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Raymond J, Morin A, Bradley-Garcia M, Plamondon H. Juvenile/Peripubertal Exposure to Omega-3 and Environmental Enrichment Differentially Affects CORT Secretion and Adulthood Stress Coping, Sociability, and CA3 Glucocorticoid Receptor Expression in Male and Female Rats. Nutrients 2024; 16:2350. [PMID: 39064793 PMCID: PMC11279577 DOI: 10.3390/nu16142350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In adult rats, omega-3 supplementation through fish oil (FO) and environmental enrichment (EE) have shown beneficial effects on cognition and stress regulation. This study assessed sex-specific effects of FO and EE during adolescence, a period critical for brain maturation, on adulthood coping mechanisms, sociability, and glucocorticoid regulation. An amount of 64 Wistar rats [n = 32/sex; postnatal day (PND) 23] were assigned to supplementation of control soybean oil (CSO) or menhaden fish oil (FO; 0.3 mL/100 g) from PND28 to 47 and exposed to EE or regular cage (RC) housing from PND28 to 58, with their blood corticosterone (CORT) levels being assessed weekly. As adults, exposure to repeated forced swim tests (FSTs; PND90-91) enabled analysis of coping responses, while socioemotional and memory responses were evaluated using the OFT, EPM, SIT, and Y maze tests (PND92-94). Immunohistochemistry determined hippocampal CA1/CA3 glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression (PND95). CORT secretion gradually increased as the supplementation period elapsed in female rats, while changes were minimal in males. Coping strategies in the FST differed between sexes, particularly in FO-fed rats, where females and males, respectively, favoured floating and tail support to minimise energy consumption and maintain immobility. In the SIT, FO/EE promoted sociability in females, while a CSO diet favoured social recognition in males. Reduced CA3 GR-ir expression was found in FO/RC and CSO/EE rat groups, supporting stress resilience and memory consolidation. Our findings support environment and dietary conditions to exert a sex-specific impact on biobehavioural responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hélène Plamondon
- Behavioural Neuroscience Group, School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; (J.R.); (A.M.); (M.B.-G.)
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2
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Lynch MA. A case for seeking sex-specific treatments in Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1346621. [PMID: 38414633 PMCID: PMC10897030 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1346621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
There is no satisfactory explanation for the sex-related differences in the incidence of many diseases and this is also true of Alzheimer's disease (AD), where females have a higher lifetime risk of developing the disease and make up about two thirds of the AD patient population. The importance of understanding the cause(s) that account for this disproportionate distribution cannot be overestimated, and is likely to be a significant factor in the search for therapeutic strategies that will combat the disease and, furthermore, potentially point to a sex-targeted approach to treatment. This review considers the literature in the context of what is known about the impact of sex on processes targeted by drugs that are in clinical trial for AD, and existing knowledge on differing responses of males and females to these drugs. Current knowledge strongly supports the view that trials should make assessing sex-related difference in responses a priority with a focus on exploring the sex-stratified treatments.
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Cunha-Rodrigues M, Rosário R, Duarte A, Silva MJ, Augusto C, Rodrigues M, Padrão P, Moreira P. Neurodevelopment and Dietary Intake in Toddlers-A Cross-Sectional Study from the Healthy Children 2021 Project. Nutrients 2023; 15:5105. [PMID: 38140364 PMCID: PMC10745499 DOI: 10.3390/nu15245105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the potential associations between neurodevelopment, dietary diversity and food processing in the toddler period. This study aimed to estimate the association between these dietary quality dimensions and neurodevelopment in toddlers. Data for this cross-sectional analysis came from the Healthy Children 2021 project and included 212 toddlers (51.9% females, aged 12-36 months) from 15 Portuguese childcare centers. Neurodevelopment was assessed through Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development. Dietary intake was gathered by a two-day non-consecutive dietary recall. The food items were categorised with NOVA classification. Dietary diversity was explored through Minimum Dietary Diversity (MDD). Logistic regression models adjusted for potential confounders were performed. Girls with a higher energy contribution of unprocessed/minimally processed foods and with an above median MDD score had higher odds of achieving a higher neurodevelopment score (aOR:1.04; 95%CI 1.01; 1.08 and aOR:2.26; 95%CI 1.01; 5.06, respectively); no significant association was observed in boys. Our findings suggest that these dietary dimensions are associated with a higher neurodevelopment in toddler girls. This should be further studied as a possible early link between dietary factors and neurodevelopment. Promotion of healthy eating can be promising in improving neurocognitive development and might help to introduce public health recommendations for toddlers' nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Cunha-Rodrigues
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; (M.C.-R.); (M.R.); (P.P.)
| | - Rafaela Rosário
- School of Nursing, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (A.D.); (M.J.S.); (C.A.)
- Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA: E), Nursing School of Coimbra (ESEnfC), 3045-043 Coimbra, Portugal
- Nursing Research Centre, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana Duarte
- School of Nursing, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (A.D.); (M.J.S.); (C.A.)
- Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA: E), Nursing School of Coimbra (ESEnfC), 3045-043 Coimbra, Portugal
- Research Centre on Child Studies (CIEC), Institute of Education, University do Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Maria José Silva
- School of Nursing, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (A.D.); (M.J.S.); (C.A.)
- Nursing Research Centre, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Augusto
- School of Nursing, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (A.D.); (M.J.S.); (C.A.)
- Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA: E), Nursing School of Coimbra (ESEnfC), 3045-043 Coimbra, Portugal
- Nursing Research Centre, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Mónica Rodrigues
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; (M.C.-R.); (M.R.); (P.P.)
| | - Patrícia Padrão
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; (M.C.-R.); (M.R.); (P.P.)
- Epidemiology Research Unit and Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Moreira
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; (M.C.-R.); (M.R.); (P.P.)
- Epidemiology Research Unit and Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
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4
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Nagata A, Oishi S, Kirishita N, Onoda K, Kobayashi T, Terada Y, Minami A, Senoo N, Yoshioka Y, Uchida K, Ito K, Miura S, Miyoshi N. Allyl Isothiocyanate Maintains DHA-Containing Glycerophospholipids and Ameliorates the Cognitive Function Decline in OVX Mice. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:43118-43129. [PMID: 38024702 PMCID: PMC10652735 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Low-temperature-induced fatty acid desaturation is highly conserved in animals, plants, and bacteria. Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) is an agonist of the transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1), which is activated by various chemophysiological stimuli, including low temperature. However, whether AITC induces fatty acid desaturation remains unknown. We showed here that AITC increased levels of glycerophospholipids (GP) esterified with unsaturated fatty acids, especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in TRPA1-expressing HEK cells. Additionally, GP-DHA including phosphatidylcholine (18:0/22:6) and phosphatidylethanolamine (18:0/22:6) was increased in the brain and liver of AITC-administered mice. Moreover, intragastrical injection of AITC in ovariectomized (OVX) female C57BL/6J mice dose-dependently shortened the Δlatency time determined by the Morris water maze test, indicating AITC ameliorated the cognitive function decline in these mice. Thus, the oral administration of AITC maintains GP-DHA in the liver and brain, proving to be a potential strategy for preventing cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akika Nagata
- Graduate
School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 4228526, Japan
| | - Shiori Oishi
- Graduate
School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 4228526, Japan
| | - Nanako Kirishita
- Graduate
School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 4228526, Japan
| | - Keita Onoda
- Graduate
School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 4228526, Japan
| | - Takuma Kobayashi
- Graduate
School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 4228526, Japan
| | - Yuko Terada
- Graduate
School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 4228526, Japan
| | - Akira Minami
- Department
of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 4228526, Japan
| | - Nanami Senoo
- Graduate
School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 4228526, Japan
| | - Yasukiyo Yoshioka
- Graduate
School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 4228526, Japan
| | - Kunitoshi Uchida
- Graduate
School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 4228526, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ito
- Graduate
School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 4228526, Japan
| | - Shinji Miura
- Graduate
School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 4228526, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Miyoshi
- Graduate
School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 4228526, Japan
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Lamontagne-Kam DM, Davari S, Aristizabal-Henao JJ, Cho S, Chalil D, Mielke JG, Stark KD. Sex differences in hippocampal-dependent memory and the hippocampal lipidome in adolescent rats raised on diets with or without DHA. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2023; 192:102569. [PMID: 36966673 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2023.102569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest the effects of DHA supplementation on human memory may differ between females and males during infancy, adolescence, and early adulthood, but the underlying mechanisms are not clear. As a result, this study sought to examine the spatial memory and brain lipidomic profiles in female and male adolescent rats with or without a DHA-enriched diet that began perinatally with the supplementation of dams. Spatial learning and memory were examined in adolescent rats using the Morris Water Maze beginning at 6 weeks of age and animals were sacrificed at 7 weeks of age to permit isolation of brain tissue and blood samples. Behavioral testing showed that there was a significant diet x sex interaction for two key measures of spatial memory (distance to zone and time spent in the correct quadrant during the probe test), with female rats benefiting the most from DHA supplementation. Lipidomic analyses suggest levels of arachidonic acid (ARA) and n-6 docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) containing phospholipid species were lower in the hippocampus of DHA supplemented compared with control animals, and principal component analyses revealed a potential dietary treatment effect for hippocampal PUFA. Females fed DHA had slightly more PE P-18:0_22:6 and maintained levels of PE 18:0_20:4 in the hippocampus in contrast with males fed DHA. Understanding how DHA supplementation during the perinatal and adolescent periods changes cognitive function in a sex-specific manner has important implications for determining the dietary requirements of DHA. This study adds to previous work highlighting the importance of DHA for spatial memory and provides evidence that further research needs to consider how DHA supplementation can cause sex-specific changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Lamontagne-Kam
