Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor: A Key Molecule for Memory in the Healthy and the Pathological Brain

The effects of exercise interventions on brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor is a crucial neurotrophic factor that plays a significant role in brain health. Although the vast majority of meta-analyses have confirmed that exercise interventions can increase brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in children and adolescents, the effects of specific types of exercise on brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels are still controversial. To address this issue, we used meta-analytic methods to quantitatively evaluate, analyze, and integrate relevant studies. Our goals were to formulate general conclusions regarding the use of exercise interventions, explore the physiological mechanisms by which exercise improves brain health and cognitive ability in children and adolescents, and provide a reliable foundation for follow-up research. We used the PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, Springer, Wiley Online Library, Weipu, Wanfang, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases to search for randomized controlled trials examining the influences of exercise interventions on brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in children and adolescents. The extracted data were analyzed using ReviewManager 5.3. According to the inclusion criteria, we assessed randomized controlled trials in which the samples were mainly children and adolescents, and the outcome indicators were measured before and after the intervention. We excluded animal experiments, studies that lacked a control group, and those that did not report quantitative results. The mean difference (MD; before versus after intervention) was used to evaluate the effect of exercise on brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in children and adolescents. Overall, 531 participants (60 children and 471 adolescents, 10.9-16.1 years) were included from 13 randomized controlled trials. Heterogeneity was evaluated using the Q statistic and I2 test provided by ReviewManager software. The meta-analysis showed that there was no heterogeneity among the studies (P = 0.67, I2 = 0.00%). The combined effect of the interventions was significant (MD = 2.88, 95% CI: 1.53-4.22, P < 0.0001), indicating that the brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels of the children and adolescents in the exercise group were significantly higher than those in the control group. In conclusion, different types of exercise interventions significantly increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in children and adolescents. However, because of the small sample size of this meta-analysis, more high-quality research is needed to verify our conclusions. This meta-analysis was registered at PROSPERO (registration ID: CRD42023439408).

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in Alzheimer's disease: effects on neural and synaptic rehabilitation

Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disease resulting from deficits in synaptic transmission and homeostasis. The Alzheimer's disease brain tends to be hyperexcitable and hypersynchronized, thereby causing neurodegeneration and ultimately disrupting the operational abilities in daily life, leaving patients incapacitated. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation is a cost-effective, neuro-modulatory technique used for multiple neurological conditions. Over the past two decades, it has been widely used to predict cognitive decline; identify pathophysiological markers; promote neuroplasticity; and assess brain excitability, plasticity, and connectivity. It has also been applied to patients with dementia, because it can yield facilitatory effects on cognition and promote brain recovery after a neurological insult. However, its therapeutic effectiveness at the molecular and synaptic levels has not been elucidated because of a limited number of studies. This study aimed to characterize the neurobiological changes following repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment, evaluate its effects on synaptic plasticity, and identify the associated mechanisms. This review essentially focuses on changes in the pathology, amyloidogenesis, and clearance pathways, given that amyloid deposition is a major hypothesis in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Apoptotic mechanisms associated with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation procedures and different pathways mediating gene transcription, which are closely related to the neural regeneration process, are also highlighted. Finally, we discuss the outcomes of animal studies in which neuroplasticity is modulated and assessed at the structural and functional levels by using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, with the aim to highlight future directions for better clinical translations.

Brain-Derived neurotrophic factor and inflammatory biomarkers are unaffected by acute and chronic intermittent hypoxic-hyperoxic exposure in geriatric patients: a randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Animal and human studies have shown that exposure to hypoxia can increase brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein transcription and reduce systematic inflammatory cytokine response. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the acute and chronic effects of intermittent hypoxic-hyperoxic exposure (IHHE) prior to aerobic exercise on BDNF, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and C-reactive protein (CRP) blood levels in geriatric patients.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Twenty-five geriatric patients (83.1 ± 5.0 yrs, 71.1 ± 10.0 kg, 1.8 ± 0.9 m) participated in a placebo-controlled, single-blinded trial and were randomly assigned to either an intervention (IG) or control group (CG) performing an aerobic cycling training (17 sessions, 20 min·session-1, 3 sessions·week-1). Prior to aerobic cycling exercise, the IG was additionally exposed to IHHE for 30 min, whereas the CG received continuous normoxic air. Blood samples were taken immediately before (pre-exercise) and 10 min (post-exercise) after the first session as well as 48 h (post-training) after the last session to determine serum (BDNFS) and plasma BDNF (BDNFP), IL-6, and CRP levels. Intervention effects were analyzed using a 2 x 2 analysis of covariance with repeated measures. Results were interpreted based on effect sizes with a medium effect considered as meaningful (ηp2 ≥ 0.06, d ≥ 0.5).

RESULTS

CRP was moderately higher (d = 0.51) in the CG compared to the IG at baseline. IHHE had no acute effect on BDNFS (ηp2 = 0.01), BDNFP (ηp2 < 0.01), BDNF serum/plasma-ratio (ηp2 < 0.01), IL-6 (ηp2 < 0.01), or CRP (ηp2 = 0.04). After the 6-week intervention, an interaction was found for BDNF serum/plasma-ratio (ηp2 = 0.06) but not for BDNFS (ηp2 = 0.04), BDNFP (ηp2 < 0.01), IL-6 (ηp2 < 0.01), or CRP (ηp2 < 0.01). BDNF serum/plasma-ratio increased from pre-exercise to post-training (d = 0.67) in the CG compared to the IG (d = 0.51). A main effect of time was found for BDNFP (ηp2 = 0.09) but not for BDNFS (ηp2 = 0.02). Within-group post-hoc analyses revealed a training-related reduction in BDNFP in the IG and CG by 46.1% (d = 0.73) and 24.7% (d = 0.57), respectively.

CONCLUSION

The addition of 30 min IHHE prior to 20 min aerobic cycling seems not to be effective to increase BDNFS and BDNFP or to reduce IL-6 and CRP levels in geriatric patients after a 6-week intervention.The study was retrospectively registered at drks.de (DRKS-ID: DRKS00025130).

Role of Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Related Therapeutic Strategies in Central Post-Stroke Pain

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is vital for synaptic plasticity, cell persistence, and neuronal development in peripheral and central nervous systems (CNS). Numerous intracellular signalling pathways involving BDNF are well recognized to affect neurogenesis, synaptic function, cell viability, and cognitive function, which in turn affects pathological and physiological aspects of neurons. Stroke has a significant psycho-socioeconomic impact globally. Central post-stroke pain (CPSP), also known as a type of chronic neuropathic pain, is caused by injury to the CNS following a stroke, specifically damage to the somatosensory system. BDNF regulates a broad range of functions directly or via its biologically active isoforms, regulating multiple signalling pathways through interactions with different types of receptors. BDNF has been shown to play a major role in facilitating neuroplasticity during post-stroke recovery and a pro-nociceptive role in pain development in the nervous system. BDNF-tyrosine kinase receptors B (TrkB) pathway promotes neurite outgrowth, neurogenesis, and the prevention of apoptosis, which helps in stroke recovery. Meanwhile, BDNF overexpression plays a role in CPSP via the activation of purinergic receptors P2X4R and P2X7R. The neuronal hyperexcitability that causes CPSP is linked with BDNF-TrkB interactions, changes in ion channels and inflammatory reactions. This review provides an overview of BDNF synthesis, interactions with certain receptors, and potential functions in regulating signalling pathways associated with stroke and CPSP. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying CPSP, the role of BDNF in CPSP, and the challenges and current treatment strategies targeting BDNF are also discussed.

Improving dietary patterns in obese mice: Effects on body weight, adiposity, anhedonia-like behavior, pro-BDNF expression and 5-HT system

INTRODUCTION

The excessive fat accumulation in obesity, resulting from an unbalanced diet, can lead to metabolic and neurological disorders and increase the risk of developing anxiety and depression.

AIM

Assess the impact of dietary intervention (DI) on the serotonergic system, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression and behaviors of obese mice.

METHODS

Male C57BL/6 mice, 5 weeks old, received a high-fat diet (HFD) for 10 weeks for the induction of obesity. After this period, for 8 weeks, half of these animals received a control diet (CD), group obese (OB) + control diet (OB + CD, n = 10), and another half continued being fed HFD, group obese + HFD (OB + HFD, n = 10). At the end of the eighth week of intervention, behavioral tests were performed (sucrose preference test, open field, novel object recognition, elevated plus maze and tail suspension). Body weight and food intake were assessed weekly. Visceral adiposity, the hippocampal and hypothalamic protein expression of BDNF, 5-HT1A (5-HT1A serotonin receptor) and TPH2 (key enzyme in serotonin synthesis), were evaluated after euthanasia.

RESULTS

The dietary intervention involved changing from a HFD to a CD over an 8-week period, effectively reduced body weight gain, adiposity, and anhedonia-like behavior. In the OB + HFD group, we saw a lower sucrose preference and shorter traveled distance in the open field, along with increased pro-BDNF expression in the hypothalamus compared to the OB + CD mice. However, the levels of TPH2 and 5-HT1A remained unchanged.

