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Pratelli A, Capozza P, Minesso S, Lucente MS, Pellegrini F, Tempesta M, Franceschi V, Buonavoglia C, Donofrio G. Humoral Immune Response in Immunized Sheep with Bovine Coronavirus Glycoproteins Delivered via an Adenoviral Vector. Pathogens 2024; 13:523. [PMID: 39057750 PMCID: PMC11280461 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13070523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) is distributed globally and mainly causes different clinical manifestations: enteric diarrhea in calves, winter dysentery in adults, and respiratory symptoms in cattle of all ages. Low mortality and high morbidity are the hallmarks of BCoV infection, usually associated with substantial economic losses for the livestock industry. Vaccination, combined with the implementation of biosecurity measures, is the key strategy for the prevention of infections. This pilot study evaluates the immunogenicity of a recombinant vaccine containing two BCoV antigens (S and M) in sheep, compared to vaccines containing only the M or S protein. Three groups of sheep were inoculated intramuscularly at day 0 and day 21 with recombinant adenoviruses expressing BCoV S protein (AdV-BCoV-S), BCoV M protein (AdV-BCoV-M), or both proteins (AdV-BCoV-S + M). Serum antibodies were evaluated using immunofluorescence (IF) and serum neutralization (SN) tests. Moderate seroconversion was observed by day 21, but serum antibodies detected via SN increased from 1:27.5 (day 21) to 1:90 (day 28) in sheep inoculated with the recombinant AdV expressing both the S- and M-BCoV proteins. Based on the SN results, a repeated-measures ANOVA test indicated a more significant difference in immune response between the three groups (F = 20.47; p < 0.001). The experimental investigation produced satisfactory results, highlighting that the S + M recombinant vaccine was immunogenic, stimulating a valid immune response. Despite some inherent limitations, including a small sample size and the absence of challenge tests, the study demonstrated the efficacy of the immune response induced via the recombinant vaccine containing both S and M proteins compared to that induced via the individual proteins S or M.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Pratelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; (P.C.); (M.S.L.); (F.P.); (M.T.); (C.B.)
| | - Paolo Capozza
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; (P.C.); (M.S.L.); (F.P.); (M.T.); (C.B.)
| | - Sergio Minesso
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (S.M.); (V.F.); (G.D.)
| | - Maria Stella Lucente
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; (P.C.); (M.S.L.); (F.P.); (M.T.); (C.B.)
| | - Francesco Pellegrini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; (P.C.); (M.S.L.); (F.P.); (M.T.); (C.B.)
| | - Maria Tempesta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; (P.C.); (M.S.L.); (F.P.); (M.T.); (C.B.)
| | - Valentina Franceschi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (S.M.); (V.F.); (G.D.)
| | - Canio Buonavoglia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; (P.C.); (M.S.L.); (F.P.); (M.T.); (C.B.)
| | - Gaetano Donofrio
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (S.M.); (V.F.); (G.D.)
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Connor RI, Sakharkar M, Rappazzo CG, Kaku CI, Curtis NC, Shin S, Wieland-Alter WF, Wentworth J, Mielcarz DW, Weiner JA, Ackerman ME, Walker LM, Lee J, Wright PF. Characteristics and Functions of Infection-enhancing Antibodies to the N-terminal Domain of SARS-CoV-2. Pathog Immun 2024; 9:1-24. [PMID: 38933606 PMCID: PMC11197847 DOI: 10.20411/pai.v9i2.679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Fcγ-receptor (FcγR)-independent enhancement of SARS-CoV-2 infection mediated by N-terminal domain (NTD)-binding monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has been observed in vitro, but the functional significance of these antibodies in vivo is less clear. Methods We characterized 1,213 SARS-CoV-2 spike (S)-binding mAbs derived from COVID-19 convalescent patients for binding specificity to the SARS-CoV-2 S protein, VH germ-line usage, and affinity maturation. Infection enhancement in a vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-SARS-CoV-2 S pseudovirus (PV) assay was characterized in respiratory and intestinal epithelial cell lines, and against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOC). Proteomic deconvolution of the serum antibody repertoire was used to determine functional attributes of secreted NTD-binding mAbs. Results We identified 72/1213 (5.9%) mAbs that enhanced SARS-CoV-2 infection in a PV assay. The majority (68%) of these mAbs recognized the NTD, were identified in patients with mild and severe disease, and persisted for at least 5 months post-infection. Infection enhancement by NTD-binding mAbs was not observed in intestinal and respiratory epithelial cell lines and was diminished or lost against SARS-CoV-2 VOC. Proteomic deconvolution of the serum antibody repertoire from 2 of the convalescent patients identified, for the first time, NTD-binding, infection-enhancing mAbs among the circulating immunoglobulins directly isolated from serum. Functional analysis of these mAbs demonstrated robust activation of FcγRIIIa associated with antibody binding to recombinant S proteins. Conclusions Functionally active NTD-specific mAbs arise frequently during natural infection and can last as major serum clonotypes during convalescence. These antibodies display functional attributes that include FcγR activation, and may be selected against by mutations in NTD associated with SARS-CoV-2 VOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth I. Connor
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth Health, Lebanon, New Hampshire
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | | | | | | | | | - Seungmin Shin
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Wendy F. Wieland-Alter
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth Health, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Jordan Wentworth
- DartLab, Dartmouth Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Daniel W. Mielcarz
- DartLab, Dartmouth Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Joshua A. Weiner
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Margaret E. Ackerman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | | | - Jiwon Lee
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Peter F. Wright
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth Health, Lebanon, New Hampshire
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Pierre CN, Adams LE, Higgins JS, Anasti K, Goodman D, Mielke D, Stanfield-Oakley S, Powers JM, Li D, Rountree W, Wang Y, Edwards RJ, Alam SM, Ferrari G, Tomaras GD, Haynes BF, Baric RS, Saunders KO. Non-neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 N-terminal domain antibodies protect mice against severe disease using Fc-mediated effector functions. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011569. [PMID: 38900807 PMCID: PMC11218955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Antibodies perform both neutralizing and non-neutralizing effector functions that protect against certain pathogen-induced diseases. A human antibody directed at the SARS-CoV-2 Spike N-terminal domain (NTD), DH1052, was recently shown to be non-neutralizing, yet it protected mice and cynomolgus macaques from severe disease. The mechanisms of NTD non-neutralizing antibody-mediated protection are unknown. Here we show that Fc effector functions mediate NTD non-neutralizing antibody (non-nAb) protection against SARS-CoV-2 MA10 viral challenge in mice. Though non-nAb prophylactic infusion did not suppress infectious viral titers in the lung as potently as neutralizing antibody (nAb) infusion, disease markers including gross lung discoloration were similar in nAb and non-nAb groups. Fc functional knockout substitutions abolished non-nAb protection and increased viral titers in the nAb group. Fc enhancement increased non-nAb protection relative to WT, supporting a positive association between Fc functionality and degree of protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection. For therapeutic administration of antibodies, non-nAb effector functions contributed to virus suppression and lessening of lung discoloration, but the presence of neutralization was required for optimal protection from disease. This study demonstrates that non-nAbs can utilize Fc-mediated mechanisms to lower viral load and prevent lung damage due to coronavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille N. Pierre
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lily E. Adams
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jaclyn S. Higgins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kara Anasti
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Derrick Goodman
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Dieter Mielke
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sherry Stanfield-Oakley
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - John M. Powers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Dapeng Li
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Wes Rountree
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Yunfei Wang
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Edwards
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - S. Munir Alam
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ralph S. Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kevin O. Saunders
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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4
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Heaney CD, Hempel H, DeRosa KL, Pinto LA, Mantis NJ. Clinical Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Oral Fluids Following Infection and Vaccination. Clin Chem 2024; 70:589-596. [PMID: 38039096 PMCID: PMC10987228 DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/hvad169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SARS-CoV-2 variants continue to circulate globally, even within highly vaccinated populations. The first-generation SARS-CoV-2 vaccines elicit neutralizing immunoglobin G (IgG) antibodies that prevent severe COVID-19 but induce only weak antibody responses in mucosal tissues. There is increasing recognition that secretory immunoglobin A (SIgA) antibodies in the upper respiratory tract and oral cavity are critical in interrupting virus shedding, transmission, and progression of disease. To fully understand the immune-related factors that influence SARS-CoV-2 dynamics at the population level, it will be necessary to monitor virus-specific IgG and SIgA in systemic and mucosal compartments. CONTENT Oral fluids and saliva, with appropriate standardized collection methods, constitute a readily accessible biospecimen type from which both systemic and mucosal antibodies can be measured. Serum-derived IgG and immunoglobin A (IgA) are found in gingival crevicular fluids and saliva as the result of transudation, while SIgA, which is produced in response to mucosal infection and vaccination, is actively transported across salivary gland epithelia and present in saliva and passive drool. In this mini-review, we summarize the need for the implementation of standards, highly qualified reagents, and best practices to ensure that clinical science is both rigorous and comparable across laboratories and institutions. We discuss the need for a better understanding of sample stability, collection methods, and other factors that affect measurement outcomes and interlaboratory variability. SUMMARY The establishment of best practices and clinical laboratory standards for the assessment of SARS-CoV-2 serum and mucosal antibodies in oral fluids is integral to understanding immune-related factors that influence COVID-19 transmission and persistence within populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Heaney
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Heidi Hempel
- Vaccine, Immunity and Cancer Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Kate L DeRosa
- Division of Infectious Diseases, NewYork State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Ligia A Pinto
- Vaccine, Immunity and Cancer Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Nicholas J Mantis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, NewYork State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY, United States
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5
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Gardner BJ, Kilpatrick AM. Predicting Vaccine Effectiveness for Hospitalization and Symptomatic Disease for Novel SARS-CoV-2 Variants Using Neutralizing Antibody Titers. Viruses 2024; 16:479. [PMID: 38543844 PMCID: PMC10975673 DOI: 10.3390/v16030479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The emergence of new virus variants, including the Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) of SARS-CoV-2, can lead to reduced vaccine effectiveness (VE) and the need for new vaccines or vaccine doses if the extent of immune evasion is severe. Neutralizing antibody titers have been shown to be a correlate of protection for SARS-CoV-2 and other pathogens, and could be used to quickly estimate vaccine effectiveness for new variants. However, no model currently exists to provide precise VE estimates for a new variant against severe disease for SARS-CoV-2 using robust datasets from several populations. We developed predictive models for VE against COVID-19 symptomatic disease and hospitalization across a 54-fold range of mean neutralizing antibody titers. For two mRNA vaccines (mRNA-1273, BNT162b2), models fit without Omicron data predicted that infection with the BA.1 Omicron variant increased the risk of hospitalization 2.8-4.4-fold and increased the risk of symptomatic disease 1.7-4.2-fold compared to the Delta variant. Out-of-sample validation showed that model predictions were accurate; all predictions were within 10% of observed VE estimates and fell within the model prediction intervals. Predictive models using neutralizing antibody titers can provide rapid VE estimates, which can inform vaccine booster timing, vaccine design, and vaccine selection for new virus variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billy J. Gardner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - A. Marm Kilpatrick
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
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6
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Hsieh MS, Hsu CW, Liao HC, Lin CL, Chiang CY, Chen MY, Liu SJ, Liao CL, Chen HW. SARS-CoV-2 spike-FLIPr fusion protein plus lipidated FLIPr protects against various SARS-CoV-2 variants in hamsters. J Virol 2024; 98:e0154623. [PMID: 38299865 PMCID: PMC10878263 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01546-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaccine-induced mucosal immunity and broad protective capacity against various severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants remain inadequate. Formyl peptide receptor-like 1 inhibitory protein (FLIPr), produced by Staphylococcus aureus, can bind to various Fcγ receptor subclasses. Recombinant lipidated FLIPr (rLF) was previously found to be an effective adjuvant. In this study, we developed a vaccine candidate, the recombinant Delta SARS-CoV-2 spike (rDS)-FLIPr fusion protein (rDS-F), which employs the property of FLIPr binding to various Fcγ receptors. Our study shows that rDS-F plus rLF promotes rDS capture by dendritic cells. Intranasal vaccination of mice with rDS-F plus rLF increases persistent systemic and mucosal antibody responses and CD4/CD8 T-cell responses. Importantly, antibodies induced by rDS-F plus rLF vaccination neutralize Delta, Wuhan, Alpha, Beta, and Omicron strains. Additionally, rDS-F plus rLF provides protective effects against various SARS-CoV-2 variants in hamsters by reducing inflammation and viral loads in the lung. Therefore, rDS-F plus rLF is a potential vaccine candidate to induce broad protective responses against various SARS-CoV-2 variants.IMPORTANCEMucosal immunity is vital for combating pathogens, especially in the context of respiratory diseases like COVID-19. Despite this, most approved vaccines are administered via injection, providing systemic but limited mucosal protection. Developing vaccines that stimulate both mucosal and systemic immunity to address future coronavirus mutations is a growing trend. However, eliciting strong mucosal immune responses without adjuvants remains a challenge. In our study, we have demonstrated that using a recombinant severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike-formyl peptide receptor-like 1 inhibitory protein (FLIPr) fusion protein as an antigen, in combination with recombinant lipidated FLIPr as an effective adjuvant, induced simultaneous systemic and mucosal immune responses through intranasal immunization in mice and hamster models. This approach offered protection against various SARS-CoV-2 strains, making it a promising vaccine candidate for broad protection. This finding is pivotal for future broad-spectrum vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Shu Hsieh
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Hsu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chun Liao
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Ling Lin
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yi Chiang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Yu Chen
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jen Liu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Len Liao
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Wei Chen
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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7
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Lapuente D, Winkler TH, Tenbusch M. B-cell and antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2: infection, vaccination, and hybrid immunity. Cell Mol Immunol 2024; 21:144-158. [PMID: 37945737 PMCID: PMC10805925 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-01095-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in 2019 prompted scientific, medical, and biotech communities to investigate infection- and vaccine-induced immune responses in the context of this pathogen. B-cell and antibody responses are at the center of these investigations, as neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) are an important correlate of protection (COP) from infection and the primary target of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine modalities. In addition to absolute levels, nAb longevity, neutralization breadth, immunoglobulin isotype and subtype composition, and presence at mucosal sites have become important topics for scientists and health policy makers. The recent pandemic was and still is a unique setting in which to study de novo and memory B-cell (MBC) and antibody responses in the dynamic interplay of infection- and vaccine-induced immunity. It also provided an opportunity to explore new vaccine platforms, such as mRNA or adenoviral vector vaccines, in unprecedented cohort sizes. Combined with the technological advances of recent years, this situation has provided detailed mechanistic insights into the development of B-cell and antibody responses but also revealed some unexpected findings. In this review, we summarize the key findings of the last 2.5 years regarding infection- and vaccine-induced B-cell immunity, which we believe are of significant value not only in the context of SARS-CoV-2 but also for future vaccination approaches in endemic and pandemic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Lapuente
- Institut für klinische und molekulare Virologie, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen und Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossgarten 4, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas H Winkler