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Saeideh Davari
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Juan J Aristizabal-Henao
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada; BPGbio Inc., 500 Old Connecticut Path Building B, Framingham, MA, 01701, USA
| | - Seungjae Cho
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Dan Chalil
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - John G Mielke
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Ken D Stark
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
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6
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Short-Term Fish Oil Supplementation during Adolescence Supports Sex-Specific Impact on Adulthood Visuospatial Memory and Cognitive Flexibility. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14173513. [PMID: 36079771 PMCID: PMC9459882 DOI: 10.3390/nu14173513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have supported benefits of omega-3 supplementation using Menhaden fish oil (FO) to promote brain maturation and plasticity during critical developmental periods. The goal of this study was to determine sex-specific immediate and delayed impact of adolescent omega-3 supplementation on visuospatial memory and cognitive flexibility. Sixty-four Wistar rats (n = 32 males and females) received daily FO or soybean oil (CSO) supplementation via oral gavage (0.3 mL/100 g body weight) from postnatal day 28–47. The Barnes Maze Test (BMT) was used to measure visuospatial memory and reversal learning trials (RL) determined cognitive flexibility. Juveniles underwent testing immediately after the gavage period, while adults began testing on postnatal day 90. Adult rats showed reduced working memory errors (WME) and gradual decrease in escape latencies compared to juveniles. Importantly, adult FO-supplemented females displayed fewer WME than males, while males’ performance benefited from CSO supplementation. Overall, sex- and supplementation-dependent effects supported a positive impact of FO in female rats only. Our findings support the potential for supplementation limited to the early adolescence period to influence adulthood spatial learning and cognitive flexibility in a sex-specific manner.
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7
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Lundbergh B, Enevoldsen AS, Stark KD, Ritz C, Lauritzen L. Fish oil supplementation may improve attention, working memory and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in adults with autism spectrum disorder: a randomised crossover trial. Br J Nutr 2022; 128:1-11. [PMID: 35144699 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114522000393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Marine n-3 fatty acids (n-3LCPUFA) have shown neurocognitive benefits in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but few trials have examined effects in adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We explored, if n-3LCPUFA affect cognitive functions in adults with ASD, and if effects are modified by comorbid ADHD. In a 2 × 4 week crossover study, twenty-six participants were randomised to sequence of supplementation with fish oil (FO, 5·2 g/d n-3PUFA) and safflower oil (SO). At baseline and after each period, we measured primary outcomes: attention (d2-test) and spatial working memory (Corsi test) and secondary outcomes: flexibility (Stroop word-colour test), ADHD symptoms (Conners scales), executive functions (Behavioural Inventory of Executive Function) and social behaviour (Social Responsiveness Scale). The dropout rate was 15 %. Compliance was 94 % and correlated with whole-blood n-3LCPUFA. Corsi scores improved by ∼0·3 × sd (P = 0·032) after FO v. SO, and the odds for d2 errors were 30 % lower (P = 0·016), which was supported by improved Conners scores of attention (P = 0·023). Improvement in Conners ADHD symptom score was limited to participants with ADHD (-3·5(-6·0; -1·0), n 10 v. -0·2(-2·5;2·2), n 11 without ADHD, Pinteraction = 0·096), who also improved their behavioural regulation index by 0·3 × sd after FO (Pinteraction = 0·016). Participants without ADHD gained most in d2 test performance (OR = 0·4(0·2;0·7) v. 0·9(0·6;1·3) in those with ADHD, Pinteraction = 0·002), but their executive function score was exacerbated after FO (5·9(0·0,11·8), Pinteraction = 0·039). Our results did not show any effects on ASD symptoms, but suggest that FO may improve attention and working memory in adults with ASD and ameliorate ADHD symptoms in those with comorbid ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjørn Lundbergh
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Ken D Stark
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christian Ritz
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lotte Lauritzen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Inhibited maturation of astrocytes caused by maternal n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake deficiency hinders the development of brain glial cells in neonatal rats. Br J Nutr 2021; 128:1509-1517. [PMID: 34724997 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521004359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The brain is rich in long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which play an essential role in its development and functions. Here we examined the impact of maternal n-3 PUFA intake deficiency during gestation and lactation on the development of glial cells in the pup's developing cerebral cortex. In addition, using myelination as indicator and the anti-myelin basic protein (MBP) as measurement to establish the relationship between the number of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive cells and the development of oligodendrocytes, we determined the myelination state of the somatosensory cortex at day 14 postnatal. Rat dams were fed either a control (Cont) or an n-3 PUFA-deficient (Def) diet for 60 days (acclimatisation :14 days; gestation: 21 days; lactation:21 days). Pups lactated from dams throughout the experiment. The distribution pattern of astrocytes in pups on day 7 postnatal was immunohistochemically analysed using GFAP and brain lipid binding protein (BLBP) as markers for mature astrocytes and astrocyte-specific radial glial cells, respectively. It was observed that, when compared with Cont pups, GFAP-positive cells decreased, BLBP-positive cells increased and myelinated structures were sparser in the somatosensory cortices of Def pups. In the open field test on day 21 postnatal, behavioural parameters did not differ between groups. Our results indicated that inhibited maturation of astrocytes caused by maternal n-3 PUFA deficiency hindered the development of brain glial cells of neonatal rats and hence, maternal n-3 PUFA intake during the gestation and lactation periods may have been crucial for the brain cell composition of pups.
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Li J, Pora BLR, Dong K, Hasjim J. Health benefits of docosahexaenoic acid and its bioavailability: A review. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:5229-5243. [PMID: 34532031 PMCID: PMC8441440 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is the predominant omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid found in human brain and eyes. There are a number of studies in the literature showing the health benefits of DHA. It is critical throughout all life stages from the need for fetal development, the prevention of preterm birth, and the prevention of cardiovascular disease to the improvements in the cognitive function and the eye health of adults and elderly. These benefits might be related to the modulation of gut microbiota by DHA. In addition, there are some discrepancies in the literature regarding certain health benefits of DHA, and this review is intended to explore and understand these discrepancies. Besides the variations in the DHA contents of different supplement sources, bioavailability is crucial for the efficacy of DHA supplements, which depends on several factors. For example, DHA in phospholipid and triglyceride forms are more readily to be absorbed by the body than that in ethyl ester form. In addition, dietary lipids in meals and emulsification of DHA oil can increase the bioavailability of DHA. Estrogens stimulated the biosynthesis of DHA, whereas testosterone stimulus induced a decrease in DHA. The roles of DHA through human lifespan, the sources, and its recommended daily intake in different countries are also discussed to provide a better understanding of the importance of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- Roquette Management (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.R&D ChinaShanghaiChina
| | | | - Ke Dong
- Roquette Management (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.R&D ChinaShanghaiChina
| | - Jovin Hasjim
- Roquette Management (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.R&D ChinaShanghaiChina
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10
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Parasannanavar D, Gaddam I, Bukya T, Ibrahim S A, Reddy K S, Banjara SK, Salvadi BPP, Kumar B N, Rao SF, Geddam JJB, Rajkumar H. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake and plasma fatty acids of school going Indian children - a cross-sectional study. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2021; 170:102294. [PMID: 34052598 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2021.102294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) play an essential role in cognitive and behavioural changes among school going children. This study delineates the dietary omega-3 PUFA [alpha-Linolenic acid (ALA), DHA, and EPA] intake and plasma fatty acids levels among school-going children. This is a cross-sectional study purely observational in nature, wherein 625 apparently healthy boys and girls aged between 7 and 13 years were selected from five different schools of Hyderabad. Dietary information on omega-3 PUFA (ALA, DHA, and EPA) intake was collected using a food frequency questionnaire. Plasma fatty acid concentrations were measured in 34% of sub-sample using standard gas chromatography. The study revealed that the average dietary intakes of omega-3 PUFA, ALA, DHA, and EPA were 55.46, 15.82, 35.59, 4.06 mg/day, respectively. There was a significant difference in mean DHA intake among gender and age group [girls (38.64±1.45 mg/day), boys (31.80±1.38 mg/day) p < 0.001] and [7-10 years (31.75±1.38 mg/day), 11-13 years (38.07±1.40 mg/day) p < 0.01]. The mean plasma DHA and DPA levels of overall subjects were 0.98 nmol% and 0.18nmol% respectively which was comparable among different gender, age and BMI-for age groups. There was a positive correlation between dietary DHA intake and plasma DHA level [ρ=0.376 (p < 0.001)]. The current study demonstrated that the omega-3 PUFA intake in school going children was less and reinforces the importance of increasing the omega-3 PUFA intake through diet and supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devaraj Parasannanavar
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Telangana, India-500 007. 8074928620.