CONCLUSION

The HFD model induced both obesity and anhedonia, but the dietary intervention successfully improved these conditions.

The relationship between BDNF and physical activity on depression

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the leading causes of disease burden and disability worldwide. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) seems to have an important role in the molecular mechanisms underlying MDD aetiology, given its implication in regulating neuronal plasticity. There is evidence that physical activity (PA) improves depressive symptoms, with a key role of BDNF in this effect. We aim to perform a systematic review examining the relationship between the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism and the BDNF protein, PA and MDD.

METHODS

Both observational and experimental design original articles or systematic reviews were selected, according to the PRISMA statement.

RESULTS

Six studies evaluated the Val66Met polymorphism, suggesting a greater impact of physical activity on depression depending on the Val66Met genotype. More discordant findings were observed among the 13 studies assessing BDNF levels with acute or chronic exercise interventions, mainly due to the high heterogeneity found among intervention designs, limited sample size, and potential bias.

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, there is cumulative evidence supporting the potential role of BDNF in the interaction between PA and MDD. However, this review highlights the need for further research with more homogeneous and standardised criteria, and pinpoints important confounding factors that must be considered in future studies to provide robust conclusions.

Association between reduced plasma BDNF concentration and MMSE scores in both chronic schizophrenia and mild cognitive impairment

Reduced brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) concentration is reported to be associated with a cognitive decline in schizophrenia, depending on the stage of the disease. Aim of the study was to examine the possible association between plasma BDNF and cognitive decline in chronic stable schizophrenia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The study included 123 inpatients of both sexes with schizophrenia, 123 patients with MCI and 208 healthy control subjects. Cognitive abilities were assessed using mini mental state examination (MMSE), Clock Drawing test (CDT) and cognitive subscale of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Plasma BDNF concentration was determined using ELISA. BDNF concentration was lower in patients with schizophrenia and MCI compared to age-matched healthy controls and was similar in carriers of different BDNF Val/66Met genotypes. The MMSE and CDT scores were lower in patients with schizophrenia compared to healthy controls and subjects with MCI. Reduced plasma BDNF was significantly associated with lower MMSE scores in all subjects. BDNF concentration in patients with schizophrenia was not affected by clinical and demographic factors. BDNF Val66Met polymorphism was not associated with the MMSE scores in all participants. Further studies should include longitudinal follow-up and other cognitive scales to confirm these results and offer cognition-improving strategies to prevent cognitive decline in chronic schizophrenia.

Mixing energy drinks and alcohol during adolescence impairs brain function: A study of rat hippocampal plasticity

In the last decades, the consumption of energy drinks has risen dramatically, especially among young people, adolescents and athletes, driven by the constant search for ergogenic effects, such as the increase in physical and cognitive performance. In parallel, mixed consumption of energy drinks and ethanol, under a binge drinking modality, under a binge drinking modality, has similarly grown among adolescents. However, little is known whether the combined consumption of these drinks, during adolescence, may have long-term effects on central function, raising the question of the risks of this habit on brain maturation. Our study was designed to evaluate, by behavioral, electrophysiological and molecular approaches, the long-term effects on hippocampal plasticity of ethanol (EtOH), energy drinks (EDs), or alcohol mixed with energy drinks (AMED) in a rat model of binge-like drinking adolescent administration. The results show that AMED binge-like administration produces adaptive hippocampal changes at the molecular level, associated with electrophysiological and behavioral alterations, which develop during the adolescence and are still detectable in adult animals. Overall, the study indicates that binge-like drinking AMED adolescent exposure represents a habit that may affect permanently hippocampal plasticity.

The impact of magnesium biotinate and arginine silicate complexes on metabolic dysfunctions, antioxidant activity, inflammation, and neuromodulation in high-fat diet-fed rats

Biotin and arginine play crucial roles in lipid metabolism and may offer promising interventions against obesity. This study examined the combined effect of magnesium biotinate (MgB) and inositol-stabilized arginine silicate complex (ASI) on obesity-related oxidative imbalance, inflammation, lipid metabolism and neuromodulation in rats on a high-fat diet (HFD). Forty rats were divided into five groups: (a) control: rats were fed a standard diet containing 12% of energy from fat; (b) HFD: rats were fed the HFD with 42% of energy from fat; (c) HFD + MgB: rats were fed the HFD and given 0.31 mg/kg body weight (BW) MgB, (d) HFD + ASI: rats were fed the HFD and were given 12.91 mg/kg BW ASI), and (e) HFD + MgB + ASI: rats were fed the HFD and given 0.31 mg/kg BW MgB and 12.91 mg/kg BW ASI). The combined administration of MgB and ASI reduced the levels of serum cholesterol, free fatty acid (FFA), and malondialdehyde (MDA), as well as liver inflammatory cytokines, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1-c (SREBP-1c), and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR) proteins (P < 0.001) compared to HFD rats without supplementation. Moreover, this combination increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes (P < 0.05) and boosted the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), serotonin, dopamine (P < 0.001), as well as liver insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) (P < 0.001). These findings suggest that combining MgB and ASI could deter liver fat accumulation and enhance lipid metabolism in HFD-fed rats by modulating various metabolic pathways and neuromodulators related to energy metabolism. This combination demonstrates potential in addressing obesity and its related metabolic dysfunctions.

Flibanserin conquers murine depressive pseudodementia by amending HPA axis, maladaptive inflammation and AKT/GSK/STAT/BDNF trajectory: Center-staging of the serotonergic/adrenergic circuitry

Depressive pseudodementia (DPD) is a debilitating cognitive dysfunction that accompanies major and/or frequent depressive attacks. DPD has gained significant research attention owing to its negative effects on the patients' quality of life and productivity. This study tested the procognitive potential of Flibanserin (FBN), the serotonin (5HT) receptor modulator, against propranolol (PRP), as β/5HT1A receptors blocker. Serving this purpose, female Wistar Albino rats were subjected to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) and subsequently treated with FBN only (3 mg/kg/day, p.o), PRP only (10 mg/kg/day, p.o), or PRP followed by FBN, using the same doses. FBN ameliorated the behavioral/cognitive alterations and calmed the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis storm by reducing the levels of stress-related hormones, viz, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), corticosterone (CORT) parallel to epinephrine (EPI) hyperstimulation. The maladaptive inflammatory response, comprising of interleukin (IL)-1β/6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, was consequently blunted. This was contemporaneous to the partial restoration of the protein kinase-B (AKT)/glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)3β/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-3 survival trajectory and the reinstatement of the levels of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Microscopically, FBN repaired the hippocampal architecture and lessened CD68/GFAP immunoreactivity. Pre-administration of PRP partially abolished FBN effect along the estimated parameters, except for 5HT2A receptor expression and epinephrine level, to prove 5HT1A receptor as a fulcrum initiator of the investigated pathway, while its sole administration worsened the underlying condition. Ultimately, these findings highlight the immense procognitive potential of FBN, offering a new paradigm for halting DPD advancement via synchronizing adrenergic/serotonergic circuitry.

Emerging pharmacological approaches for Huntington's disease

Huntington's disease (HD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive, motor, and psychiatric symptoms. Despite significant advances in understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms of HD, there is currently no cure or disease-modifying treatment available. Emerging pharmacological approaches offer promising strategies to alleviate symptoms and slow down disease progression. This comprehensive review aims to provide a critical appraisal of the latest developments in pharmacological interventions for HD. The review begins by discussing the pathogenesis of HD, focusing on the role of mutant huntingtin protein, mitochondrial dysfunction, excitotoxicity, and neuro-inflammation. It then explores emerging therapeutic targets, including the modulation of protein homeostasis, mitochondrial function, neuro-inflammation, and neurotransmitter systems. Pharmacological agents targeting these pathways are discussed, including small molecules, gene-based therapies, and neuroprotective agents. In recent years, several clinical trials have been conducted to evaluate the safety and efficiency of novel compounds for HD. This review presents an update on the outcomes of these trials, highlighting promising results and challenges encountered. Additionally, it discusses the potential of repurposing existing drugs approved for other indications as a cost-effective approach for HD treatment. The review concludes by summarizing the current state of pharmacological approaches for HD and outlining future directions in drug development. The integration of multiple therapeutic strategies, personalized medicine approaches, and combination therapies are highlighted as potential avenues to maximize treatment effectiveness.

