunity after COVID-19 vaccination, providing insights into the effects and adverse reactions of vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Wakui
- Department of Laboratory MedicineKeio University School of MedicineShinjuku‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Yoshifumi Uwamino
- Department of Laboratory MedicineKeio University School of MedicineShinjuku‐kuTokyoJapan,Department of Infectious DiseasesKeio University School of MedicineShinjuku‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Yoko Yatabe
- Clinical LaboratoryKeio University HospitalShinjuku‐kuTokyoJapan
| | | | - Akiko Sakai
- Clinical LaboratoryKeio University HospitalShinjuku‐kuTokyoJapan
| | | | - Ayako Shibata
- Department of Laboratory MedicineKeio University School of MedicineShinjuku‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Yukari Tomita
- Department of Laboratory MedicineKeio University School of MedicineShinjuku‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Masayo Noguchi
- Clinical LaboratoryKeio University HospitalShinjuku‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Akiko Tanabe
- Clinical LaboratoryKeio University HospitalShinjuku‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Tomoko Arai
- Clinical LaboratoryKeio University HospitalShinjuku‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Akemi Ohno
- Clinical LaboratoryKeio University HospitalShinjuku‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Hiromitsu Yokota
- Clinical LaboratoryKeio University HospitalShinjuku‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Shunsuke Uno
- Department of Infectious DiseasesKeio University School of MedicineShinjuku‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Wakako Yamasawa
- Department of Laboratory MedicineKeio University School of MedicineShinjuku‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Yasunori Sato
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive MedicineKeio University School of MedicineShinjuku‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Mari Ikeda
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyKeio University School of MedicineShinjuku‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Akihiko Yoshimura
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyKeio University School of MedicineShinjuku‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Naoki Hasegawa
- Department of Infectious DiseasesKeio University School of MedicineShinjuku‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Hideyuki Saya
- Division of Gene RegulationInstitute for Advanced Medical ResearchKeio University School of MedicineShinjuku‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Mitsuru Murata
- Department of Laboratory MedicineKeio University School of MedicineShinjuku‐kuTokyoJapan
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9
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Pieren DKJ, Boer MC, de Wit J. The adaptive immune system in early life: The shift makes it count. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1031924. [PMID: 36466865 PMCID: PMC9712958 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1031924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory infectious diseases encountered early in life may result in life-threatening disease in neonates, which is primarily explained by the relatively naive neonatal immune system. Whereas vaccines are not readily available for all infectious diseases, vaccinations have greatly reduced childhood mortality. However, repeated vaccinations are required to reach protective immunity in infants and not all vaccinations are effective at young age. Moreover, protective adaptive immunity elicited by vaccination wanes more rapidly at young age compared to adulthood. The infant adaptive immune system has previously been considered immature but this paradigm has changed during the past years. Recent evidence shows that the early life adaptive immune system is equipped with a strong innate-like effector function to eliminate acute pathogenic threats. These strong innate-like effector capacities are in turn kept in check by a tolerogenic counterpart of the adaptive system that may have evolved to maintain balance and to reduce collateral damage. In this review, we provide insight into these aspects of the early life's adaptive immune system by addressing recent literature. Moreover, we speculate that this shift from innate-like and tolerogenic adaptive immune features towards formation of immune memory may underlie different efficacy of infant vaccination in these different phases of immune development. Therefore, presence of innate-like and tolerogenic features of the adaptive immune system may be used as a biomarker to improve vaccination strategies against respiratory and other infections in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jelle de Wit
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
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10
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Lai CY, Marcel N, Yaldiko AW, Delpoux A, Hedrick SM. A Bcl6 Intronic Element Regulates T Follicular Helper Cell Differentiation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 209:1118-1127. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
In response to an intracellular infectious agent, the immune system produces a specific cellular response as well as a T cell–dependent Ab response. Precursor T cells differentiate into effector T cells, including Th1 cells, and T follicular helper (TFH) cells. The latter cooperate with B cells to form germinal centers and induce the formation of Ab-forming plasmacytes. One major focal point for control of T cell differentiation is the transcription factor BCL6. In this study, we demonstrated that the Bcl6 gene is regulated by FOXO1-binding, cis-acting sequences located in a highly conserved region of the first Bcl6 intron. In both mouse and human T cells, deletion of the tandem FOXO1 binding sites increased the expression of BCL6 and enhanced the proportion of TFH cells. These results reveal a fundamental control point for cellular versus humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yen Lai
- Molecular Biology Section, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Nimi Marcel
- Molecular Biology Section, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Allen W. Yaldiko
- Molecular Biology Section, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Arnaud Delpoux
- Molecular Biology Section, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Stephen M. Hedrick
- Molecular Biology Section, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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11
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Grydziuszko E, Phelps A, Bruton K, Jordana M, Koenig JFE. Heterogeneity, subsets, and plasticity of T follicular helper cells in allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 150:990-998. [PMID: 36070826 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Antibody responses are critical for protection against pathogens. However, diseases such as allergic rhinitis or food allergy result from aberrant production of IgE antibodies against otherwise innocuous environmental antigens. The production of allergen-specific IgE requires interaction between B cells and CD4+ T cells, and a granular understanding of these interactions is required to develop novel therapies for allergic disease. CD4+ T cells are exceptionally heterogeneous in their transcriptional, epigenetic, and proteomic profiles, which poses significant challenges when attempting to define subsets relevant to the study of allergy among a continuum of cells. Defining subsets such as the T follicular helper (TFH) cell cluster provides a shorthand to understand the functions of CD4+ T cells in antibody production and supports mechanistic experimentation for hypothesis-driven discovery. With a focus on allergic disease, this Rostrum article broadly discusses heterogeneity among CD4+ T cells and provides a rationale for subdividing TFH cells into both functional and cytokine-skewed subsets. Further, it highlights the plasticity demonstrated by TFH cells during the primary response and after recall, and it explores the possibility of harnessing this plasticity to reprogram immunity for therapeutic benefit in allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Grydziuszko
- Department of Medicine, Schroeder Allergy and Immunology Research Institute, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Allyssa Phelps
- Department of Medicine, Schroeder Allergy and Immunology Research Institute, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kelly Bruton
- Department of Medicine, Schroeder Allergy and Immunology Research Institute, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Manel Jordana
- Department of Medicine, Schroeder Allergy and Immunology Research Institute, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joshua F E Koenig
- Department of Medicine, Schroeder Allergy and Immunology Research Institute, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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12
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Weymar GHJ, Bar-On Y, Oliveira TY, Gaebler C, Ramos V, Hartweger H, Breton G, Caskey M, Cohn LB, Jankovic M, Nussenzweig MC. Distinct gene expression by expanded clones of quiescent memory CD4 + T cells harboring intact latent HIV-1 proviruses. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111311. [PMID: 36070690 PMCID: PMC9471989 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy controls, but does not cure, HIV-1 infection due to a reservoir of rare CD4+ T cells harboring latent proviruses. Little is known about the transcriptional program of latent cells. Here, we report a strategy to enrich clones of latent cells carrying intact, replication-competent HIV-1 proviruses from blood based on their expression of unique T cell receptors. Latent cell enrichment enabled single-cell transcriptomic analysis of 1,050 CD4+ T cells belonging to expanded clones harboring intact HIV-1 proviruses from 6 different individuals. The analysis reveals that most of these cells are T effector memory cells that are enriched for expression of HLA-DR, HLA-DP, CD74, CCL5, granzymes A and K, cystatin F, LYAR, and DUSP2. We conclude that expanded clones of latent cells carrying intact HIV-1 proviruses persist preferentially in a distinct CD4+ T cell population, opening possibilities for eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg H J Weymar
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yotam Bar-On
- Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 320003, Israel
| | - Thiago Y Oliveira
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Christian Gaebler
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Victor Ramos
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Harald Hartweger
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Gaëlle Breton
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Marina Caskey
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lillian B Cohn
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Mila Jankovic
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
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13
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Wang Y, Tian Q, Ye L. The Differentiation and Maintenance of SARS-CoV-2-Specific Follicular Helper T Cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:953022. [PMID: 35909969 PMCID: PMC9329515 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.953022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon acute viral infection, virus-specific CD4+ T cells differentiate into either TH1 cells or follicular helper T (TFH) cells. The molecular pathways governing such bimodal cell fate commitment remain elusive. Additionally, effector virus-specific TFH cells further differentiate into corresponding memory population, which confer long-term protection against re-infection of same viruses by providing immediate help to virus-specific memory B cells. Currently, the molecular mechanisms underlying the long-term maintenance of memory TFH cells are largely unknown. In this review, we discuss current understanding of early differentiation of virus-specific effector TFH cells and long-term maintenance of virus-specific memory TFH cells in mouse models of viral infection and patients of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Immune Regulation and Immunotherapy, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qin Tian
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Immunology, The People’s Liberation Army (PLA), Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lilin Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Immune Regulation and Immunotherapy, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Immunology, The People’s Liberation Army (PLA), Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Lilin Ye,
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14
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Bai Z, Lu Z, Liu R, Tang Y, Ye X, Jin M, Wang G, Li X. Iguratimod Restrains Circulating Follicular Helper T Cell Function by Inhibiting Glucose Metabolism via Hif1α-HK2 Axis in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:757616. [PMID: 35720293 PMCID: PMC9199372 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.757616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Iguratimod (IGU) is a novel disease modified anti-rheumatic drug, which has been found to act directly on B cells for inhibiting the production of antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells, a key T cell subsets in supporting B cell differentiation and antibody production, have been shown to play critical roles in RA. However, whether IGU can inhibit RA Tfh cells which further restrains B cell function remains unclear. Here, we aimed to explore the roles of IGU in regulating RA circulating Tfh (cTfh) cell function and investigate the potential mechanism associated with cell glucose metabolism. In our study, we found that IGU could act on RA-CD4+ T cells to reduce T cell-dependent antibody production. IGU decreased the percentage of RA cTfh cells and the expression of Tfh cell-related molecules and cytokines which were involved in B cell functions. Importantly, our data showed that IGU significantly restrained the cTfh cell function by inhibiting glucose metabolism, which relied on Hif1α-HK2 axis. In summary, we clarified a new target and mechanism of IGU by restraining RA cTfh cell function via inhibiting Hif1α-HK2-glucose metabolism axis. Our study demonstrates the potential application of IGU in the treatment of diseases related to abnormal metabolism and function of Tfh cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziran Bai
