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Dou D, Aiken J, Holzbaur EL. RAB3 phosphorylation by pathogenic LRRK2 impairs trafficking of synaptic vesicle precursors. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202307092. [PMID: 38512027 PMCID: PMC10959120 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202307092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Gain-of-function mutations in the LRRK2 gene cause Parkinson's disease (PD), characterized by debilitating motor and non-motor symptoms. Increased phosphorylation of a subset of RAB GTPases by LRRK2 is implicated in PD pathogenesis. We find that increased phosphorylation of RAB3A, a cardinal synaptic vesicle precursor (SVP) protein, disrupts anterograde axonal transport of SVPs in iPSC-derived human neurons (iNeurons) expressing hyperactive LRRK2-p.R1441H. Knockout of the opposing protein phosphatase 1H (PPM1H) in iNeurons phenocopies this effect. In these models, the compartmental distribution of synaptic proteins is altered; synaptophysin and synaptobrevin-2 become sequestered in the neuronal soma with decreased delivery to presynaptic sites along the axon. We find that RAB3A phosphorylation disrupts binding to the motor adaptor MADD, potentially preventing the formation of the RAB3A-MADD-KIF1A/1Bβ complex driving anterograde SVP transport. RAB3A hyperphosphorylation also disrupts interactions with RAB3GAP and RAB-GDI1. Our results reveal a mechanism by which pathogenic hyperactive LRRK2 may contribute to the altered synaptic homeostasis associated with characteristic non-motor and cognitive manifestations of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Dou
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jayne Aiken
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Erika L.F. Holzbaur
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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2
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Jin X, Si X, Lei X, Liu H, Shao A, Li L. Disruption of Dopamine Homeostasis Associated with Alteration of Proteins in Synaptic Vesicles: A Putative Central Mechanism of Parkinson's Disease Pathogenesis. Aging Dis 2024; 15:1204-1226. [PMID: 37815908 PMCID: PMC11081171 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0821-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Vestigial dopaminergic cells in PD have selectivity for a sub-class of hypersensitive neurons with the nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) tract. DA is modulated in pre-synaptic nerve terminals to remain stable. To be specific, proteins at DA release sites that have a function of synthesizing and packing DA in cytoplasm, modulating release and reingestion, and changing excitability of neurons, display regional discrepancies that uncover relevancy of the observed sensitivity to neurodegenerative changes. Although the reasons of a majority of PD cases are still indistinct, heredity and environment are known to us to make significant influences. For decades, genetic analysis of PD patients with heredity in family have promoted our comprehension of pathogenesis to a great extent, which reveals correlative mechanisms including oxidative stress, abnormal protein homeostasis and mitochondrial dysfunction. In this review, we review the constitution of presynaptic vesicle related to DA homeostasis and describe the genetic and environmental evidence of presynaptic dysfunction that increase risky possibility of PD concerning intracellular vesicle transmission and their functional outcomes. We summarize alterations in synaptic vesicular proteins with great involvement in the reasons of some DA neurons highly vulnerable to neurodegenerative changes. We generalize different potential targets and therapeutic strategies for different pathogenic mechanisms, providing a reference for further studies of PD treatment in the future. But it remains to be further researched on this recently discovered and converging mechanism of vesicular dynamics and PD, which will provide a more profound comprehension and put up with new therapeutic tactics for PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanxiang Jin
- The First School of Medicine, School of Information and Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xiaoli Si
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Xiaoguang Lei
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, the First School of Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.
| | - Huifang Liu
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Disease, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Lingfei Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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Nadiminti SSP, Dixit SB, Ratnakaran N, Deb A, Hegde S, Boyanapalli SPP, Swords S, Grant BD, Koushika SP. LRK-1/LRRK2 and AP-3 regulate trafficking of synaptic vesicle precursors through active zone protein SYD-2/Liprin-α. PLoS Genet 2024; 20:e1011253. [PMID: 38722918 PMCID: PMC11081264 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Synaptic vesicle proteins (SVps) are transported by the motor UNC-104/KIF1A. We show that SVps travel in heterogeneous carriers in C. elegans neuronal processes, with some SVp carriers co-transporting lysosomal proteins (SV-lysosomes). LRK-1/LRRK2 and the clathrin adaptor protein complex AP-3 play a critical role in the sorting of SVps and lysosomal proteins away from each other at the SV-lysosomal intermediate trafficking compartment. Both SVp carriers lacking lysosomal proteins and SV-lysosomes are dependent on the motor UNC-104/KIF1A for their transport. In lrk-1 mutants, both SVp carriers and SV-lysosomes can travel in axons in the absence of UNC-104, suggesting that LRK-1 plays an important role to enable UNC-104 dependent transport of synaptic vesicle proteins. Additionally, LRK-1 acts upstream of the AP-3 complex and regulates its membrane localization. In the absence of the AP-3 complex, the SV-lysosomes become more dependent on the UNC-104-SYD-2/Liprin-α complex for their transport. Therefore, SYD-2 acts to link upstream trafficking events with the transport of SVps likely through its interaction with the motor UNC-104. We further show that the mistrafficking of SVps into the dendrite in lrk-1 and apb-3 mutants depends on SYD-2, likely by regulating the recruitment of the AP-1/UNC-101. SYD-2 acts in concert with AP complexes to ensure polarized trafficking & transport of SVps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sravanthi S. P. Nadiminti
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shirley B. Dixit
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Neena Ratnakaran
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anushka Deb
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sneha Hegde
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Sierra Swords
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Barth D. Grant
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Sandhya P. Koushika
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Singh V, Menard MA, Serrano GE, Beach TG, Zhao HT, Riley-DiPaolo A, Subrahmanian N, LaVoie MJ, Volpicelli-Daley LA. Cellular and subcellular localization of Rab10 and phospho-T73 Rab10 in the mouse and human brain. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:201. [PMID: 38110990 PMCID: PMC10726543 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01704-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant pathogenic mutations in Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) cause Parkinson's disease (PD). The most common mutation, G2019S-LRRK2, increases the kinase activity of LRRK2 causing hyper-phosphorylation of its substrates. One of these substrates, Rab10, is phosphorylated at a conserved Thr73 residue (pRab10), and is one of the most abundant LRRK2 Rab GTPases expressed in various tissues. The involvement of Rab10 in neurodegenerative disease, including both PD and Alzheimer's disease makes pinpointing the cellular and subcellular localization of Rab10 and pRab10 in the brain an important step in understanding its functional role, and how post-translational modifications could impact function. To establish the specificity of antibodies to the phosphorylated form of Rab10 (pRab10), Rab10 specific antisense oligonucleotides were intraventricularly injected into the brains of mice. Further, Rab10 knock out induced neurons, differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells were used to test the pRab10 antibody specificity. To amplify the weak immunofluorescence signal of pRab10, tyramide signal amplification was utilized. Rab10 and pRab10 were expressed in the cortex, striatum and the substantia nigra pars compacta. Immunofluorescence for pRab10 was increased in G2019S-LRRK2 knockin mice. Neurons, astrocytes, microglia and oligodendrocytes all showed Rab10 and pRab10 expression. While Rab10 colocalized with endoplasmic reticulum, lysosome and trans-Golgi network markers, pRab10 did not localize to these organelles. However, pRab10, did overlap with markers of the presynaptic terminal in both mouse and human cortex, including α-synuclein. Results from this study suggest Rab10 and pRab10 are expressed in all brain areas and cell types tested in this study, but pRab10 is enriched at the presynaptic terminal. As Rab10 is a LRRK2 kinase substrate, increased kinase activity of G2019S-LRRK2 in PD may affect Rab10 mediated membrane trafficking at the presynaptic terminal in neurons in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Singh
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Marissa A Menard
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Geidy E Serrano
- Department of Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, 85351, USA