- Department of Biology, Division of Genetics, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
- Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossplatz 1, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Matthias Tenbusch
- Institut für klinische und molekulare Virologie, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen und Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossgarten 4, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
- Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossplatz 1, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
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8
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Röltgen K, Boyd SD. Antibody and B Cell Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Vaccination: The End of the Beginning. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY 2024; 19:69-97. [PMID: 37738512 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-031521-042754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
As the COVID-19 pandemic has evolved during the past years, interactions between human immune systems, rapidly mutating and selected SARS-CoV-2 viral variants, and effective vaccines have complicated the landscape of individual immunological histories. Here, we review some key findings for antibody and B cell-mediated immunity, including responses to the highly mutated omicron variants; immunological imprinting and other impacts of successive viral antigenic variant exposures on antibody and B cell memory; responses in secondary lymphoid and mucosal tissues and non-neutralizing antibody-mediated immunity; responses in populations vulnerable to severe disease such as those with cancer, immunodeficiencies, and other comorbidities, as well as populations showing apparent resistance to severe disease such as many African populations; and evidence of antibody involvement in postacute sequelae of infection or long COVID. Despite the initial phase of the pandemic ending, human populations will continue to face challenges presented by this unpredictable virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Röltgen
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Scott D Boyd
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA;
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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9
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Haslund-Gourley BS, Woloszczuk K, Hou J, Connors J, Cusimano G, Bell M, Taramangalam B, Fourati S, Mege N, Bernui M, Altman MC, Krammer F, van Bakel H, Maecker HT, Rouphael N, Diray-Arce J, Wigdahl B, Kutzler MA, Cairns CB, Haddad EK, Comunale MA. IgM N-glycosylation correlates with COVID-19 severity and rate of complement deposition. Nat Commun 2024; 15:404. [PMID: 38195739 PMCID: PMC10776791 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44211-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The glycosylation of IgG plays a critical role during human severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, activating immune cells and inducing cytokine production. However, the role of IgM N-glycosylation has not been studied during human acute viral infection. The analysis of IgM N-glycosylation from healthy controls and hospitalized coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients reveals increased high-mannose and sialylation that correlates with COVID-19 severity. These trends are confirmed within SARS-CoV-2-specific immunoglobulin N-glycan profiles. Moreover, the degree of total IgM mannosylation and sialylation correlate significantly with markers of disease severity. We link the changes of IgM N-glycosylation with the expression of Golgi glycosyltransferases. Lastly, we observe antigen-specific IgM antibody-dependent complement deposition is elevated in severe COVID-19 patients and modulated by exoglycosidase digestion. Taken together, this work links the IgM N-glycosylation with COVID-19 severity and highlights the need to understand IgM glycosylation and downstream immune function during human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyra Woloszczuk
- Drexel University/Tower Health Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jintong Hou
- Drexel University/Tower Health Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Gina Cusimano
- Drexel University/Tower Health Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mathew Bell
- Drexel University/Tower Health Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Nathan Mege
- Drexel University/Tower Health Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mariana Bernui
- Drexel University/Tower Health Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Harm van Bakel
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Joann Diray-Arce
- Clinical & Data Coordinating Center (CDCC); Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brian Wigdahl
- Drexel University/Tower Health Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Elias K Haddad
- Drexel University/Tower Health Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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10
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Sharma S, Thiriard A, Olislagers V, Lechien JR, Jurion MH, Delforge ML, Marchant A, Saussez S. Mucosal antibody response and SARS-CoV-2 shedding in patients with COVID-19 related olfactory dysfunction. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29398. [PMID: 38235905 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction (OD) was one of the most common symptom of infection with the Wuhan strain of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and could persist for several months after symptom onset. The pathogenesis of prolonged OD remains poorly understood but probably involves sustained viral replication associated with limited mucosal immune response to the virus. This prospective study was conducted to investigate the potential relationship between nasal SARS-CoV-2 viral load and antibody levels in patients with loss of smell. One hundred and five patients were recruited 2 weeks after presenting with confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 associated OD. Based on the identification sniffing test performed at enrollment, 52 patients were still anosmic or hyposmic and 53 were normosmic. SARS-CoV-2 was detectable in nasal wash of about 50% of anosmic and normosmic patients. Higher viral load was detected in anosmic patients with lower levels of SARS-CoV-2 specific nasal immunoglobulins (Ig) IgG and IgA. This association was not observed in normosmic patients. No relationship between nasal viral load and antibodies to endemic coronaviruses was observed. SARS-CoV-2 replication in the nasal cavity may be promoted by defective mucosal antibody responses in patients with OD. Boosting mucosal immunity may limit nasal SARS-CoV-2 replication and thereby help in the control of persistent OD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpee Sharma
- European Plotkin Institute for Vaccinology, ULB Centre for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anaïs Thiriard
- European Plotkin Institute for Vaccinology, ULB Centre for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Véronique Olislagers
- European Plotkin Institute for Vaccinology, ULB Centre for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jerome R Lechien
- COVID-19 Task Force of the Young Otolaryngologists, The International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France
- Department of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons), Mons, Belgium
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, CHU de Bruxelles, CHU Saint-Pierre, School of Medicine, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, EpiCURA Hospital, Baudour, Belgium
| | - Marie-Hélène Jurion
- National Reference Center for Congenital Infections, CUB-Hôpital Erasme, ULB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marie-Luce Delforge
- National Reference Center for Congenital Infections, CUB-Hôpital Erasme, ULB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Marchant
- European Plotkin Institute for Vaccinology, ULB Centre for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sven Saussez
- COVID-19 Task Force of the Young Otolaryngologists, The International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France
- Department of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons), Mons, Belgium
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, CHU de Bruxelles, CHU Saint-Pierre, School of Medicine, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, EpiCURA Hospital, Baudour, Belgium
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11
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Miyamoto S, Nishiyama T, Ueno A, Park H, Kanno T, Nakamura N, Ozono S, Aihara K, Takahashi K, Tsuchihashi Y, Ishikane M, Arashiro T, Saito S, Ainai A, Hirata Y, Iida S, Katano H, Tobiume M, Tokunaga K, Fujimoto T, Suzuki M, Nagashima M, Nakagawa H, Narita M, Kato Y, Igari H, Fujita K, Kato T, Hiyama K, Shindou K, Adachi T, Fukushima K, Nakamura-Uchiyama F, Hase R, Yoshimura Y, Yamato M, Nozaki Y, Ohmagari N, Suzuki M, Saito T, Iwami S, Suzuki T. Infectious virus shedding duration reflects secretory IgA antibody response latency after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2314808120. [PMID: 38134196 PMCID: PMC10756199 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2314808120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious virus shedding from individuals infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is used to estimate human-to-human transmission risk. Control of SARS-CoV-2 transmission requires identifying the immune correlates that protect infectious virus shedding. Mucosal immunity prevents infection by SARS-CoV-2, which replicates in the respiratory epithelium and spreads rapidly to other hosts. However, whether mucosal immunity prevents the shedding of the infectious virus in SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals is unknown. We examined the relationship between viral RNA shedding dynamics, duration of infectious virus shedding, and mucosal antibody responses during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Anti-spike secretory IgA antibodies (S-IgA) reduced viral RNA load and infectivity more than anti-spike IgG/IgA antibodies in infected nasopharyngeal samples. Compared with the IgG/IgA response, the anti-spike S-IgA post-infection responses affected the viral RNA shedding dynamics and predicted the duration of infectious virus shedding regardless of the immune history. These findings highlight the importance of anti-spike S-IgA responses in individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 for preventing infectious virus shedding and SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Developing medical countermeasures to shorten S-IgA response time may help control human-to-human transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection and prevent future respiratory virus pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Miyamoto
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo162-8640, Japan
| | - Takara Nishiyama
- Interdisciplinary Biology Laboratory, Division of Natural Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Aichi464-8602, Japan
| | - Akira Ueno
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo162-8640, Japan
| | - Hyeongki Park
- Interdisciplinary Biology Laboratory, Division of Natural Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Aichi464-8602, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kanno
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo162-8640, Japan
| | - Naotoshi Nakamura
- Interdisciplinary Biology Laboratory, Division of Natural Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Aichi464-8602, Japan
| | - Seiya Ozono
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo162-8640, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Aihara
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence, The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo113-0033, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Takahashi
- Center for Emergency Preparedness and Response, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo162-8640, Japan
| | - Yuuki Tsuchihashi
- Center for surveillance, Immunization, and Epidemiologic Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo162-8640, Japan
- Center for Field Epidemic Intelligence, Research and Professional Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo162-8640, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ishikane
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo162-8655, Japan
| | - Takeshi Arashiro
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo162-8640, Japan
- Center for surveillance, Immunization, and Epidemiologic Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo162-8640, Japan
| | - Shinji Saito
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo162-8640, Japan
| | - Akira Ainai
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo162-8640, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Hirata
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo162-8640, Japan
| | - Shun Iida
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo162-8640, Japan
| | - Harutaka Katano
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo162-8640, Japan
| | - Minoru Tobiume
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo162-8640, Japan
| | - Kenzo Tokunaga
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo162-8640, Japan
| | - Tsuguto Fujimoto
- Center for Emergency Preparedness and Response, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo162-8640, Japan
| | - Michiyo Suzuki
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo162-8655, Japan
| | - Maki Nagashima
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo162-8655, Japan
| | - Hidenori Nakagawa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka534-0021, Japan
| | - Masashi Narita
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Okinawa Prefectural Nanbu Medical Center and Children’s Medical Center, Okinawa901-1193, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Kato
- Department of Infectious Diseases, International University of Health and Welfare Narita Hospital, Chiba286-0124, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Igari
- Department of Infection Control, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kaori Fujita
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Okinawa National Hospital, Okinawa901-2214, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Kato
- Department of Chest Disease, National Hospital Organization Nagara Medical Center, Gifu502-8558, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Hiyama
- Department of Infectious Disease, National Hospital Organization Fukuoka-Higashi Medical Center, Fukuoka811-3195, Japan
| | - Keisuke Shindou
- Department of Pediatrics, Hirakata City Hospital, Osaka573-1013, Japan
| | - Takuya Adachi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo Metropolitan Toshima Hospital, Tokyo173-0015, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Fukushima
- Department of Infectious Disease, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome Hospital, Tokyo113-8677, Japan
| | | | - Ryota Hase
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Japanese Red Cross Narita Hospital, Chiba286-8523, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Yoshimura
- Division of Infectious Disease, Yokohama Municipal Citizen’s Hospital, Kanagawa221-0855, Japan
| | - Masaya Yamato
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Rinku General Medical Center 598-8577, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Nozaki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokoname City Hospital, Aichi479-8510, Japan
| | - Norio Ohmagari
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo162-8655, Japan
| | - Motoi Suzuki
- Center for surveillance, Immunization, and Epidemiologic Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo162-8640, Japan
| | - Tomoya Saito
- Center for Emergency Preparedness and Response, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo162-8640, Japan
| | - Shingo Iwami
- Interdisciplinary Biology Laboratory, Division of Natural Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Aichi464-8602, Japan
- Institute of Mathematics for Industry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka819-0395, Japan
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology, Kyoto University, Kyoto606-8501, Japan
- Interdisciplinary Theoretical and Mathematical Sciences Program, RIKEN, Saitama351-0198, Japan
- NEXT-Ganken Program, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo135-8550, Japan
- Science Groove Inc., Fukuoka810-0041, Japan
| | - Tadaki Suzuki
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo162-8640, Japan
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12
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Keller JK, Dulovic A, Gruber J, Griesbaum J, Schneiderhan-Marra N, Wülfing C, Kruse J, Hartmann A, Diekhof EK. SARS-CoV-2 specific sIgA in saliva increases after disease-related video stimulation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22631. [PMID: 38123577 PMCID: PMC10733377 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47798-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) in saliva is the most important immunoglobulin fighting pathogens in the respiratory tract and may thus play a role in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infections. To gain a better understanding of the plasticity in the mucosal antibody, we investigated the proactive change in secretion of salivary SARS-CoV-2-specific sIgA in 45 vaccinated and/or previously infected, generally healthy persons (18 to 35 years, 22 women). Participants were exposed to a disease video displaying humans with several respiratory symptoms typical for COVID-19 in realistic situations of increased contagion risk. The disease video triggered an increase in spike-specific sIgA, which was absent after a similar control video with healthy people. The increase further correlated inversely with revulsion and aversive feelings while watching sick people. In contrast, the receptor binding domain-specific sIgA did not increase after the disease video. This may indicate differential roles of the two salivary antibodies in response to predictors of airborne contagion. The observed plasticity of spike-specific salivary antibody release after visual simulation of enhanced contagion risk suggests a role in immune exclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith K Keller
- Department of Biology, Neuroendocrinology and Human Biology Unit, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Institute for Animal Cell and Systems Biology, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Alex Dulovic
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Jens Gruber
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Johanna Griesbaum
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | | | - Clemens Wülfing
- Department of Biology, Interdisciplinary Neurobiology and Immunology, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Institute for Animal Cell and Systems Biology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jana Kruse
- Department of Biology, Neuroendocrinology and Human Biology Unit, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Institute for Animal Cell and Systems Biology, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Annika Hartmann
- Department of Biology, Neuroendocrinology and Human Biology Unit, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Institute for Animal Cell and Systems Biology, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Esther K Diekhof
- Department of Biology, Neuroendocrinology and Human Biology Unit, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Institute for Animal Cell and Systems Biology, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany.