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhimin Lu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Department of Rheumatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yawei Tang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaokang Ye
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Minli Jin
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Guan Wang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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15
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van der Ploeg K, Kirosingh AS, Mori DAM, Chakraborty S, Hu Z, Sievers BL, Jacobson KB, Bonilla H, Parsonnet J, Andrews JR, Press KD, Ty MC, Ruiz-Betancourt DR, de la Parte L, Tan GS, Blish CA, Takahashi S, Rodriguez-Barraquer I, Greenhouse B, Singh U, Wang TT, Jagannathan P. TNF-α + CD4 + T cells dominate the SARS-CoV-2 specific T cell response in COVID-19 outpatients and are associated with durable antibodies. Cell Rep Med 2022; 3:100640. [PMID: 35588734 PMCID: PMC9061140 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-specific CD4+ T cells are likely important in immunity against coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), but our understanding of CD4+ longitudinal dynamics following infection and of specific features that correlate with the maintenance of neutralizing antibodies remains limited. Here, we characterize SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cells in a longitudinal cohort of 109 COVID-19 outpatients enrolled during acute infection. The quality of the SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ response shifts from cells producing interferon gamma (IFNγ) to tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) from 5 days to 4 months post-enrollment, with IFNγ-IL-21-TNF-α+ CD4+ T cells the predominant population detected at later time points. Greater percentages of IFNγ-IL-21-TNF-α+ CD4+ T cells on day 28 correlate with SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibodies measured 7 months post-infection (⍴ = 0.4, p = 0.01). mRNA vaccination following SARS-CoV-2 infection boosts both IFNγ- and TNF-α-producing, spike-protein-specific CD4+ T cells. These data suggest that SARS-CoV-2-specific, TNF-α-producing CD4+ T cells may play an important role in antibody maintenance following COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ response shifts from cells producing IFNγ to TNF-α SARS-CoV-2-specific IFNγ−TNF-α+ CD4+ T cells predominate at later timepoints IFNγ-TNF-α+ CD4+ T cells correlate with durable SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibodies Post-infection mRNA vaccination boosts both IFNγ+ and TNF-α+ S-specific CD4+ T cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Kattria van der Ploeg
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Adam S Kirosingh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Diego A M Mori
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Saborni Chakraborty
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Zicheng Hu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | - Karen B Jacobson
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hector Bonilla
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Julie Parsonnet
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jason R Andrews
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kathleen D Press
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Maureen C Ty
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Lauren de la Parte
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Gene S Tan
- J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Catherine A Blish
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Saki Takahashi
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | - Bryan Greenhouse
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Upinder Singh
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Taia T Wang
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Prasanna Jagannathan
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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16
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Joyce MG, King HAD, Elakhal-Naouar I, Ahmed A, Peachman KK, Macedo Cincotta C, Subra C, Chen RE, Thomas PV, Chen WH, Sankhala RS, Hajduczki A, Martinez EJ, Peterson CE, Chang WC, Choe M, Smith C, Lee PJ, Headley JA, Taddese MG, Elyard HA, Cook A, Anderson A, McGuckin Wuertz K, Dong M, Swafford I, Case JB, Currier JR, Lal KG, Molnar S, Nair MS, Dussupt V, Daye SP, Zeng X, Barkei EK, Staples HM, Alfson K, Carrion R, Krebs SJ, Paquin-Proulx D, Karasavva N, Polonis VR, Jagodzinski LL, Amare MF, Vasan S, Scott PT, Huang Y, Ho DD, de Val N, Diamond MS, Lewis MG, Rao M, Matyas GR, Gromowski GD, Peel SA, Michael NL, Bolton DL, Modjarrad K. A SARS-CoV-2 ferritin nanoparticle vaccine elicits protective immune responses in nonhuman primates. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabi5735. [PMID: 34914540 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abi5735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants stresses the continued need for next-generation vaccines that confer broad protection against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We developed and evaluated an adjuvanted SARS-CoV-2 spike ferritin nanoparticle (SpFN) vaccine in nonhuman primates. High-dose (50 μg) SpFN vaccine, given twice 28 days apart, induced a Th1-biased CD4 T cell helper response and elicited neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 wild-type and variants of concern, as well as against SARS-CoV-1. These potent humoral and cell-mediated immune responses translated into rapid elimination of replicating virus in the upper and lower airways and lung parenchyma of nonhuman primates following high-dose SARS-CoV-2 respiratory challenge. The immune response elicited by SpFN vaccination and resulting efficacy in nonhuman primates supports the utility of SpFN as a vaccine candidate for SARS-causing betacoronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gordon Joyce
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Hannah A D King
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA.,U.S. Military HIV Research Program, WRAIR, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Ines Elakhal-Naouar
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA.,Diagnostics and Countermeasures Branch, WRAIR, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Aslaa Ahmed
- Viral Diseases Branch, WRAIR, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | | | - Camila Macedo Cincotta
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA.,Diagnostics and Countermeasures Branch, WRAIR, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Caroline Subra
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA.,U.S. Military HIV Research Program, WRAIR, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Rita E Chen
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Paul V Thomas
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Wei-Hung Chen
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Rajeshwer S Sankhala
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Agnes Hajduczki
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Martinez
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Caroline E Peterson
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - William C Chang
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Misook Choe
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Clayton Smith
- Center for Molecular Microscopy, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Parker J Lee
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Jarrett A Headley
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Mekdi G Taddese
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | | | | | - Alexander Anderson
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, WRAIR, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute of Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | | | - Ming Dong
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA.,U.S. Military HIV Research Program, WRAIR, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Isabella Swafford
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA.,U.S. Military HIV Research Program, WRAIR, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - James Brett Case
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | | | - Kerri G Lal
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA.,U.S. Military HIV Research Program, WRAIR, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Sebastian Molnar
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA.,U.S. Military HIV Research Program, WRAIR, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Manoj S Nair
- Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Vincent Dussupt
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA.,U.S. Military HIV Research Program, WRAIR, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Sharon P Daye
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, WRAIR, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Xiankun Zeng
- Division of Pathology, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Erica K Barkei
- Veterinary Pathology Department, WRAIR, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Hilary M Staples
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Kendra Alfson
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Ricardo Carrion
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Shelly J Krebs
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA.,U.S. Military HIV Research Program, WRAIR, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Dominic Paquin-Proulx
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA.,U.S. Military HIV Research Program, WRAIR, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Nicos Karasavva
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA.,Diagnostics and Countermeasures Branch, WRAIR, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | | | | | - Mihret F Amare
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Sandhya Vasan
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA.,U.S. Military HIV Research Program, WRAIR, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Paul T Scott
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Yaoxing Huang
- Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - David D Ho
- Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Natalia de Val
- Center for Molecular Microscopy, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | | | - Mangala Rao
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, WRAIR, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Gary R Matyas
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, WRAIR, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | | | - Sheila A Peel
- Diagnostics and Countermeasures Branch, WRAIR, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Nelson L Michael
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, WRAIR, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Diane L Bolton
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA.,U.S. Military HIV Research Program, WRAIR, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Kayvon Modjarrad
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
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17
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Rattan A, White CL, Nelson S, Eismann M, Padilla-Quirarte H, Glover MA, Dileepan T, Marathe BM, Govorkova EA, Webby RJ, Richards KA, Sant AJ. Development of a Mouse Model to Explore CD4 T Cell Specificity, Phenotype, and Recruitment to the Lung after Influenza B Infection. Pathogens 2022; 11:251. [PMID: 35215193 PMCID: PMC8875387 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The adaptive T cell response to influenza B virus is understudied, relative to influenza A virus, for which there has been considerable attention and progress for many decades. Here, we have developed and utilized the C57BL/6 mouse model of intranasal infection with influenza B (B/Brisbane/60/2008) virus and, using an iterative peptide discovery strategy, have identified a series of robustly elicited individual CD4 T cell peptide specificities. The CD4 T cell repertoire encompassed at least eleven major epitopes distributed across hemagglutinin, nucleoprotein, neuraminidase, and non-structural protein 1 and are readily detected in the draining lymph node, spleen, and lung. Within the lung, the CD4 T cells are localized to both lung vasculature and tissue but are highly enriched in the lung tissue after infection. When studied by flow cytometry and MHC class II: peptide tetramers, CD4 T cells express prototypical markers of tissue residency including CD69, CD103, and high surface levels of CD11a. Collectively, our studies will enable more sophisticated analyses of influenza B virus infection, where the fate and function of the influenza B-specific CD4 T cells elicited by infection and vaccination can be studied as well as the impact of anti-viral reagents and candidate vaccines on the abundance, functionality, and localization of the elicited CD4 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajitanuj Rattan
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (A.R.); (C.L.W.); (S.N.); (M.E.); (M.A.G.); (K.A.R.)
| | - Chantelle L. White
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (A.R.); (C.L.W.); (S.N.); (M.E.); (M.A.G.); (K.A.R.)
| | - Sean Nelson
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (A.R.); (C.L.W.); (S.N.); (M.E.); (M.A.G.); (K.A.R.)
| | - Max Eismann
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (A.R.); (C.L.W.); (S.N.); (M.E.); (M.A.G.); (K.A.R.)
| | - Herbey Padilla-Quirarte
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | - Maryah A. Glover
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (A.R.); (C.L.W.); (S.N.); (M.E.); (M.A.G.); (K.A.R.)
| | - Thamotharampillai Dileepan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Bindumadhav M. Marathe
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (B.M.M.); (E.A.G.); (R.J.W.)
| | - Elena A. Govorkova
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (B.M.M.); (E.A.G.); (R.J.W.)
| | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (B.M.M.); (E.A.G.); (R.J.W.)
| | - Katherine A. Richards
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (A.R.); (C.L.W.); (S.N.); (M.E.); (M.A.G.); (K.A.R.)