Protective Effects and Mechanism of Heracleum moellendorffii Hance on Alcohol-Induced Cognitive Decline in Mice

Chronic and continuous alcohol consumption increases the risk of cognitive decline and may lead to alcohol-related dementia. We investigated the potential of Heracleum moellendorffii Hance root extract (HME) for treating alcohol-related cognitive impairment. Behavioral tests evaluated the effects of HME on cognitive function and depression. Changes in hippocampus and liver tissues were evaluated by Western blotting and H&E staining. The group treated with HME 200 mg/kg showed a significant increase in spontaneous alternation in Y-maze and a decrease in immobility in a forced swimming test (FST) compared to the vehicle-treated group. These results suggest that HME can restore memory deficits and reverse depressive symptoms caused by chronic alcohol consumption. The HME-treated group also upregulated brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), and phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) in the hippocampus. Additionally, it reduced lipid vacuolation in the liver and increased the expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ADH1). The administration of HME improves cognitive impairment and reverses depressive symptoms due to alcohol consumption, restoring neural plasticity in the hippocampus and alcohol metabolism in the liver. These findings suggest that HME is a promising treatment for alcohol-related brain disorders. Molecular mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of HME and its active ingredients should be investigated further.

Association of Moderate and Vigorous Physical Activity With Cognitive Performance: Evidence From Brazil

OBJECTIVE

It is estimated that 2% of dementia cases worldwide could be prevented with increases in physical activity. However, there is little evidence of the association between vigorous physical activity (VPA) and cognitive performance. This study aimed to investigate the association of moderate physical activity (MPA) and VPA with cognitive performance in older adults from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brasil).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Data from 7954 participants were analyzed. Mean age was 61.8 ± 9.2 years, 61.8% were women, and 44.3% were mixed races. Cognitive performance evaluated the memory, temporal orientation, and verbal fluency domains. A global composite z-score was derived from the tests. Physical activity was assessed by self-report. We used linear regression models to verify the association of MPA and VPA with cognitive performance.

RESULTS

Compared with participants who did not meet the guidelines for MPA (<150 min/wk), those who met the guidelines (150 to 299 min/wk) and those who performed more than 2x the recommended amount of MPA (300 min or more/wk) had better global cognitive performance (β = 0.163, 95% CI = 0.086, 0.241; P< 0.001; β = 0.180, 95% CI = 0.107, 0.253, P< 0.001, respectively). We found no association between VPA and cognitive performance.

CONCLUSION

There was no additional benefit of VPA for cognitive performance.

Neuroprotective effects of saxagliptin against radiation-induced cognitive impairment: Insights on Akt/CREB/SIRT1/BDNF signaling pathway

Radiation-induced cognitive impairment has recently fueled scientific interest with an increasing prevalence of cancer patients requiring whole brain irradiation (WBI) in their treatment algorithm. Saxagliptin (SAXA), a dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitor, has exhibited competent neuroprotective effects against varied neurodegenerative disorders. Hence, this study aimed at examining the efficacy of SAXA in alleviating WBI-induced cognitive deficits. Male Sprague Dawley rats were distributed into control group, WBI group exposed to 20 Gy ϒ-radiation, SAXA group treated for three weeks with SAXA (10 mg/kg. orally, once daily), and WBI/SAXA group exposed to 20 Gy ϒ-radiation then treated with SAXA (10 mg/kg. orally, once daily). SAXA effectively reversed memory deterioration and motor dysfunction induced by 20 Gy WBI during behavioural tests and preserved normal histological architecture of the hippocampal tissues of irradiated rats. Mechanistically, SAXA inhibited WBI-induced hippocampal oxidative stress via decreasing lipid peroxidation while restoring catalase antioxidant activity. Moreover, SAXA abrogated radiation-induced hippocampal neuronal apoptosis through downregulating proapoptotic Bcl-2 Associated X-protein (Bax) and upregulating antiapoptotic B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) expressions and eventually diminishing expression of cleaved caspase 3. Furthermore, SAXA boosted hippocampal neurogenesis by upregulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression. These valuable neuroprotective capabilities of SAXA were linked to activating protein kinase B (Akt), and cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) along with elevating the expression of sirtuin 1 (SIRT-1). SAXA successfully mitigated cognitive dysfunction triggered by WBI, attenuated oxidative injury, and neuronal apoptosis, and enhanced neurogenesis through switching on Akt/CREB/BDNF/SIRT-1 signaling axes. Such fruitful neurorestorative effects of SAXA provide an innovative therapeutic strategy for improving the cognitive capacity of cancer patients exposed to radiotherapy.

BDNF, proBDNF and proBDNF/BDNF ratio with electroencephalographic abnormalities in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Possible relations to cognition and severity

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with and without subclinical epileptogenic discharges (SED) have been suggested to negatively affect cognitive abilities of children with ADHD. The role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its precursor proBDNF in ADHD is in need of being investigated. The aims were to evaluate the levels of serum BDNF, proBDNF and the proBDNF/BDNF ratio in addition to the potential impacts of SED on the children's cognitive abilities and the severity of ADHD. The included participants with ADHD were 30 children with normal electroencephalogram (EEG) (G1) and 30 children with SED (G2), together with 30 healthy children (G3). The cognitive abilities and severity of the disorder were evaluated. The biochemical measures were determined by ELISA. The presence of coexisting SED and nocturnal enuresis has led to a deleterious effect on cognitive processes but not on the severity. The focal epileptogenic discharge was the most common among children in G2. The levels of BDNF in Groups 1 and 2 were less than those in G3. The higher proBDNF/BDNF ratio could be related to the low BDNF levels rather than high proBDNF levels. The findings of this study highlight the importance of investigating the presence of SED and nocturnal enuresis in children with ADHD. Targeting strengthening of cognitive abilities in children with coexisting ADHD and SED is advised. The role of proBDNF in the pathophysiology of ADHD needs further investigation.

The association between levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and comorbid depression in patients with cardiovascular disease: The Framingham Heart Study

AIM

The current study aims to investigate the association of serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels with symptoms of depression in adults with and without prevalent cardiovascular disease (CVD), an often burdensome comorbidity.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study included participants from FHS (Framingham Heart Study) who had available serum BDNF levels. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) with a score ≥16 indicating mild to moderate and ≥21 severe depression. Participants taking antidepressant medications were excluded from the study.

RESULTS

Altogether 3716 FHS participants were included in the final analysis (mean age, 64.3 ± 11.5 years; 55% women). After adjusting for potential confounders, greater BDNF levels were associated with reduced severe depression risk (odds ratio [OR], 0.78 [95% CI, 0.64-0.96]; P = 0.016). Among participants with CVD, greater BDNF levels were related to lower risk of depressive symptoms (CES-D ≥ 16 OR, 0.63 [95% CI, 0.45-0.89], P = 0.008; CES-D ≥ 21 OR, 0.49 [95% CI, 0.31-0.76], P = 0.002). The inverse relationship between BDNF and depressive symptom risk was present in women with CVD (CES-D ≥ 16 OR, 0.63 [95% CI, 0.40-0.99], P = 0.047; CES-D ≥ 21 OR, 0.38 [95% CI, 0.21-0.70], P = 0.002) but not in men.

CONCLUSION

Lower serum BDNF levels are associated with a higher risk of depressive symptoms in CVD, particularly among women. These findings implicate BDNF in the complex biological mechanisms that underlie prior associations observed between CVD and depression. To reduce the burden of depression in the large proportion of midlife and older adults with CVD, a better understanding of how BDNF may modify these pathways is merited.

The importance of oxidative biomarkers in diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring schizophrenia patients

INTRODUCTION

The etiology of schizophrenia (SCZ), an incredibly complex disorder, remains multifaceted. Literature suggests the involvement of oxidative stress (OS) in the pathophysiology of SCZ.

OBJECTIVES

Determination of selected OS markers and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in patients with chronic SCZ and those in states predisposing to SCZ-first episode psychosis (FP) and ultra-high risk (UHR).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Determination of OS markers and BDNF levels by spectrophotometric methods and ELISA in 150 individuals (116 patients diagnosed with SCZ or in a predisposed state, divided into four subgroups according to the type of disorder: deficit schizophrenia, non-deficit schizophrenia, FP, UHR). The control group included 34 healthy volunteers.

RESULTS

Lower activities of analyzed antioxidant enzymes and GSH and TAC concentrations were found in all individuals in the study group compared to controls (p < 0.001). BDNF concentration was also lower in all groups compared to controls except in the UHR subgroup (p = 0.01). Correlations were observed between BDNF, R-GSSG, GST, GPx activity, and disease duration (p < 0.02). A small effect of smoking on selected OS markers was also noted (rho<0.06, p < 0.03).

CONCLUSIONS

OS may play an important role in the pathophysiology of SCZ before developing the complete clinical pattern of the disorder. The redox imbalance manifests itself with such severity in individuals with SCZ and in a state predisposing to the development of this psychiatric disease that natural antioxidant systems become insufficient to compensate against it completely. The discussed OS biomarkers may support the SCZ diagnosis and predict its progression.