| | - Indraja Gaddam
- ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Telangana, India-500 007.
| | - Tulja Bukya
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Telangana, India-500 007. 8074928620.
| | - Ahamed Ibrahim S
- Lipid Chemistry Department, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Telangana, India-500 007.
| | - Suryam Reddy K
- Lipid Chemistry Department, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Telangana, India-500 007.
| | - Santosh Kumar Banjara
- Clinical Division, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Telangana, India-500 007.
| | - Blessy P Priyanka Salvadi
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Telangana, India-500 007. 8074928620.
| | - Naveen Kumar B
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Telangana, India-500 007. 8074928620.
| | - Sylvia Fernandez Rao
- Behavioral Science Unit, Extension & Training Division, (ICMR)-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Telangana, India-500 007.
| | - J J Babu Geddam
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Telangana, India-500 007. 8074928620.
| | - Hemalatha Rajkumar
- Scientist 'G' and The Director, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Jamai-Osmania, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Telangana-500007.
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11
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Basak S, Mallick R, Banerjee A, Pathak S, Duttaroy AK. Maternal Supply of Both Arachidonic and Docosahexaenoic Acids Is Required for Optimal Neurodevelopment. Nutrients 2021; 13:2061. [PMID: 34208549 PMCID: PMC8234848 DOI: 10.3390/nu13062061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last trimester of gestation and for the first 18 months after birth, both docosahexaenoic acid,22:6n-3 (DHA) and arachidonic acid,20:4n-6 (ARA) are preferentially deposited within the cerebral cortex at a rapid rate. Although the structural and functional roles of DHA in brain development are well investigated, similar roles of ARA are not well documented. The mode of action of these two fatty acids and their derivatives at different structural-functional roles and their levels in the gene expression and signaling pathways of the brain have been continuously emanating. In addition to DHA, the importance of ARA has been much discussed in recent years for fetal and postnatal brain development and the maternal supply of ARA and DHA. These fatty acids are also involved in various brain developmental processes; however, their mechanistic cross talks are not clearly known yet. This review describes the importance of ARA, in addition to DHA, in supporting the optimal brain development and growth and functional roles in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Basak
- Molecular Biology Division, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad 500 007, India;
| | - Rahul Mallick
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland;
| | - Antara Banerjee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Kelambakkam, Chennai 603 103, India; (A.B.); (S.P.)
| | - Surajit Pathak
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Kelambakkam, Chennai 603 103, India; (A.B.); (S.P.)
| | - Asim K. Duttaroy
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway
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12
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Vecchione R, Vigna C, Whitman C, Kauffman EM, Braun JM, Chen A, Xu Y, Hamra GB, Lanphear BP, Yolton K, Croen LA, Fallin MD, Irva Hertz-Picciotto, Newschaffer CJ, Lyall K. The Association Between Maternal Prenatal Fish Intake and Child Autism-Related Traits in the EARLI and HOME Studies. J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 51:487-500. [PMID: 32519188 PMCID: PMC7725860 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04546-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We examined the association between prenatal fish intake and child autism-related traits according to Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) and cognitive development scores in two US prospective pregnancy cohorts. In adjusted linear regression analyses, higher maternal fish intake in the second half of pregnancy was associated with increased child autism traits (higher raw SRS scores; ß = 5.60, 95%CI 1.76, 12.97). Differences by fish type were suggested; shellfish and large fish species were associated with increases, and salmon with decreases, in child SRS scores. Clear patterns with cognitive scores in the two cohorts were not observed. Future work should further evaluate potential critical windows of prenatal fish intake, and the role of different fish types in association with child autism-related outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Vecchione
- Dornsife School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chelsea Vigna
- Dornsife School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Casey Whitman
- Dornsife School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Kauffman
- AJ Drexel Autism Institute, Drexel University, 3020 Market Street, Suite 560, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-3734, USA
| | - Joseph M Braun
- School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Aimin Chen
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Yingying Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of General and Community Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ghassan B Hamra
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bruce P Lanphear
- Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital, British Columbia, Canada.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - Kimberly Yolton
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of General and Community Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Lisa A Croen
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Craig J Newschaffer
- AJ Drexel Autism Institute, Drexel University, 3020 Market Street, Suite 560, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-3734, USA.,College of Health and Human Development, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Kristen Lyall
- Dornsife School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA. .,AJ Drexel Autism Institute, Drexel University, 3020 Market Street, Suite 560, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-3734, USA.
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13
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Vuholm S, Teisen MN, Mølgaard C, Lauritzen L, Damsgaard CT. Sleep and physical activity in healthy 8-9-year-old children are affected by oily fish consumption in the FiSK Junior randomized trial. Eur J Nutr 2021; 60:3095-3106. [PMID: 33515093 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02490-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Studies indicate that long-chain n-3 PUFA (n-3LCPUFA) affect sleep and physical activity (PA) in childhood. However, few studies used objective tools and none studies examined the effect of fish per se. We aimed to explore if fish consumption affected sleep and PA assessed by accelerometry in children, and if effects were modified by sex. METHODS In a randomized 12-week trial, 199 healthy 8-9-year-old children received ~ 300 g/week of oily fish or poultry. Sleep and PA were pre-specified explorative outcomes examined by accelerometers that the children wore on their hip for 7 days at baseline and endpoint, while parents registered sleep. Compliance was verified by erythrocyte n-3LCPUFA. RESULTS The children slept 9.4 ± 0.5 h/night but the sleep duration variability across the week was 6.0 (95%CI: 0.8, 11.1) min lower in the fish vs poultry group. Furthermore, children in the fish group exhibited increased spare time sedentary activity [9.4 (95%CI: 1.8, 16.9) min/day] at the expense of light PA [- 8.2 (95%CI: - 14.4, - 2.0) min/day]. These effects were supported by dose-dependency with n-3LCPUFA. Additionally, latency to sleep onset was reduced by 3.6 (95%CI: 1.0, 6.3) min on weekends and moderate-vigorous PA during school hours was 3.5 (95%CI: 0.1, 6.8) min longer in fish vs poultry. P values for sex interactions were all > 0.05 but the effects tended to be most pronounced on sleep in girls and PA in boys. CONCLUSION Oily fish intake altered sleep and PA patterns among healthy schoolchildren, with some slight indications of sex differences. These findings warrant further investigation. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY At clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02809508) and a published protocol in Trials [Damsgaard et al. in Trials, 2016].