- Center for Influenza Disease and Emergence Response (CIDER), University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Andrea J. Sant
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (A.R.); (C.L.W.); (S.N.); (M.E.); (M.A.G.); (K.A.R.)
- Center for Influenza Disease and Emergence Response (CIDER), University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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18
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Wild K, Smits M, Killmer S, Strohmeier S, Neumann-Haefelin C, Bengsch B, Krammer F, Schwemmle M, Hofmann M, Thimme R, Zoldan K, Boettler T. Pre-existing immunity and vaccine history determine hemagglutinin-specific CD4 T cell and IgG response following seasonal influenza vaccination. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6720. [PMID: 34795301 PMCID: PMC8602312 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27064-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccination varies between individuals and might be affected by vaccination history among other factors. Here we show, by monitoring frequencies of CD4 T cells specific to the conserved hemagglutinin epitope HA118-132 and titres of IgG against the corresponding recombinant hemagglutinin protein, that antigen-specific CD4 T cell and antibody responses are closely linked to pre-existing immunity and vaccine history. Upon immunization, a strong early reaction is observed in all vaccine naïve participants and also in vaccine experienced individuals who have not received the respective seasonal vaccine in the previous year. This response is characterized by HA118-132 specific CD4 T cells with a follicular helper T cell phenotype and by ascending titers of hemagglutinin-specific antibodies from baseline to day 28 following vaccination. This trend was observed in only a proportion of those participants who received the seasonal vaccine the year preceding the study. Regardless of history, levels of pre-existing antibodies and CD127 expression on CD4 T cells at baseline were the strongest predictors of robust early response. Thus, both pre-existing immunity and vaccine history contribute to the response to seasonal influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Wild
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maike Smits
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Saskia Killmer
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Shirin Strohmeier
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christoph Neumann-Haefelin
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bertram Bengsch
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Martin Schwemmle
- Institute of Virology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maike Hofmann
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robert Thimme
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Zoldan
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Boettler
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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19
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Silveira ELV, Hong JJ, Amancha PK, Rogers KA, Ansari AA, Byrareddy SN, Villinger F. Viremia controls Env-specific antibody-secreting cell responses in simian immunodeficiency virus infected macaques pre and post-antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2021; 35:2085-2094. [PMID: 34148985 PMCID: PMC8490307 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the kinetics of Env (gp140)-specific antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) during acute and early chronic simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection, and prior to and postantiretroviral therapy (ART) in rhesus macaques. DESIGN AND METHODS At week 0, rhesus macaques were inoculated intravenously with SIVmac239 and the viral loads were allowed to develop. Daily ART was initiated at week 5 post infection until week 18, though the animals were monitored until week 28 for the following parameters: enumeration of SIV gp140-specific ASCs by ELISPOT; quantification of viremia and SIV gp140-specific IgG titres through qRT-PCR and ELISA, respectively; estimation of monocytes, follicular helper T cells (Tfh) and memory B cell frequencies using polychromatic flow cytometry. RESULTS Direct correlations were consistently found between blood SIV gp140-specific ASC responses and viremia or SIV Env-specific IgG titres. In contrast, SIV gp140-specific ASC responses showed inverse correlations with the percentage of total memory B cells in the blood. In lymph nodes, the magnitude of the SIV gp140-specific ASC responses also followed the viral load kinetics. In contrast, the number of SIV gp140-specific ASCs presented did not correlate with frequencies of circulating activated monocyte (CD14+CD16+) or Tfh cells. CONCLUSION Blood and/or lymph node viral loads may regulate the onset and magnitude of SIV gp140-specific ASCs during SIV infection and following ART in rhesus macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo L. V. Silveira
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329 - USA
- Division of Pathology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329 - USA
| | - Jung Joo Hong
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329 - USA
- Division of Pathology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329 - USA
| | - Praveen K. Amancha
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329 - USA
- Division of Pathology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329 - USA
| | - Kenneth A Rogers
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329 - USA
- Division of Pathology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329 - USA
| | - Aftab A. Ansari
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322 – USA
| | - Siddappa N. Byrareddy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322 – USA
| | - Francois Villinger
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329 - USA
- Division of Pathology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329 - USA
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20
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Horiuchi S, Wu H, Liu WC, Schmitt N, Provot J, Liu Y, Bentebibel SE, Albrecht RA, Schotsaert M, Forst CV, Zhang B, Ueno H. Tox2 is required for the maintenance of GC T FH cells and the generation of memory T FH cells. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabj1249. [PMID: 34623911 PMCID: PMC8500513 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj1249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Memory T follicular helper (TFH) cells play an essential role to induce secondary antibody response by providing help to memory and naïve B cells. Here, we show that the transcription factor Tox2 is vital for the maintenance of TFH cells in germinal centers (GCs) and the generation of memory TFH cells. High Tox2 expression was almost exclusive to GC TFH cells among human tonsillar and blood CD4+ T cell subsets. Tox2 overexpression maintained the expression of TFH-associated genes in T cell receptor–stimulated human GC TFH cells and inhibited their spontaneous conversion into TH1-like cells. Tox2-deficient mice displayed impaired secondary TFH cell expansion upon reimmunization with an antigen and upon secondary infection with a heterologous influenza virus. Collectively, our study shows that Tox2 is highly integrated into establishment of durable GC TFH cell responses and development of memory TFH cells in mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Horiuchi
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX 75204, USA
| | - Hanchih Wu
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Wen-Chun Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Biomedical Translation Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11571, Taiwan
| | - Nathalie Schmitt
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX 75204, USA
- ImmunoConcEpT, CNRS UMR 5164, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux 33076, France
| | - Jonathan Provot
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX 75204, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX 75204, USA
| | | | - Randy A. Albrecht
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Michael Schotsaert
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Christian V. Forst
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Hideki Ueno
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX 75204, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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21
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Single-Cell Profiling of the Antigen-Specific Response to BNT162b2 SARS-CoV-2 RNA Vaccine. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 34341788 DOI: 10.1101/2021.07.28.453981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
RNA-based vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are critical to limiting COVID-19 severity and spread. Cellular mechanisms driving antigen-specific responses to these vaccines, however, remain uncertain. We used single-cell technologies to identify and characterized antigen-specific cells and antibody responses to the RNA vaccine BNT162b2 in longitudinal samples from a cohort of healthy donors. Mass cytometry and machine learning pinpointed a novel expanding, population of antigen-specific non-canonical memory CD4 + and CD8 + T cells. B cell sequencing suggested progression from IgM, with apparent cross-reactivity to endemic coronaviruses, to SARS-CoV-2-specific IgA and IgG memory B cells and plasmablasts. Responding lymphocyte populations correlated with eventual SARS-CoV-2 IgG and a donor lacking these cell populations failed to sustain SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies and experienced breakthrough infection. These integrated proteomic and genomic platforms reveal an antigen-specific cellular basis of RNA vaccine-based immunity. ONE SENTENCE SUMMARY Single-cell profiling reveals the cellular basis of the antigen-specific response to the BNT162b2 SARS-CoV-2 RNA vaccine.