Promotion of structural plasticity in area V2 of visual cortex prevents against object recognition memory deficits in aging and Alzheimer's disease rodents

JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202408000-00038/figure1/v/2023-12-16T180322Z/r/image-tiff Memory deficit, which is often associated with aging and many psychiatric, neurological, and neurodegenerative diseases, has been a challenging issue for treatment. Up till now, all potential drug candidates have failed to produce satisfactory effects. Therefore, in the search for a solution, we found that a treatment with the gene corresponding to the RGS14414 protein in visual area V2, a brain area connected with brain circuits of the ventral stream and the medial temporal lobe, which is crucial for object recognition memory (ORM), can induce enhancement of ORM. In this study, we demonstrated that the same treatment with RGS14414 in visual area V2, which is relatively unaffected in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, produced long-lasting enhancement of ORM in young animals and prevent ORM deficits in rodent models of aging and Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, we found that the prevention of memory deficits was mediated through the upregulation of neuronal arborization and spine density, as well as an increase in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). A knockdown of BDNF gene in RGS14414-treated aging rats and Alzheimer's disease model mice caused complete loss in the upregulation of neuronal structural plasticity and in the prevention of ORM deficits. These findings suggest that BDNF-mediated neuronal structural plasticity in area V2 is crucial in the prevention of memory deficits in RGS14414-treated rodent models of aging and Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, our findings of RGS14414 gene-mediated activation of neuronal circuits in visual area V2 have therapeutic relevance in the treatment of memory deficits.

Thermodynamic model for memory

A thermodynamic model for memory formation is proposed. Key points include: 1) Any thought or consciousness corresponds to a thermodynamic system of nerve cells. 2) The system concept of nerve cells can only be described by thermodynamics of condensed matter. 3) The memory structure is logically associated with the system structure or the normal structure of biology. 4) The development of our thoughts is processed irreversibly, and numerous states or thoughts can be generated. 5) Memory formation results from the reorganization and change of cellular structures (or memory structures), which are related to nerve cell skeleton and membrane. Their alteration can change the excitability of nerve cells and the pathway of neural impulse conduction. 6) Amnesia results from the loss of thermodynamic stability of the memory structure, which can be achieved by different ways. Some related phenomena and facts are discussed. The analysis shows that thermodynamics can account for the basic properties of memory.

Hydrolyzed Chicken Meat Extract and Its Bioactive Cyclopeptides Protect Neural Function by Attenuating Inflammation and Apoptosis via PI3K/AKT and AMPK Pathways

Cognitive decline is inevitable with age, and due to the lack of well-established pharmacotherapies for neurodegenerative disorders, dietary supplements have become important alternatives to ameliorate brain deterioration. Hydrolyzed chicken meat extract (HCE) and its bioactive components were previously found to improve neuroinflammation and cognitive decline by regulating microglia polarization. However, the effects and mechanisms of these bioactives on neurons remain unclear. Here, the most potent bioactive component on neural function in HCE was screened out, and the detailed mechanism was clarified through in vivo and in vitro experiments. We found that HCE, cyclo(Val-Pro), cyclo(Phe-Phe), cyclo(His-Pro), cyclo(Leu-Lys), and arginine exerted stronger anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects among the 12 bioactives in amyloid β (Aβ)-treated HT-22 cells. Further transcriptome sequencing and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) array analysis showed that these bioactives participated in different signaling pathways, and cyclo(Val-Pro) was identified as the most potent cyclic dipeptide. In addition, the antiapoptotic and neuroprotective effect of cyclo(Val-Pro) was partly regulated by the activation of PI3K/AKT and AMPK pathways, and the inhibition of these pathways abolished the effect of cyclo(Val-Pro). Moreover, cyclo(Val-Pro) enhanced cognitive function and neurogenesis and alleviated neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in middle-aged mice, with an effect similar to HCE. Hippocampal transcriptome analysis further revealed that HCE and cyclo(Val-Pro) significantly enriched the neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathway, verified by enhanced neurotransmitter levels and upregulated neurotransmitter receptor-related gene expression. Therefore, the mechanism of cyclo(Val-Pro) on neural function might be associated with PI3K/AKT and AMPK pathway-mediated antiapoptotic effect and neurogenesis and the activation of the neurotransmitter-receptor pathway.

AMPA Receptors Endocytosis Inhibition Attenuates Cognition Deficit Via c-Fos/BDNF Signaling in Amyloid β Neurotoxicity

Glutamatergic imbalance, particularly downregulation of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4- isoxazole propionic acid receptor (AMPARs) endocytosis, has been addressed as a possible reason for cognitive dysfunctions in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We hypothesized that inhibition of AMPAR endocytosis may ameliorate memory impairment in AD model of rats. To approach this, twenty-four adults male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: saline + saline (control group), Aβ + saline, and Aβ + Tat-GluR23Y (AMPA endocytosis inhibitor). Animals received an intracerebroventricular (i.c.v) injection of Aβ (1-42) to induce neuro-toxicity, followed by chronic administration of GluR23Y, and further behavioral assessments by MWM. Afterward, the hippocampal level of Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and c-Fos was measured via Western blotting. The results of our study revealed that chronic administration of GluR23Y improved both working and reference memories evidenced by shorter latency time and longer total time spent in the target zone in MWM. Additionally, this improvement was paralleled by an increase in BDNF, but a decrease in c-Fos. In conclusion, GluR23Y improves spatial memory impairment at least partly via elevating neuroprotective factor of BDNF and reducing apoptotic protein of c-Fos.

Regional-specific changes in rat brain BDNF in a model of methamphetamine abuse

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a member of the neurotrophin family, plays key roles in neuronal protection and synaptic plasticity. Changes in BDNF are associated with various pathological conditions, including methamphetamine (meth) addiction, although the effects of meth on BDNF expression are not always consistent. We have previously demonstrated region-specific effects of a chronic meth regime on BDNF methylation and expression in the rat brain. This study aims to determine the effect of chronic meth administration on the expression of BDNF protein using immunohistochemistry in the rat frontal cortex and hippocampus. Novel object recognition (NOR) as a measure of cognitive function was also determined. Male Sprague Dawley rats were administered a chronic escalating dose (0.1-4 mg/kg over 14 days) (ED) of meth or vehicle; a subgroup of animals receiving meth were also given an acute "binge" (4x6mg) dose on the final day before NOR testing. The results showed that hippocampal CA1 BDNF protein was significantly increased by 72 % above control values in the ED-binge rats, while other hippocampal regions and frontal cortex were not significantly affected. Meth-administered animals also demonstrated deficits in NOR after 24 h delay. No significant effect of the additional binge dose on BDNF protein or NOR findings was apparent. This finding is consistent with our previous results of reduced DNA methylation and increased expression of the BDNF gene in this region. The hippocampal BDNF increase may reflect an initial increase in a protective factor produced in response to elevated glutamate release resulting in neurodegenerative excitotoxicity.

BDNF-TrkB signaling orchestrates the buildup process of local sleep

Sleep debt accumulates during wakefulness, leading to increased slow wave activity (SWA) during sleep, an encephalographic marker for sleep need. The use-dependent demands of prior wakefulness increase sleep SWA locally. However, the circuitry and molecular identity of this "local sleep" remain unclear. Using pharmacology and optogenetic perturbations together with transcriptomics, we find that cortical brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) regulates SWA via the activation of tyrosine kinase B (TrkB) receptor and cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB). We map BDNF/TrkB-induced sleep SWA to layer 5 (L5) pyramidal neurons of the cortex, independent of neuronal firing per se. Using mathematical modeling, we here propose a model of how BDNF's effects on synaptic strength can increase SWA in ways not achieved through increased firing alone. Proteomic analysis further reveals that TrkB activation enriches ubiquitin and proteasome subunits. Together, our study reveals that local SWA control is mediated by BDNF-TrkB-CREB signaling in L5 excitatory cortical neurons.

Moderate-intensity aerobic exercise enhanced dopamine signaling in diet-induced obese female mice without preventing body weight gain

Obesity continues to rise in prevalence and financial burden despite strong evidence linking it to an increased risk of developing several chronic diseases. Dopamine response and receptor density are shown to decrease under conditions of obesity. However, it is unclear if this could be a potential mechanism for treatment without drugs that have a potential for abuse. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate whether moderate-intensity exercise could reduce body weight gain and the associated decreases in dopamine signaling observed with high-fat diet-induced adiposity. We hypothesized that exercise would attenuate body weight gain and diet-induced inflammation in high-fat (HF)-fed mice, resulting in dopamine signaling (release and reuptake rate) comparable to sedentary, low-fat (LF)-fed counterparts. This hypothesis was tested using a mouse model of diet-induced obesity (DIO) and fast-scan cyclic voltammetry to measure evoked dopamine release and reuptake rates. Although the exercise protocol employed in this study was not sufficient to prevent significant body weight gain, there was an enhancement of dopamine signaling observed in female mice fed a HF diet that underwent treadmill running. Additionally, aerobic treadmill exercise enhanced the sensitivity to amphetamine (AMPH) in this same group of exercised, HF-fed females. The estrous cycle might influence the ability of exercise to enhance dopamine signaling in females, an effect not observed in male groups. Further research into females by estrous cycle phase, in addition to determining the optimal intensity and duration of aerobic exercise, are logical next steps.