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13
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Zaidi AK, Bajpai S, Dehgani-Mobaraki P. B cell responses to SARS-CoV-2. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 202:155-181. [PMID: 38237985 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2023.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of B cell responses in COVID-19, highlighting the structure of SARS-CoV-2 and its impact on B cell immunity. It explores the production and maturation of SARS-CoV-2-specific B cells, with a focus on the two distinct phases of the humoral immune response: the extrafollicular (EF) phase and the germinal center (GC) phase. Furthermore, the interplay between B cells, follicular T helper cells, CD4+ T cells, and plasma cells is discussed, emphasizing their collaborative role in mounting an effective humoral immune response against SARS-CoV-2. The concept of immunological memory is explored, highlighting the roles of plasma cells and B memory cells in providing long-term protection. The chapter delves into the antibody response during SARS-CoV-2 infection, categorizing the types of antibodies generated. This includes a detailed analysis of neutralizing antibodies, such as those directed against the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and the N-terminal domain (NTD), as well as non-neutralizing antibodies. The role of mucosal antibodies, cross-reactive antibodies, and auto-reactive antibodies is also discussed. Factors influencing the dynamics of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies are examined, including the duration and strength of the humoral response. Additionally, the chapter highlights the impact of the Omicron variant on humoral immune responses and its implications for vaccine efficacy and antibody-mediated protection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sanchit Bajpai
- Consultant ENT & Head and Neck Surgeon at TSM Medical College and Multispeciality Hospital, Lucknow, India.
| | - Puya Dehgani-Mobaraki
- Founder and President, Associazione Naso Sano, Ringgold Institution ID 567754, San Mariano, Italy
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14
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Mouzinga FH, Heinzel C, Lissom A, Kreidenweiss A, Batchi‐Bouyou AL, Mbama Ntabi JD, Djontu JC, Ngumbi E, Kremsner PG, Fendel R, Ntoumi F. Mucosal response of inactivated and recombinant COVID-19 vaccines in Congolese individuals. Immun Inflamm Dis 2023; 11:e1116. [PMID: 38156395 PMCID: PMC10751728 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.1116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficacy of immunization against an airborne pathogen depends in part on its ability to induce antibodies at the major entry site of the virus, the mucosa. Recent studies have revealed that mucosal immunity is poorly activated after vaccination with messenger RNA vaccines, thus failing in blocking virus acquisition upon its site of initial exposure. Little information is available about the induction of mucosal immunity by inactivated and recombinant coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines. This study aims to investigate this topic. METHODS Saliva and plasma samples from 440 healthy Congolese were collected including (1) fully vaccinated 2 month postvaccination with either an inactivated or a recombinant COVID-19 vaccine and (2) nonvaccinated control group. Total anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 receptor-binding domain IgG and IgA antibodies were assessed using in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for both specimens. FINDINGS Altogether, the positivity of IgG was significantly higher in plasma than in saliva samples both in vaccinated and nonvaccinated control groups. Inversely, IgA positivity was slightly higher in saliva than in plasma of vaccinated group. The overall IgG and IgA levels were respectively over 103 and 14 times lower in saliva than in plasma samples. We found a strong positive correlation between IgG in saliva and plasma also between IgA in both specimens (r = .70 for IgG and r = .52 for IgA). Interestingly, contrary to IgG, the level of salivary IgA was not different between seropositive control group and seropositive vaccinated group. No significant difference was observed between recombinant and inactivated COVID-19 vaccines in total IgG and IgA antibody concentration release 2 months postvaccination both in plasma and saliva. CONCLUSION Inactivated and recombinant COVID-19 vaccines in use in the Republic of Congo poorly activated mucosal IgA-mediated antibody response 2 months postvaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freisnel H. Mouzinga
- Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche MédicaleBrazzavilleRepublic of Congo
- Faculté des Sciences et TechniquesUniversité Marien NgouabiBrazzavilleRepublic of Congo
| | | | - Abel Lissom
- Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche MédicaleBrazzavilleRepublic of Congo
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of BamendaBamendaCameroon
| | - Andrea Kreidenweiss
- Institute of Tropical MedicineUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL)LambareneGabon
- German Center for Infectious Diseases (DZIF)Partner Site TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Armel L. Batchi‐Bouyou
- Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche MédicaleBrazzavilleRepublic of Congo
- Faculté des Sciences et TechniquesUniversité Marien NgouabiBrazzavilleRepublic of Congo
- Global Clinical Scholars Research Training ProgramHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Jacques D. Mbama Ntabi
- Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche MédicaleBrazzavilleRepublic of Congo
- Faculté des Sciences et TechniquesUniversité Marien NgouabiBrazzavilleRepublic of Congo
| | - Jean C. Djontu
- Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche MédicaleBrazzavilleRepublic of Congo
| | - Etienne Ngumbi
- Faculté des Sciences et TechniquesUniversité Marien NgouabiBrazzavilleRepublic of Congo
| | - Peter G. Kremsner
- Institute of Tropical MedicineUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL)LambareneGabon
- German Center for Infectious Diseases (DZIF)Partner Site TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Rolf Fendel
- Institute of Tropical MedicineUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL)LambareneGabon
- German Center for Infectious Diseases (DZIF)Partner Site TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Francine Ntoumi
- Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche MédicaleBrazzavilleRepublic of Congo
- Institute of Tropical MedicineUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
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15
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Ramasamy R. COVID-19 Vaccines for Optimizing Immunity in the Upper Respiratory Tract. Viruses 2023; 15:2203. [PMID: 38005881 PMCID: PMC10674974 DOI: 10.3390/v15112203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid development and deployment of vaccines greatly reduced mortality and morbidity during the COVID-19 pandemic. The most widely used COVID-19 vaccines approved by national regulatory authorities require intramuscular administration. SARS-CoV-2 initially infects the upper respiratory tract, where the infection can be eliminated with little or no symptoms by an effective immune response. Failure to eliminate SARS-CoV-2 in the upper respiratory tract results in lower respiratory tract infections that can lead to severe disease and death. Presently used intramuscularly administered COVID-19 vaccines are effective in reducing severe disease and mortality, but are not entirely able to prevent asymptomatic and mild infections as well as person-to-person transmission of the virus. Individual and population differences also influence susceptibility to infection and the propensity to develop severe disease. This article provides a perspective on the nature and the mode of delivery of COVID-19 vaccines that can optimize protective immunity in the upper respiratory tract to reduce infections and virus transmission as well as severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjan Ramasamy
- ID-FISH Technology Inc., 556 Gibraltar Drive, Milpitas, CA 95035, USA
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16
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Roubidoux EK, Brigleb PH, Vegesana K, Souquette A, Whitt K, Freiden P, Green A, Thomas PG, McGargill MA, Wolf J, Schultz-Cherry S. Utility of nasal swabs for assessing mucosal immune responses towards SARS-CoV-2. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17820. [PMID: 37857783 PMCID: PMC10587113 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44989-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has caused millions of infections worldwide since its emergence in 2019. Understanding how infection and vaccination induce mucosal immune responses and how they fluctuate over time is important, especially since they are key in preventing infection and reducing disease severity. We established a novel methodology for assessing SARS-CoV-2 cytokine and antibody responses at the nasal epithelium by using nasopharyngeal swabs collected longitudinally before and after either SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination. We then compared responses between mucosal and systemic compartments. We demonstrate that cytokine and antibody profiles differ between compartments. Nasal cytokines show a wound healing phenotype while plasma cytokines are consistent with pro-inflammatory pathways. We found that nasal IgA and IgG have different kinetics after infection, with IgA peaking first. Although vaccination results in low nasal IgA, IgG induction persists for up to 180 days post-vaccination. This research highlights the importance of studying mucosal responses in addition to systemic responses to respiratory infections. The methods described herein can be used to further mucosal vaccine development by giving us a better understanding of immunity at the nasal epithelium providing a simpler, alternative clinical practice to studying mucosal responses to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pamela H Brigleb
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Kasi Vegesana
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Aisha Souquette
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Kendall Whitt
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Pamela Freiden
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Amanda Green
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Maureen A McGargill
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Joshua Wolf
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
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17
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Connor RI, Sakharkar M, Rappazzo CG, Kaku CI, Curtis NC, Shin S, Wieland-Alter WF, Weiner JA, Ackerman ME, Walker LM, Lee J, Wright PF. Characteristics and functions of infection-enhancing antibodies to the N-terminal domain of SARS-CoV-2. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.19.558444. [PMID: 37786672 PMCID: PMC10541592 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.19.558444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of functional antibody responses to the N-terminal domain (NTD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein has included identification of both potent neutralizing activity and putative enhancement of infection. Fcγ-receptor (FcγR)-independent enhancement of SARS-CoV-2 infection mediated by NTD-binding monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has been observed in vitro , but the functional significance of these antibodies in vivo is not clear. Here we studied 1,213 S-binding mAbs derived from longitudinal sampling of B-cells collected from eight COVID-19 convalescent patients and identified 72 (5.9%) mAbs that enhanced infection in a VSV-SARS-CoV-2-S-Wuhan pseudovirus (PV) assay. The majority (68%) of these mAbs recognized the NTD, were identified in patients with mild and severe disease, and persisted for at least five months post-infection. Enhancement of PV infection by NTD-binding mAbs was not observed using intestinal (Caco-2) and respiratory (Calu-3) epithelial cells as infection targets and was diminished or lost against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOC). Proteomic deconvolution of the serum antibody repertoire from two of the convalescent subjects identified, for the first time, NTD-binding, infection-enhancing mAbs among the circulating immunoglobulins directly isolated from serum ( i.e ., functionally secreted antibody). Functional analysis of these mAbs demonstrated robust activation of FcγRIIIa associated with antibody binding to recombinant S proteins. Taken together, these findings suggest functionally active NTD-specific mAbs arise frequently during natural infection and can last as major serum clonotypes during convalescence. These antibodies display diverse attributes that include FcγR activation, and may be selected against by mutations in NTD associated with SARS-CoV-2 VOC.
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18
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Curtis NC, Shin S, Hederman AP, Connor RI, Wieland-Alter WF, Ionov S, Boylston J, Rose J, Sakharkar M, Dorman DB, Dessaint JA, Gwilt LL, Crowley AR, Feldman J, Hauser BM, Schmidt AG, Ashare A, Walker LM, Wright PF, Ackerman ME, Lee J. Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 Convalescent Patients' Serological Repertoire Reveals High Prevalence of Iso-RBD Antibodies. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.08.556349. [PMID: 37745524 PMCID: PMC10515772 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.08.556349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
While our understanding of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and antibody responses following infection and vaccination has improved tremendously since the outbreak in 2019, the sequence identities and relative abundances of the individual constituent antibody molecules in circulation remain understudied. Using Ig-Seq, we proteomically profiled the serological repertoire specific to the whole ectodomain of SARS-CoV-2 prefusion-stabilized spike (S) as well as to the receptor binding domain (RBD) over a 6-month period in four subjects following SARS-CoV-2 infection before SARS-CoV-2 vaccines were available. In each individual, we identified between 59 and 167 unique IgG clonotypes in serum. To our surprise, we discovered that ∼50% of serum IgG specific for RBD did not recognize prefusion-stabilized S (referred to as iso-RBD antibodies), suggesting that a significant fraction of serum IgG targets epitopes on RBD inaccessible on the prefusion-stabilized conformation of S. On the other hand, the abundance of iso-RBD antibodies in nine individuals who received mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines encoding prefusion-stabilized S was significantly lower (∼8%). We expressed a panel of 12 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that were abundantly present in serum from two SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals, and their binding specificities to prefusion-stabilized S and RBD were all in agreement with the binding specificities assigned based on the proteomics data, including 1 iso-RBD mAb which bound to RBD but not to prefusion-stabilized S. 2 of 12 mAbs demonstrated neutralizing activity, while other mAbs were non-neutralizing. 11 of 12 mAbs also bound to S (B.1.351), but only 1 maintained binding to S (B.1.1.529). This particular mAb binding to S (B.1.1.529) 1) represented an antibody lineage that comprised 43% of the individual's total S-reactive serum IgG binding titer 6 months post-infection, 2) bound to the S from a related human coronavirus, HKU1, and 3) had a high somatic hypermutation level (10.9%), suggesting that this antibody lineage likely had been elicited previously by pre-pandemic coronavirus and was re-activated following the SARS-CoV-2 infection. All 12 mAbs demonstrated their ability to engage in Fc-mediated effector function activities. Collectively, our study provides a quantitative overview of the serological repertoire following SARS-CoV-2 infection and the significant contribution of iso-RBD antibodies, demonstrating how vaccination strategies involving prefusion-stabilized S may have reduced the elicitation of iso-RBD serum antibodies which are unlikely to contribute to protection.