| | - Thomas G Beach
- Department of Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, 85351, USA
| | - Hien T Zhao
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc, Carlsbad, CA, 92010, USA
| | - Alexis Riley-DiPaolo
- Department of Neuroscience at the University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Nitya Subrahmanian
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Fixel Institute for Neurologic Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Matthew J LaVoie
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Fixel Institute for Neurologic Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Laura A Volpicelli-Daley
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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Domenicale C, Magnabosco S, Morari M. Modeling Parkinson's disease in LRRK2 rodents. Neuronal Signal 2023; 7:NS20220040. [PMID: 37601008 PMCID: PMC10432857 DOI: 10.1042/ns20220040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene are associated with familial and sporadic forms of Parkinson's disease (PD). Sporadic PD and LRRK2 PD share main clinical and neuropathological features, namely hypokinesia, degeneration of nigro-striatal dopamine neurons and α-synuclein aggregates in the form of Lewy bodies. Animals harboring the most common LRRK2 mutations, i.e. p.G2019S and p.R1441C/G, have been generated to replicate the parkinsonian phenotype and investigate the underlying pathogenic mechanisms. Disappointingly, however, LRRK2 rodents did not consistently phenocopy hypokinesia and nigro-striatal degeneration, or showed Lewy body-like aggregates. Instead, LRRK2 rodents manifested non-motor signs and dysregulated transmission at dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic synapses that are reminiscent of behavioral and functional network changes observed in the prodromal phase of the disease. LRRK2 rodents also manifested greater susceptibility to different parkinsonian toxins or stressors when subjected to dual-hit or multiple-hit protocols, confirming LRRK2 mutations as genetic risk factors. In conclusion, LRRK2 rodents represent a unique tool to identify the molecular mechanisms through which LRRK2 modulates the course and clinical presentations of PD and to study the interplay between genetic, intrinsic and environmental protective/risk factors in PD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Domenicale
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefano Magnabosco
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Michele Morari
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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Dou D, Aiken J, Holzbaur EL. RAB3 phosphorylation by pathogenic LRRK2 impairs trafficking of synaptic vesicle precursors. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.25.550521. [PMID: 37546777 PMCID: PMC10402060 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.25.550521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Gain-of-function mutations in the LRRK2 gene cause Parkinson's disease (PD), characterized by debilitating motor and non-motor symptoms. Increased phosphorylation of a subset of RAB GTPases by LRRK2 is implicated in PD pathogenesis. We find that increased phosphorylation of RAB3A, a cardinal synaptic vesicle precursor (SVP) protein, disrupts anterograde axonal transport of SVPs in iPSC-derived human neurons (iNeurons) expressing hyperactive LRRK2-p.R1441H. Knockout of the opposing protein phosphatase 1H (PPM1H) in iNeurons phenocopies this effect. In these models, the compartmental distribution of synaptic proteins is altered; synaptophysin and synaptobrevin-2 become sequestered in the neuronal soma with decreased delivery to presynaptic sites along the axon. We find that RAB3A phosphorylation disrupts binding to the motor adapter MADD, potentially preventing formation of the RAB3A-MADD-KIF1A/1Bβ complex driving anterograde SVP transport. RAB3A hyperphosphorylation also disrupts interactions with RAB3GAP and RAB-GDI1. Our results reveal a mechanism by which pathogenic hyperactive LRRK2 may contribute to the altered synaptic homeostasis associated with characteristic non-motor and cognitive manifestations of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Dou
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jayne Aiken
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Erika L.F. Holzbaur
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Moreira-Júnior RE, Guimarães MADF, Etcheverria da Silva M, Maioli TU, Faria AMC, Brunialti-Godard AL. Animal model for high consumption and preference of ethanol and its interplay with high sugar and butter diet, behavior, and neuroimmune system. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1141655. [PMID: 37063320 PMCID: PMC10097969 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1141655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionMechanisms that dictate the preference for ethanol and its addiction are not only restricted to the central nervous system (CNS). An increasing body of evidence has suggested that abusive ethanol consumption directly affects the immune system, which in turn interacts with the CNS, triggering neuronal responses and changes, resulting in dependence on the drug. It is known that neuroinflammation and greater immune system reactivity are observed in behavioral disorders and that these can regulate gene transcription. However, there is little information about these findings of the transcriptional profile of reward system genes in high consumption and alcohol preference. In this regard, there is a belief that, in the striatum, an integrating region of the brain reward system, the interaction of the immune response and the transcriptional profile of the Lrrk2 gene that is associated with loss of control and addiction to ethanol may influence the alcohol consumption and preference. Given this information, this study aimed to assess whether problematic alcohol consumption affects the transcriptional profile of the Lrrk2 gene, neuroinflammation, and behavior and whether these changes are interconnected.MethodsAn animal model developed by our research group has been used in which male C57BL/6 mice and knockouts for the Il6 and Nfat genes were subjected to a protocol of high fat and sugar diet intake and free choice of ethanol in the following stages: Stage 1 (T1)—Dietary treatment, for 8 weeks, in which the animals receive high-calorie diet, High Sugar and Butter (HSB group), or standard diet, American Institute of Nutrition 93-Growth (AIN93G group); and Stage 2 (T2)—Ethanol consumption, in which the animals are submitted, for 4 weeks, to alcohol within the free choice paradigm, being each of them divided into 10 groups, four groups continued with the same diet and in the other six the HSB diet is substituted by the AIN93G diet. Five groups had access to only water, while the five others had a free choice between water and a 10% ethanol solution. The weight of the animals was evaluated weekly and the consumption of water and ethanol daily. At the end of the 12-week experiment, anxiety-like behavior was evaluated by the light/dark box test; compulsive-like behavior by Marble burying, transcriptional regulation of genes Lrrk2, Tlr4, Nfat, Drd1, Drd2, Il6, Il1β, Il10, and iNOS by RT-qPCR; and inflammatory markers by flow cytometry. Animals that the diet was replaced had an ethanol high preference and consumption.Results and discussionWe observed that high consumption and preference for ethanol resulted in (1) elevation of inflammatory cells in the brain, (2) upregulation of genes associated with cytokines (Il6 and Il1β) and pro-inflammatory signals (iNOS and Nfat), downregulation of anti-inflammatory cytokine (Il10), dopamine receptor (Drd2), and the Lrrk2 gene in the striatum, and (3) behavioral changes such as decreased anxiety-like behavior, and increased compulsive-like behavior. Our findings suggest that interactions between the immune system, behavior, and transcriptional profile of the Lrrk2 gene influence the ethanol preferential and abusive consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Elias Moreira-Júnior
- Laboratório de Genética Animal e Humana, Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mauro Andrade de Freitas Guimarães
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Miguel Etcheverria da Silva
- Laboratório de Genética Animal e Humana, Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Tatiani Uceli Maioli
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Caetano Faria
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia Brunialti-Godard
- Laboratório de Genética Animal e Humana, Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Ana Lúcia Brunialti Godard,