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22
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Chakhtoura M, Fang M, Cubas R, O’Connor MH, Nichols CN, Richardson B, Talla A, Moir S, Cameron MJ, Tardif V, Haddad EK. Germinal Center T follicular helper (GC-Tfh) cell impairment in chronic HIV infection involves c-Maf signaling. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009732. [PMID: 34280251 PMCID: PMC8289045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently demonstrated that the function of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells from lymph nodes (LN) of HIV-infected individuals is impaired. We found that these cells were unable to provide proper help to germinal center (GC)-B cells, as observed by altered and inefficient anti-HIV antibody response and premature death of memory B cells. The underlying molecular mechanisms of this dysfunction remain poorly defined. Herein, we have used a unique transcriptional approach to identify these molecular defects. We consequently determined the transcriptional profiles of LN GC-Tfh cells following their interactions with LN GC-B cells from HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected individuals, rather than analyzing resting ex-vivo GC-Tfh cells. We observed that proliferating GC-Tfh cells from HIV-infected subjects were transcriptionally different than their HIV-uninfected counterparts, and displayed a significant downregulation of immune- and GC-Tfh-associated pathways and genes. Our results strongly demonstrated that MAF (coding for the transcription factor c-Maf) and its upstream signaling pathway mediators (IL6R and STAT3) were significantly downregulated in HIV-infected subjects, which could contribute to the impaired GC-Tfh and GC-B cell functions reported during infection. We further showed that c-Maf function was associated with the adenosine pathway and that the signaling upstream c-Maf could be partially restored by adenosine deaminase -1 (ADA-1) supplementation. Overall, we identified a novel mechanism that contributes to GC-Tfh cell impairment during HIV infection. Understanding how GC-Tfh cell function is altered in HIV is crucial and could provide critical information about the mechanisms leading to the development and maintenance of effective anti-HIV antibodies. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains a worldwide burden despite available treatments. The virus induces dysregulations in major immune cells and organs including lymph nodes. Germinal center T follicular helper (GC-Tfh) cells are immune cells which induce specific anti-HIV antibodies by helping GC-B cells. In chronic HIV, the interaction between these two cell types is defective, leading to modified and inefficient anti-HIV antibody responses. In this study, we examined the underlying mechanisms of this dysfunction. We observed that proliferating GC-Tfh cells from HIV-infected individuals, displayed distinctive gene expression than those from -uninfected subjects, following GC-B cell interaction. Furthermore, GC-Tfh cells from HIV patients showed a reduction in important immune-related pathway and gene expression. A number of essential GC-Tfh cell genes, such as MAF and its associated genes (IL6R and STAT3), were particularly attenuated in HIV, contributing to the impaired cells function. Moreover, we found an association between MAF function and the key enzyme adenosine deaminase-1 (ADA-1), where supplementation with ADA-1 partially restored the dysfunctional signaling in GC-Tfh cells during chronic infection. Understanding how GC-Tfh cells are altered in HIV is critical to elucidate the mechanisms leading to effective anti-HIV antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marita Chakhtoura
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases & HIV Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mike Fang
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Services, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Rafael Cubas
- Iovance Biotherapeutics, San Carlos, California, United States of America
| | - Margaret H. O’Connor
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases & HIV Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genetics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Carmen N. Nichols
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Services, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Brian Richardson
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Services, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Aarthi Talla
- Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Susan Moir
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mark J. Cameron
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Services, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Virginie Tardif
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases & HIV Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Sorbonne University, INSERM, Center of Reasearch in Myology (Association Institut de Myologie) UMRS 974, AP-HP, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, DHU I2B, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (VT); (EKH)
| | - Elias K. Haddad
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases & HIV Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (VT); (EKH)
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23
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Haque R, Kim Y, Park K, Jang H, Kim SY, Lee H, Kim HJ. Altered distributions in circulating follicular helper and follicular regulatory T cells accountable for imbalanced cytokine production in multiple sclerosis. Clin Exp Immunol 2021; 205:75-88. [PMID: 33759187 PMCID: PMC8209573 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular T helper (Tfh) and regulatory (Tfr) cells are distinct subsets of CD4+ T lymphocytes, regulating humoral immune responses in the germinal center. It is widely accepted that dysregulated Tfh and Tfr cells are associated with autoimmunity. In this study, we evaluated the frequencies of circulating chemokine receptor (CXCR)5+ programmed cell death 1 (PD-1+ ) Tfh (cTfh) and CXCR5+ PD-1+ forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3+ ) CD25+ Tfr (cTfr) cells, and their corresponding cytokines from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 28 patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) and 16 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HC). Subsets of cTfh cells by Th1- and Th17-related surface markers (CXCR3 and CCR6) were also evaluated. We found that the frequency of cTfh cells was significantly higher in MS patients compared to that of HC. Conversely, the frequency of cTfr cells was lower in MS patients than that of HC. Interleukin (IL)-21-producing cTfh cells were significantly increased in MS patients, while IL-10-secreting cTfr cells were lower in MS patients compared to levels in HC. Among cTfh cells, cTfh17.1 cells were the major subtypes that were significantly increased in MS patients compared to HC, with the frequency of IL-21-secreting cells being the highest. These results suggest that an imbalanced distribution of cTfh and cTfr exist in MS patients, which contributes to the reciprocally altered IL-21 and IL-10 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Haque
- Department of Cancer Biomedical ScienceGraduate School of Cancer Science and PolicyNational Cancer CenterGoyangSouth Korea
- Department of NeurologyNational Cancer CenterGoyangSouth Korea
- Division of Clinical ResearchNational Cancer CenterGoyangSouth Korea
| | - Y. Kim
- Department of NeurologyNational Cancer CenterGoyangSouth Korea
- Division of Clinical ResearchNational Cancer CenterGoyangSouth Korea
| | - K. Park
- Division of Clinical ResearchNational Cancer CenterGoyangSouth Korea
| | - H. Jang
- Department of NeurologyNational Cancer CenterGoyangSouth Korea
| | - S. Y. Kim
- Department of NeurologyNational Cancer CenterGoyangSouth Korea
- Division of Clinical ResearchNational Cancer CenterGoyangSouth Korea
| | - H. Lee
- Department of Cancer Biomedical ScienceGraduate School of Cancer Science and PolicyNational Cancer CenterGoyangSouth Korea
| | - H. J. Kim
- Department of Cancer Biomedical ScienceGraduate School of Cancer Science and PolicyNational Cancer CenterGoyangSouth Korea
- Department of NeurologyNational Cancer CenterGoyangSouth Korea
- Division of Clinical ResearchNational Cancer CenterGoyangSouth Korea
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24
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Joyce MG, King HAD, Naouar IE, Ahmed A, Peachman KK, Cincotta CM, Subra C, Chen RE, Thomas PV, Chen WH, Sankhala RS, Hajduczki A, Martinez EJ, Peterson CE, Chang WC, Choe M, Smith C, Lee PJ, Headley JA, Taddese MG, Elyard HA, Cook A, Anderson A, McGuckin-Wuertz K, Dong M, Swafford I, Case JB, Currier JR, Lal KG, O'Connell RJ, Molnar S, Nair MS, Dussupt V, Daye SP, Zeng X, Barkei EK, Staples HM, Alfson K, Carrion R, Krebs SJ, Paquin-Proulx D, Karasavva N, Polonis VR, Jagodzinski LL, Amare MF, Vasan S, Scott PT, Huang Y, Ho DD, de Val N, Diamond MS, Lewis MG, Rao M, Matyas GR, Gromowski GD, Peel SA, Michael NL, Bolton DL, Modjarrad K. Efficacy of a Broadly Neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 Ferritin Nanoparticle Vaccine in Nonhuman Primates. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 33791694 DOI: 10.1101/2021.03.24.436523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants stresses the continued need for next-generation vaccines that confer broad protection against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We developed and evaluated an adjuvanted SARS-CoV-2 Spike Ferritin Nanoparticle (SpFN) vaccine in nonhuman primates (NHPs). High-dose (50 µ g) SpFN vaccine, given twice within a 28 day interval, induced a Th1-biased CD4 T cell helper response and a peak neutralizing antibody geometric mean titer of 52,773 against wild-type virus, with activity against SARS-CoV-1 and minimal decrement against variants of concern. Vaccinated animals mounted an anamnestic response upon high-dose SARS-CoV-2 respiratory challenge that translated into rapid elimination of replicating virus in their upper and lower airways and lung parenchyma. SpFN's potent and broad immunogenicity profile and resulting efficacy in NHPs supports its utility as a candidate platform for SARS-like betacoronaviruses. One-Sentence Summary A SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein ferritin nanoparticle vaccine, co-formulated with a liposomal adjuvant, elicits broad neutralizing antibody responses that exceed those observed for other major vaccines and rapidly protects against respiratory infection and disease in the upper and lower airways and lung tissue of nonhuman primates.
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25
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Topham DJ, DeDiego ML, Nogales A, Sangster MY, Sant A. Immunity to Influenza Infection in Humans. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2021; 11:cshperspect.a038729. [PMID: 31871226 PMCID: PMC7919402 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a038729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses the human immune responses to influenza infection with some insights from studies using animal models, such as experimental infection of mice. Recent technological advances in the study of human immune responses have greatly added to our knowledge of the infection and immune responses, and therefore much of the focus is on recent studies that have moved the field forward. We consider the complexity of the adaptive response generated by many sequential encounters through infection and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Topham
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
| | - Marta L. DeDiego
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Aitor Nogales
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnologia Agraria y Ailmentaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mark Y. Sangster
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
| | - Andrea Sant
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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26
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Bugya Z, Prechl J, Szénási T, Nemes É, Bácsi A, Koncz G. Multiple Levels of Immunological Memory and Their Association with Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:174. [PMID: 33669597 PMCID: PMC7922266 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunological memory is divided into many levels to counteract the provocations of diverse and ever-changing infections. Fast functions of effector memory and the superposition of both quantitatively and qualitatively plastic anticipatory memory responses together form the walls of protection against pathogens. Here we provide an overview of the role of different B and T cell subsets and their interplay, the parallel and independent functions of the B1, marginal zone B cells, T-independent- and T-dependent B cell responses, as well as functions of central and effector memory T cells, tissue-resident and follicular helper T cells in the memory responses. Age-related limitations in the immunological memory of these cell types in neonates and the elderly are also discussed. We review how certain aspects of immunological memory and the interactions of components can affect the efficacy of vaccines, in order to link our knowledge of immunological memory with the practical application of vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsófia Bugya
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (Z.B.); (T.S.); (A.B.)
| | - József Prechl
- R&D Laboratory, Diagnosticum Zrt, H-1047 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Tibor Szénási
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (Z.B.); (T.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Éva Nemes
- Clinical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Attila Bácsi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (Z.B.); (T.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Gábor Koncz
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (Z.B.); (T.S.); (A.B.)
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27
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Abstract
Immunologic memory is the ability of adaptive immune system to quickly and specifically recognize previously encountered antigens and initiate an effector response. Alloreactive memory cells can mount rapid and robust responses to the transplanted organ resulting in allograft injury. Thus preexisting humoral or cellular memory alloresponses are typically associated with poor graft outcomes in experimental and clinical transplantation. While both B and T lymphocytes exhibit memory responses, this review discusses recent updates on the biology of memory T cells and their relevance to the field of transplantation. Three major areas of focus are the emergence and characterization of tissue resident memory T cells, manipulation of T cell metabolic pathways, and the latest promising approaches to targeting detrimental T cell memory in the settings of organ transplantation.