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Vuholm
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Marie N Teisen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Christian Mølgaard
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Lotte Lauritzen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Camilla T Damsgaard
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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14
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Emery S, Häberling I, Berger G, Baumgartner N, Strumberger M, Albermann M, Nalani K, Schmeck K, Erb S, Bachmann S, Wöckel L, Müller-Knapp U, Contin-Waldvogel B, Rhiner B, Walitza S, Hersberger M, Drechsler R. Verbal Memory Performance in Depressed Children and Adolescents: Associations with EPA but Not DHA and Depression Severity. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12123630. [PMID: 33255819 PMCID: PMC7761519 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) have been described as positively associated with cognitive functioning. Current meta-analyses have identified eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) as potentially more effective than docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). An especially vulnerable subgroup that might benefit from these beneficial effects are depressed youths. In this study, we examined associations between red blood cell (RBC) DHA and EPA levels and depression severity and verbal memory performance in a sample of 107 moderately (n = 63) and severely (n = 44) depressed youths. The findings showed that youths with high RBC EPA levels had steeper learning curves compared to those with moderate or low RBC EPA levels (Pillai's Trace = 0.195, p = 0.027, ηp2 = 0.097). No associations between RBC DHA levels or depression severity and verbal memory performance were observed. Our results further confirm previous findings indicating a more important role of EPA compared to DHA in relation to cognitive functioning. Future research should further investigate the differential role of EPA and DHA concerning cognitive functioning in depressed youths. Evidence supporting beneficial supplementation effects could potentially establish a recommendation for a natural and easily accessible intervention for cognitive improvement or remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Emery
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; (I.H.); (G.B.); (N.B.); (M.A.); (S.W.); (R.D.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Isabelle Häberling
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; (I.H.); (G.B.); (N.B.); (M.A.); (S.W.); (R.D.)
| | - Gregor Berger
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; (I.H.); (G.B.); (N.B.); (M.A.); (S.W.); (R.D.)
| | - Noemi Baumgartner
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; (I.H.); (G.B.); (N.B.); (M.A.); (S.W.); (R.D.)
| | - Michael Strumberger
- Research Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychiatric University Hospitals Basel, University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; (M.S.); (K.S.); (L.W.)
| | - Mona Albermann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; (I.H.); (G.B.); (N.B.); (M.A.); (S.W.); (R.D.)
| | - Kristin Nalani
- Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychiatry, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Klaus Schmeck
- Research Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychiatric University Hospitals Basel, University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; (M.S.); (K.S.); (L.W.)
| | - Suzanne Erb
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Services St. Gallen, 9004 St. Gallen, Switzerland;
| | - Silke Bachmann
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Geneva, 1226 Thônex, Switzerland;
- Department of Psychiatry Psychotherapy, Psychosomatic Medicine, Medical Faculty of Martin Luther University, 06112 Halle, Germany
| | - Lars Wöckel
- Research Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychiatric University Hospitals Basel, University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; (M.S.); (K.S.); (L.W.)
- Clienia Littenheid AG, 9573 Littenheid, Switzerland
| | - Ulrich Müller-Knapp
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Klinik Sonnenhof, 9608 Ganterschwil, Switzerland;
| | | | - Bruno Rhiner
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Services Thurgau, 8570 Weinfelden, Switzerland;
| | - Susanne Walitza
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; (I.H.); (G.B.); (N.B.); (M.A.); (S.W.); (R.D.)
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Integrative Human Physiology Zurich, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Martin Hersberger
- Center for Integrative Human Physiology Zurich, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Renate Drechsler
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; (I.H.); (G.B.); (N.B.); (M.A.); (S.W.); (R.D.)
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15
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Soltani N, Farhangi MA, Nikniaz L, Mahmoudinezhad M. Association between a novel dietary lipophilic index (LI) with metabolic phenotypes in a community-based study in Tabriz- Iran. BMC Endocr Disord 2020; 20:159. [PMID: 33109143 PMCID: PMC7590737 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-020-00638-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary fatty acids are important dietary determinants of metabolic disorders in human. However, it is important to develop an index that considers not only the amount of dietary fatty acids but also the structure, fluidity and melting point of them. In the current study we investigated the association between a novel dietary lipophilic index (LI) with metabolic profile and dyslipidemia in a community based study in Tabriz-Iran. METHODS Dietary data were collected using a validated, 79-food item, semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, and dietary LI was calculated. Anthropometric variables were measured and metabolic profile including blood sugar, serum lipids and liver enzymes were assessed. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the adult treatment panel (ATP) III criteria. RESULTS The mean age of the participants was 42.53 ± 12.03 years and most of the participants were women. Mean of dietary LI was 34.99 ± 6.91. Higher dietary LI was associated with higher body mass index (BMI) (β = 0.17, P < 0.04), waist circumference (β = 0.18, P < 0.01) and systolic blood pressure (β = 0.27, P < 0.01). Also LI was increased with increasing waist circumference (0.001), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (0.001), and negatively associated with high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (0.001). CONCLUSION The novel dietary LI was considered as a useful tool in prediction of cardio-metabolic risk factors including general and central obesity, dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome in a population-based study in Iran. Further researches in other disease and populations could highlight the application of this index in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nika Soltani
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Leila Nikniaz
- Tabriz Health Services Management Research Center, Health Management and Safety Promotion Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahsa Mahmoudinezhad
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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16
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Teisen MN, Vuholm S, Niclasen J, Aristizabal-Henao JJ, Stark KD, Geertsen SS, Damsgaard CT, Lauritzen L. Effects of oily fish intake on cognitive and socioemotional function in healthy 8-9-year-old children: the FiSK Junior randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2020; 112:74-83. [PMID: 32529206 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-chain n-3 PUFAs (n-3 LCPUFAs) accrete in the brain during childhood and affect brain development. Randomized trials in children show inconsistent effects of n-3 LCPUFAs on cognitive and socioemotional function, and few have investigated effects of fish per se. OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate the effects of oily fish consumption on overall and domain-specific cognitive and socioemotional scores and explore sex differences. METHODS Healthy 8-9-y-old children (n = 199) were randomly allocated to receive ∼300 g/wk oily fish or poultry (control) for 12 ± 2 wk. At baseline and endpoint, we assessed attention, processing speed, executive functions, memory, emotions, and behavior with a large battery of tests and questionnaires and analyzed erythrocyte fatty acid composition. RESULTS One hundred and ninety-seven (99%) children completed the trial. Children in the fish group consumed 375 (25th-75th percentile: 325-426) g/wk oily fish resulting in 2.3 (95% CI: 1.9, 2.6) fatty acid percentage points higher erythrocyte n-3 LCPUFA than in the poultry group. The overall cognitive performance score tended to improve by 0.17 (95% CI: -0.01, 0.35) points in children who received fish compared with poultry, supported by n-3 LCPUFA dose dependency. This was driven mainly by fewer errors [-1.9 (95% CI: -3.4, -0.3)] in an attention task and improved cognitive flexibility measured as faster reaction time [-51 ms (95% CI: -94, -7 ms)] in a complex relative to a simple task ("mixing cost"). The fish intervention furthermore reduced parent-rated Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire total difficulties by -0.89 (95% CI: -1.60, -0.18) points mainly due to a -0.63 (95% CI: -1.11, -0.16) points reduction in internalizing problems that was reflected in tendency to a decrease in the overall socioemotional problems score of -0.13 (95% CI: -0.26, 0.01) points. The overall effects were similar in boys and girls. CONCLUSIONS Oily fish dose-dependently improved cognitive function, especially attention and cognitive flexibility, and reduced socioemotional problems. The results support the importance of n-3 LCPUFAs for optimal brain function and fish intake recommendations in children.The trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02809508.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie N Teisen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stine Vuholm
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Janni Niclasen
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Ken D Stark
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Svend S Geertsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camilla T Damsgaard
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lotte Lauritzen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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17
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Naveed S, Lakka T, Haapala EA. An Overview on the Associations between Health Behaviors and Brain Health in Children and Adolescents with Special Reference to Diet Quality. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E953. [PMID: 32033054 PMCID: PMC7037721 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17030953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Unhealthy diet has been associated with overweight, obesity, increased cardiometabolic risk, and recently, to impaired cognition and academic performance. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the associations between health behaviors and cognition and academic achievement in children and adolescents under 18 years of age with a special reference to diet quality. Dietary patterns with a low consumption of fish, fruits, and vegetables, and high in fast food, sausages, and soft drinks have been linked to poor cognition and academic achievement. The studies on the associations between the high intake of saturated fat and red meat and low intake of fiber and high-fiber grain products with cognition are limited. The available evidence and physiological mechanisms suggest that diet may have direct, indirect, and synergistic effects on brain and cognition with physical activity, sedentary behaviors, cardiometabolic health, and sleep, but the associations have been modest. Therefore, integrating a healthy diet, physically active lifestyle, and adequate sleep may provide optimal circumstances for brain development and learning. We conclude that most of the existing literature is contained in cross-sectional studies, which therefore highlights the need for longitudinal and intervention studies on the effects of diet, physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep on cognition and academic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehrish Naveed
- Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (T.L.); (E.A.H.)
| | - Timo Lakka
- Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (T.L.); (E.A.H.)
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, 70100 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eero A. Haapala
- Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (T.L.); (E.A.H.)