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Ho PWL, Li L, Liu HF, Choi ZYK, Chang EES, Pang SYY, Malki Y, Leung CT, Kung MHW, Ramsden DB, Ho SL. In vivo overexpression of synaptogyrin-3 promotes striatal synaptic dopamine uptake in LRRK2 R1441G mutant mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Brain Behav 2023; 13:e2886. [PMID: 36624932 PMCID: PMC9927849 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) mutation is a common genetic risk factor of Parkinson's disease (PD). Presynaptic dysfunction is an early pathogenic event associated with dopamine (DA) dysregulation in striatum of the brain. DA uptake activity of DA uptake transporter (DAT) affects synaptic plasticity and motor and non-motor behavior. Synaptogyrin-3 (SYNGR3) is part of the synaptogyrin family, especially abundant in brain. Previous in vitro studies demonstrated interaction between SYNGR3 and DAT. Reduced SYNGR3 expression was observed in human PD brains with unclear reasons. METHODS Here, we further explored whether inducing SYNGR3 expression can influence (i) cellular DA uptake using differentiated human SH-SY5Y neuronal cells, (ii) striatal synaptosomal DA uptake in a mutant LRRK2R1441G knockin mouse model of PD, and (iii) innate rodent behavior using the marble burying test. RESULTS Young LRRK2 mutant mice exhibited significantly lower SYNGR3 levels in striatum compared to age-matched wild-type (WT) controls, resembling level in aged WT mice. SYNGR3 is spatially co-localized with DAT at striatal presynaptic terminals, visualized by immuno-gold transmission electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. Their protein-protein interaction was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation. Transient overexpression of SYNGR3 in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells increased cellular DA uptake activity without affecting total DAT levels. Inducing SYNGR3 overexpression by adeno-associated virus-7 (AAV7) injection in vivo into striatum increased ex vivo synaptosomal DA uptake in LRRK2 mutant mice and improved their innate marble burying behavior. CONCLUSION Brain SYNGR3 expression may be an important determinant to striatal DA homeostasis and synaptic function. Our preliminary behavioral test showed improved innate behavior after SYNGR3 overexpression in LRRK2 mutant mice, advocating further studies to determine the influence of SYNGR3 in the pathophysiology of DA neurons in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Wing-Lok Ho
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lingfei Li
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hui-Fang Liu
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zoe Yuen-Kiu Choi
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Eunice Eun Seo Chang
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shirley Yin-Yu Pang
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yasine Malki
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi-Ting Leung
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Michelle Hiu-Wai Kung
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - David Boyer Ramsden
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Shu-Leong Ho
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Kim J, Daadi EW, Oh T, Daadi ES, Daadi MM. Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Phenotyping and Preclinical Modeling of Familial Parkinson's Disease. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:1937. [PMID: 36360174 PMCID: PMC9689743 DOI: 10.3390/genes13111937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is primarily idiopathic and a highly heterogenous neurodegenerative disease with patients experiencing a wide array of motor and non-motor symptoms. A major challenge for understanding susceptibility to PD is to determine the genetic and environmental factors that influence the mechanisms underlying the variations in disease-associated traits. The pathological hallmark of PD is the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta region of the brain and post-mortem Lewy pathology, which leads to the loss of projecting axons innervating the striatum and to impaired motor and cognitive functions. While the cause of PD is still largely unknown, genome-wide association studies provide evidence that numerous polymorphic variants in various genes contribute to sporadic PD, and 10 to 15% of all cases are linked to some form of hereditary mutations, either autosomal dominant or recessive. Among the most common mutations observed in PD patients are in the genes LRRK2, SNCA, GBA1, PINK1, PRKN, and PARK7/DJ-1. In this review, we cover these PD-related mutations, the use of induced pluripotent stem cells as a disease in a dish model, and genetic animal models to better understand the diversity in the pathogenesis and long-term outcomes seen in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Kim
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
- Cell Systems and Anatomy, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Etienne W. Daadi
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Thomas Oh
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Elyas S. Daadi
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Marcel M. Daadi
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
- Cell Systems and Anatomy, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
- Department of Radiology, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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Moreira-Júnior RE, Souza RM, de Carvalho JG, Bergamini JP, Brunialti-Godard AL. Possible association between the lrrk2 gene and anxiety behavior: a systematic literature review. J Neurogenet 2022; 36:98-107. [PMID: 36415932 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2022.2144293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Alterations to the LRRK2 gene have been associated with Parkinson's disease and alcohol consumption in animals and humans. Furthermore, these disorders are strongly related to anxiety disorders (ADs). Thus, we investigated how the LRRK2 gene might influence anxiety in humans and mice. We elaborated a systematic review based on the PRISMA Statement of studies that investigated levels of anxiety in animal or human models with alterations in the LRRK2 gene. The search was conducted in the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, and in reference lists with descriptors related to ADs and the LRRK2. From the 62 articles assessed for eligibility, 16 were included: 11 conducted in humans and seven, in mice. Lrrk2 KO mice and the LRRK2 G2019S, LRRK2 R1441G, and LRRK2 R1441C variants were addressed. Five articles reported an increase in anxiety levels concerning the LRRK2 variants. Decreased anxiety levels were observed in two articles, one focusing on the LRRK2 G2019S and the other, on the Lrrk2 KO mice. Eight other articles reported no differences in anxiety levels in individuals with Lrrk2 alterations compared to their healthy controls. This study discusses a possible influence between the LRRK2 gene and anxiety, adding information to the existing knowledge respecting the influence of genetics on anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Moreira-Júnior
- Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Laboratory of Animal and Human Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - R M Souza
- Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Laboratory of Animal and Human Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - J G de Carvalho
- Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Laboratory of Animal and Human Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - J P Bergamini
- Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Laboratory of Animal and Human Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - A L Brunialti-Godard
- Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Laboratory of Animal and Human Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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11
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Bellucci A, Longhena F, Spillantini MG. The Role of Rab Proteins in Parkinson's Disease Synaptopathy. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081941. [PMID: 36009486 PMCID: PMC9406004 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In patients affected by Parkinson's disease (PD), the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder, the brain is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal system, leading to dyshomeostasis of the basal ganglia network activity that is linked to motility dysfunction. PD mostly arises as an age-associated sporadic disease, but several genetic forms also exist. Compelling evidence supports that synaptic damage and dysfunction characterize the very early phases of either sporadic or genetic forms of PD and that this early PD synaptopathy drives retrograde terminal-to-cell body degeneration, culminating in neuronal loss. The Ras-associated binding protein (Rab) family of small GTPases, which is involved in the maintenance of neuronal vesicular trafficking, synaptic architecture and function in the central nervous system, has recently emerged among the major players in PD synaptopathy. In this manuscript, we provide an overview of the main findings supporting the involvement of Rabs in either sporadic or genetic PD pathophysiology, and we highlight how Rab alterations participate in the onset of early synaptic damage and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Bellucci
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0303-717-380
| | - Francesca Longhena
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Clifford Albutt Building, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Maria Grazia Spillantini
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Clifford Albutt Building, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK
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12