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28
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Singh Y, Salker MS, Lang F. Green Tea Polyphenol-Sensitive Calcium Signaling in Immune T Cell Function. Front Nutr 2021; 7:616934. [PMID: 33585537 PMCID: PMC7876374 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.616934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenol compounds found in green tea have a great therapeutic potential to influence multiple human diseases including malignancy and inflammation. In this mini review, we describe effects of green tea and the most important component EGCG in malignancy and inflammation. We focus on cellular mechanisms involved in the modification of T cell function by green tea polyphenol EGCG. The case is made that EGCG downregulates calcium channel activity by influencing miRNAs regulating expression of the channel at the post-transcriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Singh
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Florian Lang
- Institute of Vegetative and Clinical Physiology, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
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29
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Brenna E, Davydov AN, Ladell K, McLaren JE, Bonaiuti P, Metsger M, Ramsden JD, Gilbert SC, Lambe T, Price DA, Campion SL, Chudakov DM, Borrow P, McMichael AJ. CD4 + T Follicular Helper Cells in Human Tonsils and Blood Are Clonally Convergent but Divergent from Non-Tfh CD4 + Cells. Cell Rep 2021; 30:137-152.e5. [PMID: 31914381 PMCID: PMC7029615 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are fundamental for B cell selection and antibody maturation in germinal centers. Circulating Tfh (cTfh) cells constitute a minor proportion of the CD4+ T cells in peripheral blood, but their clonotypic relationship to Tfh populations resident in lymph nodes and the extent to which they differ from non-Tfh CD4+ cells have been unclear. Using donor-matched blood and tonsil samples, we investigate T cell receptor (TCR) sharing between tonsillar Tfh cells and peripheral Tfh and non-Tfh cell populations. TCR transcript sequencing reveals considerable clonal overlap between peripheral and tonsillar Tfh cell subsets as well as a clear distinction between Tfh and non-Tfh cells. Furthermore, influenza-specific cTfh cell clones derived from blood can be found in the repertoire of tonsillar Tfh cells. Therefore, human blood samples can be used to gain insight into the specificity of Tfh responses occurring in lymphoid tissues, provided that cTfh subsets are studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Brenna
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK.
| | - Alexey N Davydov
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno 601 77, Czech Republic
| | - Kristin Ladell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - James E McLaren
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Paolo Bonaiuti
- Istituto Firc di Oncologia Molecolare, Milano 20139, Italy
| | - Maria Metsger
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno 601 77, Czech Republic
| | | | - Sarah C Gilbert
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Teresa Lambe
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - David A Price
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Suzanne L Campion
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Dmitriy M Chudakov
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno 601 77, Czech Republic; Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia; Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Persephone Borrow
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK.
| | - Andrew J McMichael
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK.
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Ueno K, Yanagihara N, Shimizu K, Miyazaki Y. Vaccines and Protective Immune Memory against Cryptococcosis. Biol Pharm Bull 2020; 43:230-239. [PMID: 32009111 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b19-00841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cryptococcosis is a potentially lethal disease caused by fungal pathogens including Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii species complex. These fungal pathogens live in the environment and are associated with certain tree species and bird droppings. This infectious disease is not contagious, and healthy individuals may contract cryptococcal infections by inhaling the airborne pathogens from the environment. Although cleaning a contaminated environment is a feasible approach to control environmental fungal pathogens, prophylactic immunization is also considered a promising method to regulate cryptococcal infections. We review the history of the development of cryptococcal vaccines, vaccine components, and the various forms of immune memory induced by cryptococcal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keigo Ueno
- Department of Chemotherapy and Mycoses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | - Nao Yanagihara
- Department of Chemotherapy and Mycoses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases.,Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Kiminori Shimizu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Yoshitsugu Miyazaki
- Department of Chemotherapy and Mycoses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
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31
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Caldirola MS, Martínez MP, Bezrodnik L, Zwirner NW, Gaillard MI. Immune Monitoring of Patients With Primary Immune Regulation Disorders Unravels Higher Frequencies of Follicular T Cells With Different Profiles That Associate With Alterations in B Cell Subsets. Front Immunol 2020; 11:576724. [PMID: 33193371 PMCID: PMC7658009 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.576724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary immune regulation disorders lead to autoimmunity, allergy and inflammatory conditions due to defects in the immune homeostasis affecting different T, B and NK cell subsets. To improve our understanding of these conditions, in this work we analyzed the T and B cell compartments of 15 PID patients with dysregulation, including 3 patients with STAT1 GOF mutation, 7 patients with CVID with dysregulation, 3 patients with mutations in CTLA4, 1 patient with CD25 mutation and 1 patient with STAT5b mutation and compared them with healthy donors and with CVID patients without dysregulation. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from the patients exhibited a significant decreased frequency of naïve and regulatory T cells with increased frequencies of activated cells, central memory CD4+ T cells, effector memory CD8+ T cells and terminal effector CD8+ T cells. Patients also exhibited a significantly increased frequency of circulating CD4+ follicular helper T cells, with altered frequencies of cTfh cell subsets. Such cTfh cells were skewed toward cTfh1 cells in STAT1 GOF, CTLA4, and CVID patients, while the STAT5b deficient patient presented a skew toward cTfh17 cells. These alterations confirmed the existence of an imbalance in the cTfh1/cTfh17 ratio in these diseases. In addition, we unraveled a marked dysregulation in the B cell compartment, characterized by a prevalence of transitional and naïve B cells in STAT1 GOF and CVID patients, and of switched-memory B cells and plasmablast cells in the STAT5b deficient patient. Moreover, we observed a significant positive correlation between the frequencies cTfh17 cells and switched-memory B cells and between the frequency of switched-memory B cells and the serum IgG. Therefore, primary immunodeficiencies with dysregulation are characterized by a skew toward an activated/memory phenotype within the CD4+ and CD8+ T cell compartment, accompanied by abnormal frequencies of Tregs, cTfh, and their cTfh1 and cTfh17 subsets that likely impact on B cell help for antibody production, which likely contributes to their autoimmune and inflammatory conditions. Therefore, assessment of these alterations by flow cytometry constitutes a simple and straightforward manner to improve diagnosis of these complex clinical entities that may impact early diagnosis and patients' treatment. Also, our findings unravel phenotypic alterations that might be associated, at least in part, with some of the clinical manifestations observed in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Soledad Caldirola
- Inmunología, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones en Patologías Pediátricas (IMIPP- CONICET-GCBA)-Hospital de Niños "Ricardo Gutiérrez", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Paula Martínez
- Inmunología, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones en Patologías Pediátricas (IMIPP- CONICET-GCBA)-Hospital de Niños "Ricardo Gutiérrez", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Liliana Bezrodnik
- Inmunología, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones en Patologías Pediátricas (IMIPP- CONICET-GCBA)-Hospital de Niños "Ricardo Gutiérrez", Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Centro de Inmunología Clínica Dra. Bezrodnik, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Norberto Walter Zwirner
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Laboratorio de Fisiopatología de la Inmunidad Innata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Isabel Gaillard
- Inmunología, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones en Patologías Pediátricas (IMIPP- CONICET-GCBA)-Hospital de Niños "Ricardo Gutiérrez", Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Sección Citometría-Laboratorio Stamboulian, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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32
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Pangault C, Amé-Thomas P, Rossille D, Dulong J, Caron G, Nonn C, Chatonnet F, Desmots F, Launay V, Lamy T, Fest T, Tarte K. Integrative Analysis of Cell Crosstalk within Follicular Lymphoma Cell Niche: Towards a Definition of the FL Supportive Synapse. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12102865. [PMID: 33028033 PMCID: PMC7599549 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Follicular lymphoma, the most frequent indolent non-Hodgkin’s B cell lymphoma, arises from a germinal center B cell proliferation supported by a multidirectional crosstalk with the tumor microenvironment, in particular with follicular helper T cells and mesenchymal stromal cells. Here, we explored this complex network, starting from a comparative analysis of the molecular signatures of B cells, T cells, and stromal cells obtained from normal versus lymphoma tissues, and focusing on deregulated genes reflecting the crosstalk between these three cell subsets organizing the lymphoma cell niche. This helps us to point out new lymphoma-specific pathways, related to transcriptomic and functional specific features of T and stromal cells, and contributing to tumor B cell support directly or through the recruitment and/or activation of other pro-tumoral cell components. In the future, targeting these cell interactions with specific drugs in the FL niche could represent an attractive option for novel therapeutic strategies. Abstract Follicular lymphoma (FL), the most frequent indolent non-Hodgkin’s B cell lymphoma, is considered as a prototypical centrocyte-derived lymphoma, dependent on a specific microenvironment mimicking the normal germinal center (GC). In agreement, several FL genetic alterations affect the crosstalk between malignant B cells and surrounding cells, including stromal cells and follicular helper T cells (Tfh). In our study, we sought to deconvolute this complex FL supportive synapse by comparing the transcriptomic profiles of GC B cells, Tfh, and stromal cells, isolated from normal versus FL tissues, in order to identify tumor-specific pathways. In particular, we highlighted a high expression of IL-6 and IL-7 in FL B cells that could favor the activation of FL Tfh overexpressing IFNG, able in turn to stimulate FL B cells without triggering MHC (major histocompatibility) class II expression. Moreover, the glycoprotein clusterin was found up-regulated in FL stromal cells and could promote FL B cell adhesion. Finally, besides its expression on Tfh, CD200 was found overexpressed on tumor B cells and could contribute to the induction of the immunosuppressive enzyme indoleamine-2,3 dioxygenase by CD200R-expressing dendritic cells. Altogether our findings led us to outline the contribution of major signals provided by the FL microenvironment and their interactions with malignant FL B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Pangault
- UMR_S 1236, Univ Rennes, INSERM, Établissement Français du Sang (EFS) Bretagne, LabEx IGO, F-35000 Rennes, France; (C.P.); (P.A.-T.); (D.R.); (J.D.); (G.C.); (C.N.); (F.C.); (F.D.); (T.L.)
- Laboratoire Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Patricia Amé-Thomas
- UMR_S 1236, Univ Rennes, INSERM, Établissement Français du Sang (EFS) Bretagne, LabEx IGO, F-35000 Rennes, France; (C.P.); (P.A.-T.); (D.R.); (J.D.); (G.C.); (C.N.); (F.C.); (F.D.); (T.L.)
- Laboratoire Immunologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Delphine Rossille
- UMR_S 1236, Univ Rennes, INSERM, Établissement Français du Sang (EFS) Bretagne, LabEx IGO, F-35000 Rennes, France; (C.P.); (P.A.-T.); (D.R.); (J.D.); (G.C.); (C.N.); (F.C.); (F.D.); (T.L.)