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
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18
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Teisen MN, Niclasen J, Vuholm S, Lundbye-Jensen J, Stark KD, Damsgaard CT, Geertsen SS, Lauritzen L. Exploring correlations between neuropsychological measures and domain-specific consistency in associations with n-3 LCPUFA status in 8-9 year-old boys and girls. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216696. [PMID: 31116782 PMCID: PMC6530844 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFA) have in some studies been associated with cognitive and socioemotional outcomes in children, but results are inconsistent possibly due to the use of different tests and potential gender-specific effects. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to explore overall patterns in neuropsychological scores as well as correlations between scores within specific domains, and to examine potential gender differences and consistency in associations with n-3 LCPUFA status. In 199 Danish 8–9 year-old children, we performed a large battery of tests and questionnaires on attention, processing speed, executive functions, memory, and socioemotional traits, and measured erythrocyte fatty acid composition. Principal component analyses (PCA) showed that most of the variation in both cognitive performance and socioemotional traits was explained by overall performance, followed by speed-accuracy trade off and externalizing vs. internalizing problems, respectively. Boys had higher speed, lower attention and higher externalizing problem scores than girls. Measures of performance within both processing speed and attention domains correlated moderately, whereas no correlations were found for measures of executive functions apart from some weak correlations for impulsivity. Parent-rated scores for both externalizing and internalizing problems correlated strongly, whereas correlations with child-rated scores were weak. Scores within specific domains did not consistently associate with n-3 LCPUFA, except for processing speed measures which all pointed to faster processing with increased n-3 LCPUFA status. Gender differences in the associations were observed for attention and impulsivity. Child- but not parent-rated internalizing and social problems tended to associate directly with n-3 LCPUFA, supported by increased internalizing problems measured by the PCA component. In conclusion, measures of speed and attention seem to represent these domains in general, whereas single measures of more complex cognitive functions should be interpreted with caution. One approach could be to use multiple tests and create multivariate scores to guide interpretations. Furthermore, the results indicate a need to consider both parent- and child-rated socioemotional scores and gender differences in neuropsychological functions e.g. in investigations of n-3 LCPUFA effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie N. Teisen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Janni Niclasen
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Health Promotion, Diabetes Prevention Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Frederikshøj Dagbehandlingsskole, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stine Vuholm
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper Lundbye-Jensen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ken D. Stark
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Camilla T. Damsgaard
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Svend S. Geertsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lotte Lauritzen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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19
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Biochemical and cognitive effects of docosahexaenoic acid differ in a developmental and SorLA dependent manner. Behav Brain Res 2018; 348:90-100. [PMID: 29660442 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Beneficial effects of omega-3 fatty acid intake on cognition are under debate as some studies show beneficial effects while others show no effects of omega-3 supplementation. These inconsistencies may be a result of inter-individual response variations, potentially caused by gene and diet interactions. SorLA is a multifunctional receptor involved in ligand trafficking including lipoprotein lipase and amyloid precursor protein. Decreased SorLA levels have been correlated to Alzheimer's disease, and omega-3 fatty acid supplementation is known to increase SorLA expression in neuronal cell lines and mouse models. We therefore addressed potential correlations between Sorl1 and dietary omega-3 in SorLA deficient mice (Sorl1-/-) and controls exposed to diets supplemented with or deprived of omega-3 during their entire development and lifespan (lifelong) or solely from the time of weaning (post weaning). Observed diet-induced effects were only evident when exposed to lifelong omega-3 supplementation or deprivation as opposed to post weaning exposure only. Lifelong exposure to omega-3 supplementation resulted in impaired spatial learning in Sorl1-/- mice. The vitamin C antioxidant capacity in the brains of Sorl1-/- mice was reduced, but reduced glutathione and vitamin E levels were increased, leaving the overall antioxidant capacity of the brain inconclusive. No gross morphological differences of hippocampal neurons were found to account for the altered behavior. We found a significant adverse effect in cognitive performance by combining SorLA deficiency with lifelong exposure to omega-3. Our results stress the need for investigations of the underlying molecular mechanisms to clarify the precise circumstances under which omega-3 supplementation may be beneficial.
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20
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Fischer K, Melo van Lent D, Wolfsgruber S, Weinhold L, Kleineidam L, Bickel H, Scherer M, Eisele M, van den Bussche H, Wiese B, König HH, Weyerer S, Pentzek M, Röhr S, Maier W, Jessen F, Schmid M, Riedel-Heller SG, Wagner M. Prospective Associations between Single Foods, Alzheimer's Dementia and Memory Decline in the Elderly. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10070852. [PMID: 29966314 PMCID: PMC6073331 DOI: 10.3390/nu10070852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Evidence whether single “cognitive health” foods could prevent cognitive decline is limited. We investigated whether dietary intake of red wine, white wine, coffee, green tea, olive oil, fresh fish, fruits and vegetables, red meat and sausages, assessed by a single-food-questionnaire, would be associated with either incident Alzheimer’s dementia (AD) or verbal memory decline. Methods: Participants aged 75+ of the German Study on Aging, Cognition and Dementia in Primary Care Patients (AgeCoDe) cohort were regularly followed over 10 years (n = 2622; n = 418 incident AD cases). Multivariable-adjusted joint modeling of repeated-measures and survival analysis was used, taking gender and Apolipoprotein E4 (APOE ε4) genotype into account as possible effect modifiers. Results: Only higher red wine intake was associated with a lower incidence of AD (HR = 0.92; P = 0.045). Interestingly, this was true only for men (HR = 0.82; P < 0.001), while in women higher red wine intake was associated with a higher incidence of AD (HR = 1.15; P = 0.044), and higher white wine intake with a more pronounced memory decline over time (HR = −0.13; P = 0.052). Conclusion: We found no evidence for these single foods to be protective against cognitive decline, with the exception of red wine, which reduced the risk for AD only in men. Women could be more susceptible to detrimental effects of alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Fischer
- Department of Geriatrics and Aging Research, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
- Centre on Aging and Mobility, University of Zurich and City Hospital Waid, 8037 Zurich, Switzerland.
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Nutritional Epidemiology, University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany.
| | | | - Steffen Wolfsgruber
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127 Bonn, Germany.
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Leonie Weinhold
- Department of Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology, University Hospital Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Luca Kleineidam
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127 Bonn, Germany.
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Horst Bickel
- Department of Psychiatry, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany.
| | - Martin Scherer
- Department of Primary Medical Care, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Marion Eisele
- Department of Primary Medical Care, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Hendrik van den Bussche
- Department of Primary Medical Care, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Birgitt Wiese
- WG Medical Statistics and IT-Infrastructure, Institute of General Practice, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Hans-Helmut König
- Department of Health Economics and Health Services Research, Hamburg Center for Health Economics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Siegfried Weyerer
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, 68159 Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Michael Pentzek
- Institute of General Practice, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40227 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Susanne Röhr
- Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, University of Leipzig, 01403 Leipzig, Germany.
- LIFE-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, 01403 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Maier
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Frank Jessen
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127 Bonn, Germany.
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50924 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Matthias Schmid
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127 Bonn, Germany.
- Department of Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology, University Hospital Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Steffi G Riedel-Heller
- Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, University of Leipzig, 01403 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Michael Wagner
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127 Bonn, Germany.
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany.
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Prenatal fish oil supplementation and early childhood development in the Upstate KIDS Study. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2017; 8:465-473. [PMID: 28434427 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174417000253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Fish oil contains omega-3 fatty acids, which play a vital role in fetal growth and development. In utero exposure to omega-3 fatty acids is exclusively dependent on maternal nutrition. Previous studies have suggested that prenatal fish oil supplementation has positive impacts on child neurodevelopment later in life. This study examines the associations between fish oil supplementation both before pregnancy and throughout pregnancy and subsequent child development. Mother-child pairs from the Upstate KIDS Study, a birth cohort consisting of children born between 2008 and 2010, were included. Self-reported prenatal fish oil supplementation data were available for 5845 children (3807 singletons and 2038 twins). At multiple time points, from 4 months to 3 years of age, child development was reported by the parents on the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ). Five developmental domains were assessed: fine motor, gross motor, communication, personal-social functioning and problem solving. Generalized linear mixed models were used to estimate odds ratios (OR) while adjusting for covariates. Primary analyses showed that the risk of failing the ASQ problem-solving domain was significantly lower among children of women who took fish oil before pregnancy (OR 0.40, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.18-0.89) and during pregnancy (OR 0.43, 95% CI 0.22-0.83). Gender interaction was not statistically significant, although stratified results indicated stronger associations among girls. Similarly, associations were primarily among singletons. Prenatal fish oil supplementation may be beneficial in regards to neurodevelopment. Specifically, it is associated with a lower risk of failing the problem-solving domain up to 3 years of age.