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Stern S, Lau S, Manole A, Rosh I, Percia MM, Ben Ezer R, Shokhirev MN, Qiu F, Schafer S, Mansour AA, Mangan KP, Stern T, Ofer P, Stern Y, Diniz Mendes AP, Djamus J, Moore LR, Nayak R, Laufer SH, Aicher A, Rhee A, Wong TL, Nguyen T, Linker SB, Winner B, Freitas BC, Jones E, Sagi I, Bardy C, Brice A, Winkler J, Marchetto MC, Gage FH. Reduced synaptic activity and dysregulated extracellular matrix pathways in midbrain neurons from Parkinson's disease patients. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2022; 8:103. [PMID: 35948563 PMCID: PMC9365794 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-022-00366-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Several mutations that cause Parkinson's disease (PD) have been identified over the past decade. These account for 15-25% of PD cases; the rest of the cases are considered sporadic. Currently, it is accepted that PD is not a single monolithic disease but rather a constellation of diseases with some common phenotypes. While rodent models exist for some of the PD-causing mutations, research on the sporadic forms of PD is lagging due to a lack of cellular models. In our study, we differentiated PD patient-derived dopaminergic (DA) neurons from the induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) of several PD-causing mutations as well as from sporadic PD patients. Strikingly, we observed a common neurophysiological phenotype: neurons derived from PD patients had a severe reduction in the rate of synaptic currents compared to those derived from healthy controls. While the relationship between mutations in genes such as the SNCA and LRRK2 and a reduction in synaptic transmission has been investigated before, here we show evidence that the pathogenesis of the synapses in neurons is a general phenotype in PD. Analysis of RNA sequencing results displayed changes in gene expression in different synaptic mechanisms as well as other affected pathways such as extracellular matrix-related pathways. Some of these dysregulated pathways are common to all PD patients (monogenic or idiopathic). Our data, therefore, show changes that are central and convergent to PD and suggest a strong involvement of the tetra-partite synapse in PD pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shani Stern
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Shong Lau
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Andreea Manole
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Idan Rosh
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Menachem Mendel Percia
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ran Ben Ezer
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Maxim N Shokhirev
- Razavi Newman Integrative Genomics and Bioinformatics Core, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Fan Qiu
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Simon Schafer
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Abed AlFatah Mansour
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Kile P Mangan
- Fujifilm Cellular Dynamics, In, Madison, WI, 53711, USA
| | - Tchelet Stern
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Polina Ofer
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yam Stern
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Jose Djamus
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Lynne Randolph Moore
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ritu Nayak
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Sapir Havusha Laufer
- Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Aidan Aicher
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Amanda Rhee
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Thomas L Wong
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Thao Nguyen
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sara B Linker
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Beate Winner
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Eugenia Jones
- Fujifilm Cellular Dynamics, In, Madison, WI, 53711, USA
| | - Irit Sagi
- Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Cedric Bardy
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Laboratory for Human Neurophysiology and Genetics, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Flinders University, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Alexis Brice
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, APHP, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Juergen Winkler
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen- Nürnberg, Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Maria C Marchetto
- Department of Anthropology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Fred H Gage
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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13
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Kumar S, Behl T, Sehgal A, Chigurupati S, Singh S, Mani V, Aldubayan M, Alhowail A, Kaur S, Bhatia S, Al-Harrasi A, Subramaniyan V, Fuloria S, Fuloria NK, Sekar M, Abdel Daim MM. Exploring the focal role of LRRK2 kinase in Parkinson's disease. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:32368-32382. [PMID: 35147886 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19082-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The major breakthroughs in our knowledge of how biology plays a role in Parkinson's disease (PD) have opened up fresh avenues designed to know the pathogenesis of disease and identify possible therapeutic targets. Mitochondrial abnormal functioning is a key cellular feature in the pathogenesis of PD. An enzyme, leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), involved in both the idiopathic and familial PD risk, is a therapeutic target. LRRK2 has a link to the endolysosomal activity. Enhanced activity of the LRRK2 kinase, endolysosomal abnormalities and aggregation of autophagic vesicles with imperfectly depleted substrates, such as α-synuclein, are all seen in the substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons in PD. Despite the fact that LRRK2 is involved in endolysosomal and autophagic activity, it is undefined if inhibiting LRRK2 kinase activity will prevent endolysosomal dysfunction or minimise the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. The inhibitor's capability of LRRK2 kinase to inhibit endolysosomal and neuropathological alterations in human PD indicates that LRRK2 inhibitors could have significant therapeutic usefulness in PD. G2019S is perhaps the maximum common mutation in PD subjects. Even though LRRK2's well-defined structure has still not been established, numerous LRRK2 inhibitors have been discovered. This review summarises the role of LRRK2 kinase in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Kumar
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India.
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Sridevi Chigurupati
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Vasudevan Mani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Aldubayan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Alhowail
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Satvinder Kaur
- GHG Khalsa College of Pharmacy, Gurusar Sadhar, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Saurabh Bhatia
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
- School of Health Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
| | | | - Shivkanya Fuloria
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Centre of Excellence for Biomaterials Engineering, AIMST University, Bedon, Kedah, Malaysia
| | - Neeraj Kumar Fuloria
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Centre of Excellence for Biomaterials Engineering, AIMST University, Bedon, Kedah, Malaysia
| | - Mahendran Sekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistrty, Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Science, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Royal College of Medicine Perak, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Mohamed M Abdel Daim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacy Program, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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14
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Russo I, Bubacco L, Greggio E. LRRK2 as a target for modulating immune system responses. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 169:105724. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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15
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Modeling Parkinson's disease in LRRK2 mice: focus on synaptic dysfunction and the autophagy-lysosomal pathway. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:621-632. [PMID: 35225340 DOI: 10.1042/bst20211288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene are associated with familial and sporadic forms of Parkinson's disease (PD), for which the LRRK2 locus itself represents a risk factor. Idiopathic and LRRK2-related PD share the main clinical and neuropathological features, thus animals harboring the most common LRRK2 mutations, i.e. G2019S and R1441C/G, have been generated to replicate the parkinsonian phenotype and investigate the underlying pathological mechanisms. Most LRRK2 rodent models, however, fail to show the main neuropathological hallmarks of the disease i.e. the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and presence of Lewy bodies or Lewy body-like aggregates of α-synuclein, lacking face validity. Rather, they manifest dysregulation in cellular pathways and functions that confer susceptibility to a variety of parkinsonian toxins/triggers and model the presymptomatic/premotor stages of the disease. Among such susceptibility factors, dysregulation of synaptic activity and proteostasis are evident in LRRK2 mutants. These abnormalities are also manifest in the PD brain and represent key events in the development and progression of the pathology. The present minireview covers recent articles (2018-2021) investigating the role of LRRK2 and LRRK2 mutants in the regulation of synaptic activity and autophagy-lysosomal pathway. These articles confirm a perturbation of synaptic vesicle endocytosis and glutamate release in LRRK2 mutants. Likewise, LRRK2 mutants show a marked impairment of selective forms of autophagy (i.e. mitophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy) and lysosomal function, with minimal perturbations of nonselective autophagy. Thus, LRRK2 rodents might help understand the contribution of these pathways to PD.