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19
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Slein MD, Backes IM, Garland CR, Kelkar NS, Leib DA, Ackerman ME. Antibody effector functions are required for broad and potent protection of neonates from herpes simplex virus infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.29.555423. [PMID: 37693377 PMCID: PMC10491243 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.29.555423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The failure of multiple herpes simplex virus (HSV) vaccine candidates that induce neutralizing antibody responses raises the hypothesis that other activities, such as Fc domain-dependent effector functions, may be critical for protection. While neonatal HSV (nHSV) infection result in mortality and lifelong neurological morbidity in humans, it is uncommon among neonates with a seropositive birthing parent, suggesting the potential efficacy of antibody-based therapeutics to protect neonates. We therefore investigated the mechanisms of monoclonal antibody (mAb)-mediated protection in a mouse model of nHSV infection. Both neutralization and effector functions contributed to robust protection against nHSV-1. In contrast, effector functions alone were sufficient to protect against nHSV-2, exposing a functional dichotomy between virus types that is consistent with vaccine trial results. Together, these results emphasize that effector functions are crucial for optimal mAb-mediated protection, informing effective Ab and vaccine design, and demonstrating the potential of polyfunctional Abs as potent therapeutics for nHSV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Slein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Iara M. Backes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Callaghan R. Garland
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Natasha S. Kelkar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - David A. Leib
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Margaret E. Ackerman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
- Lead Contact
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20
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Hederman AP, Natarajan H, Heyndrickx L, Ariën KK, Wiener JA, Wright PF, Bloch EM, Tobian AAR, Redd AD, Blankson JN, Rottenstreich A, Zarbiv G, Wolf D, Goetghebuer T, Marchant A, Ackerman ME. SARS-CoV-2 vaccination elicits broad and potent antibody effector functions to variants of concern in vulnerable populations. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5171. [PMID: 37620337 PMCID: PMC10449910 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40960-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 variants have continuously emerged in the face of effective vaccines. Reduced neutralization against variants raises questions as to whether other antibody functions are similarly compromised, or if they might compensate for lost neutralization activity. Here, the breadth and potency of antibody recognition and effector function is surveyed following either infection or vaccination. Considering pregnant women as a model cohort with higher risk of severe illness and death, we observe similar binding and functional breadth for healthy and immunologically vulnerable populations, but considerably greater functional antibody breadth and potency across variants associated with vaccination. In contrast, greater antibody functional activity targeting the endemic coronavirus OC43 is noted among convalescent individuals, illustrating a dichotomy in recognition between close and distant human coronavirus strains associated with exposure history. This analysis of antibody functions suggests the differential potential for antibody effector functions to contribute to protecting vaccinated and convalescent subjects as novel variants continue to evolve.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Harini Natarajan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Leo Heyndrickx
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kevin K Ariën
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Joshua A Wiener
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Peter F Wright
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Evan M Bloch
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Aaron A R Tobian
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew D Redd
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joel N Blankson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amihai Rottenstreich
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Gila Zarbiv
- Clinical Virology Unit, Hadassah University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dana Wolf
- Clinical Virology Unit, Hadassah University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tessa Goetghebuer
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium
- Pediatric Department, CHU St Pierre, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Marchant
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Margaret E Ackerman
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
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21
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Pierre CN, Adams LE, Anasti K, Goodman D, Stanfield-Oakley S, Powers JM, Li D, Rountree W, Wang Y, Edwards RJ, Munir Alam S, Ferrari G, Tomaras GD, Haynes BF, Baric RS, Saunders KO. Non-neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 N-terminal domain antibodies protect mice against severe disease using Fc-mediated effector functions. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.25.550460. [PMID: 37546738 PMCID: PMC10402036 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.25.550460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies perform both neutralizing and non-neutralizing effector functions that protect against certain pathogen-induced diseases. A human antibody directed at the SARS-CoV-2 Spike N-terminal domain (NTD), DH1052, was recently shown to be non-neutralizing yet it protected mice and cynomolgus macaques from severe disease. The mechanisms of this non-neutralizing antibody-mediated protection are unknown. Here we show that Fc effector functions mediate non-neutralizing antibody (non-nAb) protection against SARS-CoV-2 MA10 viral challenge in mice. Though non-nAb infusion did not suppress infectious viral titers in the lung as potently as NTD neutralizing antibody (nAb) infusion, disease markers including gross lung discoloration were similar in nAb and non-nAb groups. Fc functional knockout substitutions abolished non-nAb protection and increased viral titers in the nAb group. Finally, Fc enhancement increased non-nAb protection relative to WT, supporting a positive association between Fc functionality and degree of protection in SARS-CoV-2 infection. This study demonstrates that non-nAbs can utilize Fc-mediated mechanisms to lower viral load and prevent lung damage due to coronavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille N Pierre
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA
| | - Lily E Adams
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Kara Anasti
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Derrick Goodman
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA
| | | | - John M Powers
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC USA
| | - Dapeng Li
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA
| | - Wes Rountree
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA
| | - Yunfei Wang
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA
| | - Robert J Edwards
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA
| | - S Munir Alam
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC USA
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Kevin O Saunders
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC USA
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22
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Roubidoux EK, Brigleb PH, Vegesana K, Souquette A, Whitt K, Freiden P, Green A, Thomas PG, McGargill MA, Wolf J, Schultz-Cherry S. Utility of nasal swabs for assessing mucosal immune responses towards SARS-CoV-2. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.12.548630. [PMID: 37503213 PMCID: PMC10370023 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.12.548630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has caused millions of infections worldwide since its emergence in 2019. Understanding how infection and vaccination induce mucosal immune responses and how they fluctuate over time is important, especially since they are key in preventing infection and reducing disease severity. We established a novel methodology for assessing SARS-CoV-2 cytokine and antibody responses at the nasal epithelium by using nasopharyngeal swabs collected longitudinally before and after either SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination. We then compared responses between mucosal and systemic compartments. We demonstrate that cytokine and antibody profiles differ markedly between compartments. Nasal cytokines show a wound healing phenotype while plasma cytokines are consistent with pro-inflammatory pathways. We found that nasal IgA and IgG have different kinetics after infection, with IgA peaking first. Although vaccination results in low nasal IgA, IgG induction persists for up to 180 days post-vaccination. This research highlights the importance of studying mucosal responses in addition to systemic responses to respiratory infections to understand the correlates of disease severity and immune memory. The methods described herein can be used to further mucosal vaccine development by giving us a better understanding of immunity at the nasal epithelium providing a simpler, alternative clinical practice to studying mucosal responses to infection. Teaser A nasopharyngeal swab can be used to study the intranasal immune response and yields much more information than a simple viral diagnosis.
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23
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Swanepoel J, van der Zalm MM, Preiser W, van Zyl G, Whittaker E, Hesseling AC, Moore DAJ, Seddon JA. SARS-CoV-2 infection and pulmonary tuberculosis in children and adolescents: a case-control study. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:442. [PMID: 37386354 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08412-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has had an impact on the global tuberculosis (TB) epidemic but evidence on the possible interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and TB, especially in children and adolescents, remains limited. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between previous infection with SARS-CoV-2 and the risk of TB in children and adolescents. METHODS An unmatched case-control study was conducted using SARS-CoV-2 unvaccinated children and adolescents recruited into two observational TB studies (Teen TB and Umoya), between November 2020 and November 2021, in Cape Town, South Africa. Sixty-four individuals with pulmonary TB (aged < 20 years) and 99 individuals without pulmonary TB (aged < 20 years) were included. Demographics and clinical data were obtained. Serum samples collected at enrolment underwent quantitative SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike immunoglobulin G (IgG) testing using the Abbott SARS-CoV-2 IgG II Quant assay. Odds ratios (ORs) for TB were estimated using unconditional logistic regression. RESULTS There was no statistically significant difference in the odds of having pulmonary TB between those who were SARS-CoV-2 IgG seropositive and those who were seronegative (adjusted OR 0.51; 95% CI: 0.23-1.11; n = 163; p = 0.09). Of those with positive SARS-CoV-2 serology indicating prior infection, baseline IgG titres were higher in individuals with TB compared to those without TB (p = 0.04) and individuals with IgG titres in the highest tertile were more likely to have pulmonary TB compared to those with IgG levels in the lowest tertile (OR: 4.00; 95%CI: 1.13- 14.21; p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Our study did not find convincing evidence that SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity was associated with subsequent pulmonary TB disease; however, the association between magnitude of SARS-CoV-2 IgG response and pulmonary TB warrants further investigation. Future prospective studies, evaluating the effects of sex, age and puberty on host immune responses to M. tuberculosis and SARS-CoV-2, will also provide more clarity on the interplay between these two infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremi Swanepoel
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
- TB Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Marieke M van der Zalm
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Wolfgang Preiser
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and National Health Laboratory Service, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gert van Zyl
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and National Health Laboratory Service, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Anneke C Hesseling
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - David A J Moore
- TB Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - James A Seddon
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
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24
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Kostinov M, Svitich O, Chuchalin A, Abramova N, Osiptsov V, Khromova E, Pakhomov D, Tatevosov V, Vlasenko A, Gainitdinova V, Mashilov K, Kryukova N, Baranova I, Kostinov A. Changes in nasal, pharyngeal and salivary secretory IgA levels in patients with COVID-19 and the possibility of correction of their secretion using combined intranasal and oral administration of a pharmaceutical containing antigens of opportunistic microorganisms. Drugs Context 2023; 12:2022-10-4. [PMID: 37342460 PMCID: PMC10278444 DOI: 10.7573/dic.2022-10-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although extensive research has been conducted on the role of local immunity in patients with SARS-CoV-2, little is known about the production and concentrations of secretory IgA (SIgA) in different mucosal compartments. This article aims to assess the secretion of SIgA in the nasal and pharyngeal compartments and saliva of patients with COVID-19 and to investigate the possibility and efficiency of correction of their secretion using combined intranasal and oral administration of a pharmaceutical containing antigens of opportunistic microorganisms. Methods This study included 78 inpatients, aged between 18 and 60 years, who had confirmed COVID-19 with moderate lung involvement. The control group (n=45) received basic therapy, and the treatment group (n=33) was additionally administered the bacteria-based pharmaceutical Immunovac VP4 from day 1 to day 10 of hospitalization. SIgA levels were measured by ELISA at baseline and on days 14 and 30. Results No systemic or local reactions associated with Immunovac VP4 were reported. We observed a statistically significant reduction in the duration of fever and hospitalization in patients who received Immunovac VP4 compared with those from the control group (p=0.03 and p=0.05, respectively). Changes over time in SIgA levels in nasal swabs were found to be significantly different in the two treatment groups (F=7.9, p[78.0]<0.001). On day 14 of observation, patients in the control group showed a statistically significant reduction in SIgA levels from baseline (p=0.02), whereas patients in the Immunovac VP4 group had stable SIgA levels (p=0.07). On day 30 after the start of treatment, there was a statistically significant increase in SIgA levels in the Immunovac VP4 group compared with baseline (from 77.7 (40.5-98.7) μg/L to 113.4 (39.8-156.7) μg/L; p=0.05) and the levels measured on day 14 (from 60.2 (23.3-102.9) μg/L to 113.4 (39.8-156.7) μg/L; p=0.03). The control group showed a statistically significant decrease in levels of nasal SIgA (to 37.3) on day 30 (p=0.007 for comparison with baseline values and p=0.04 for comparison with levels measured on day 14). Changes over time in SIgA levels measured in pharyngeal swabs were also different between the two treatment groups, and this difference reached statistical significance (F=6.5, p[73.0]=0.003). In the control group, this parameter did not change throughout the study (p=0.17 for a comparison between the levels measured on day 14 and the baseline values, and p=0.12 for a comparison between the levels measured on day 30 and the baseline values). In the Immunovac VP4 group, there was a statistically significant increase from baseline in SIgA levels on study day 30: from 1.5 (0.2-16.5) μg/L to 29.8 (3.6-106.8) μg/L (p=0.02). Changes over time in salivary SIgA did not show a significant difference between study groups (F=0.3, p[66.3]=0.75). Conclusion As part of combination therapy, the bacteria-based immunostimulant agent Immunovac VP4 increases SIgA levels in the nasal and pharyngeal compartments and induces clinical improvement. Induced mucosal immunity is central to the prevention of respiratory infections, particularly in patients with post-COVID-19 syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Kostinov
- Laboratory of Preventive Vaccination and Immunotherapy of Allergic Diseases, I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Department of Epidemiology and Modern Technologies of Vaccination, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Oksana Svitich
- I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander Chuchalin
- Department of Hospital Therapy of the Faculty of Pediatrics, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (Pirogov Medical University), Moscow, Russian Federation
- Research Institute of Pulmonology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Natalya Abramova
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Valery Osiptsov
- The Main Military Clinical Hospital of the National Guard Troops of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina Khromova
- Laboratory of Preventive Vaccination and Immunotherapy of Allergic Diseases, I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry Pakhomov
- Laboratory of Preventive Vaccination and Immunotherapy of Allergic Diseases, I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vitaly Tatevosov
- The Main Military Clinical Hospital of the National Guard Troops of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Anna Vlasenko
- Medical Cybernetics and Informatics Department, Novokuznetsk State Institute of Advanced Training of Physicians – Branch of the “Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education”, Novokuznetsk, Russian Federation
| | - Vilia Gainitdinova
- Pulmonology Department of the I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Kirill Mashilov
- Laboratory of Preventive Vaccination and Immunotherapy of Allergic Diseases, I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Nadezhda Kryukova
- Department of Hospital Therapy of the Faculty of Pediatrics, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (Pirogov Medical University), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Irina Baranova
- Department of Hospital Therapy of the Faculty of Pediatrics, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (Pirogov Medical University), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Anton Kostinov
- Allergodiagnostics Laboratory, I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russian Federation
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25
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Chernyshev M, Sakharkar M, Connor RI, Dugan HL, Sheward DJ, Rappazzo CG, Stålmarck A, Forsell MNE, Wright PF, Corcoran M, Murrell B, Walker LM, Karlsson Hedestam GB. Vaccination of SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals expands a broad range of clonally diverse affinity-matured B cell lineages. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2249. [PMID: 37076511 PMCID: PMC10115384 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37972-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination of SARS-CoV-2 convalescent individuals generates broad and potent antibody responses. Here, we isolate 459 spike-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from two individuals who were infected with the index variant of SARS-CoV-2 and later boosted with mRNA-1273. We characterize mAb genetic features by sequence assignments to the donors' personal immunoglobulin genotypes and assess antibody neutralizing activities against index SARS-CoV-2, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants. The mAbs used a broad range of immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGH) V genes in the response to all sub-determinants of the spike examined, with similar characteristics observed in both donors. IGH repertoire sequencing and B cell lineage tracing at longitudinal time points reveals extensive evolution of SARS-CoV-2 spike-binding antibodies from acute infection until vaccination five months later. These results demonstrate that highly polyclonal repertoires of affinity-matured memory B cells are efficiently recalled by vaccination, providing a basis for the potent antibody responses observed in convalescent persons following vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Chernyshev
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Ruth I Connor
- Department of Pediatrics, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA
| | | | - Daniel J Sheward
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Aron Stålmarck
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Peter F Wright
- Department of Pediatrics, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA
| | - Martin Corcoran
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ben Murrell
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura M Walker
- Adimab LLC, Lebanon, NH, 03766, USA.