The effects of different types of social interactions on the electrophysiology of neurons in the nucleus accumbens in rodents

BORLAND, J.M., The effects of different types of social interactions on the electrophysiology of neurons in the nucleus accumbens in rodents, NEUROSCI BIOBEH REV 21(1) XXX-XXX, 2024.-Sociality shapes an organisms' life. The nucleus accumbens is a critical brain region for mental health. In the following review, the effects of different types of social interactions on the physiology of neurons in the nucleus accumbens is synthesized. More specifically, the effects of sex behavior, aggression, social defeat, pair-bonding, play behavior, affiliative interactions, parental behaviors, the isolation from social interactions and maternal separation on measures of excitatory synaptic transmission, intracellular signaling and factors of transcription and translation in neurons in the nucleus accumbens in rodent models are reviewed. Similarities and differences in effects depending on the type of social interaction is then discussed. This review improves the understanding of the molecular and synaptic mechanisms of sociality.

Chronic activation of a negative engram induces behavioral and cellular abnormalities

Negative memories engage a brain and body-wide stress response in humans that can alter cognition and behavior. Prolonged stress responses induce maladaptive cellular, circuit, and systems-level changes that can lead to pathological brain states and corresponding disorders in which mood and memory are affected. However, it is unclear if repeated activation of cells processing negative memories induces similar phenotypes in mice. In this study, we used an activity-dependent tagging method to access neuronal ensembles and assess their molecular characteristics. Sequencing memory engrams in mice revealed that positive (male-to-female exposure) and negative (foot shock) cells upregulated genes linked to anti- and pro-inflammatory responses, respectively. To investigate the impact of persistent activation of negative engrams, we chemogenetically activated them in the ventral hippocampus over 3 months and conducted anxiety and memory-related tests. Negative engram activation increased anxiety behaviors in both 6- and 14-month-old mice, reduced spatial working memory in older mice, impaired fear extinction in younger mice, and heightened fear generalization in both age groups. Immunohistochemistry revealed changes in microglial and astrocytic structure and number in the hippocampus. In summary, repeated activation of negative memories induces lasting cellular and behavioral abnormalities in mice, offering insights into the negative effects of chronic negative thinking-like behaviors on human health.

Controlled Hypoxia Acutely Prevents Physical Inactivity-Induced Peripheral BDNF Decline

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a crucial mediator of neuronal plasticity. Here, we investigated the effects of controlled normobaric hypoxia (NH) combined with physical inactivity on BDNF blood levels and executive functions. A total of 25 healthy adults (25.8 ± 3.3 years, 15 female) were analyzed in a randomized controlled cross-over study. Each intervention began with a 30 min resting phase under normoxia (NOR), followed by a 90 min continuation of NOR or NH (peripheral oxygen saturation [SpO2] 85-80%). Serum and plasma samples were collected every 15 min. Heart rate and SpO2 were continuously measured. Before and after each exposure, cognitive tests were performed and after 24 h another follow-up blood sample was taken. NH decreased SpO2 (p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.747) and increased heart rate (p = 0.006, ηp2 = 0.116) significantly. The 30-min resting phase under NOR led to a significant BDNF reduction in serum (p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.581) and plasma (p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.362). Continuation of NOR further significantly reduced BDNF after another 45 min (p = 0.018) in serum and after 30 min (p = 0.040) and 90 min (p = 0.005) in plasma. There was no significant BDNF decline under NH. A 24 h follow-up examination showed a significant decline in serum BDNF, both after NH and NOR. Our results show that NH has the potential to counteract physical inactivity-induced BDNF decline. Therefore, our study emphasizes the need for a physically active lifestyle and its positive effects on BDNF. This study also demonstrates the need for a standardized protocol for future studies to determine BDNF in serum and plasma.

Anxiolytic, Antidepression, and Memory-Enhancing Effects of the Novel Instant Soup RJ6601 in the Middle-Aged of Female Rats

Due to the health benefits of polyphenols and dietary fiber in combating mental disorders, we hypothesized that a polyphenol- and dietary fiber-enriched soup (RJ6601) would improve mental wellness in a rat model of middle-aged women. To test this hypothesis, female Wistar rats aged 18 months (350-450 g) were orally administered RJ6601 at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg BW for 28 days. The anxiolytic, antidepression, and memory-enhancing effects were assessed every 7 days throughout the study period. The neuron density and levels of activities of AChE, total MAO, MAO-A, MAO-B, MDA, SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, IL-1β, IL-6, and BDNF in the prefrontal cortex at the end of study were also investigated. Furthermore, the amounts of Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. in their feces were also determined. The results revealed that the developed soup shows anxiolytic, antidepression, and memory-enhancing effects. An increased neuron density; reductions in AChE, total MAO, MAO-A, MAO-B, and MDA; and an elevation of serum BDNF, together with increased amounts of both bacterial species in feces, were also observed. Our results suggest that RJ6601 is a potential mental wellness promotion supplement that enhances BDNF levels, brain plasticity, neurotransmitter balance, and oxidative stress and inflammation status, along with improving microbiota.

Genetic biomarkers of cognitive impairment and dementia of potential interest in CKD patients

This review discusses genetic variants associated with cognitive dysfunction in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, emphasising the limited research in this area. Four studies have explored genetic markers of cognitive dysfunction in CKD, with findings suggesting shared genetic biomarkers between Alzheimer's Disease and CKD.Because of the limited specific research on genetic markers of cognitive dysfunction and dementia in CKD, we extracted data from the current literature studies on genetic markers in the general population that may be relevant to the CKD population. These markers include Apolipoprotein E (APOE), Complement Receptor 1 (CR1), Clusterin (CLU), Sortilin-related receptor 1 (SORL1), Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), and Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), all of which are known to be associated with cognitive dysfunction and dementia in other populations. These genes play various roles in lipid metabolism, inflammation, Aβ clearance, and neuronal function, making them potential candidates for studying cognitive decline in CKD patients.CKD-specific research is needed to understand the role of these genetic markers in CKD-related cognitive dysfunction. Investigating how these genes influence cognitive decline in CKD patients could provide valuable insights into early detection, targeted interventions, and personalised treatment strategies. Overall, genetic studies to enhance our understanding and management of cognitive dysfunction in CKD represent a clinical research priority in this population.

Chemical composition and studying the possible neuroprotective effect of iridoids-rich fraction from Pentas lanceolata leaves using rotenone model of Parkinson's disease in mice

Parkinsonism is an age-related neurodegenerative illness that affects motor coordination leading to loss of dopaminergic neurons. Many medications are used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease but are only symptomatic and have a limited effect on the progression of this ailment. Therefore, bioactive compounds which derived from plants have been examined for their ability to improve the neuronal damage and cell death happened in parkinsonian patients. In this study the iridoids-rich fraction isolated from Pentas lanceolata (PIRF) leaves was investigated for its phytoconstituents. Seven iridoids (1-7) and one flavonol diglycoside (8) were isolated, and their chemical structures were achieved by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance and ESI-MS spectral data. Compound 1 (6β,7β-epoxy-8-epi-splendoside) and 5 (gaertneroside) were isolated for the first time from Pentas genus as well as compound 8 (kaempferol-3-O-robinobioside). The current study aims to investigate the possible anti-parkinsonian effect of PIRF using a rotenone model of Parkinsonism in mice. Behavioural tests (wirehanging, stair and wooden-walking tests) were done to examine the motor coordination in mice after treatment. Biochemical and histopathological examinations for brain striatum in different groups were also evaluated. Results revealed that rotenone-treated mice had poor motor functions described by depletion of dopamine and Ach levels, a significant increase in proinflammatory cytokines, IL-1B, TNF-α and Mcp-1 and oxidative biomarkers with subsequent reduction in antioxidant mediators. Disorganization of striatum, degenerated neurocytes, slight vacuolation, shrunken neurons with pyknotic nuclei and apoptotic cells are displayed by histopathological examinations. Treatment with PIRF ameliorates the neurodegeneration-induced by rotenone in the brain of mice. The anti-parkinsonian effect of PIRF could be attributed to their bioactive constituents of iridoids.

Associated between cognition, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and macronutrients in normal and overweight postmenopausal women

BDNF is a protein associated with cognitive dysfunction. The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between BDNF and cognitive functions and the intake of macronutrients in postmenopausal women. For this purpose, 72 postmenopausal women were recruited to the study and divided into two subgroups: overweight/obese and normal weight. Using a 3-day food record, nutrition was assessed. The markers studied were the level of BDNF, which was determined from the venous blood serum collected from women, and selected cognitive functions. We observed that in the normal BMI group macronutrient intake was correlated with BDNF levels, and only total fat and carbohydrate intake were inversely correlated with BDNF levels. There were inverse correlations observed among selected parameters of cognitive functioning. In the Ov/Ob group, macronutrient intake correlated with the BDNF level for several variables, e.g. vice versa with total protein, fat and carbohydrate intake, as well as dietary cholesterol. It has also been noted that there are links between the BDNF factor and excessive body weight.