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Joffre C, Dinel AL, Aubert A, Fressange-Mazda C, Le Ruyet P, Layé S. Impact of Lactobacillus fermentum and dairy lipids in the maternal diet on the fatty acid composition of pups' brain and peripheral tissues. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2016; 115:24-34. [PMID: 27914510 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the effect of maternal diets administered since day 1 of gestation and containing dairy lipids or vegetable oils differing in the supply of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) (equilibrated or deficient) and of Lactobacillus fermentum (L. fermentum) on the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) accretion in the pups at postnatal day 14 in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus (HC) for brain structures and in the liver and adipose tissue for peripheral tissues. Maternal milk fatty acid composition was also assessed by analyzing the fatty acid composition of the gastric content of the pups. DHA was higher in mice supplemented with L. fermentum than in mice in the deficient group in HC and PFC and also in liver and adipose tissue. This increase could be linked to the slight but significant increase in C18:3n-3 in the maternal milk. This proportion was comparable in the dairy lipid group for which the brain DHA level was the highest. L. fermentum may have a key role in the protection of the brain during the perinatal period via the neuronal accretion of n-3 PUFAs, especially during n-3 PUFA deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Joffre
- INRA, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Univ. Bordeaux, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, 33076 Bordeaux, France.
| | - A L Dinel
- INRA, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Univ. Bordeaux, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Nutribrain Research and Technology transfer of Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - A Aubert
- INRA, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Univ. Bordeaux, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | | | - P Le Ruyet
- Lactalis Recherche et Développement, Retiers, France
| | - S Layé
- INRA, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Univ. Bordeaux, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, 33076 Bordeaux, France
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23
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Abstract
The present review examines the pig as a model for physiological studies in human subjects related to nutrient sensing, appetite regulation, gut barrier function, intestinal microbiota and nutritional neuroscience. The nutrient-sensing mechanisms regarding acids (sour), carbohydrates (sweet), glutamic acid (umami) and fatty acids are conserved between humans and pigs. In contrast, pigs show limited perception of high-intensity sweeteners and NaCl and sense a wider array of amino acids than humans. Differences on bitter taste may reflect the adaptation to ecosystems. In relation to appetite regulation, plasma concentrations of cholecystokinin and glucagon-like peptide-1 are similar in pigs and humans, while peptide YY in pigs is ten to twenty times higher and ghrelin two to five times lower than in humans. Pigs are an excellent model for human studies for vagal nerve function related to the hormonal regulation of food intake. Similarly, the study of gut barrier functions reveals conserved defence mechanisms between the two species particularly in functional permeability. However, human data are scant for some of the defence systems and nutritional programming. The pig model has been valuable for studying the changes in human microbiota following nutritional interventions. In particular, the use of human flora-associated pigs is a useful model for infants, but the long-term stability of the implanted human microbiota in pigs remains to be investigated. The similarity of the pig and human brain anatomy and development is paradigmatic. Brain explorations and therapies described in pig, when compared with available human data, highlight their value in nutritional neuroscience, particularly regarding functional neuroimaging techniques.
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Effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on human brain morphology and function: What is the evidence? Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 26:546-61. [PMID: 26742901 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Public opinion and media coverage suggest that there are benefits of long-chain ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) intake on brain functioning. However, it is an open question whether this is indeed the case. Therefore, we reviewed the evidence for effects of ω-3 LC-PUFA on human brain morphology and function. We included studies on (1) naturalistic long-term ω-3 LC-PUFA intake during life (2) the effects of short-term ω-3 LC-PUFA supplementation in healthy subjects and (3) the effects of ω-3 LC-PUFA supplementation as alternative or add-on treatment for psychiatric or neurological disorders. To date, 24 studies have been published on the effect of ω-3 LC-PUFA on brain function and structure. Findings from naturalistic studies and clinical trials in healthy individuals indicate that ω-3 LC-PUFA intake may be associated with increased functional activation of the prefrontal cortex in children, and greater gray matter volume and white matter integrity during aging. However, most naturalistic studies were cross-sectional or did not find any effect on cognition. As such, it is hard to estimate the magnitude of any beneficial effects. Furthermore, there is only limited evidence to support that ω-3 LC-PUFA supplementation is beneficial in brain disorders, such as Alzheimer's Disease, Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Major Depressive Disorder and schizophrenia. Overall, the literature suggests that sensitivity to supplementation may vary over development, and as a consequence of brain disorders. The biological mechanisms underlying any (beneficial) effects ω-3 LC-PUFAs on the brain are currently unknown and need to be investigated.
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25
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Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is the predominant omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) found in the brain and can affect neurological function by modulating signal transduction pathways, neurotransmission, neurogenesis, myelination, membrane receptor function, synaptic plasticity, neuroinflammation, membrane integrity and membrane organization. DHA is rapidly accumulated in the brain during gestation and early infancy, and the availability of DHA via transfer from maternal stores impacts the degree of DHA incorporation into neural tissues. The consumption of DHA leads to many positive physiological and behavioral effects, including those on cognition. Advanced cognitive function is uniquely human, and the optimal development and aging of cognitive abilities has profound impacts on quality of life, productivity, and advancement of society in general. However, the modern diet typically lacks appreciable amounts of DHA. Therefore, in modern populations, maintaining optimal levels of DHA in the brain throughout the lifespan likely requires obtaining preformed DHA via dietary or supplemental sources. In this review, we examine the role of DHA in optimal cognition during development, adulthood, and aging with a focus on human evidence and putative mechanisms of action.
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Weiser MJ, Butt CM, Mohajeri MH. Docosahexaenoic Acid and Cognition throughout the Lifespan. Nutrients 2016; 8:99. [PMID: 26901223 PMCID: PMC4772061 DOI: 10.3390/nu8020099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is the predominant omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) found in the brain and can affect neurological function by modulating signal transduction pathways, neurotransmission, neurogenesis, myelination, membrane receptor function, synaptic plasticity, neuroinflammation, membrane integrity and membrane organization. DHA is rapidly accumulated in the brain during gestation and early infancy, and the availability of DHA via transfer from maternal stores impacts the degree of DHA incorporation into neural tissues. The consumption of DHA leads to many positive physiological and behavioral effects, including those on cognition. Advanced cognitive function is uniquely human, and the optimal development and aging of cognitive abilities has profound impacts on quality of life, productivity, and advancement of society in general. However, the modern diet typically lacks appreciable amounts of DHA. Therefore, in modern populations, maintaining optimal levels of DHA in the brain throughout the lifespan likely requires obtaining preformed DHA via dietary or supplemental sources. In this review, we examine the role of DHA in optimal cognition during development, adulthood, and aging with a focus on human evidence and putative mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Weiser
- DSM Nutritional Products, R&D Human Nutrition and Health, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - Christopher M Butt
- DSM Nutritional Products, R&D Human Nutrition and Health, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - M Hasan Mohajeri
- DSM Nutritional Products, R&D Human Nutrition and Health, Basel, Switzerland.