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16
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Brzozowski CF, Hijaz BA, Singh V, Gcwensa NZ, Kelly K, Boyden ES, West AB, Sarkar D, Volpicelli-Daley LA. Inhibition of LRRK2 kinase activity promotes anterograde axonal transport and presynaptic targeting of α-synuclein. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:180. [PMID: 34749824 PMCID: PMC8576889 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01283-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathologic inclusions composed of α-synuclein called Lewy pathology are hallmarks of Parkinson’s Disease (PD). Dominant inherited mutations in leucine rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are the most common genetic cause of PD. Lewy pathology is found in the majority of individuals with LRRK2-PD, particularly those with the G2019S-LRRK2 mutation. Lewy pathology in LRRK2-PD associates with increased non-motor symptoms such as cognitive deficits, anxiety, and orthostatic hypotension. Thus, understanding the relationship between LRRK2 and α-synuclein could be important for determining the mechanisms of non-motor symptoms. In PD models, expression of mutant LRRK2 reduces membrane localization of α-synuclein, and enhances formation of pathologic α-synuclein, particularly when synaptic activity is increased. α-Synuclein and LRRK2 both localize to the presynaptic terminal. LRRK2 plays a role in membrane traffic, including axonal transport, and therefore may influence α-synuclein synaptic localization. This study shows that LRRK2 kinase activity influences α-synuclein targeting to the presynaptic terminal. We used the selective LRRK2 kinase inhibitors, MLi-2 and PF-06685360 (PF-360) to determine the impact of reduced LRRK2 kinase activity on presynaptic localization of α-synuclein. Expansion microscopy (ExM) in primary hippocampal cultures and the mouse striatum, in vivo, was used to more precisely resolve the presynaptic localization of α-synuclein. Live imaging of axonal transport of α-synuclein-GFP was used to investigate the impact of LRRK2 kinase inhibition on α-synuclein axonal transport towards the presynaptic terminal. Reduced LRRK2 kinase activity increases α-synuclein overlap with presynaptic markers in primary neurons, and increases anterograde axonal transport of α-synuclein-GFP. In vivo, LRRK2 inhibition increases α-synuclein overlap with glutamatergic, cortico-striatal terminals, and dopaminergic nigral-striatal presynaptic terminals. The findings suggest that LRRK2 kinase activity plays a role in axonal transport, and presynaptic targeting of α-synuclein. These data provide potential mechanisms by which LRRK2-mediated perturbations of α-synuclein localization could cause pathology in both LRRK2-PD, and idiopathic PD.
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17
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Kadgien CA, Kamesh A, Milnerwood AJ. Endosomal traffic and glutamate synapse activity are increased in VPS35 D620N mutant knock-in mouse neurons, and resistant to LRRK2 kinase inhibition. Mol Brain 2021; 14:143. [PMID: 34530877 PMCID: PMC8447518 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-021-00848-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Vacuolar protein sorting 35 (VPS35) regulates neurotransmitter receptor recycling from endosomes. A missense mutation (D620N) in VPS35 leads to autosomal-dominant, late-onset Parkinson's disease. Here, we study the basic neurobiology of VPS35 and Parkinson's disease mutation effects in the D620N knock-in mouse and the effect of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) inhibition on synaptic phenotypes. The study was conducted using a VPS35 D620N knock-in mouse that expresses VPS35 at endogenous levels. Protein levels, phosphorylation states, and binding ratios in brain lysates from knock-in mice and wild-type littermates were assayed by co-immunoprecipitation and western blot. Dendritic protein co-localization, AMPA receptor surface expression, synapse density, and glutamatergic synapse activity in primary cortical cultures from knock-in and wild-type littermates were assayed using immunocytochemistry and whole-cell patch clamp electrophysiology. In brain tissue, we confirm VPS35 forms complexes with LRRK2 and AMPA-type glutamate receptor GluA1 subunits, in addition to NMDA-type glutamate receptor GluN1 subunits and D2-type dopamine receptors. Receptor and LRRK2 binding was unaltered in D620N knock-in mice, but we confirm the mutation results in reduced binding of VPS35 with WASH complex member FAM21, and increases phosphorylation of the LRRK2 kinase substrate Rab10, which is reversed by LRRK2 kinase inhibition in vivo. In cultured cortical neurons from knock-in mice, pRab10 is also increased, and reversed by LRRK2 inhibition. The mutation also results in increased endosomal recycling protein cluster density (VPS35-FAM21 co-clusters and Rab11 clusters), glutamate transmission, and GluA1 surface expression. LRRK2 kinase inhibition, which reversed Rab10 hyper-phosphorylation, did not rescue elevated glutamate release or surface GluA1 expression in knock-in neurons, but did alter AMPAR traffic in wild-type cells. The results improve our understanding of the cell biology of VPS35, and the consequences of the D620N mutation in developing neuronal networks. Together the data support a chronic synaptopathy model for latent neurodegeneration, providing phenotypes and candidate pathophysiological stresses that may drive eventual transition to late-stage parkinsonism in VPS35 PD. The study demonstrates the VPS35 mutation has effects that are independent of ongoing LRRK2 kinase activity, and that LRRK2 kinase inhibition alters basal physiology of glutamate synapses in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsie A Kadgien
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience and Centre for Applied Neurogenetics, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Anusha Kamesh
- Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Austen J Milnerwood
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience and Centre for Applied Neurogenetics, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
- Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
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18
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Rai SN, Singh P, Varshney R, Chaturvedi VK, Vamanu E, Singh MP, Singh BK. Promising drug targets and associated therapeutic interventions in Parkinson's disease. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:1730-1739. [PMID: 33510062 PMCID: PMC8328771 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.306066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most debilitating brain diseases. Despite the availability of symptomatic treatments, response towards the health of PD patients remains scarce. To fulfil the medical needs of the PD patients, an efficacious and etiological treatment is required. In this review, we have compiled the information covering limitations of current therapeutic options in PD, novel drug targets for PD, and finally, the role of some critical beneficial natural products to control the progression of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Payal Singh
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Ritu Varshney
- Department of Bioengineering and Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gujarat, India
| | | | - Emanuel Vamanu
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Agronomic Science and Veterinary Medicine, Bucharest, Romania
| | - M. P. Singh
- Centre of Biotechnology, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - Brijesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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19
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Longhena F, Faustini G, Brembati V, Pizzi M, Benfenati F, Bellucci A. An updated reappraisal of synapsins: structure, function and role in neurological and psychiatric disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 130:33-60. [PMID: 34407457 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Synapsins (Syns) are phosphoproteins strongly involved in neuronal development and neurotransmitter release. Three distinct genes SYN1, SYN2 and SYN3, with elevated evolutionary conservation, have been described to encode for Synapsin I, Synapsin II and Synapsin III, respectively. Syns display a series of common features, but also exhibit distinctive localization, expression pattern, post-translational modifications (PTM). These characteristics enable their interaction with other synaptic proteins, membranes and cytoskeletal components, which is essential for the proper execution of their multiple functions in neuronal cells. These include the control of synapse formation and growth, neuron maturation and renewal, as well as synaptic vesicle mobilization, docking, fusion, recycling. Perturbations in the balanced expression of Syns, alterations of their PTM, mutations and polymorphisms of their encoding genes induce severe dysregulations in brain networks functions leading to the onset of psychiatric or neurological disorders. This review presents what we have learned since the discovery of Syn I in 1977, providing the state of the art on Syns structure, function, physiology and involvement in central nervous system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Longhena
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Gaia Faustini
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Viviana Brembati
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Marina Pizzi
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Fabio Benfenati
- Italian Institute of Technology, Via Morego 30, Genova, Italy; IRCSS Policlinico San Martino Hospital, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132, Genova, Italy.