Myrtenol Inhalation Mitigates Asthma-Induced Cognitive Impairments: an Electrophysiological, Behavioral, Histological, and Molecular Study

Asthma is an inflammatory disorder with significant health problems. It generally affects the lungs but can also impact brain performance via several mechanisms. Some investigations have proposed that asthma impairs cognition. This study assessed the impacts of myrtenol as a monoterpene on cognitive disorders following asthma at behavioral, molecular, and synaptic levels. Asthma was induced by injection and inhalation of ovalbumin (OVA). Male Wistar rats were allocated to five groups: control, asthma, asthma/vehicle, asthma/myrtenol, and asthma/budesonide. Myrtenol (8 mg/kg) or budesonide (160 μg/kg) was administered through inhalation once a day for 1 week, and at the end of the inhalation period, behavioral tests (MWM and Open Field), field potential recording, hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), IL1β (ELISA), and NFκB measurement (Western blot) were performed to evaluate cognitive performance. Moreover, H&E (hematoxylin and eosin) staining was used for hippocampus histological evaluation. Myrtenol improved spatial learning, memory, LTP (long-term potentiation) impairments, and anxiety-like behaviors following asthma. Myrtenol inhalation increased the BDNF level and decreased the IL1β level and NFκB expression in the hippocampus of the asthmatic rats. The neuronal damage in the hippocampus following allergic asthma was alleviated via myrtenol administration. Myrtenol, as an herbal extract, protects the hippocampus from asthma consequences. Our observations revealed that myrtenol can improve spatial learning, memory, synaptic plasticity impairments, and anxiety-like behaviors following asthma. We believe that these ameliorating effects of myrtenol can be attributed to inflammation suppression and increased BDNF in the hippocampus.

Concomitant Exposure to Lower Doses of Arsenic, Lead, and Manganese Induces Greater Synergistic Neurotoxicity Than Individual Metals in Mice

People in Bangladesh are often exposed to low to high levels of multiple metals due to contaminated groundwater with various heavy metals such as arsenic (As), lead (Pb), and manganese (Mn). However, the effects of concomitant exposure of these three metals on neurobehavioral changes are yet to be studied. Therefore, this study was intended to assess the neurotoxic effect of As, Pb, and Mn in a mouse model. Elevated plus maze (EPM) and Morris water maze (MWM) tests were conducted to evaluate anxiety, learning, and spatial memory impairment, respectively. The mice exposed to a combination of metals spent least time exploring the open arms and had longer latencies to find the hidden platform than the control and individual metal exposure groups in EPM and MWM tests. Moreover, concomitant multi-metal exposure remarkably decreased the activities of cholinergic and antioxidant enzymes, brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF), and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) levels and significantly increased interleukin-6 (IL-6) level in the brain tissue compared to the control and individual metal-exposed mice. Among the mice treated with a single metal, the As-treated mice showed the highest toxic effects than Pb- or Mn-treated mice. Taken together, the present study demonstrated that exposure to a mixture of As, Pb, and Mn, even at lower doses than individual metals, significantly augmented anxiety-like behavior and impaired learning and spatial memory compared to exposure to individual metals, which was associated with the changes of BDNF, Nrf2, IL-6 levels, and related enzyme activities in the brain.

Three-needle electroacupuncture ameliorates depressive-like behaviors in a mouse model of post-stroke depression by promoting excitatory synapse formation via the NGL-3/L1cam pathway

Three-needle electroacupuncture (TNEA) has shown promise as a non-pharmacological treatment for post-stroke depression (PSD). However, the underlying mechanisms of its therapeutic effects remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the potential molecular and synaptic mechanisms by which TNEA ameliorates depressive-like behaviors in a mouse model of PSD. Male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) to induce PSD and subsequently treated with TNEA for three weeks at specific acupoints (GV24 and bilateral GB13). Through a combination of behavioral tests, neuronal activation assessment, synaptic function examination, transcriptomic analysis, and various molecular techniques, we found that TNEA treatment significantly improved anxiety and depressive-like behaviors in PSD mice. These improvements were accompanied by enhanced neuronal activation in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and primary somatosensory cortex (PSC), as well as the promotion of excitatory synapse formation and transmission function in the mPFC. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that TNEA upregulated the expression of Netrin-G Ligand-3 (NGL-3), a postsynaptic cell adhesion molecule, in the mPFC. Further investigation showed that the extracellular domain of NGL-3 binds to the presynaptic protein L1cam, promoting the formation of Vesicular Glutamate Transporter 1 (vGluT1) puncta on neuronal dendrites. Notably, cortical neuron-specific knockout of NGL-3 abolished the antidepressant-like effects of TNEA in PSD mice, confirming the crucial role of the NGL-3/L1cam pathway in mediating the therapeutic effects of TNEA. These findings provide novel insights into the molecular and synaptic mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of acupuncture in the treatment of PSD and highlight the potential of targeting the NGL-3/L1cam pathway for the development of alternative interventions for PSD and other depressive disorders.

Adrenergic receptors blockade alleviates dexamethasone-induced neurotoxicity in adult male Wistar rats: Distinct effects on β-arrestin2 expression and molecular markers of neural injury

BACKGROUND

Dexamethasone-induced neurotoxicity has been previously reported. However, the molecular mechanisms are still not completely understood.

OBJECTIVES

The current work aimed to investigate the modulatory effects of α- and β-adrenergic receptors on dexamethasone-induced neurotoxicity in rats focused on changes in β-arrestin2 and molecular markers of neural injury in cerebral cortex.

METHODS

Male Wistar rats were subcutaneously injected with dexamethasone (10 mg/kg/day) for 7 days to induce neural injury in the cerebral cortex. The experiment involved 5 groups: control, dexamethasone, carvedilol, propranolol, and doxazosin. In the last 3 groups, drugs were given 2 hours before dexamethasone injection. At the end of experiment, brain samples were collected for measurement of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), kinase activity of protein kinase B (Akt), diacylglycerol (DAG), α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), Smad3, β-amyloid and phospho-tau protein levels in addition to histopathological examination of brain tissue using hematoxylin-eosin, Nissl, and Sirius red stains. Moreover, β-arrestin2 levels in the cerebral cortex were measured using immunohistochemical examination.

RESULTS

Dexamethasone slightly reduced brain weight and significantly decreased BDNF, Akt kinase activity and β-arrestin2 but markedly induced degeneration of cortical neurons and significantly increased GFAP, DAG, α-SMA, Smad3, β-amyloid and phospho-tau protein levels compared to controls. Carvedilol, propranolol, and doxazosin reversed all dexamethasone-induced molecular changes and slightly ameliorated the histopathological changes. Carvedilol significantly increased brain weight and β-arrestin2 levels compared to dexamethasone, propranolol, and doxazosin groups.

CONCLUSION

blocking α- and/or β-adrenergic receptors alleviate dexamethasone-induced neurotoxicity despite their distinct effects on β-arrestin2 levels in the cerebral cortex.

The effects of a chalcone derivative on memory, hippocampal corticosterone and BDNF levels in adult rats

Purpose/Aim of the study: Since chalcones belong to the flavonoid family, the effects of a new synthetic chalcone derivative on memory, chronic stress, and expression of hippocampal BDNF gene were studied.Materials and methods: In this experiment, the male wistar rats were placed under restraint stress (6 h/day) for 21 days and then treated with a newly synthesized chalcone, containing methoxy on the aromatic rings or vehicles (20 mg/kg, intraperitoneal, IP). After the behavioral Passive avoidance, Open field, and Morris water maze tests, the levels of serum corticosterone (CORT) and hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were analyzed.Results: Results of these tests presented significant differences between the Stress (St) and Chalcone (Ch) groups. Chronic stress led to high CORT levels and impaired memory functions. Moreover, a single dose of synthetic chalcone in the St group could postpone memory impairments. Furthermore, a 20 mg/kg IP injection of chalcone markedly attenuated the decrease of hippocampal BDNF.Conclusions: It has been already proposed that flavonoids have beneficial effects on different types of memory. According to these results, further investigations are required to explore other factors besides BDNF that could be acutely modulated by chalcones.

Therapeutic benefits of central LH receptor agonism in the APP/PS1 AD model involve trophic and immune regulation and are reproductive status dependent

The mechanisms that underly reproductive hormone effects on cognition, neuronal plasticity, and AD risk, particularly in relation to gonadotropin LH receptor (LHCGR) signaling, remain poorly understood. To address this gap in knowledge and clarify the impact of circulating steroid hormones on the therapeutic effects of CNS LHCGR activation, we delivered the LHCGR agonist human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) intracerebroventricularly (ICV) and evaluated functional, structural, plasticity-related signaling cascades, Aβ pathology, and transcriptome differences in reproductively intact and ovariectomized (OVX) APP/PS1 AD female mice. Here we demonstrate that CNS hCG delivery restored function to wild-type levels only in OVX APP/PS1 mice. Spine density was increased in all hCG treated groups independently of reproductive status. Notably, increases in BDNF signaling and cognition, were selectively upregulated only in the OVX hCG-treated group. RNA sequencing analyses identified a significant increase in peripheral myeloid and pro-inflammatory genes within the hippocampi of the OVX group that were completely reversed by hCG treatment, identifying a potential mechanism underlying the selective therapeutic effect of LHCGR activation. Interestingly, in intact mice, hCG administration mimicked the effects of gonadectomy. Together, our findings indicate that CNS LHCGR agonism in the post-menopausal context is beneficial through trophic and immune mechanisms. Our findings also underscore the presence of a steroid-LHCGR mechanistic interaction that is unexplored yet potentially meaningful to fully understand "post-menopausal" brain function and CNS hormone treatment response.