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Cacabelos D, Ramírez-Núñez O, Granado-Serrano AB, Torres P, Ayala V, Moiseeva V, Povedano M, Ferrer I, Pamplona R, Portero-Otin M, Boada J. Early and gender-specific differences in spinal cord mitochondrial function and oxidative stress markers in a mouse model of ALS. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2016; 4:3. [PMID: 26757991 PMCID: PMC4711180 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-015-0271-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a motor neuron disease with a gender bias towards major prevalence in male individuals. Several data suggest the involvement of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in its pathogenesis, though differences between genders have not been evaluated. For this reason, we analysed features of mitochondrial oxidative metabolism, as well as mitochondrial chain complex enzyme activities and protein expression, lipid profile, and protein oxidative stress markers, in the Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase with the G93A mutation (hSOD1-G93A)- transgenic mice and Neuro2A(N2A) cells overexpressing hSOD1-G93A. Results and Conclusions Our results show that overexpression of hSOD1-G93A in transgenic mice decreased efficiency of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, located at complex I, revealing a temporal delay in females with respect to males associated with a parallel increase in selected markers of protein oxidative damage. Further, females exhibit a fatty acid profile with higher levels of docosahexaenoic acid at 30 days. Mechanistic studies showed that hSOD1-G93A overexpression in N2A cells reduced complex I function, a defect prevented by 17β-estradiol pretreatment. In conclusion, ALS-associated SOD1 mutation leads to delayed mitochondrial dysfunction in female mice in comparison with males, in part attributable to the higher oestrogen levels of the former. This study is important in the effort to further understanding of whether different degrees of spinal cord mitochondrial dysfunction could be disease modifiers in ALS. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40478-015-0271-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Diet-induced changes in iron and n-3 fatty acid status and associations with cognitive performance in 8-11-year-old Danish children: secondary analyses of the Optimal Well-Being, Development and Health for Danish Children through a Healthy New Nordic Diet School Meal Study. Br J Nutr 2015; 114:1623-37. [PMID: 26359192 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114515003323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Fe and n-3 long-chain PUFA (n-3 LCPUFA) have both been associated with cognition, but evidence remains inconclusive in well-nourished school-aged children. In the Optimal Well-Being, Development and Health for Danish Children through a Healthy New Nordic Diet (OPUS) School Meal Study, the 3-month intervention increased reading performance, inattention, impulsivity and dietary intake of fish and Fe. This study investigated whether the intervention influenced n-3 LCPUFA and Fe status and, if so, explored how these changes correlated with the changes in cognitive performance. The study was a cluster-randomised cross-over trial comparing school meals with packed lunch (control). At baseline and after each treatment, we measured serum ferritin, whole-blood n-3 LCPUFA and Hb, and performance in reading, mathematics and d2-test of attention. Data were analysed using mixed models (n 726) and principal component analysis of test performances (n 644), which showed two main patterns: 'school performance' and 'reading comprehension'. The latter indicated that children with good reading comprehension were also more inattentive and impulsive (i.e. higher d2-test error%). The intervention improved 'school performance' (P=0·015), 'reading comprehension' (P=0·043) and EPA+DHA status 0·21 (95% CI 0·15, 0·27) w/w % (P<0·001), but it did not affect serum ferritin or Hb. At baseline, having small Fe stores was associated with poorer 'school performance' in girls, but with better 'reading comprehension' in both boys and girls. Both baseline EPA+DHA status and the intervention-induced increase in EPA+DHA status was positively associated with 'school performance', suggesting that n-3 LCPUFA could potentially explain approximately 20 % of the intervention effect. These exploratory associations indicate that increased fish intake might explain some of the increase in reading performance and inattention in the study.
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29
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Associations of diet quality with cognition in children – the Physical Activity and Nutrition in Children Study. Br J Nutr 2015; 114:1080-7. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114515001634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Evidence on the associations of dietary patterns with cognition in children is limited. Therefore, we investigated the associations of the Baltic Sea Diet Score (BSDS) and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) score with cognition in children. The present cross-sectional study sample included 428 children aged 6–8 years (216 boys and 212 girls). The BSDS and the DASH score were calculated using data from 4 d food records, higher scores indicating better diet quality. Cognition was assessed by the Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices (CPM) score, a higher score indicating better cognition. Among all children, the BSDS (standardised regression coefficient β = 0·122,P =0·012) and the DASH score (β = 0·121,P =0·015) were directly associated with the Raven's CPM score. Among boys, a lower BSDS (β = 0·244,P< 0·001) and a lower DASH score (β = 0·202,P= 0·003) were related to a lower Raven's CPM score. Boys in the lowest quartile of the BSDS (22·5v. 25·3,P= 0·029) and the DASH score (22·4v. 25·7,P= 0·008) had a lower Raven's CPM score than those in the highest quartile of the corresponding score. Among girls, the BSDS or the DASH score were not associated with cognition. In conclusion, a poorer diet quality was associated with worse cognition in children, and the relationship was stronger in boys than in girls.
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30
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The effect of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids intake during pregnancy on adiposity of healthy full-term offspring at birth. J Perinatol 2015; 35:177-80. [PMID: 25321648 DOI: 10.1038/jp.2014.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The adjusted effect of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) intake during pregnancy on adiposity at birth of healthy full-term appropriate-for-gestational age neonates was evaluated. STUDY DESIGN In a cross-sectional convenience sample of 100 mother and infant dyads, LCPUFA intake during pregnancy was assessed by food frequency questionnaire with nutrient intake calculated using Food Processor Plus. Linear regression models for neonatal body composition measurements, assessed by air displacement plethysmography and anthropometry, were adjusted for maternal LCPUFA intakes, energy and macronutrient intakes, prepregnancy body mass index and gestational weight gain. RESULT Positive associations between maternal docosahexaenoic acid intake and ponderal index in male offspring (β=0.165; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.031-0.299; P=0.017), and between n-6:n-3 LCPUFA ratio intake and fat mass (β=0.021; 95% CI: 0.002-0.041; P=0.034) and percentage of fat mass (β=0.636; 95% CI: 0.125-1.147; P=0.016) in female offspring were found. CONCLUSION Using a reliable validated method to assess body composition, adjusted positive associations between maternal docosahexaenoic acid intake and birth size in male offspring and between n-6:n-3 LCPUFA ratio intake and adiposity in female offspring were found, suggesting that maternal LCPUFA intake strongly influences fetal body composition.
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31
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Lassek WD, Gaulin SJC. Linoleic and docosahexaenoic acids in human milk have opposite relationships with cognitive test performance in a sample of 28 countries. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2014; 91:195-201. [PMID: 25172360 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2014.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids play critical roles in brain development and function, and their levels in human breast milk closely reflect the long-term diet. The fatty acid contents of human milk samples from 28 countries were used to predict averaged 2009 and 2012 test scores in mathematics, reading, and science from the Program for International Student Assessment. All test scores were positively related to milk docosahexaenoic acid (r=0.48 to 0.55), and negatively related to linoleic acid (r=-0.28 to -0.56). Together, these two human milk fatty acids explained 46% to 48% of the variance in scores, with no improvement in predictive power when socioeconomic variables were added to the regression. The (log) ratio of linoleic to arachidonic acid was negatively related to scores (r=-0.45 to -0.48). Statistical effects were similar for the two sexes. In a separate US sample, estimated dietary linoleic was negatively related to the levels of all long-chain n-3 and n-6 plasma fatty acids. High levels of dietary linoleic may impair cognition by decreasing both docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acids in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- W D Lassek
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 Desoto Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States.
| | - S J C Gaulin
- Department of Anthropology, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-3210, United States
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32
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Stonehouse W. Does consumption of LC omega-3 PUFA enhance cognitive performance in healthy school-aged children and throughout adulthood? Evidence from clinical trials. Nutrients 2014; 6:2730-58. [PMID: 25054550 PMCID: PMC4113767 DOI: 10.3390/nu6072730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-chain (LC) omega-3 PUFA derived from marine sources may play an important role in cognitive performance throughout all life stages. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the dominant omega-3 in the brain, is a major component of neuronal cell membranes and affects various neurological pathways and processess. Despite its critical role in brain function, human’s capacity to synthesize DHA de novo is limited and its consumption through the diet is important. However, many individuals do not or rarely consume seafood. The aim of this review is to critically evaluate the current evidence from randomised controlled trials (RCT) in healthy school-aged children, younger and older adults to determine whether consumption of LC omega-3 PUFA improves cognitive performance and to make recommendations for future research. Current evidence suggests that consumption of LC omega-3 PUFA, particularly DHA, may enhance cognitive performance relating to learning, cognitive development, memory and speed of performing cognitive tasks. Those who habitually consume diets low in DHA, children with low literacy ability and malnourished and older adults with age-related cognitive decline and mild cognitive impairment seem to benefit most. However, study design limitations in many RCTs hamper firm conclusions. The measurement of a uniform biomarker, e.g., % DHA in red blood cells, is essential to establish baseline DHA-status, to determine targets for cognitive performance and to facilitate dosage recommendations. It is recommended that future studies be at least 16 weeks in duration, account for potential interaction effects of gender, age and apolipoprotein E genotype, include vegan/vegetarian populations, include measures of speed of cognitive performance and include brain imaging technologies as supportive information on working mechanisms of LC omega-3 PUFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Welma Stonehouse
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship, P.O. Box 10041, Adelaide BC, South Australia 5000, Australia.