| | - Arianna Bellucci
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy; Laboratory for Preventive and Personalized Medicine, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
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20
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Pischedda F, Piccoli G. LRRK2 at the pre-synaptic site: A 16-years perspective. J Neurochem 2021; 157:297-311. [PMID: 33206398 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a common neurodegenerative disorder and is clinically characterized by bradykinesia, rigidity, and resting tremor. Missense mutations in the leucine-rich repeat protein kinase-2 gene (LRRK2) are a recognized cause of inherited Parkinson's disease. The physiological and pathological impact of LRRK2 is still obscure, but accumulating evidence indicates that LRRK2 orchestrates diverse aspects of membrane trafficking, such as membrane fusion and vesicle formation and transport along actin and tubulin tracks. In the present review, we focus on the special relation between LRRK2 and synaptic vesicles. LRRK2 binds and phosphorylates key actors within the synaptic vesicle cycle. Accordingly, alterations in dopamine and glutamate transmission have been described upon LRRK2 manipulations. However, the different modeling strategies and phenotypes observed require a critical approach to decipher the outcome of LRRK2 at the pre-synaptic site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pischedda
- CIBIO, Università degli Studi di Trento, Italy & Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Trento, Italy
| | - Giovanni Piccoli
- CIBIO, Università degli Studi di Trento, Italy & Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Trento, Italy
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21
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Oliveira PRS, de Matos LO, Araujo NM, Sant Anna HP, da Silva E Silva DA, Damasceno AKA, Martins de Carvalho L, Horta BL, Lima-Costa MF, Barreto ML, Wiers CE, Volkow ND, Brunialti Godard AL. LRRK2 Gene Variants Associated With a Higher Risk for Alcohol Dependence in Multiethnic Populations. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:665257. [PMID: 34135785 PMCID: PMC8202767 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.665257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Genetics influence the vulnerability to alcohol use disorders, and among the implicated genes, three previous studies have provided evidences for the involvement of LRRK2 in alcohol dependence (AD). LRRK2 expression is broadly dysregulated in postmortem brain from AD humans, as well as in the brain of mice with alcohol dependent-like behaviors and in a zebrafish model of alcohol preference. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association of variants in the LRRK2 gene with AD in multiethnic populations from South and North America. Methods: Alcohol-screening questionnaires [such as CAGE and Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT)] were used to determine individual risk of AD. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were done in three independent populations (898 individuals from Bambuí, Brazil; 3,015 individuals from Pelotas, Brazil; and 1,316 from the United States). Linkage disequilibrium and conditional analyses, as well as in silico functional analyses, were also conducted. Results: Four LRRK2 variants were significantly associated with AD in our discovery cohort (Bambuí): rs4768231, rs4767971, rs7307310, and rs1465527. Two of these variants (rs4768231 and rs4767971) were replicated in both Pelotas and US cohorts. The consistent association signal (at the LRRK2 locus) found in populations with different genetic backgrounds reinforces the relevance of our findings. Conclusion: Taken together, these results support the notion that genetic variants in the LRRK2 locus are risk factors for AD in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Rafael Silveira Oliveira
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Centro de Integração de Dados e Conhecimentos para Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Lorena Oliveira de Matos
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Matta Araujo
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Hanaísa P Sant Anna
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Andresa K Andrade Damasceno
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Centro de Integração de Dados e Conhecimentos para Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Luana Martins de Carvalho
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Bernardo L Horta
- Programa de Pos-Graduação em Epidemiologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | | | - Mauricio Lima Barreto
- Centro de Integração de Dados e Conhecimentos para Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Corinde E Wiers
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Nora D Volkow
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ana Lúcia Brunialti Godard
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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22
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Bono F, Mutti V, Devoto P, Bolognin S, Schwamborn JC, Missale C, Fiorentini C. Impaired dopamine D3 and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor membrane localization in iPSCs-derived dopaminergic neurons from two Parkinson's disease patients carrying the LRRK2 G2019S mutation. Neurobiol Aging 2020; 99:65-78. [PMID: 33422895 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are the most common genetic determinants of Parkinson's disease (PD), with the G2019S accounting for about 3% of PD cases. LRRK2 regulates various cellular processes, including vesicle trafficking that is crucial for receptor localization at the plasma membrane. In this study, induced pluripotent stem cells derived from 2 PD patients bearing the G2019S LRRK2 kinase activating mutation were used to generate neuronal cultures enriched in dopaminergic neurons. The results show that mutant LRRK2 prevents the membrane localization of both the dopamine D3 receptors (D3R) and the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) and the formation of the D3R-nAChR heteromer, a molecular unit crucial for promoting neuronal homeostasis and preserving dopaminergic neuron health. Interestingly, D3R and nAChR as well as the corresponding heteromer membrane localization were rescued by inhibiting the abnormally increased kinase activity. Thus, the altered membrane localization of the D3R-nAChR heteromer associated with mutation in LRRK2 might represent a pre-degenerative feature of dopaminergic neurons contributing to the special vulnerability of this neuronal population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Bono
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Veronica Mutti
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Paola Devoto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Silvia Bolognin
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Jens C Schwamborn
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Cristina Missale
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; "C. Golgi" Women Health Center, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Chiara Fiorentini
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
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23
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Benn CL, Dawson LA. Clinically Precedented Protein Kinases: Rationale for Their Use in Neurodegenerative Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:242. [PMID: 33117143 PMCID: PMC7494159 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinases are an intensively studied drug target class in current pharmacological research as evidenced by the large number of kinase inhibitors being assessed in clinical trials. Kinase-targeted therapies have potential for treatment of a broad array of indications including central nervous system (CNS) disorders. In addition to the many variables which contribute to identification of a successful therapeutic molecule, drug discovery for CNS-related disorders also requires significant consideration of access to the target organ and specifically crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB). To date, only a small number of kinase inhibitors have been reported that are specifically designed to be BBB permeable, which nonetheless demonstrates the potential for success. This review considers the potential for kinase inhibitors in the context of unmet medical need for neurodegenerative disease. A subset of kinases that have been the focus of clinical investigations over a 10-year period have been identified and discussed individually. For each kinase target, the data underpinning the validity of each in the context of neurodegenerative disease is critically evaluated. Selected molecules for each kinase are identified with information on modality, binding site and CNS penetrance, if known. Current clinical development in neurodegenerative disease are summarized. Collectively, the review indicates that kinase targets with sufficient rationale warrant careful design approaches with an emphasis on improving brain penetrance and selectivity.