- Invivyd Inc, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA.
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Bohländer F. A new hope? Possibilities of therapeutic IgA antibodies in the treatment of inflammatory lung diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1127339. [PMID: 37051237 PMCID: PMC10083398 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1127339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory lung diseases represent a persistent burden for patients and the global healthcare system. The combination of high morbidity, (partially) high mortality and limited innovations in the last decades, have resulted in a great demand for new therapeutics. Are therapeutic IgA antibodies possibly a new hope in the treatment of inflammatory lung diseases? Current research increasingly unravels the elementary functions of IgA as protector against infections and as modulator of overwhelming inflammation. With a focus on IgA, this review describes the pathological alterations in mucosal immunity and how they contribute to chronic inflammation in the most common inflammatory lung diseases. The current knowledge of IgA functions in the circulation, and particularly in the respiratory mucosa, are summarized. The interplay between neutrophils and IgA seems to be key in control of inflammation. In addition, the hurdles and benefits of therapeutic IgA antibodies, as well as the currently known clinically used IgA preparations are described. The data highlighted here, together with upcoming research strategies aiming at circumventing the current pitfalls in IgA research may pave the way for this promising antibody class in the application of inflammatory lung diseases.
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Proteomic Analysis of Mucosal and Systemic Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Antigen. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020334. [PMID: 36851212 PMCID: PMC9960779 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The mucosal environment of the upper respiratory tract is the first barrier of protection against SARS-CoV-2 transmission. However, the mucosal factors involved in viral transmission and potentially modulating the capacity to prevent such transmission have not fully been identified. In this pilot proteomics study, we compared mucosal and systemic compartments in a South African cohort of vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals undergoing maxillofacial surgery with previous history of COVID-19 or not. Inflammatory profiles were analyzed in plasma, nasopharyngeal swabs, and nasal and oral tissue explant cultures, using Olink and Luminex technologies. SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody levels were measured in serum and tissue explants. An increased pro-inflammatory proteomic profile was measured in the nasal compartment compared to plasma. However, IP-10 and MIG levels were higher in secretions than in nasal tissue, and the opposite was observed for TGF-β. Nasal anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG correlated with mucosal MIG expression for all participants. A further positive correlation was found with IP-10 in BioNTech/Pfizer-vaccinated individuals. Systemic levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG elicited by this vaccine correlated with plasma IL-10, IL-6 and HBD4. Proteomic profiles measured in mucosal tissues and secretions using combined technologies could reveal correlates of protection at the mucosal portals of viral entry.
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García-Silva I, Govea-Alonso DO, Rosales-Mendoza S. Current status of mucosal vaccines against SARS-CoV2: a hope for protective immunity. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2023; 23:207-222. [PMID: 36594264 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2022.2156284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The current vaccines used to fight against COVID-19 are effective, however the induction of protective immunity is a pending goal required to prevent viral transmission, prevent the generation of new variants, and ultimately eradicate SARS-CoV-2. Mucosal immunization stands as a promising approach to achieve protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2; therefore, it is imperative to innovate the current vaccines by developing mucosal candidates, focusing not only on their ability to prevent severe COVID-19 but to neutralize the virus before invasion of the respiratory system and other mucosal compartments. AREAS COVERED This review covers the current advances on the development of anti-COVID-19 mucosal vaccines. Biomedical literature, including PubMed and clinicaltrials.gov website, was analyzed to identify the state of the art for this field. The achievements in preclinical and clinical evaluations are presented and critically analyzed. EXPERT OPINION There is a significant advance on the development of mucosal vaccines against SARSCoV-2, which is a promise to increase the efficacy of immunization against this pathogen. Both preclinical and clinical evaluation for several candidates have been performed. The challenges in this road (e.g. low immunogenicity, a reduced number of adjuvants available, and inaccurate dosage) are identified and also critical perspectives for the field are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileana García-Silva
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, SLP, 78210, San Luis Potosí, México.,Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2ª. Sección, 78210, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Dania O Govea-Alonso
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, SLP, 78210, San Luis Potosí, México.,Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2ª. Sección, 78210, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Sergio Rosales-Mendoza
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, SLP, 78210, San Luis Potosí, México.,Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2ª. Sección, 78210, San Luis Potosí, México
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Hayati H, Feng Y, Chen X, Kolewe E, Fromen C. Prediction of transport, deposition, and resultant immune response of nasal spray vaccine droplets using a CFPD-HCD model in a 6-year-old upper airway geometry to potentially prevent COVID-19. EXPERIMENTAL AND COMPUTATIONAL MULTIPHASE FLOW 2023; 5:272-289. [PMID: 36694695 PMCID: PMC9851113 DOI: 10.1007/s42757-022-0145-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study focuses on the transport, deposition, and triggered immune response of intranasal vaccine droplets to the angiotensin-converting-enzyme-2-rich region, i.e., the olfactory region (OR), in the nasal cavity of a 6-year-old female to possibly prevent corona virus disease 19 (COVID-19). To investigate how administration strategy can influence nasal vaccine efficiency, a validated multi-scale model, i.e., computational fluid-particle dynamics (CFPD) and host-cell dynamics (HCD) model, was employed. Droplet deposition fraction, size change, residence time, and the area percentage of OR covered by the vaccine droplets, and triggered immune system response were predicted with different spray cone angles, initial droplet velocities, and compositions. Numerical results indicate that droplet initial velocity and composition have negligible influences on the vaccine delivery efficiency to OR. In contrast, the spray cone angle can significantly impact the vaccine delivery efficiency. The triggered immunity was not significantly influenced by the administration investigated in this study due to the low percentage of OR area covered by the droplets. To enhance the effectiveness of the intranasal vaccine to prevent COVID-19 infection, it is necessary to optimize the vaccine formulation and administration strategy so that the vaccine droplets can cover more epithelial cells in OR to minimize the number of available receptors for SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamideh Hayati
- School of Chemical Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA
| | - Yu Feng
- School of Chemical Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA
| | - Xiaole Chen
- School of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210042 China
| | - Emily Kolewe
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - Catherine Fromen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA
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Characterization of Systemic and Mucosal Humoral Immune Responses to an Adjuvanted Intranasal SARS-CoV-2 Protein Subunit Vaccine Candidate in Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 11:vaccines11010030. [PMID: 36679875 PMCID: PMC9865305 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous viral evolution of SARS-CoV-2 has resulted in variants capable of immune evasion, vaccine breakthrough infections and increased transmissibility. New vaccines that invoke mucosal immunity may provide a solution to reducing virus transmission. Here, we evaluated the immunogenicity of intranasally administered subunit protein vaccines composed of a stabilized SARS-CoV-2 spike trimer or the receptor binding domain (RBD) adjuvanted with either cholera toxin (CT) or an archaeal lipid mucosal adjuvant (AMVAD). We show robust induction of immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgA responses in plasma, nasal wash and bronchoalveolar lavage in mice only when adjuvant is used in the vaccine formulation. While the AMVAD adjuvant was more effective at inducing systemic antibodies against the RBD antigen than CT, CT was generally more effective at inducing overall higher IgA and IgG titers against the spike antigen in both systemic and mucosal compartments. Furthermore, vaccination with adjuvanted spike led to superior mucosal IgA responses than with the RBD antigen and produced broadly targeting neutralizing plasma antibodies against ancestral, Delta and Omicron variants in vitro; whereas adjuvanted RBD elicited a narrower antibody response with neutralizing activity only against ancestral and Delta variants. Our study demonstrates that intranasal administration of an adjuvanted protein subunit vaccine in immunologically naïve mice induced both systemic and mucosal neutralizing antibody responses that were most effective at neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 variants when the trimeric spike was used as an antigen compared to RBD.
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Serum Fc-Mediated Monocyte Phagocytosis Activity Is Stable for Several Months after SARS-CoV-2 Asymptomatic and Mildly Symptomatic Infection. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0183722. [PMID: 36374040 PMCID: PMC9769986 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01837-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the temporal profile of multiple components of the serological response after asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection, in a cohort of 67 previously SARS-CoV-2 naive young adults, up to 8.5 months after infection. We found a significant decrease of spike IgG and neutralization antibody titers from early (11 to 56 days) to late (4 to 8.5 months) time points postinfection. Over the study period, S1-specific IgG levels declined significantly faster than that of the S2-specific IgG. Further, serum antibodies from PCR-confirmed participants cross-recognized S2, but not S1, of the betacoronaviruses HKU1 and OC43, suggesting a greater degree of cross-reactivity of S2 among betacoronaviruses. Antibody-Dependent Natural Killer cell Activation (ADNKA) was detected at the early time point but significantly decreased at the late time point. Induction of serum Antibody-Dependent Monocyte Phagocytosis (ADMP) was detected in all the infected participants, and its levels remained stable over time. Additionally, a reduced percentage of participants had detectable neutralizing activity against the Beta (50%), Gamma (61 to 67%), and Delta (90 to 94%) variants, both early and late postinfection, compared to the ancestral strain (100%). Antibody binding to S1 and RBD of Beta, Gamma, Delta (1.7 to 2.3-fold decrease), and Omicron (10 to 16-fold decrease) variants was also significantly reduced compared to the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 strain. Overall, we found variable temporal profiles of specific components and functionality of the serological response to SARS-CoV-2 in young adults, which is characterized by lasting, but decreased, neutralizing activity and antibody binding to S1, stable ADMP activity, and relatively stable S2-specific IgG levels. IMPORTANCE Adaptive immunity mediated by antibodies is important for controlling SARS-CoV-2 infection. While vaccines against COVID-19 are currently widely distributed, a high proportion of the global population is still unvaccinated. Therefore, understanding the dynamics and maintenance of the naive humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 is of great importance. In addition, long-term responses after asymptomatic infection are not well-characterized, given the challenges in identifying such cases. Here, we investigated the longitudinal humoral profile in a well-characterized cohort of young adults with documented asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. By analyzing samples collected preinfection, early after infection and during late convalescence, we found that, while neutralizing activity decreased over time, high levels of serum S2 IgG and Antibody-Dependent Monocyte Phagocytosis (ADMP) activity were maintained up to 8.5 months after infection. This suggests that a subset of antibodies with specific functions could contribute to long-term protection against SARS-CoV-2 in convalescent unvaccinated individuals.