Understanding the Role of Endothelial Cells in Glioblastoma: Mechanisms and Novel Treatments

Glioblastoma is a highly aggressive neoplasm and the most common primary malignant brain tumor. Endothelial tissue plays a critical role in glioblastoma growth and progression, facilitating angiogenesis, cellular communication, and tumorigenesis. In this review, we present an up-to-date and comprehensive summary of the role of endothelial cells in glioblastomas, along with an overview of recent developments in glioblastoma therapies and tumor endothelial marker identification.

Multi-ancestry meta-analysis of tobacco use disorder identifies 461 potential risk genes and reveals associations with multiple health outcomes

Tobacco use disorder (TUD) is the most prevalent substance use disorder in the world. Genetic factors influence smoking behaviours and although strides have been made using genome-wide association studies to identify risk variants, most variants identified have been for nicotine consumption, rather than TUD. Here we leveraged four US biobanks to perform a multi-ancestral meta-analysis of TUD (derived via electronic health records) in 653,790 individuals (495,005 European, 114,420 African American and 44,365 Latin American) and data from UK Biobank (ncombined = 898,680). We identified 88 independent risk loci; integration with functional genomic tools uncovered 461 potential risk genes, primarily expressed in the brain. TUD was genetically correlated with smoking and psychiatric traits from traditionally ascertained cohorts, externalizing behaviours in children and hundreds of medical outcomes, including HIV infection, heart disease and pain. This work furthers our biological understanding of TUD and establishes electronic health records as a source of phenotypic information for studying the genetics of TUD.

Environmental enrichment and the combined interventions of EE and metformin enhance hippocampal neuron survival and hippocampal-dependent memory in type 2 diabetic rats under stress through the BDNF-TrkB signaling pathways

BACKGROUND

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) with depression causes severe cognitive impairments. The devastating conditions will further compromise the overall quality of life. The overconsumption of high-fat and high-sucrose (HFS) diet is one of the modifiable risk factors for T2D, depression, and cognitive impairments. Thus, it is essential to identify effective therapeutic strategies to overcome the cognitive impairments in T2D with depression. We proposed environmental enrichment (EE) which encompasses social, cognitive, and physical components as the alternative treatment for such impairments. We also investigated the potential neuroprotective properties of the antidiabetic drug metformin. This study aimed to investigate the effects of EE and metformin interventions on hippocampal neuronal death, and hippocampal-dependent memory impairment in T2D rats under stress.

METHODS

Thirty-two male rats (200-250 g) were divided into four groups: C group (standard diet + conventional cage), DS group [HFS-induced T2D + restraint stress (RS)], DSE group [HFS-induced T2D + RS + EE] and DSEM group [HFS + RS + EE + metformin]. Serum corticosterone (CORT) was measured to evaluate stress levels. The serum Free Oxygen Radicals Testing (FORT) and Free Oxygen Radicals Defence Test (FORD) were measured to evaluate the systemic oxidative status (OS). Serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and T-maze tasks were performed to evaluate cognitive functions. Rats were humanely sacrificed to collect brains for histological, morphometric, and hippocampal gene expression studies.

RESULTS

The CORT and the serum FORT levels in the DSE and DSEM groups were lower than in the DS group. Meanwhile, the serum BDNF, T-maze scores, histological, and morphometric analysis were improved in the DSE and DSEM groups than in the DS group. These findings supported that EE and the combined interventions of EE and metformin had neuroprotective properties. The hippocampal gene expression analysis revealed that the DSE and DSEM groups showed improved regulation of BDNF-TrkB signalling pathways, including the BDNF/TrkB binding, PI3K - Akt pathway, Ras-MAPK pathway, PLCγ-Ca2+ pathway, and CREB transcription.

CONCLUSION

EE and the combined interventions of EE and metformin improved hippocampal neuron survival and hippocampal-dependent memory in T2D rats under stress by enhancing gene expression regulation of neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity.

The Impact of Pulmonary Disorders on Neurological Health (Lung-Brain Axis)

The brain and lungs, vital organs in the body, play essential roles in maintaining overall well-being and survival. These organs interact through complex and sophisticated bi-directional pathways known as the 'lung-brain axis', facilitated by their close proximity and neural connections. Numerous studies have underscored the mediation of the lung-brain axis by inflammatory responses and hypoxia-induced damage, which are pivotal to the progression of both pulmonary and neurological diseases. This review aims to delve into how pulmonary diseases, including acute/chronic airway diseases and pulmonary conditions, can instigate neurological disorders such as stroke, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Additionally, we highlight the emerging research on the lung microbiome which, drawing parallels between the gut and lungs in terms of microbiome contents, may play a significant role in modulating brain health. Ultimately, this review paves the way for exciting avenues of future research and therapeutics in addressing respiratory and neurological diseases.

Diagnostic and predictive abilities of myokines in patients with heart failure

Myokines are defined as a heterogenic group of numerous cytokines, peptides and metabolic derivates, which are expressed, synthesized, produced, and released by skeletal myocytes and myocardial cells and exert either auto- and paracrine, or endocrine effects. Previous studies revealed that myokines play a pivotal role in mutual communications between skeletal muscles, myocardium and remote organs, such as brain, vasculature, bone, liver, pancreas, white adipose tissue, gut, and skin. Despite several myokines exert complete divorced biological effects mainly in regulation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy, residential cells differentiation, neovascularization/angiogenesis, vascular integrity, endothelial function, inflammation and apoptosis/necrosis, attenuating ischemia/hypoxia and tissue protection, tumor growth and malignance, for other occasions, their predominant effects affect energy homeostasis, glucose and lipid metabolism, adiposity, muscle training adaptation and food behavior. Last decade had been identified 250 more myokines, which have been investigating for many years further as either biomarkers or targets for heart failure management. However, only few myokines have been allocated to a promising tool for monitoring adverse cardiac remodeling, ischemia/hypoxia-related target-organ dysfunction, microvascular inflammation, sarcopenia/myopathy and prediction for poor clinical outcomes among patients with HF. This we concentrate on some most plausible myokines, such as myostatin, myonectin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, muslin, fibroblast growth factor 21, irisin, leukemia inhibitory factor, developmental endothelial locus-1, interleukin-6, nerve growth factor and insulin-like growth factor-1, which are suggested to be useful biomarkers for HF development and progression.

Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Val66Met is Associated with Variation in Cortical Structure in Healthy Aging Subjects

Aging is associated with progressive brain atrophy and declines in learning and memory, often attributed to hippocampal or cortical deterioration. The role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in modulating the structural and functional changes in the brain and visual system, particularly in relation to BDNF Val66Met polymorphism, remains underexplored. In this present cross-sectional observational study, we aimed to assess the effects of BDNF polymorphism on brain structural integrity, cognitive function, and visual pathway alterations. A total of 108 older individuals with no evidence of dementia and a mean (SD) age of 67.3 (9.1) years were recruited from the Optic Nerve Decline and Cognitive Change (ONDCC) study cohort. The BDNF Met allele carriage had a significant association with lower entorhinal cortex volume (6.7% lower compared to the Val/Val genotype, P = 0.02) and posterior cingulate volume (3.2% lower than the Val/Val group, P = 0.03), after adjusting for confounding factors including age, sex and estimated total intracranial volumes (eTIV). No significant associations were identified between the BDNF Val66Met genotype and other brain volumetric or diffusion measures, cognitive performances, or vision parameters except for temporal retinal nerve fibre layer thickness. Small but significant correlations were found between visual structural and functional, cognitive, and brain morphological metrics. Our findings suggest that carriage of BDNF Val66Met polymorphism is associated with lower entorhinal cortex and posterior cingulate volumes and may be involved in modulating the cortical morphology along the aging process.

Mushroom-derived bioactive components with definite structures in alleviating the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complicated neurodegenerative condition with two forms: familial and sporadic. The familial presentation is marked by autosomal dominance, typically occurring early in individuals under 65 years of age, while the sporadic presentation is late-onset, occurring in individuals over the age of 65. The majority of AD cases are characterized by late-onset and sporadic. Despite extensive research conducted over several decades, there is a scarcity of effective therapies and strategies. Considering the lack of a cure for AD, it is essential to explore alternative natural substances with higher efficacy and fewer side effects for AD treatment. Bioactive compounds derived from mushrooms have demonstrated significant potential in AD prevention and treatment by different mechanisms such as targeting amyloid formation, tau, cholinesterase dysfunction, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, neuronal apoptosis, neurotrophic factors, ER stress, excitotoxicity, and mitochondrial dysfunction. These compounds have garnered considerable interest from the academic community owing to their advantages of multi-channel, multi-target, high safety and low toxicity. This review focuses on the various mechanisms involved in the development and progression of AD, presents the regulatory effects of bioactive components with definite structure from mushroom on AD in recent years, highlights the possible intervention pathways of mushroom bioactive components targeting different mechanisms, and discusses the clinical studies, limitations, and future perspectives of mushroom bioactive components in AD prevention and treatment.