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24
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Kim Y, Kim SH. WD40-Repeat Proteins in Ciliopathies and Congenital Disorders of Endocrine System. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2020; 35:494-506. [PMID: 32894826 PMCID: PMC7520596 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2020.302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
WD40-repeat (WDR)-containing proteins constitute an evolutionarily conserved large protein family with a broad range of biological functions. In human proteome, WDR makes up one of the most abundant protein-protein interaction domains. Members of the WDR protein family play important roles in nearly all major cellular signalling pathways. Mutations of WDR proteins have been associated with various human pathologies including neurological disorders, cancer, obesity, ciliopathies and endocrine disorders. This review provides an updated overview of the biological functions of WDR proteins and their mutations found in congenital disorders. We also highlight the significant role of WDR proteins in ciliopathies and endocrine disorders. The new insights may help develop therapeutic approaches targeting WDR motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonjoo Kim
- Cell Biology Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George’s, University of London, London, UK
| | - Soo-Hyun Kim
- Cell Biology Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George’s, University of London, London, UK
- Corresponding author: Soo-Hyun Kim Cell Biology Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George’s, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK Tel: +44-208-266-6198, E-mail:
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25
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Kuhlmann N, Milnerwood AJ. A Critical LRRK at the Synapse? The Neurobiological Function and Pathophysiological Dysfunction of LRRK2. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:153. [PMID: 32973447 PMCID: PMC7482583 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of LRRK2 mutations causal to Parkinson's disease (PD) in the early 2000s, the LRRK2 protein has been implicated in a plethora of cellular processes in which pathogenesis could occur, yet its physiological function remains elusive. The development of genetic models of LRRK2 PD has helped identify the etiological and pathophysiological underpinnings of the disease, and may identify early points of intervention. An important role for LRRK2 in synaptic function has emerged in recent years, which links LRRK2 to other genetic forms of PD, most notably those caused by mutations in the synaptic protein α-synuclein. This point of convergence may provide useful clues as to what drives dysfunction in the basal ganglia circuitry and eventual death of substantia nigra (SN) neurons. Here, we discuss the evolution and current state of the literature placing LRRK2 at the synapse, through the lens of knock-out, overexpression, and knock-in animal models. We hope that a deeper understanding of LRRK2 neurobiology, at the synapse and beyond, will aid the eventual development of neuroprotective interventions for PD, and the advancement of useful treatments in the interim.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naila Kuhlmann
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Austen J Milnerwood
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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26
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Marku A, Carrion MDP, Pischedda F, Marte A, Casiraghi Z, Marciani P, von Zweydorf F, Gloeckner CJ, Onofri F, Perego C, Piccoli G. The LRRK2 N-terminal domain influences vesicle trafficking: impact of the E193K variant. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3799. [PMID: 32123243 PMCID: PMC7052203 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60834-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The LRRK2 protein consists of multiple functional domains, including protein-binding domains at its N and C-terminus. Mutations in the Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 gene (LRRK2) have been linked to familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD). We have recently described a novel variant falling within the N-terminal armadillo repeats, E193K. Herein, our aim is to investigate the functional impact of LRRK2 N-terminal domain and the E193K variant on vesicle trafficking. By combining Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy and a synaptopHluorin assay, we found that expression of a construct lacking the N-terminal domain increases the frequency and amplitude of spontaneous synaptic events. Complementary biochemical approaches showed that the E193K variant alters the binding properties of LRRK2, decreases LRRK2 binding to synaptic vesicles, and promotes vesicle fusion. Our results confirm the physiological and pathological relevance of the nature of the LRRK2-associated macro-molecular complex solidifying the idea that different pathological mutations critically alter the scaffolding function of LRRK2 resulting in a perturbation of the vesicular trafficking as a common denominator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Algerta Marku
- Department of Excellence of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Maria Dolores Perez Carrion
- CIBIO, Università degli Studi di Trento, Italy & Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Trento, Italy.,Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesca Pischedda
- CIBIO, Università degli Studi di Trento, Italy & Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Trento, Italy
| | - Antonella Marte
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Zeila Casiraghi
- Department of Excellence of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Marciani
- Department of Excellence of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Christian Johannes Gloeckner
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany.,University of Tübingen, Center for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Franco Onofri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Carla Perego
- Department of Excellence of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Piccoli
- CIBIO, Università degli Studi di Trento, Italy & Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Trento, Italy.
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27
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Casu MA, Mocci I, Isola R, Pisanu A, Boi L, Mulas G, Greig NH, Setzu MD, Carta AR. Neuroprotection by the Immunomodulatory Drug Pomalidomide in the Drosophila LRRK2 WD40 Genetic Model of Parkinson's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:31. [PMID: 32116655 PMCID: PMC7031158 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for new disease-modifying drugs for Parkinson's disease (PD) is a slow and highly expensive process, and the repurposing of drugs already approved for different medical indications is becoming a compelling alternative option for researchers. Genetic variables represent a predisposing factor to the disease and mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) locus have been correlated to late-onset autosomal-dominant PD. The common fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster carrying the mutation LRRK2 loss-of-function in the WD40 domain (LRRK2WD40), is a simple in vivo model of PD and is a valid tool to first evaluate novel therapeutic approaches to the disease. Recent studies have suggested a neuroprotective activity of immunomodulatory agents in PD models. Here the immunomodulatory drug Pomalidomide (POM), a Thalidomide derivative, was examined in the Drosophila LRRK2WD40 genetic model of PD. Mutant and wild type flies received increasing POM doses (1, 0.5, 0.25 mM) through their diet from day 1 post eclosion, until postnatal day (PN) 7 or 14, when POM's actions were evaluated by quantifying changes in climbing behavior as a measure of motor performance, the number of brain dopaminergic neurons and T-bars, mitochondria integrity. LRRK2WD40 flies displayed a spontaneous age-related impairment of climbing activity, and POM significantly and dose-dependently improved climbing performance both at PN 7 and PN 14. LRRK2WD40 fly motor disability was underpinned by a progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in posterior clusters of the protocerebrum, which are involved in the control of locomotion, by a low number of T-bars density in the presynaptic bouton active zones. POM treatment fully rescued the cell loss in all posterior clusters at PN 7 and PN 14 and significantly increased the T-bars density. Moreover, several damaged mitochondria with dilated cristae were observed in LRRK2WD40 flies treated with vehicle but not following POM. This study demonstrates the neuroprotective activity of the immunomodulatory agent POM in a genetic model of PD. POM is an FDA-approved clinically available and well-tolerated drug used for the treatment of multiple myeloma. If further validated in mammalian models of PD, POM could rapidly be clinically tested in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ignazia Mocci
- CNR Institute of Translational Pharmacology, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Raffaella Isola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Laura Boi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giovanna Mulas
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Nigel H Greig
- National Institute of Aging (NIA), Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | | | - Anna R Carta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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28
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Berwick DC, Heaton GR, Azeggagh S, Harvey K. LRRK2 Biology from structure to dysfunction: research progresses, but the themes remain the same. Mol Neurodegener 2019; 14:49. [PMID: 31864390 PMCID: PMC6925518 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-019-0344-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) as a protein that is likely central to the aetiology of Parkinson’s disease, a considerable amount of work has gone into uncovering its basic cellular function. This effort has led to the implication of LRRK2 in a bewildering range of cell biological processes and pathways, and probable roles in a number of seemingly unrelated medical conditions. In this review we summarise current knowledge of the basic biochemistry and cellular function of LRRK2. Topics covered include the identification of phosphorylation substrates of LRRK2 kinase activity, in particular Rab proteins, and advances in understanding the activation of LRRK2 kinase activity via dimerisation and association with membranes, especially via interaction with Rab29. We also discuss biochemical studies that shed light on the complex LRRK2 GTPase activity, evidence of roles for LRRK2 in a range of cell signalling pathways that are likely cell type specific, and studies linking LRRK2 to the cell biology of organelles. The latter includes the involvement of LRRK2 in autophagy, endocytosis, and processes at the trans-Golgi network, the endoplasmic reticulum and also key microtubule-based cellular structures. We further propose a mechanism linking LRRK2 dimerisation, GTPase function and membrane recruitment with LRRK2 kinase activation by Rab29. Together these data paint a picture of a research field that in many ways is moving forward with great momentum, but in other ways has not changed fundamentally. Many key advances have been made, but very often they seem to lead back to the same places.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Berwick
- School of Health, Life and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK.
| | - George R Heaton
- Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Sonia Azeggagh
- School of Health, Life and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Kirsten Harvey
- Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK.