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Beyond neutralization: Fc-dependent antibody effector functions in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Rev Immunol 2022:10.1038/s41577-022-00813-1. [PMID: 36536068 PMCID: PMC9761659 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-022-00813-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies are known to have a crucial role in protecting against SARS-CoV-2 infection and have been suggested to be a useful correlate of protection for vaccine clinical trials and for population-level surveys. In addition to neutralizing virus directly, antibodies can also engage immune effectors through their Fc domains, including Fc receptor-expressing immune cells and complement. The outcome of these interactions depends on a range of factors, including antibody isotype-Fc receptor combinations, Fc receptor-bearing cell types and antibody post-translational modifications. A growing body of evidence has shown roles for these Fc-dependent antibody effector functions in determining the outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, measuring these functions is more complicated than assays that measure antibody binding and virus neutralization. Here, we examine recent data illuminating the roles of Fc-dependent antibody effector functions in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and we discuss the implications of these data for the development of next-generation SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and therapeutics.
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Bharadwaj P, Shrestha S, Pongracz T, Concetta C, Sharma S, Le Moine A, de Haan N, Murakami N, Riella LV, Holovska V, Wuhrer M, Marchant A, Ackerman ME. Afucosylation of HLA-specific IgG1 as a potential predictor of antibody pathogenicity in kidney transplantation. Cell Rep Med 2022; 3:100818. [PMID: 36384101 PMCID: PMC9729883 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) is the leading cause of graft failure. While donor-specific antibodies (DSAs) are associated with a higher risk of AMR, not all patients with DSAs develop rejection, suggesting that the characteristics of alloantibodies determining their pathogenicity remain undefined. Using human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A2-specific antibodies as a model, we apply systems serology tools to investigate qualitative features of immunoglobulin G (IgG) alloantibodies including Fc-glycosylation patterns and FcγR-binding properties. Levels of afucosylated anti-A2 antibodies are elevated in seropositive patients, especially those with AMR, suggesting potential cytotoxicity via FcγRIII-mediated mechanisms. Afucosylation of both glycoengineered monoclonal and naturally glycovariant polyclonal serum IgG specific to HLA-A2 drives potentiated binding to, slower dissociation from, and enhanced signaling through FcγRIII, a receptor widely expressed on innate effector cells, and greater cytotoxicity against HLA-A2+ cells mediated by natural killer (NK) cells. Collectively, these results suggest that afucosylated DSA may be a biomarker of AMR and contribute to pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranay Bharadwaj
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Sweta Shrestha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Tamas Pongracz
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Catalano Concetta
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium; Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplantation, Hôpital Erasme, Université libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Shilpee Sharma
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Alain Le Moine
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplantation, Hôpital Erasme, Université libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Noortje de Haan
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Naoka Murakami
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leonardo V Riella
- Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vanda Holovska
- HLA Laboratory, Laboratoire Hospitalier Universitaire de Bruxelles (LHUB), Hôpital Erasme ULB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Arnaud Marchant
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Margaret E Ackerman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA; Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
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Yaugel-Novoa M, Bourlet T, Paul S. Role of the humoral immune response during COVID-19: guilty or not guilty? Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:1170-1180. [PMID: 36195658 PMCID: PMC9530436 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00569-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Systemic and mucosal humoral immune responses are crucial to fight respiratory viral infections in the current pandemic of COVID-19 caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. During SARS-CoV-2 infection, the dynamics of systemic and mucosal antibody infections are affected by patient characteristics, such as age, sex, disease severity, or prior immunity to other human coronaviruses. Patients suffering from severe disease develop higher levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in serum and mucosal tissues than those with mild disease, and these antibodies are detectable for up to a year after symptom onset. In hospitalized patients, the aberrant glycosylation of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies enhances inflammation-associated antibody Fc-dependent effector functions, thereby contributing to COVID-19 pathophysiology. Current vaccines elicit robust humoral immune responses, principally in the blood. However, they are less effective against new viral variants, such as Delta and Omicron. This review provides an overview of current knowledge about the humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2, with a particular focus on the protective and pathological role of humoral immunity in COVID-19 severity. We also discuss the humoral immune response elicited by COVID-19 vaccination and protection against emerging viral variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melyssa Yaugel-Novoa
- CIRI—Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP (Saint-Etienne), Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, UJM, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Thomas Bourlet
- CIRI—Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP (Saint-Etienne), Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, UJM, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Stéphane Paul
- CIRI—Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP (Saint-Etienne), Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, UJM, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France,CIC Inserm 1408 Vaccinology, Saint-Etienne, France
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Davis SK, Selva KJ, Lopez E, Haycroft ER, Lee WS, Wheatley AK, Juno JA, Adair A, Pymm P, Redmond SJ, Gherardin NA, Godfrey DI, Tham W, Kent SJ, Chung AW. Heterologous SARS-CoV-2 IgA neutralising antibody responses in convalescent plasma. Clin Transl Immunology 2022; 11:e1424. [PMID: 36299410 PMCID: PMC9588388 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Following infection with SARS-CoV-2, virus-specific antibodies are generated, which can both neutralise virions and clear infection via Fc effector functions. The importance of IgG antibodies for protection and control of SARS-CoV-2 has been extensively reported. By comparison, other antibody isotypes including IgA have been poorly characterised. METHODS Here, we characterised plasma IgA from 41 early convalescent COVID-19 subjects for neutralisation and Fc effector functions. RESULTS Convalescent plasma IgA from > 60% of the cohort had the capacity to inhibit the interaction between wild-type RBD and ACE2. Furthermore, a third of the cohort induced stronger IgA-mediated ACE2 inhibition than matched IgG when tested at equivalent concentrations. Plasma IgA and IgG from this cohort broadly recognised similar RBD epitopes and had similar capacities to inhibit ACE2 from binding to 22 of the 23 prevalent RBD mutations assessed. However, plasma IgA was largely incapable of mediating antibody-dependent phagocytosis in comparison with plasma IgG. CONCLUSION Overall, convalescent plasma IgA contributed to the neutralising antibody response of wild-type SARS-CoV-2 RBD and various RBD mutations. However, this response displayed large heterogeneity and was less potent than IgG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha K Davis
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyThe Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Kevin John Selva
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyThe Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Ester Lopez
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyThe Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Ebene R Haycroft
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyThe Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Wen Shi Lee
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyThe Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVICAustralia,The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Adam K Wheatley
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyThe Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Jennifer A Juno
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyThe Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Amy Adair
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Phillip Pymm
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Samuel J Redmond
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyThe Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Nicholas A Gherardin
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyThe Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyThe Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Wai‐Hong Tham
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyThe Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVICAustralia,Melbourne Sexual Health Centre and Department of Infectious DiseasesAlfred Hospital and Central Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Amy W Chung
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyThe Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVICAustralia
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Hederman AP, Natarajan H, Wiener JA, Wright PF, Bloch EM, Tobian AA, Redd AD, Blankson JN, Rottenstreich A, Zarbiv G, Wolf D, Goetghebuer T, Marchant A, Ackerman ME. SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination elicits broad and potent Fc effector functions to VOCs in vulnerable populations. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2022:2022.09.15.22280000. [PMID: 36172122 PMCID: PMC9516864 DOI: 10.1101/2022.09.15.22280000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 variants have continuously emerged even as highly effective vaccines have been widely deployed. Reduced neutralization observed against variants of concern (VOC) raises the question as to whether other antiviral antibody activities are similarly compromised, or if they might compensate for lost neutralization activity. In this study, the breadth and potency of antibody recognition and effector function was surveyed in both healthy individuals as well as immunologically vulnerable subjects following either natural infection or receipt of an mRNA vaccine. Considering pregnant women as a model cohort with higher risk of severe illness and death, we observed similar binding and functional breadth for healthy and immunologically vulnerable populations. In contrast, considerably greater functional antibody breadth and potency across VOC was associated with vaccination than prior infection. However, greater antibody functional activity targeting the endemic coronavirus OC43 was noted among convalescent individuals, illustrating a dichotomy in recognition between close and distant human coronavirus strains that was associated with exposure history. Probing the full-length spike and receptor binding domain (RBD) revealed that antibody-mediated Fc effector functions were better maintained against full-length spike as compared to RBD. This analysis of antibody functions in healthy and vulnerable populations across a panel of SARS-CoV-2 VOC and extending through endemic alphacoronavirus strains suggests the differential potential for antibody effector functions to contribute to protecting vaccinated and convalescent subjects as the pandemic progresses and novel variants continue to evolve. One Sentence Summary As compared to natural infection with SARS-CoV-2, vaccination drives superior functional antibody breadth raising hopes for candidate universal CoV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Harini Natarajan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Joshua A. Wiener
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Peter F. Wright
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Evan M. Bloch
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Aaron A.R. Tobian
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew D. Redd
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joel N. Blankson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amihai Rottenstreich
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center
| | - Gila Zarbiv
- Clinical Virology Unit, Hadassah University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dana Wolf
- Clinical Virology Unit, Hadassah University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tessa Goetghebuer
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium
- Pediatric Department, CHU St Pierre, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Marchant
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Margaret E. Ackerman
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
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Keuning MW, Grobben M, Bijlsma MW, Anker B, Berman-de Jong EP, Cohen S, Felderhof M, de Groen AE, de Groof F, Rijpert M, van Eijk HWM, Tejjani K, van Rijswijk J, Steenhuis M, Rispens T, Plötz FB, van Gils MJ, Pajkrt D. Differences in systemic and mucosal SARS-CoV-2 antibody prevalence in a prospective cohort of Dutch children. Front Immunol 2022; 13:976382. [PMID: 36159841 PMCID: PMC9500453 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.976382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As SARS-CoV-2 will likely continue to circulate, low-impact methods become more relevant to monitor antibody-mediated immunity. Saliva sampling could provide a non-invasive method with reduced impact on children. Studies reporting on the differences between systemic and mucosal humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 are inconsistent in adults and scarce in children. These differences may be further unraveled by exploring associations to demographic and clinical variables. Methods To evaluate the use of saliva antibody assays, we performed a cross-sectional cohort study by collecting serum and saliva of 223 children attending medical services in the Netherlands (irrespective of SARS-CoV-2 exposure, symptoms or vaccination) from May to October 2021. With a Luminex and a Wantai assay, we measured prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 spike (S), receptor binding domain (RBD) and nucleocapsid-specific IgG and IgA in serum and saliva and explored associations with demographic variables. Findings The S-specific IgG prevalence was higher in serum 39% (95% CI 32 - 45%) than in saliva 30% (95% CI 24 - 36%) (P ≤ 0.003). Twenty-seven percent (55/205) of children were S-specific IgG positive in serum and saliva, 12% (25/205) were only positive in serum and 3% (6/205) only in saliva. Vaccinated children showed a higher concordance between serum and saliva than infected children. Odds for saliva S-specific IgG positivity were higher in girls compared to boys (aOR 2.63, P = 0.012). Moreover, immunocompromised children showed lower odds for S- and RBD-specific IgG in both serum and saliva compared to healthy children (aOR 0.23 - 0.25, P ≤ 0.050). Conclusions We showed that saliva-based antibody assays can be useful for identifying SARS-CoV-2 humoral immunity in a non-invasive manner, and that IgG prevalence may be affected by sex and immunocompromisation. Differences between infection and vaccination, between sexes and between immunocompromised and healthy children should be further investigated and considered when choosing systemic or mucosal antibody measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya W. Keuning
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology & Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marloes Grobben
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC) location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Infectious diseases, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Merijn W. Bijlsma
- Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children’s Hospital Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Beau Anker
- Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children’s Hospital Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Eveline P. Berman-de Jong
- Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children’s Hospital Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sophie Cohen
- Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children’s Hospital Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Anne-Elise de Groen
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology & Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Femke de Groof
- Department of Pediatrics, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar, Netherlands
| | - Maarten Rijpert
- Department of Pediatrics, Zaans Medical Center, Zaandam, Netherlands
| | - Hetty W. M. van Eijk
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC) location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Khadija Tejjani
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC) location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Infectious diseases, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline van Rijswijk
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC) location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Infectious diseases, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Maurice Steenhuis
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Theo Rispens
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Frans B. Plötz
- Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children’s Hospital Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Tergooi Medical Center, Blaricum, Netherlands
| | - Marit J. van Gils
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC) location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Infectious diseases, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dasja Pajkrt
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology & Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Infectious diseases, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Chen S, Guan F, Candotti F, Benlagha K, Camara NOS, Herrada AA, James LK, Lei J, Miller H, Kubo M, Ning Q, Liu C. The role of B cells in COVID-19 infection and vaccination. Front Immunol 2022; 13:988536. [PMID: 36110861 PMCID: PMC9468879 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.988536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells secrete antibodies and mediate the humoral immune response, making them extremely important in protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2, which caused the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. In this review, we summarize the positive function and pathological response of B cells in SARS-CoV-2 infection and re-infection. Then, we structure the immunity responses that B cells mediated in peripheral tissues. Furthermore, we discuss the role of B cells during vaccination including the effectiveness of antibodies and memory B cells, viral evolution mechanisms, and future vaccine development. This review might help medical workers and researchers to have a better understanding of the interaction between B cells and SARS-CoV-2 and broaden their vision for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiru Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Guan