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33
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Joffre C, Nadjar A, Lebbadi M, Calon F, Laye S. n-3 LCPUFA improves cognition: the young, the old and the sick. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2014; 91:1-20. [PMID: 24908517 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Due to the implication of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, neurite outgrowth and to its high incorporation into the brain, this n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) is considered as crucial in the development and maintenance of the learning memory performance throughout life. In the present chapter we aimed at reviewing data investigating the relation between DHA and cognition during the perinatal period, young adult- and adulthood and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer disease (AD). In Humans, dietary DHA supplementation from the perinatal period to adulthood does not reveal a clear and consistent memory improvement whereas it is the case in animal studies. The positive effects observed in animal models may have been enhanced by using n-3 PUFA deficient animal models as controls. In animal models of AD, a general consensus on the beneficial effects of n-3 LCPUFA in attenuating cognitive impairment was established. These studies make DHA a potential suitable micronutrient for the maintenance of cognitive performance at all periods of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Joffre
- Université Bordeaux, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR 1286, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; INRA, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR 1286, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
| | - A Nadjar
- Université Bordeaux, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR 1286, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; INRA, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR 1286, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
| | - M Lebbadi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUL, Axe Neurosciences, T2-05, 2705, Boulevard Laurier, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 4G2.
| | - F Calon
- Centre de Recherche du CHUL, Axe Neurosciences, T2-05, 2705, Boulevard Laurier, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 4G2.
| | - S Laye
- Université Bordeaux, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR 1286, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; INRA, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR 1286, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
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34
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Lassek WD, Gaulin SJC. Maternal milk DHA content predicts cognitive performance in a sample of 28 nations. MATERNAL AND CHILD NUTRITION 2013; 11:773-9. [PMID: 23795772 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.12060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Convergent evidence from neuronal biology and hominin brain hypertrophy suggests that omega-3 fatty acids are a limiting resource for neural and cognitive development in Homo sapiens, and therefore that children from populations with higher omega-3 availability should display superior cognitive performance. Using multiple regression, we tested this prediction in a sample of 28 countries, with Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) math scores in 2009 as an index of cognitive performance, and country-specific breast milk levels of omega-3 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) as an index of omega-3 availability. Breast milk DHA makes a highly significant contribution to math scores (β = 0.462, P = 0.006), greater in magnitude than the control variables of per capita Gross Domestic Product (PCGDP) and educational expenditures per pupil. Together, dietary fish (positively) and total fat (negatively) explain 61% of the variance in maternal milk DHA in a larger sample of 39 countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Day Lassek
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Steven J C Gaulin
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
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Glick NR, Fischer MH. The Role of Essential Fatty Acids in Human Health. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/2156587213488788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid research began about 90 years ago but intensified in recent years. Essential fatty acids (linoleic and α-linolenic) must come from diet. Other fatty acids may come from diet or may be synthesized. Fatty acids are major components of cell membrane structure, modulate gene transcription, function as cytokine precursors, and serve as energy sources in complex, interconnected systems. It is increasingly apparent that dietary fatty acids influence these vital functions and affect human health. While the strongest evidence for influence is found in cardiovascular disease and mental health, many additional conditions are affected. Problematic changes in the fatty acid composition of human diet have also taken place over the last century. This review summarizes current understanding of the pervasive roles of essential fatty acids and their metabolites in human health.
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Baumgartner J, Smuts CM, Malan L, Kvalsvig J, van Stuijvenberg ME, Hurrell RF, Zimmermann MB. Effects of iron and n-3 fatty acid supplementation, alone and in combination, on cognition in school children: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled intervention in South Africa. Am J Clin Nutr 2012; 96:1327-38. [PMID: 23097272 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.041004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the combined effects of iron and n-3 (omega-3) fatty acid (FA) supplementation on cognitive performance. The provision of either DHA/EPA or iron alone in rats with combined iron and n-3 FA deficiency has been reported to exacerbate cognitive deficits associated with deficiency. OBJECTIVE We investigated the effects of iron and DHA/EPA supplementation, alone and in combination, in children with poor iron and n-3 FA status. DESIGN In a 2-by-2 factorial trial, children with iron deficiency (ID) (n = 321; aged 6-11 y) were allocated to receive 1) iron (50 mg) plus DHA/EPA (420/80 mg), 2) iron plus placebo, 3) placebo plus a mixture of DHA and EPA (DHA/EPA), or 4) placebo plus placebo as oral supplements (4/wk) for 8.5 mo. Cognition was assessed at baseline and endpoint by using the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (HVLT) and subscales of the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children. RESULTS Both iron and DHA/EPA significantly increased weight-for-age z scores. Iron increased the number of words recalled at HVLT recall 2 (intervention effect: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.18, 1.62), and in anemic children, iron increased scores in the Atlantis Delayed test (1.51; 95% CI: 0.03, 2.99) and HVLT recall 2 (2.02; 95% CI: 0.55, 3.49). DHA/EPA showed no benefit in any of the cognitive tests but decreased Atlantis test scores (-2.48; 95% CI: -3.99, -0.96) in children who were anemic at baseline and decreased Atlantis delayed scores (-0.9; 95% CI: -1.45, -0.36) in girls with ID, whereas boys tended to perform better. CONCLUSIONS In children with poor iron and n-3 FA status, iron supplementation improved verbal and nonverbal learning and memory, particularly in children with anemia. In contrast, DHA/EPA supplementation had no benefits on cognition and impaired working memory in anemic children and long-term memory and retrieval in girls with ID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannine Baumgartner
- Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich, Switzerland.
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Freemantle E, Lalovic A, Mechawar N, Turecki G. Age and haplotype variations within FADS1 interact and associate with alterations in fatty acid composition in human male cortical brain tissue. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42696. [PMID: 22900039 PMCID: PMC3416866 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids (FA) play an integral role in brain function and alterations have been implicated in a variety of complex neurological disorders. Several recent genomic studies have highlighted genetic variability in the fatty acid desaturase (FADS1/2/3) gene cluster as an important contributor to FA alterations in serum lipids as well as measures of FA desaturase index estimated by ratios of relevant FAs. The contribution to alterations of FAs within the brain by local synthesis is still a matter of debate. Thus, the impact of genetic variants in FADS genes on gene expression and brain FA levels is an important avenue to investigate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Freemantle
- Department of Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Aleksandra Lalovic
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Naguib Mechawar
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gustavo Turecki
- Department of Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Cognitive enhancement by omega-3 fatty acids from child-hood to old age: findings from animal and clinical studies. Neuropharmacology 2012; 64:550-65. [PMID: 22841917 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Omega-(n)-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) are major components of neuronal membranes and have a wide range of functions, from modulating synaptic plasticity and neurochemistry, to neuroimmune-modulation and neuroprotection. Thus, it is not surprising that n-3 PUFA are widely acknowledged to have cognitive-enhancing effects. Although clinical evidence is somewhat conflicting, probably in large part due to methodological issues, animal studies have consistently demonstrated that n-3 PUFA are indispensable for proper brain development, may enhance cognitive function in healthy, adult individuals and attenuate cognitive impairment in aging and age-related disorders, such as dementia. This review discusses and integrates up to date evidence from clinical and animal studies investigating the cognitive-enhancing effects of n-3 PUFA during development, child- and adult-hood, as well as old-age with associated neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, we cover the major underlying biochemical and neurophysiological mechanisms by which n-3 PUFA mediate these effects on cognition. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Cognitive Enhancers'.
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Kohl JV. Human pheromones and food odors: epigenetic influences on the socioaffective nature of evolved behaviors. SOCIOAFFECTIVE NEUROSCIENCE & PSYCHOLOGY 2012; 2:17338. [PMID: 24693349 PMCID: PMC3960071 DOI: 10.3402/snp.v2i0.17338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Olfactory cues directly link the environment to gene expression. Two types of olfactory cues, food odors and social odors, alter genetically predisposed hormone-mediated activity in the mammalian brain. METHODS The honeybee is a model organism for understanding the epigenetic link from food odors and social odors to neural networks of the mammalian brain, which ultimately determine human behavior. RESULTS Pertinent aspects that extend the honeybee model to human behavior include bottom-up followed by top-down gene, cell, tissue, organ, organ-system, and organism reciprocity; neurophysiological effects of food odors and of sexually dimorphic, species-specific social odors; a model of motor function required for social selection that precedes sexual selection; and hormonal effects that link current neuroscience to social science affects on the development of animal behavior. CONCLUSION As the psychological influence of food odors and social orders is examined in detail, the socioaffective nature of olfactory cues on the biologically based development of sexual preferences across all species that sexually reproduce becomes clearer.
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Affiliation(s)
- James V. Kohl
- James V. Kohl, Independent Researcher, 175 Crimson Lane, Epworth, GA 30541, USA. Tel: (706) 455-7967.
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Nealen PM. Three billion years of Fatty Acid metabolism shape human cognitive performance. FRONTIERS IN EVOLUTIONARY NEUROSCIENCE 2011; 3:6. [PMID: 22180743 PMCID: PMC3238140 DOI: 10.3389/fnevo.2011.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Nealen
- Department of Biology, Indiana University of Pennsylvania Indiana, PA, USA
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