- Laboratoire Suivi Immunologique des Thérapeutiques Innovantes (SITI), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Joëlle Dulong
- UMR_S 1236, Univ Rennes, INSERM, Établissement Français du Sang (EFS) Bretagne, LabEx IGO, F-35000 Rennes, France; (C.P.); (P.A.-T.); (D.R.); (J.D.); (G.C.); (C.N.); (F.C.); (F.D.); (T.L.)
- Laboratoire Suivi Immunologique des Thérapeutiques Innovantes (SITI), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Gersende Caron
- UMR_S 1236, Univ Rennes, INSERM, Établissement Français du Sang (EFS) Bretagne, LabEx IGO, F-35000 Rennes, France; (C.P.); (P.A.-T.); (D.R.); (J.D.); (G.C.); (C.N.); (F.C.); (F.D.); (T.L.)
- Laboratoire Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Céline Nonn
- UMR_S 1236, Univ Rennes, INSERM, Établissement Français du Sang (EFS) Bretagne, LabEx IGO, F-35000 Rennes, France; (C.P.); (P.A.-T.); (D.R.); (J.D.); (G.C.); (C.N.); (F.C.); (F.D.); (T.L.)
- Laboratoire Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Fabrice Chatonnet
- UMR_S 1236, Univ Rennes, INSERM, Établissement Français du Sang (EFS) Bretagne, LabEx IGO, F-35000 Rennes, France; (C.P.); (P.A.-T.); (D.R.); (J.D.); (G.C.); (C.N.); (F.C.); (F.D.); (T.L.)
- Laboratoire Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Fabienne Desmots
- UMR_S 1236, Univ Rennes, INSERM, Établissement Français du Sang (EFS) Bretagne, LabEx IGO, F-35000 Rennes, France; (C.P.); (P.A.-T.); (D.R.); (J.D.); (G.C.); (C.N.); (F.C.); (F.D.); (T.L.)
- Laboratoire Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Vincent Launay
- Service Hématologie Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Yves Le Fol, F-22000 Saint Brieuc, France;
| | - Thierry Lamy
- UMR_S 1236, Univ Rennes, INSERM, Établissement Français du Sang (EFS) Bretagne, LabEx IGO, F-35000 Rennes, France; (C.P.); (P.A.-T.); (D.R.); (J.D.); (G.C.); (C.N.); (F.C.); (F.D.); (T.L.)
- Service Hématologie Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Thierry Fest
- UMR_S 1236, Univ Rennes, INSERM, Établissement Français du Sang (EFS) Bretagne, LabEx IGO, F-35000 Rennes, France; (C.P.); (P.A.-T.); (D.R.); (J.D.); (G.C.); (C.N.); (F.C.); (F.D.); (T.L.)
- Laboratoire Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France
- Correspondence: (T.F.); (K.T.); Tel.: +33-(0)-223-234-512 (K.T.)
| | - Karin Tarte
- UMR_S 1236, Univ Rennes, INSERM, Établissement Français du Sang (EFS) Bretagne, LabEx IGO, F-35000 Rennes, France; (C.P.); (P.A.-T.); (D.R.); (J.D.); (G.C.); (C.N.); (F.C.); (F.D.); (T.L.)
- Laboratoire Immunologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France
- Laboratoire Suivi Immunologique des Thérapeutiques Innovantes (SITI), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France
- Correspondence: (T.F.); (K.T.); Tel.: +33-(0)-223-234-512 (K.T.)
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The Transcription Factor TCF1 in T Cell Differentiation and Aging. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186497. [PMID: 32899486 PMCID: PMC7554785 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor T cell factor 1 (TCF1), a pioneer transcription factor as well as a downstream effector of WNT/β-catenin signaling, is indispensable for T cell development in the thymus. Recent studies have highlighted the additional critical role of TCF1 in peripheral T cell responses to acute and chronic infections as well as cancer. Here, we review the regulatory functions of TCF1 in the differentiation of T follicular helper cells, memory T cells and recently described stem-like exhausted T cells, where TCF1 promotes less differentiated stem-like cell states by controlling common gene-regulatory networks. These studies also provide insights into the mechanisms of defective T cell responses in older individuals. We discuss alterations in TCF1 expression and related regulatory networks with age and their consequences for T cell responses to infections and vaccination. The increasing understanding of the pathways regulating TCF1 expression and function in aged T cells holds the promise of enabling the design of therapeutic interventions aiming at improving T cell responses in older individuals.
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34
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Shepherd FR, McLaren JE. T Cell Immunity to Bacterial Pathogens: Mechanisms of Immune Control and Bacterial Evasion. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6144. [PMID: 32858901 PMCID: PMC7504484 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human body frequently encounters harmful bacterial pathogens and employs immune defense mechanisms designed to counteract such pathogenic assault. In the adaptive immune system, major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted αβ T cells, along with unconventional αβ or γδ T cells, respond to bacterial antigens to orchestrate persisting protective immune responses and generate immunological memory. Research in the past ten years accelerated our knowledge of how T cells recognize bacterial antigens and how many bacterial species have evolved mechanisms to evade host antimicrobial immune responses. Such escape mechanisms act to corrupt the crosstalk between innate and adaptive immunity, potentially tipping the balance of host immune responses toward pathological rather than protective. This review examines the latest developments in our knowledge of how T cell immunity responds to bacterial pathogens and evaluates some of the mechanisms that pathogenic bacteria use to evade such T cell immunosurveillance, to promote virulence and survival in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James E. McLaren
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK;
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35
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Hojyo S, Tumes D, Murata A, Tokoyoda K. Multiple developmental pathways lead to the generation of CD4 T-cell memory. Int Immunol 2020; 32:589-595. [PMID: 32766843 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxaa051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term immunological memory mediated by CD4 T cells provides a rapid protection against previously encountered pathogens or antigens. However, it is still controversial how memory CD4 T cells are generated and maintained. Unclear definitions of T-cell memory may be partially responsible for this controversy. It is becoming clear that diverse pathways are responsible for the differentiation and long-term persistence of memory T cells. We herein discuss the diversity of memory cell generation, describing a novel population of resting memory CD4 T cells and their precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Hojyo
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Damon Tumes
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and The University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Akihiko Murata
- Department of Immunology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | - Koji Tokoyoda
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Immunology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
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36
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Peng C, Jameson SC. The relationship between CD4+ follicular helper T cells and CD8+ resident memory T cells: sisters or distant cousins? Int Immunol 2020; 32:583-587. [PMID: 32620009 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxaa045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Independent studies over the last decade have characterized the properties of non-circulating CD8+ 'resident' memory T cells (TRM), which offer barrier protective immunity in non-lymphoid tissues and CD4+ follicular helper T cells (TFH), which mediate B-cell help in lymphoid sites. Despite their very different biological roles in the immune system, intriguing parallels have been noted between the trafficking properties and differentiation cues of these populations, parallels which have only sharpened with recent findings. In this review, we explore the features that underlie these similarities and discuss whether these indicate meaningful homologies in the development of CD8+ TRM and CD4+ TFH or reflect resemblances which are only 'skin-deep'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changwei Peng
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Stephen C Jameson
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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37
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Lim EY, Jackson SE, Wills MR. The CD4+ T Cell Response to Human Cytomegalovirus in Healthy and Immunocompromised People. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:202. [PMID: 32509591 PMCID: PMC7248300 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
While CD8+ T cells specific for human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) have been extensively studied in both healthy HCMV seropositive carriers and patients undergoing immunosuppression, studies on the CD4+ T cell response to HCMV had lagged behind. However, over the last few years there has been a significant advance in our understanding of the importance and contribution that CMV-specific CD4+ T cells make, not only to anti-viral immunity but also in the potential maintenance of latently infected cells. During primary infection with HCMV in adults, CD4+ T cells are important for the resolution of symptomatic disease, while persistent shedding of HCMV into urine and saliva is associated with a lack of HCMV specific CD4+ T cell response in young children. In immunosuppressed solid organ transplant recipients, a delayed appearance of HCMV-specific CD4+ T cells is associated with prolonged viremia and more severe clinical disease, while in haematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients, it has been suggested that HCMV-specific CD4+ T cells are required for HCMV-specific CD8+ T cells to exert their anti-viral effects. In addition, adoptive T-cell immunotherapy in transplant patients has shown that the presence of HCMV-specific CD4+ T cells is required for the maintenance of HCMV-specific CD8+ T cells. HCMV is a paradigm for immune evasion. The presence of viral genes that down-regulate MHC class II molecules and the expression of viral IL-10 both limit antigen presentation to CD4+ T cells, underlining the important role that this T cell subset has in antiviral immunity. This review will discuss the antigen specificity, effector function, phenotype and direct anti-viral properties of HCMV specific CD4+ T cells, as well as reviewing our understanding of the importance of this T cell subset in primary infection and long-term carriage in healthy individuals. In addition, their role and importance in congenital HCMV infection and during immunosuppression in both solid organ and haemopoietic stem cell transplantation is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mark R. Wills
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Addenbrookes Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Sant AJ. The Way Forward: Potentiating Protective Immunity to Novel and Pandemic Influenza Through Engagement of Memory CD4 T Cells. J Infect Dis 2020; 219:S30-S37. [PMID: 30715376 PMCID: PMC6452298 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Potentially pandemic strains of influenza pose an undeniable threat to human populations. Therefore, it is essential to develop better strategies to enhance vaccine design and predict parameters that identify susceptible humans. CD4 T cells are a central component of protective immunity to influenza, delivering direct effector function and potentiating responses of other lymphoid cells. Humans have highly diverse influenza-specific CD4 T-cell populations that vary in stimulation history, specificity, and functionality. These complexities constitute a formidable obstacle to predicting immune responses to pandemic strains of influenza and derivation of optimal vaccine strategies. We suggest that more precise efforts to identify and enumerate both the positive and negative contributors of immunity in the CD4 T-cell compartment will aid in both predicting susceptible hosts and in development of vaccination strategies that will poise most human subjects to respond to pandemic influenza strains with protective immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Sant
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, New York
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39
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ICOS signaling promotes a secondary humoral response after re-challenge with Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008527. [PMID: 32348365 PMCID: PMC7213745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The co-stimulatory molecule ICOS is associated with the induction and regulation of T helper cell responses, including the differentiation of follicular helper T (Tfh) cells and the formation and maintenance of memory T cells. However, the role of ICOS signaling in secondary immune responses is largely unexplored. Here we show that memory T cell formation and maintenance are influenced by persistent infection with P. chabaudi chabaudi AS infection, as memory T cell numbers decline in wild-type and Icos-/- mice after drug-clearance. Following drug-clearance Icos-/- mice display a relapsing parasitemia that occurs more frequently and with higher peaks compared to wild-type mice after re-challenge. The secondary immune response in Icos-/- mice is characterized by significant impairment in the expansion of effector cells with a Tfh-like phenotype, which is associated with a diminished and delayed parasite-specific Ab response and the absence of germinal centers. Similarly, the administration of an anti-ICOSL antagonizing antibody to wild-type mice before and after reinfection with P. c. chabaudi AS leads to an early defect in Tfh cell expansion and parasite-specific antibody production, confirming a need for ICOS-ICOSL interactions to promote memory B cell responses. Furthermore, adoptive transfer of central memory T (TCM) cells from wild-type and Icos-/- mice into tcrb-/- mice to directly evaluate the ability of TCM cells to give rise to Tfh cells revealed that TCM cells from wild-type mice acquire a mixed Th1- and Tfh-like phenotype after P. c. chabaudi AS infection. While TCM cells from Icos-/- mice expand and display markers of activation to a similar degree as their WT counterparts, they displayed a reduced capacity to upregulate markers indicative of a Tfh cell phenotype, resulting in a diminished humoral response. Together these findings verify that ICOS signaling in memory T cells plays an integral role in promoting T cell effector responses during secondary infection with P. c. chabaudi AS. Malaria, which is caused by the protozoan parasite Plasmodium, remains a major global health problem, as over 400,000 people die from this disease every year. Further understanding of the mechanisms that contribute to protective immunity against this parasite will serve to promote the development of an effective vaccine. Here, we describe the importance of the co-stimulatory molecule ICOS during secondary infection with the rodent parasite Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS. We show that ICOS promotes the expansion of memory T cells, their acquisition of a secondary follicular helper T (Tfh) cell phenotype, and their ability to provide help to MBCs after reinfection. While ICOS deficient mice control the initial parasite load after re-challenge, the absence of ICOS leads to higher relapsing parasitemia compared to wild-type mice. We establish that the lack of expansion of effector cells with a Tfh cell phenotype in Icos-/- mice prevents germinal center formation after secondary infection. Thus, we show that ICOS signaling in T cells promotes an effective memory T cell response and suggests that the enhancement of this co-stimulatory pathway during vaccination may enhance protective immunity to blood-stage Plasmodium infection.