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fabio Candotti
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kamel Benlagha
- Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Camara
- Laboratory of Human Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Andres A. Herrada
- Lymphatic and Inflammation Research Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidad Autonoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
| | - Louisa K. James
- Centre for Immunobiology, Bizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jiahui Lei
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Heather Miller
- Cytek Biosciences, R&D Clinical Reagents, Fremont, CA, United States
| | - Masato Kubo
- Laboratory for Cytokine Regulation, Center for Integrative Medical Science (IMS), Rikagaku Kenkyusho, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN) Yokohama Institute, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Qin Ning
- Department of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chaohong Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science Technology, Wuhan, China
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Russell MW, Mestecky J. Mucosal immunity: The missing link in comprehending SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission. Front Immunol 2022; 13:957107. [PMID: 36059541 PMCID: PMC9428579 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.957107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is primarily an airborne infection of the upper respiratory tract, which on reaching the lungs causes the severe acute respiratory disease, COVID-19. Its first contact with the immune system, likely through the nasal passages and Waldeyer's ring of tonsils and adenoids, induces mucosal immune responses revealed by the production of secretory IgA (SIgA) antibodies in saliva, nasal fluid, tears, and other secretions within 4 days of infection. Evidence is accumulating that these responses might limit the virus to the upper respiratory tract resulting in asymptomatic infection or only mild disease. The injectable systemic vaccines that have been successfully developed to prevent serious disease and its consequences do not induce antibodies in mucosal secretions of naïve subjects, but they may recall SIgA antibody responses in secretions of previously infected subjects, thereby helping to explain enhanced resistance to repeated (breakthrough) infection. While many intranasally administered COVID vaccines have been found to induce potentially protective immune responses in experimental animals such as mice, few have demonstrated similar success in humans. Intranasal vaccines should have advantage over injectable vaccines in inducing SIgA antibodies in upper respiratory and oral secretions that would not only prevent initial acquisition of the virus, but also suppress community spread via aerosols and droplets generated from these secretions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W. Russell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Jiri Mestecky
- Department of Microbiology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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40
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Sheikh‐Mohamed S, Sanders EC, Gommerman JL, Tal MC. Guardians of the oral and nasopharyngeal galaxy: IgA and protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Immunol Rev 2022; 309:75-85. [PMID: 35815463 PMCID: PMC9349649 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In early 2020, a global emergency was upon us in the form of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. While horrific in its health, social and economic devastation, one silver lining to this crisis has been a rapid mobilization of cross-institute, and even cross-country teams that shared common goals of learning as much as we could as quickly as possible about the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and how the immune system would respond to both the virus and COVID-19 vaccines. Many of these teams were formed by women who quickly realized that the classical model of "publish first at all costs" was maladaptive for the circumstances and needed to be supplanted by a more collaborative solution-focused approach. This review is an example of a collaboration that unfolded in separate countries, first Canada and the United States, and then also Israel. Not only did the collaboration allow us to cross-validate our results using different hands/techniques/samples, but it also took advantage of different vaccine types and schedules that were rolled out in our respective home countries. The result of this collaboration was a new understanding of how mucosal immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection vs COVID-19 vaccination can be measured using saliva as a biofluid, what types of vaccines are best able to induce (limited) mucosal immunity, and what are potential correlates of protection against breakthrough infection. In this review, we will share what we have learned about the mucosal immune response to SARS-CoV-2 and to COVID-19 vaccines and provide a perspective on what may be required for next-generation pan-sarbecoronavirus vaccine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erin C. Sanders
- Department of Biological EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | | | - Michal Caspi Tal
- Department of Biological EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and the Ludwig Cancer CenterStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCaliforniaUSA
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Tsukinoki K, Yamamoto T, Saito J, Sakaguchi W, Iguchi K, Inoue Y, Ishii S, Sato C, Yokoyama M, Shiraishi Y, Kato N, Shimada H, Makabe A, Saito A, Tanji M, Nagaoka I, Saruta J, Yamaguchi T, Kimoto S, Yamaguchi H. Prevalence of saliva immunoglobulin A antibodies reactive with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 among Japanese people unexposed to the virus. Microbiol Immunol 2022; 66:403-410. [PMID: 35607844 PMCID: PMC9347685 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.13011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
While the COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) poses a threat to public health as the number of cases and COVID-19-related deaths are increasing worldwide, the incidence of the virus infection is extremely low in Japan compared with many other countries. To explain this uncommon phenomenon, we investigated the prevalence of naturally occurring ("natural") antibodies, focusing on those of the secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) form, reactive with SARS-CoV-2 among Japanese people. One hundred and eighty healthy Japanese volunteers of a wide range of age who had been considered to be unexposed to SARS-CoV-2 participated in this study. Saliva samples and blood samples were collected from all of the 180 participants and 139 adults (aged ≥ 20 years) included therein, respectively. The determination of saliva IgA antibodies, mostly comprising sIgA antibodies, as well as serum IgA and immunoglobulin G antibodies, reactive with the receptor binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike-1 subunit proteins was conducted using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The major findings were that 52.78% (95% confidence interval, 45.21%-60.25%) of the individuals who had not been exposed to SARS-CoV-2 were positive for saliva IgA antibodies with a wide range of levels between 0.002 and 3.272 ng/mL, and that there may be a negative trend in positivity for the antibodies according to age. As we had expected, a frequent occurrence of assumable "natural" sIgA antibodies reactive with SARS-CoV-2 among the studied Japanese participant population was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Tsukinoki
- Department of Environmental Pathology, Graduate School of DentistryKanagawa Dental UniversityKanagawaJapan
| | | | | | - Wakako Sakaguchi
- Department of Environmental Pathology, Graduate School of DentistryKanagawa Dental UniversityKanagawaJapan
| | - Keiichiro Iguchi
- Department of OrthodonticsKanagawa Dental UniversityKanagawaJapan
| | - Yoshinori Inoue
- Department of Pediatric DentistryKanagawa Dental UniversityKanagawaJapan
| | - Shigeru Ishii
- Department of Advanced Oral SurgeryKDU Yokohama ClinicKanagawaJapan
| | | | - Mina Yokoyama
- Department of Pediatric DentistryKanagawa Dental UniversityKanagawaJapan
| | | | - Noriaki Kato
- EPS Research Center, EPS Holdings, Inc.TokyoJapan
| | | | - Akio Makabe
- Sites Support Section, Foods DepartmentEP Mediate Co., Ltd.TokyoJapan
| | - Akihiro Saito
- Sites Support Section, Foods DepartmentEP Mediate Co., Ltd.TokyoJapan
| | | | - Isao Nagaoka
- Department of Host Defense and Biochemical Research, Faculty of Health ScienceJuntendo UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Juri Saruta
- Department of Education PlanningKanagawa Dental UniversityKanagawaJapan
| | | | - Shigenari Kimoto
- Department of Pediatric DentistryKanagawa Dental UniversityKanagawaJapan
| | - Hideyo Yamaguchi
- EPS Research Center, EPS Holdings, Inc.TokyoJapan
- Department of Diagnostics and Disease Control, Institute of Medical MycologyTeikyo UniversityTokyoJapan
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Rammauro F, Carrión F, Olivero-Deibe N, Fló M, Ferreira A, Pritsch O, Bianchi S. Humoral immune response characterization of heterologous prime-boost vaccination with CoronaVac and BNT162b2. Vaccine 2022; 40:5189-5196. [PMID: 35907676 PMCID: PMC9352561 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Vaccination against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has proven to be a successful strategy for prevent severe infections. CoronaVac and BNT162b2 are the most used vaccines worldwide, but their use in heterologous vaccination schedules is still subjected to evaluation. Methods Fifty healthy individuals who received heterologous prime-boost vaccination with CoronaVac and BNT162b2 were enrolled in a post-vaccination serological follow-up longitudinal prospective study. We evaluated specific serum anti-receptor binding domain (RBD) IgG antibody levels, and their capacity to block RBD-ACE2 interaction with a surrogate neutralization assay. In 20 participants, we assessed antibody binding kinetics by surface plasmon resonance, and Fc-mediated functions by ADCC and ADCP reporter assays. Results Our baseline seronegative cohort, displayed seroconversion after two doses of CoronaVac and an important decrease in serum anti-RBD IgG antibodies levels 80 days post-second dose. These levels increased significantly early after the third dose with BNT162b2, but 73 days after the booster we found a new fall. Immunoglobulin functionalities showed a similar behavior. Conclusions The heterologous prime-boost vaccination with CoronaVac and BNT162b2 generated an impressive increase in serum anti-RBD specific antibody levels followed by a drop. Nevertheless, these titers remained well above those found in individuals only vaccinated with CoronaVac in the same elapsed time. Serum IgG levels showed high correlation with antibody binding analysis, their capacity to block RBD-ACE2 interaction, and Fc-effectors mechanisms. Our work sheds light on the humoral immune response to heterologous vaccination with CoronaVac and BNT162b2, to define a post-vaccination correlate of protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection and to discuss the scheduling of future vaccine boosters in general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Rammauro
- Departamento de Inmunobiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Laboratorio de Inmunovirología, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Federico Carrión
- Laboratorio de Inmunovirología, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Martín Fló
- Departamento de Inmunobiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Laboratorio de Inmunovirología, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ana Ferreira
- Unidad de Inmunología, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Área Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Otto Pritsch
- Departamento de Inmunobiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Laboratorio de Inmunovirología, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Sergio Bianchi
- Laboratorio de Biomarcadores Moleculares, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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Chen Y, Sun L, Ullah I, Beaudoin-Bussières G, Anand SP, Hederman AP, Tolbert WD, Sherburn R, Nguyen DN, Marchitto L, Ding S, Wu D, Luo Y, Gottumukkala S, Moran S, Kumar P, Piszczek G, Mothes W, Ackerman ME, Finzi A, Uchil PD, Gonzalez FJ, Pazgier M. Engineered ACE2-Fc counters murine lethal SARS-CoV-2 infection through direct neutralization and Fc-effector activities. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn4188. [PMID: 35857504 PMCID: PMC9278865 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn4188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Soluble angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) constitutes an attractive antiviral capable of targeting a wide range of coronaviruses using ACE2 as their receptor. Using structure-guided approaches, we developed a series of bivalent ACE2-Fcs harboring functionally and structurally validated mutations that enhance severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) receptor binding domain recognition by up to ~12-fold and remove angiotensin enzymatic activity. The lead variant M81 potently cross-neutralized SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs), including Omicron, at subnanomolar half-maximal inhibitory concentration and was capable of robust Fc-effector functions, including antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, phagocytosis, and complement deposition. When tested in a stringent K18-hACE2 mouse model, Fc-enhanced ACE2-Fc delayed death by 3 to 5 days or effectively resolved lethal SARS-CoV-2 infection in both prophylactic and therapeutic settings via the combined effects of neutralization and Fc-effector functions. These data add to the demonstrated utility of soluble ACE2 as a valuable SARS-CoV-2 antiviral and indicate that Fc-effector functions may constitute an important component of ACE2-Fc therapeutic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaozong Chen
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4712, USA
| | - Lulu Sun
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Irfan Ullah
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Guillaume Beaudoin-Bussières
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Sai Priya Anand
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - William D. Tolbert
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4712, USA
| | - Rebekah Sherburn
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4712, USA
| | - Dung N. Nguyen
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4712, USA
| | - Lorie Marchitto
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Shilei Ding
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Di Wu
- Biophysics Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yuhong Luo
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Suneetha Gottumukkala
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4712, USA
| | - Sean Moran
- Biomedical Instrumentation Center, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Priti Kumar
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Grzegorz Piszczek
- Biophysics Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Walther Mothes
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | | | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Pradeep D. Uchil
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Frank J. Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4712, USA
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Morris S, Anjan S, Pallikkuth S, Frattaroli P, Courel S, Fernandez A, Natori A, Abbo L, Pahwa S, Guerra G, Natori Y. Reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 in solid-organ transplant recipients: Incidence density and convalescent immunity prior to reinfection. Transpl Infect Dis 2022; 24:e13827. [PMID: 35338554 PMCID: PMC9115288 DOI: 10.1111/tid.13827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term protective immunity to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) remains poorly characterized, particularly in solid organ transplant (SOT) patients. METHOD We determined the incidence density of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection in a cohort of adult SOT recipients initially infected between March 1st, 2020 and March 30th, 2021 and included those with initial infection before or after transplantation. Incidence density was the total cases divided by total days after initial diagnosis with active graft. RESULTS Of 210 infected recipients, five (2.4%) developed reinfection, including two who had received full mRNA vaccination, but none developed hypoxia. The incidence density for reinfection was 9.4 (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.9-22.6) and for primary infection the density was 9.1 (95% CI 7.9-10.5) cases/100,000 patient days. Two recipients had immunity evaluated in the weeks prior to reinfection, by measuring immunoglobulin-G (IgG) antibody titer to the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain and virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell reactivity following stimulation with SARS-CoV-2 peptide pools. Both mounted virus specific CD4 T-cell responses prior to reinfection (1.19% and 0.28% of total CD4 T cells) and both had reactive IgG testing (1.30 and 4.99 signal/cut off ratio). CONCLUSIONS This suggests that SOT recipients infected with SARS-CoV-2 remain at high risk for reinfection even after generating cellular and humoral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Morris
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Shweta Anjan
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.,Miami Transplant Institute, Jackson Health System, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Suresh Pallikkuth
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Paola Frattaroli
- Department of Medicine, Jackson Health System, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Steve Courel
- Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | | | - Akina Natori
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Lilian Abbo
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.,Miami Transplant Institute, Jackson Health System, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Savita Pahwa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Giselle Guerra
- Miami Transplant Institute, Jackson Health System, Miami, Florida, USA.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Yoichiro Natori
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.,Miami Transplant Institute, Jackson Health System, Miami, Florida, USA
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45