D-β-hydroxybutyrate stabilizes hippocampal CA3-CA1 circuit during acute insulin resistance

The brain primarily relies on glycolysis for mitochondrial respiration but switches to alternative fuels such as ketone bodies (KBs) when less glucose is available. Neuronal KB uptake, which does not rely on glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) or insulin, has shown promising clinical applicability in alleviating the neurological and cognitive effects of disorders with hypometabolic components. However, the specific mechanisms by which such interventions affect neuronal functions are poorly understood. In this study, we pharmacologically blocked GLUT4 to investigate the effects of exogenous KB D-β-hydroxybutyrate (D-βHb) on mouse brain metabolism during acute insulin resistance (AIR). We found that both AIR and D-βHb had distinct impacts across neuronal compartments: AIR decreased synaptic activity and long-term potentiation (LTP) and impaired axonal conduction, synchronization, and action potential (AP) properties, while D-βHb rescued neuronal functions associated with axonal conduction, synchronization, and LTP.

Maternal gastrointestinal nematode infection alters hippocampal neuroimmunity, promotes synaptic plasticity, and improves resistance to direct infection in offspring

The developing brain is vulnerable to maternal bacterial and viral infections which induce strong inflammatory responses in the mother that are mimicked in the offspring brain, resulting in irreversible neurodevelopmental defects, and associated cognitive and behavioural impairments. In contrast, infection during pregnancy and lactation with the immunoregulatory murine intestinal nematode, Heligmosomoides bakeri, upregulates expression of genes associated with long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic networks in the brain of neonatal uninfected offspring, and enhances spatial memory in uninfected juvenile offspring. As the hippocampus is involved in spatial navigation and sensitive to immune events during development, here we assessed hippocampal gene expression, LTP, and neuroimmunity in 3-week-old uninfected offspring born to H. bakeri infected mothers. Further, as maternal immunity shapes the developing immune system, we assessed the impact of maternal H. bakeri infection on the ability of offspring to resist direct infection. In response to maternal infection, we found an enhanced propensity to induce LTP at Schaffer collateral synapses, consistent with RNA-seq data indicating accelerated development of glutamatergic synapses in uninfected offspring, relative to those from uninfected mothers. Hippocampal RNA-seq analysis of offspring of infected mothers revealed increased expression of genes associated with neurogenesis, gliogenesis, and myelination. Furthermore, maternal infection improved resistance to direct infection of H. bakeri in offspring, correlated with transfer of parasite-specific IgG1 to their serum. Hippocampal immunohistochemistry and gene expression suggest Th2/Treg biased neuroimmunity in offspring, recapitulating peripheral immunoregulation of H. bakeri infected mothers. These findings indicate maternal H. bakeri infection during pregnancy and lactation alters peripheral and neural immunity in uninfected offspring, in a manner that accelerates neural maturation to promote hippocampal LTP, and upregulates the expression of genes associated with neurogenesis, gliogenesis, and myelination.

Targeting cathepsin S promotes activation of OLF1-BDNF/TrkB axis to enhance cognitive function

BACKGROUND

Cathepsin S (CTSS) is a cysteine protease that played diverse roles in immunity, tumor metastasis, aging and other pathological alterations. At the cellular level, increased CTSS levels have been associated with the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and disrupted the homeostasis of Ca2+ flux. Once CTSS was suppressed, elevated levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines and changes of Ca2+ influx were observed. These findings have inspired us to explore the potential role of CTSS on cognitive functions.

METHODS

We conducted classic Y-maze and Barnes Maze tests to assess the spatial and working memory of Ctss-/- mice, Ctss+/+ mice and Ctss+/+ mice injected with the CTSS inhibitor (RJW-58). Ex vivo analyses including long-term potentiation (LTP), Golgi staining, immunofluorescence staining of sectioned whole brain tissues obtained from experimental animals were conducted. Furthermore, molecular studies were carried out using cultured HT-22 cell line and primary cortical neurons that treated with RJW-58 to comprehensively assess the gene and protein expressions.

RESULTS

Our findings reported that targeting cathepsin S (CTSS) yields improvements in cognitive function, enhancing both working and spatial memory in behavior models. Ex vivo studies showed elevated levels of long-term potentiation levels and increased synaptic complexity. Microarray analysis demonstrated that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was upregulated when CTSS was knocked down by using siRNA. Moreover, the pharmacological blockade of the CTSS enzymatic activity promoted BDNF expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Notably, the inhibition of CTSS was associated with increased neurogenesis in the murine dentate gyrus. These results suggested a promising role of CTSS modulation in cognitive enhancement and neurogenesis.

CONCLUSION

Our findings suggest a critical role of CTSS in the regulation of cognitive function by modulating the Ca2+ influx, leading to enhanced activation of the BDNF/TrkB axis. Our study may provide a novel strategy for improving cognitive function by targeting CTSS.

IL-8 (CXCL8) Correlations with Psychoneuroimmunological Processes and Neuropsychiatric Conditions

Interleukin-8 (IL-8/CXCL8), an essential CXC chemokine, significantly influences psychoneuroimmunological processes and affects neurological and psychiatric health. It exerts a profound effect on immune cell activation and brain function, suggesting potential roles in both neuroprotection and neuroinflammation. IL-8 production is stimulated by several factors, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) known to promote inflammation and disease progression. Additionally, CXCL8 gene polymorphisms can alter IL-8 production, leading to potential differences in disease susceptibility, progression, and severity across populations. IL-8 levels vary among neuropsychiatric conditions, demonstrating sensitivity to psychosocial stressors and disease severity. IL-8 can be detected in blood circulation, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine, making it a promising candidate for a broad-spectrum biomarker. This review highlights the need for further research on the diverse effects of IL-8 and the associated implications for personalized medicine. A thorough understanding of its complex role could lead to the development of more effective and personalized treatment strategies for neuropsychiatric conditions.

Brain derived neurotrophic factor and treatment outcomes among veterans attending an intensive treatment program for posttraumatic stress disorder

Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) may play an important role in the success of treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Pre- and post-treatment blood samples were analyzed for 40 veterans who completed a 3-week intensive outpatient treatment for PTSD. The treatment included Cognitive Processing Therapy, mindfulness, and yoga as core treatment components. PTSD symptoms were assessed at pre-treatment, post-treatment, and 3-month follow-up. Participants reported large decreases in PTSD symptoms from pre-to post-treatment (d = 1.46, p < 0.001) and pre-treatment to 3-month follow-up (d = 0.91, p < 0.001). Unexpectedly, participants demonstrated a decrease in BDNF from pre-to post-treatment (d = 0.64, p < 0.001). Changes in BDNF from pre-to post-treatment were not significantly associated with PTSD symptom improvement. However, higher levels of post-treatment BDNF were significantly associated with lower PTSD symptoms at 3-month follow-up (n = 27, r = -0.57, p = 0.002) and greater improvements in PTSD symptoms from pre-treatment to 3-month follow-up (n = 27, r = 0.50, p = 0.008). Higher levels of post-treatment BDNF may facilitate the long-term success of intensive PTSD treatment. Further research with larger samples is needed to evaluate the processes by which BDNF may affect consolidation of improvements after completion of PTSD treatment.

Particulate matter (PM10) exacerbates on MK-801-induced schizophrenia-like behaviors through the inhibition of ERK-CREB-BDNF signaling pathway

Particulate matter (PM), released into the air by a variety of natural and human activities, is a key indicator of air pollution. Although PM is known as the extensive health hazard to affect a variety of illness, few studies have specifically investigated the effects of PM10 exposure on schizophrenic development. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the impact of PM10 on MK-801, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, induced schizophrenia-like behaviors in C57BL/6 mouse. Preadolescent mice were exposed PM10 to 3.2 mg/m3 concentration for 4 h/day for 2 weeks through a compartmentalized whole-body inhalation chamber. After PM10 exposure, we conducted behavioral tests during adolescence and adulthood to investigate longitudinal development of schizophrenia. We found that PM10 exacerbated schizophrenia-like behavior, such as psychomotor agitation, social interaction deficits and cognitive deficits at adulthood in MK-801-induced schizophrenia animal model. Furthermore, the reduced expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and the phosphorylation of BDNF related signaling molecules, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), were exacerbated by PM10 exposure in the adult hippocampus of MK-801-treated mice. Thus, our present study demonstrates that exposure to PM10 in preadolescence exacerbates the cognitive impairment in animal model of schizophrenia, which are considered to be facilitated by the decreased level of BDNF through reduced ERK-CREB expression.