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40
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Duan X, Sun P, Lan Y, Shen C, Zhang X, Hou S, Chen J, Ma B, Xia Y, Su C. 1IFN-α Modulates Memory Tfh Cells and Memory B Cells in Mice, Following Recombinant FMDV Adenoviral Challenge. Front Immunol 2020; 11:701. [PMID: 32411135 PMCID: PMC7200983 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells regulate high-affinity antibody production. Some findings have indicated that Tfh cells could be differentiated into memory cells. Here we have investigated the effects of IFN-α, as an adjuvant, on the generation of memory Tfh cell and memory B cell responses. The data showed that adenoviral vectors expressing: (i) foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) VP1 proteins and porcine IFN-α, or (ii) porcine IFN-α alone, potently enhanced the generation of memory Tfh cells, especially the CCR7 l o memory Tfh subset. Upon rechallenge with FMD recombinant adenoviral vaccines, IFN-α enhances Tfh cells activity, rapidly upregulating their signature Bcl-6, CXCR5, and IL-21 markers. The results suggest that IFN-α enhances the levels of the transcription factor Bcl-6 within Tfh cells, potentially by regulating STAT1. Additionally, IFN-α substantially increased the number of IgG1+ and CD86+ memory B cells, which are responsible for inducing the rapid effector functions of memory Tfh cells after vaccine reactivation, establishing the close relationship between memory B cell and memory Tfh cell subsets. In brief, IFN-α enhances the potency of FMD recombinant adenoviral vaccines to induce memory Tfh and memory B cell responses, thus elevating serum antibody titers. IFN-α administration therefore represents an attractive strategy for enhancing responses to vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangguo Duan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.,Department of Laboratory Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Peng Sun
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yaru Lan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Chunxiu Shen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Shaozhang Hou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | | | - Bin Ma
- Department of Oncology Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Yinchuan, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yuhan Xia
- General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Chunxia Su
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
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41
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Kubo M, Miyauchi K. Breadth of Antibody Responses during Influenza Virus Infection and Vaccination. Trends Immunol 2020; 41:394-405. [PMID: 32265127 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Influenza viruses are a major public health problem, causing severe respiratory diseases. Vaccines offer the effective protective strategy against influenza virus infection. However, the systemic and adaptive immune responses to infection and vaccination are quite different. Inactivated vaccines are the best available countermeasure to induce effective antibodies against the emerged virus, but the response is narrow compared with potential breadth of virus infection. There is solid evidence to indicate that antibody responses to natural infection are relatively broad and exhibit quite different immunodominance patterns. Furthermore, T follicular helper cells (TFH) and germinal center (GC) responses play a central role in generating broad protective antibodies. In this review, we discuss recent advances on the contribution of TFH and GC responses to the breadth of antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Kubo
- Laboratory for Cytokine Regulation, Center for Integrative Medical Science (IMS), RIKEN Yokohama Institute, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Division of Molecular Pathology, Research Institute for Biomedical Science, Tokyo University of Science, 2669 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba 278-0022, Japan.
| | - Kosuke Miyauchi
- Laboratory for Cytokine Regulation, Center for Integrative Medical Science (IMS), RIKEN Yokohama Institute, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
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42
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Si Y, Zhao F, Beesetty P, Weiskopf D, Li Z, Tian Q, Alegre ML, Sette A, Chong AS, Montgomery CP. Inhibition of protective immunity against Staphylococcus aureus infection by MHC-restricted immunodominance is overcome by vaccination. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaw7713. [PMID: 32270029 PMCID: PMC7112766 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw7713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Recurrent Staphylococcus aureus infections are common, despite robust immune responses. S. aureus infection elicited protective antibody and T cell responses in mice that expressed the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) of the H-2d haplotype, but not H-2b, demonstrating that host genetics drives individual variability. Vaccination with a-toxin or leukotoxin E (LukE) elicited similar antibody and T cell responses in mice expressing H-2d or H-2b, but vaccine-elicited responses were inhibited by concomitant infection in H-2d-expressing mice. These findings suggested that competitive binding of microbial peptides to host MHC proteins determines the specificity of the immunodominant response, which was confirmed using LukE-derived peptide-MHC tetramers. A vaccine that elicited T cell and antibody responses protected mice that expressed H-2d or H-2b, demonstrating that vaccination can overcome MHC-restricted immunodominance. Together, these results define how host genetics determine whether immunity elicted by S. aureus is protective and provide a mechanistic roadmap for future vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youhui Si
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Fan Zhao
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Pavani Beesetty
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Zhaotao Li
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Qiaomu Tian
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Alessandro Sette
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anita S. Chong
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christopher P. Montgomery
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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43
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Memory CD4 + T Cells in Immunity and Autoimmune Diseases. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030531. [PMID: 32106536 PMCID: PMC7140455 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T helper (Th) cells play central roles in immunity in health and disease. While much is known about the effector function of Th cells in combating pathogens and promoting autoimmune diseases, the roles and biology of memory CD4+ Th cells are complex and less well understood. In human autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS), there is a critical need to better understand the function and biology of memory T cells. In this review article we summarize current concepts in the field of CD4+ T cell memory, including natural history, developmental pathways, subsets, and functions. Furthermore, we discuss advancements in the field of the newly-described CD4+ tissue-resident memory T cells and of CD4+ memory T cells in autoimmune diseases, two major areas of important unresolved questions in need of answering to advance new vaccine design and development of novel treatments for CD4+ T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases.