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Soleimanian S, Alyasin S, Sepahi N, Ghahramani Z, Kanannejad Z, Yaghobi R, Karimi MH. An Update on Protective Effectiveness of Immune Responses After Recovery From COVID-19. Front Immunol 2022; 13:884879. [PMID: 35669767 PMCID: PMC9163347 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.884879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) exhibits variable immunity responses among hosts based on symptom severity. Whether immunity in recovered individuals is effective for avoiding reinfection is poorly understood. Determination of immune memory status against SARS-CoV-2 helps identify reinfection risk and vaccine efficacy. Hence, after recovery from COVID-19, evaluation of protective effectiveness and durable immunity of prior disease could be significant. Recent reports described the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 -specific humoral and cellular responses for more than six months in convalescent SARS-CoV-2 individuals. Given the current evidence, NK cell subpopulations, especially the memory-like NK cell subset, indicate a significant role in determining COVID-19 severity. Still, the information on the long-term NK cell immunity conferred by SARS-CoV-2 infection is scant. The evidence from vaccine clinical trials and observational studies indicates that hybrid natural/vaccine immunity to SARS-CoV-2 seems to be notably potent protection. We suggested the combination of plasma therapy from recovered donors and vaccination could be effective. This focused review aims to update the current information regarding immune correlates of COVID-19 recovery to understand better the probability of reinfection in COVID-19 infected cases that may serve as guides for ongoing vaccine strategy improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeede Soleimanian
- Allergy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Soheila Alyasin
- Allergy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Namazi Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Najmeh Sepahi
- Allergy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Ghahramani
- Allergy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Kanannejad
- Allergy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ramin Yaghobi
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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46
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Motsoeneng BM, Dhar N, Nunes MC, Krammer F, Madhi SA, Moore PL, Richardson SI. Influenza Vaccination Results in Differential Hemagglutinin Stalk-Specific Fc-Mediated Functions in Individuals Living With or Without HIV. Front Immunol 2022; 13:873191. [PMID: 35514992 PMCID: PMC9062095 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.873191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) stalk-specific antibodies have been shown to potently induce Fc-mediated effector functions which are important in protection from disease. In placebo-controlled maternal influenza (MatFlu) vaccination trials of pregnant women living with or without HIV, reduced risk of influenza illness was associated with high HA stalk antibody titers following trivalent inactivated vaccination (TIV). However, the mechanisms of immunity conferred by the HA stalk antibodies were not well understood. Here, we investigated HA stalk-specific Fc effector functions including antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP), antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), antibody-dependent complement deposition (ADCD), and FcγRIIa and FcγRIIIa binding in response to seasonal influenza vaccination. These were measured pre- and 1-month post-vaccination in 141 HIV-uninfected women (67 TIV and 74 placebo recipients) and 119 women living with HIV (WLWH; 66 TIV and 53 placebo recipients). In contrast to HIV-uninfected women, where HA stalk-specific ADCP and FcγRIIa binding were significantly boosted, WLWH showed no increase in response to vaccination. HA stalk-specific ADCC potential and FcγRIIIa binding were not boosted regardless of HIV status but were higher in WLWH compared with HIV-uninfected women prior to vaccination. HA stalk-specific ADCD was significantly increased by vaccination in all women, but was significantly lower in the WLWH both pre- and post- vaccination. Co-ordination between HA stalk-specific ADCP and ADCD in WLWH was improved by vaccination. Fc polyfunctionality was enhanced by vaccination in HIV-uninfected women and driven by the HA stalk antibody titers. However, in the WLWH, higher pre-vaccination Fc polyfunctionality was maintained post-vaccination but was decoupled from titer. Overall, we showed differential regulation of Fc effector HA stalk responses, suggesting that HIV infection results in unique humoral immunity in response to influenza vaccination, with relevance for future strategies that aim to target the HA stalk in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boitumelo M Motsoeneng
- HIV Virology Section, Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of The National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa.,South African Medical Research Council Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nisha Dhar
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Department of Science and Innovation/National Research Foundation, South African Research Chair Initiative in Vaccine Preventable Diseases Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Marta C Nunes
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Department of Science and Innovation/National Research Foundation, South African Research Chair Initiative in Vaccine Preventable Diseases Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Shabir A Madhi
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Department of Science and Innovation/National Research Foundation, South African Research Chair Initiative in Vaccine Preventable Diseases Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,African Leadership in Vaccinology Expertise (ALIVE), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Penny L Moore
- HIV Virology Section, Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of The National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa.,South African Medical Research Council Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,African Leadership in Vaccinology Expertise (ALIVE), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Simone I Richardson
- HIV Virology Section, Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of The National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa.,South African Medical Research Council Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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47
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Primorac D, Vrdoljak K, Brlek P, Pavelić E, Molnar V, Matišić V, Erceg Ivkošić I, Parčina M. Adaptive Immune Responses and Immunity to SARS-CoV-2. Front Immunol 2022; 13:848582. [PMID: 35603211 PMCID: PMC9114812 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.848582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, the medical field has been forced to apply the basic knowledge of immunology with the most up-to-date SARS-CoV-2 findings and translate it to the population of the whole world in record time. Following the infection with the viral antigen, adaptive immune responses are activated mainly by viral particle encounters with the antigen-presenting cells or B cell receptors, which induce further biological interactions to defend the host against the virus. After the infection has been warded off, the immunological memory is developed. The SARS-CoV cellular immunity has been shown to persist even 17 years after the infection, despite the undetectable humoral component. Similar has been demonstrated for the SARS-CoV-2 T cell memory in a shorter period by assessing interferon-gamma levels when heparinized blood is stimulated with the virus-specific peptides. T cells also play an irreplaceable part in a humoral immune reaction as the backbone of a cellular immune response. They both provide the signals for B cell activation and the maturation, competence, and memory of the humoral response. B cell production of IgA was shown to be of significant influence in mediating mucosal immunity as the first part of the defense mechanism and in the development of nasal vaccines. Here, we interpret the recent SARS-CoV-2 available research, which encompasses the significance and the current understanding of adaptive immune activity, and compare it among naive, exposed, and vaccinated blood donors. Our recent data showed that those who recovered from COVID-19 and those who are vaccinated with EMA-approved vaccines had a long-lasting cellular immunity. Additionally, we analyze the humoral responses in immunocompromised patients and memory mediated by cellular immunity and the impact of clonality in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic regarding breakthrough infections and variants of concern, both B.1.617.2 (Delta) and B.1.1.529 (Omicron) variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragan Primorac
- St. Catherine Specialty Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
- Medical School, University of Split, Split, Croatia
- Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Medical School, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- Medical School REGIOMED, Coburg, Germany
- Eberly College of Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- The Henry C. Lee College of Criminal Justice and Forensic Sciences, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT, United States
| | | | - Petar Brlek
- St. Catherine Specialty Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Vilim Molnar
- St. Catherine Specialty Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vid Matišić
- St. Catherine Specialty Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Erceg Ivkošić
- St. Catherine Specialty Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Marijo Parčina
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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48
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Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses in the Upper Respiratory Tract and the Infectivity of SARS-CoV-2. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050933. [PMID: 35632675 PMCID: PMC9143801 DOI: 10.3390/v14050933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence shows the nasal epithelium to be the initial site of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and that early and effective immune responses in the upper respiratory tract (URT) limit and eliminate the infection in the URT, thereby preventing infection of the lower respiratory tract and the development of severe COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 interferes with innate immunity signaling and evolves mutants that can reduce antibody-mediated immunity in the URT. Recent genetic and immunological advances in understanding innate immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in the URT, and the ability of prior infections as well as currently available injectable and potential intranasal COVID-19 vaccines to generate anamnestic adaptive immunity in the URT, are reviewed. It is suggested that the more detailed investigation of URT immune responses to all types of COVID-19 vaccines, and the development of safe and effective COVID-19 vaccines for intranasal administration, are important needs.
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49
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Hagemann K, Riecken K, Jung J, Hildebrandt H, Menzel S, Bunders M, Fehse B, Koch-Nolte F, Heinrich F, Peine S, Schulze Zur Wiesch J, Brehm TT, Addo MM, Lütgehetmann M, Altfeld M. Natural killer cell-mediated ADCC in SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals and vaccine recipients. Eur J Immunol 2022; 52:1297-1307. [PMID: 35416291 PMCID: PMC9087393 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
COVID‐19, caused by SARS‐CoV‐2, has emerged as a global pandemic. While immune responses of the adaptive immune system have been in the focus of research, the role of NK cells in COVID‐19 remains less well understood. Here, we characterized NK cell‐mediated SARS‐CoV‐2 antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against SARS‐CoV‐2 spike‐1 (S1) and nucleocapsid (NC) protein. Serum samples from SARS‐CoV‐2 resolvers induced significant CD107a‐expression by NK cells in response to S1 and NC, while serum samples from SARS‐CoV‐2‐negative individuals did not. Furthermore, serum samples from individuals that received the BNT162b2 vaccine induced strong CD107a expression by NK cells that increased with the second vaccination and was significantly higher than observed in infected individuals. As expected, vaccine‐induced responses were only directed against S1 and not against NC protein. S1‐specific CD107a responses by NK cells were significantly correlated to NK cell‐mediated killing of S1‐expressing cells. Interestingly, screening of serum samples collected prior to the COVID‐19 pandemic identified two individuals with cross‐reactive antibodies against SARS‐CoV‐2 S1, which also induced degranulation of NK cells. Taken together, these data demonstrate that antibodies induced by SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccines can trigger significant NK cell‐mediated ADCC activity, and identify some cross‐reactive ADCC‐activity against SARS‐CoV‐2 by endemic coronavirus‐specific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerri Hagemann
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Department of Virus Immunology, Hamburg, 20251, Germany
| | - Kristoffer Riecken
- Research Department Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Johannes Jung
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Department of Virus Immunology, Hamburg, 20251, Germany
| | - Heike Hildebrandt
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Department of Virus Immunology, Hamburg, 20251, Germany
| | - Stephan Menzel
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Institute of Immunology, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Madeleine Bunders
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Boris Fehse
- Research Department Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany.,German Center for Infection Disease (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Koch-Nolte
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Institute of Immunology, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Fabian Heinrich
- Center for Diagnostics, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany.,Institute of Legal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Sven Peine
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Julian Schulze Zur Wiesch
- German Center for Infection Disease (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany.,Division of Infectious Diseases, I. Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Thomas T Brehm
- German Center for Infection Disease (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany.,Division of Infectious Diseases, I. Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Marylyn M Addo
- German Center for Infection Disease (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany.,Division of Infectious Diseases, I. Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany.,Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, 20359, Germany
| | - Marc Lütgehetmann
- Center for Diagnostics, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Marcus Altfeld
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Department of Virus Immunology, Hamburg, 20251, Germany.,German Center for Infection Disease (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
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50
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Crowley AR, Natarajan H, Hederman AP, Bobak CA, Weiner JA, Wieland-Alter W, Lee J, Bloch EM, Tobian AAR, Redd AD, Blankson JN, Wolf D, Goetghebuer T, Marchant A, Connor RI, Wright PF, Ackerman ME. Boosting of cross-reactive antibodies to endemic coronaviruses by SARS-CoV-2 infection but not vaccination with stabilized spike. eLife 2022; 11:e75228. [PMID: 35289271 PMCID: PMC8923670 DOI: 10.7554/elife.75228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Preexisting antibodies to endemic coronaviruses (CoV) that cross-react with SARS-CoV-2 have the potential to influence the antibody response to COVID-19 vaccination and infection for better or worse. In this observational study of mucosal and systemic humoral immunity in acutely infected, convalescent, and vaccinated subjects, we tested for cross-reactivity against endemic CoV spike (S) protein at subdomain resolution. Elevated responses, particularly to the β-CoV OC43, were observed in all natural infection cohorts tested and were correlated with the response to SARS-CoV-2. The kinetics of this response and isotypes involved suggest that infection boosts preexisting antibody lineages raised against prior endemic CoV exposure that cross-react. While further research is needed to discern whether this recalled response is desirable or detrimental, the boosted antibodies principally targeted the better-conserved S2 subdomain of the viral spike and were not associated with neutralization activity. In contrast, vaccination with a stabilized spike mRNA vaccine did not robustly boost cross-reactive antibodies, suggesting differing antigenicity and immunogenicity. In sum, this study provides evidence that antibodies targeting endemic CoV are robustly boosted in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection but not to vaccination with stabilized S, and that depending on conformation or other factors, the S2 subdomain of the spike protein triggers a rapidly recalled, IgG-dominated response that lacks neutralization activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Crowley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth CollegeHanoverUnited States
| | - Harini Natarajan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth CollegeHanoverUnited States
| | | | - Carly A Bobak
- Biomedical Data Science, Dartmouth CollegeHanoverUnited States
| | - Joshua A Weiner
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth CollegeHanoverUnited States
| | - Wendy Wieland-Alter
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical CenterLebanonUnited States
| | - Jiwon Lee
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth CollegeHanoverUnited States
| | - Evan M Bloch
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Aaron AR Tobian
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Andrew D Redd
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Joel N Blankson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Dana Wolf
- Hadassah University Medical CenterJerusalemIsrael
| | - Tessa Goetghebuer
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université libre de BruxellesCharleroiBelgium
- Pediatric Department, CHU St PierreBrusselsBelgium
| | - Arnaud Marchant
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université libre de BruxellesCharleroiBelgium
| | - Ruth I Connor
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical CenterLebanonUnited States
| | - Peter F Wright
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical CenterLebanonUnited States
| | - Margaret E Ackerman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth CollegeHanoverUnited States
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth CollegeHanoverUnited States
- Biomedical Data Science, Dartmouth CollegeHanoverUnited States
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