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44
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Tindemans I, Joosse ME, Samsom JN. Dissecting the Heterogeneity in T-Cell Mediated Inflammation in IBD. Cells 2020; 9:E110. [PMID: 31906479 PMCID: PMC7016883 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Infiltration of the lamina propria by inflammatory CD4+ T-cell populations is a key characteristic of chronic intestinal inflammation. Memory-phenotype CD4+ T-cell frequencies are increased in inflamed intestinal tissue of IBD patients compared to tissue of healthy controls and are associated with disease flares and a more complicated disease course. Therefore, a tightly controlled balance between regulatory and inflammatory CD4+ T-cell populations is crucial to prevent uncontrolled CD4+ T-cell responses and subsequent intestinal tissue damage. While at steady state, T-cells display mainly a regulatory phenotype, increased in Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17, and Th17.1 responses, and reduced Treg and Tr1 responses have all been suggested to play a role in IBD pathophysiology. However, it is highly unlikely that all these responses are altered in each individual patient. With the rapidly expanding plethora of therapeutic options to inhibit inflammatory T-cell responses and stimulate regulatory T-cell responses, a crucial need is emerging for a robust set of immunological assays to predict and monitor therapeutic success at an individual level. Consequently, it is crucial to differentiate dominant inflammatory and regulatory CD4+ T helper responses in patients and relate these to disease course and therapy response. In this review, we provide an overview of how intestinal CD4+ T-cell responses arise, discuss the main phenotypes of CD4+ T helper responses, and review how they are implicated in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Janneke N. Samsom
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children’s Hospital, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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45
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La Muraglia GM, Wagener ME, Ford ML, Badell IR. Circulating T follicular helper cells are a biomarker of humoral alloreactivity and predict donor-specific antibody formation after transplantation. Am J Transplant 2020; 20:75-87. [PMID: 31250973 PMCID: PMC7193899 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.15517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Donor-specific antibodies (DSAs) contribute to renal allograft loss. However, biomarkers to guide clinical management of DSA posttransplant or detect humoral alloimmune responses before alloantibodies develop are not available. Circulating T follicular helper (cTfh) cells are CD4+ CXCR5+ Tfh-like cells in the blood that have been associated with alloantibodies in transplant recipients, but whether they precede antibody formation for their evaluation as a predictive biomarker in transplant is unknown. To evaluate the ability of cTfh cells to predict DSA, we used murine transplant models to determine the temporal relationship between cTfh cells, germinal center formation, and DSA development. We observed that donor-reactive CD4+ CXCR5+ cTfh cells expand after allotransplant. These cTfh cells were equivalent to graft-draining lymph node-derived Tfh cells in their ability to provide B cell help for antibody production. cTfh cell expansion and differentiation into ICOS+ PD-1+ cells temporally correlated with germinal center alloreactivity and preceded the generation of DSAs in instances of modified and unmodified alloantibody formation. Importantly, delayed costimulation blockade initiated after the detection of ICOS+ PD-1+ cTfh cells prevented DSAs. These findings suggest that cTfh cells could serve as a biomarker for humoral alloreactivity before the detection of alloantibodies and inform therapeutic approaches to prevent DSAs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - I. Raul Badell
- Emory Transplant Center, Atlanta, GA, USA,Corresponding Author: I. Raul Badell,
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46
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Hartigan CR, Sun H, Ford ML. Memory T‐cell exhaustion and tolerance in transplantation. Immunol Rev 2019; 292:225-242. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - He Sun
- Emory Transplant Center and Department of Surgery Emory University Atlanta GA USA
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Transplantation The First Hospital of China Medical University Shenyang China
| | - Mandy L. Ford
- Emory Transplant Center and Department of Surgery Emory University Atlanta GA USA
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47
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Roussel L, Landekic M, Golizeh M, Gavino C, Zhong MC, Chen J, Faubert D, Blanchet-Cohen A, Dansereau L, Parent MA, Marin S, Luo J, Le C, Ford BR, Langelier M, King IL, Divangahi M, Foulkes WD, Veillette A, Vinh DC. Loss of human ICOSL results in combined immunodeficiency. J Exp Med 2019; 215:3151-3164. [PMID: 30498080 PMCID: PMC6279397 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20180668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary immunodeficiencies represent naturally occurring experimental models to decipher human immunobiology. We report a patient with combined immunodeficiency, marked by recurrent respiratory tract and DNA-based viral infections, hypogammaglobulinemia, and panlymphopenia. He also developed moderate neutropenia but without prototypical pyogenic infections. Using whole-exome sequencing, we identified a homozygous mutation in the inducible T cell costimulator ligand gene (ICOSLG; c.657C>G; p.N219K). Whereas WT ICOSL is expressed at the cell surface, the ICOSLN219K mutation abrogates surface localization: mutant protein is retained in the endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi apparatus, which is predicted to result from deleterious conformational and biochemical changes. ICOSLN219K diminished B cell costimulation of T cells, providing a compelling basis for the observed defect in antibody and memory B cell generation. Interestingly, ICOSLN219K also impaired migration of lymphocytes and neutrophils across endothelial cells, which normally express ICOSL. These defects likely contributed to the altered adaptive immunity and neutropenia observed in the patient, respectively. Our study identifies human ICOSLG deficiency as a novel cause of a combined immunodeficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Roussel
- Infectious Disease Susceptibility Program, McGill University Health Centre and Research Institute-McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marija Landekic
- Infectious Disease Susceptibility Program, McGill University Health Centre and Research Institute-McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Makan Golizeh
- Infectious Disease Susceptibility Program, McGill University Health Centre and Research Institute-McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Christina Gavino
- Infectious Disease Susceptibility Program, McGill University Health Centre and Research Institute-McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Ming-Chao Zhong
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jun Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Denis Faubert
- Proteomics Discovery Platform, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Alexis Blanchet-Cohen
- Bioinformatics, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Luc Dansereau
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hôpital de l'Archipel, Centre intégré de santé et de services sociaux des Îles, Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine, Québec, Canada
| | - Marc-Antoine Parent
- Department of Family Medicine, Centre intégé de santé et de services sociaux des Îles, Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine, Québec, Canada
| | - Sonia Marin
- Hôpital de l'Archipel, Centre intégré de santé et de services sociaux des Îles, Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine, Québec, Canada
| | - Julia Luo
- Infectious Disease Susceptibility Program, McGill University Health Centre and Research Institute-McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Catherine Le
- Infectious Disease Susceptibility Program, McGill University Health Centre and Research Institute-McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Brinley R Ford
- Infectious Disease Susceptibility Program, McGill University Health Centre and Research Institute-McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Mélanie Langelier
- Infectious Disease Susceptibility Program, McGill University Health Centre and Research Institute-McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Irah L King
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute-McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Maziar Divangahi
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute-McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - William D Foulkes
- Department of Medical Genetics, Research Institute-McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - André Veillette
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Donald C Vinh
- Infectious Disease Susceptibility Program, McGill University Health Centre and Research Institute-McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada .,Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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48
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Khan IA, Hwang S, Moretto M. Toxoplasma gondii: CD8 T Cells Cry for CD4 Help. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:136. [PMID: 31119107 PMCID: PMC6504686 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii, an apicomplexan parasite, is a pathogenic protozoan that can infect the central nervous system. In pregnant women, infection can result in congenital problems of the fetus, while in immunocompromised individual it can lead to severe neurological consequences. Although CD8 T cells play an important effector role in controlling the chronic infection, their maintenance is dependent on the critical help provided by CD4 T cells. In a recent study, we demonstrated that reactivation of the infection in chronically infected host is a consequence of CD8 T dysfunction caused by CD4 T cell exhaustion. Furthermore, treatment of chronically infected host with antigen-specific non-exhausted CD4 T cells can restore CD8 T cell functionality and prevent reactivation of the latent infection. The exhaustion status of CD4 T cells is mediated by the increased expression of the transcription factor BLIMP-1, and deletion of this molecule led to the restoration of CD4 T cell function, reversal of CD8 exhaustion and prevention of reactivation of the latent infection. In a recent study from our laboratory, we also observed an increased expression of miR146a levels by CD4 T cells from the chronically infected animals. Recent reports have demonstrated that microRNAs (especially miR146a) has a strong impact on the immune system of T. gondii infected host. Whether these molecules have any role in the BLIMP-1 up-regulation and dysfunctionality of these cells needs to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imtiaz A. Khan
- Department Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
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Kieffer TEC, Laskewitz A, Scherjon SA, Faas MM, Prins JR. Memory T Cells in Pregnancy. Front Immunol 2019; 10:625. [PMID: 31001255 PMCID: PMC6455355 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptations of the maternal immune response are necessary for pregnancy success. Insufficient immune adaption is associated with pregnancy pathologies such as infertility, recurrent miscarriage, fetal growth restriction, spontaneous preterm birth, and preeclampsia. The maternal immune system is continuously exposed to paternal-fetal antigens; through semen exposure from before pregnancy, through fetal cell exposure in pregnancy, and through microchimerism after pregnancy. This results in the generation of paternal-fetal antigen specific memory T cells. Memory T cells have the ability to remember previously encountered antigens to elicit a quicker, more substantial and focused immune response upon antigen reencounter. Such fetal antigen specific memory T cells could be unfavorable in pregnancy as they could potentially drive fetal rejection. However, knowledge on memory T cells in pregnancy has shown that these cells might play a favorable role in fetal-maternal tolerance rather than rejection of the fetus. In recent years, various aspects of immunologic memory in pregnancy have been elucidated and the relevance and working mechanisms of paternal-fetal antigen specific memory T cells in pregnancy have been evaluated. The data indicate that a delicate balance of memory T cells seems necessary for reproductive success and that immunologic memory in reproduction might not be harmful for pregnancy. This review provides an overview of the different memory T cell subtypes and their function in the physiology and in complications of pregnancy. Current findings in the field and possible therapeutic targets are discussed. The findings of our review raise new research questions for further studies regarding the role of memory T cells in immune-associated pregnancy complications. These studies are needed for the identification of possible targets related to memory mechanisms for studies on preventive therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom E C Kieffer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Anne Laskewitz
- Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Sicco A Scherjon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Marijke M Faas
- Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jelmer R Prins
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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Ueno H. Tfh cell response in influenza vaccines in humans: what is visible and what is invisible. Curr Opin Immunol 2019; 59:9-14. [PMID: 30921542 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Elucidating the immune mechanism by which seasonal influenza vaccines induce a protective immune response is of great importance to gain insights into the design of next-generation vaccines conferring more effective and long-lasting immune protection. Recent studies have established that T follicular helper (Tfh) cells play a major role for the generation of antibody response following influenza vaccination. Yet, the evidence is gained largely through the analysis of blood samples, and our knowledge on the role of Tfh cells in influenza vaccination is still largely limited to the generation of antigen-specific plasmablasts. Recently, influenza vaccination was shown to induce the expansion of two types of memory B cells in addition to plasmablasts. It is plausible that activated Tfh cells that remain in the lymph nodes after vaccination, a cell population missed in the analysis of blood samples, might also contribute to the diversification of memory B cell repertoire. However, current evidence shows no increase of somatic hypermutation of the expanded memory B cell clones, suggesting that this mechanism is not efficiently active in current influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Ueno
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1468 Madison Avenue, Box: 1124, Annenberg Building, Room: 15-14A New York, NY 10029, United States; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1468 Madison Avenue, Box: 1124, Annenberg Building, Room: 15-14A New York, NY 10029, United States.
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