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29
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Zaldivar-Diez J, Li L, Garcia AM, Zhao WN, Medina-Menendez C, Haggarty SJ, Gil C, Morales AV, Martinez A. Benzothiazole-Based LRRK2 Inhibitors as Wnt Enhancers and Promoters of Oligodendrocytic Fate. J Med Chem 2019; 63:2638-2655. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Josefa Zaldivar-Diez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lingling Li
- Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Av. Doctor Arce, 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana M. Garcia
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Wen-Ning Zhao
- Chemical Neurobiology Lab, Center for Genomic Medicine, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | | | - Stephen. J. Haggarty
- Chemical Neurobiology Lab, Center for Genomic Medicine, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Carmen Gil
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Aixa V. Morales
- Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Av. Doctor Arce, 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Martinez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain
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30
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Bae EJ, Lee SJ. The LRRK2-RAB axis in regulation of vesicle trafficking and α-synuclein propagation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1866:165632. [PMID: 31812666 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.165632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
LRRK2 and SNCA, the gene for α-synuclein, are the two of the most important genetic factors of Parkinson's disease (PD). A-synuclein is aggregated and accumulated in neurons and glia in PD and considered the pathogenic culprit of the disease. A-synuclein aggregates spread from a few discrete regions of the brain to larger areas as the disease progresses through cell-to-cell propagation mechanism. LRRK2 is involved in the regulation of vesicle trafficking, in particular in the endolysosomal and autophagic pathways. Studies also suggest that LRRK2 might regulate the pathogenic actions of α-synuclein. However, the relationship between these two proteins in the pathogenesis of PD remains elusive. Here, we review the current literature on the pathophysiological function of LRRK2 with an emphasis on its role in the endolysosomal and autophagic pathways. We also propose a potential mechanism by which LRRK2 is involved in the regulation of aggregation and the propagation of α-synuclein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jin Bae
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine and Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Jae Lee
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine and Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea.
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31
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Marte A, Russo I, Rebosio C, Valente P, Belluzzi E, Pischedda F, Montani C, Lavarello C, Petretto A, Fedele E, Baldelli P, Benfenati F, Piccoli G, Greggio E, Onofri F. Leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 phosphorylation on synapsin I regulates glutamate release at pre‐synaptic sites. J Neurochem 2019; 150:264-281. [PMID: 31148170 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a large multidomain scaffolding protein with kinase and GTPase activities involved in synaptic vesicle (SV) dynamics. While its role in Parkinson's disease has been largely investigated, little is known about LRRK2 physiological role and until now few proteins have been described as substrates. We have previously demonstrated that LRRK2 through its WD40 domain interacts with synapsin I, an important SV-associated phosphoprotein involved in neuronal development and in the regulation of neurotransmitter release. To test whether synapsin I is substrate for LRRK2 and characterize the properties of its phosphorylation, we used in vitro kinase and binding assays as well as cellular model and site-direct mutagenesis. Using synaptosomes in superfusion, patch-clamp recordings in autaptic WT and synapsin I KO cortical neurons and SypHy assay on primary cortical culture from wild-type and BAC human LRRK2 G2019S mice we characterized the role of LRRK2 kinase activity on glutamate release and SV trafficking. Here we reported that synapsin I is phosphorylated by LRRK2 and demonstrated that the interaction between LRRK2 WD40 domain and synapsin I is crucial for this phosphorylation. Moreover, we showed that LRRK2 phosphorylation of synapsin I at threonine 337 and 339 significantly reduces synapsin I-SV/actin interactions. Using complementary experimental approaches, we demonstrated that LRRK2 controls glutamate release and SV dynamics in a kinase activity and synapsin I-dependent manner. Our findings show that synapsin I is a LRRK2 substrate and describe a novel mechanisms of regulation of glutamate release by LRRK2 kinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Marte
- Department of Experimental Medicine University of Genova Genova Italy
| | | | | | - Pierluigi Valente
- Department of Experimental Medicine University of Genova Genova Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genova Italy
| | - Elisa Belluzzi
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine‐DIMED University Hospital of Padova Padova Italy
| | - Francesca Pischedda
- Center for Integrative Biology (CIBIO) University of Trento Trento Italy
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute Trento Italy
| | - Caterina Montani
- Center for Integrative Biology (CIBIO) University of Trento Trento Italy
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute Trento Italy
| | - Chiara Lavarello
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry ‐ Core Facilities Istituto Giannina Gaslini Genova Italy
| | - Andrea Petretto
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry ‐ Core Facilities Istituto Giannina Gaslini Genova Italy
| | - Ernesto Fedele
- Department of Pharmacy University of Genova Genova Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genova Italy
| | - Pietro Baldelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine University of Genova Genova Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genova Italy
| | - Fabio Benfenati
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genova Italy
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Genova Italy
| | - Giovanni Piccoli
- Center for Integrative Biology (CIBIO) University of Trento Trento Italy
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute Trento Italy
| | - Elisa Greggio
- Department of Biology University of Padova Padova Italy
| | - Franco Onofri
- Department of Experimental Medicine University of Genova Genova Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genova Italy
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32
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Mercatelli D, Bolognesi P, Frassineti M, Pisanò CA, Longo F, Shimshek DR, Morari M. Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) inhibitors differentially modulate glutamate release and Serine935 LRRK2 phosphorylation in striatal and cerebrocortical synaptosomes. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2019; 7:e00484. [PMID: 31149340 PMCID: PMC6536420 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene have been pathogenically linked to Parkinson's disease, and pharmacological inhibition of LRRK2 is being pursued to tackle nigro-striatal dopaminergic neurodegeneration. However, LRRK2 kinase inhibitors may have manifold actions, affecting not only pathological mechanisms in dopaminergic neurons but also physiological functions in nondopaminergic neurons. Therefore, we investigated whether LRRK2 kinase inhibitors differentially modulate dopamine and glutamate release from the mouse striatum and cerebral cortex. Spontaneous and KCl-evoked [3H]-dopamine and glutamate release from superfused synaptosomes obtained from wild-type and LRRK2 knock-out, kinase-dead or G2019S knock-in mice was measured. Two structurally unrelated inhibitors, LRRK2-IN-1 and GSK2578215A, were tested. LRRK2, phosphoSerine1292 and phosphoSerine935 LRRK2 levels were measured in all genotypes, and target engagement was evaluated by monitoring phosphoSerine935 LRRK2. LRRK2-IN-1 inhibited striatal glutamate but not dopamine release; GSK2578215A inhibited striatal dopamine and cortical glutamate but enhanced striatal glutamate release. LRRK2-IN-1 reduced striatal and cortical phosphoSerine935 levels whereas GSK2578215A inhibited only the former. Neither LRRK2 inhibitor affected neurotransmitter release in LRRK2 knock-out and kinase-dead mice; however, they facilitated dopamine without affecting striatal glutamate in G2019S knock-in mice. GSK2578215A inhibited cortical glutamate release in G2019S knock-in mice. We conclude that LRRK2-IN-1 and GSK2578215A modulate exocytosis by blocking LRRK2 kinase activity, although their effects vary depending on the nerve terminal examined. The G2019S mutation unravels a dopamine-promoting action of LRRK2 inhibitors while blunting their effects on glutamate release, which highlights their positive potential for the treatment of PD, especially of LRRK2 mutation carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Mercatelli
- Department of Medical SciencesSection of PharmacologyUniversity of FerraraFerraraItaly
- Neuroscience Center and National Institute of NeuroscienceUniversity of FerraraFerraraItaly
| | - Paolo Bolognesi
- Department of Medical SciencesSection of PharmacologyUniversity of FerraraFerraraItaly
- Neuroscience Center and National Institute of NeuroscienceUniversity of FerraraFerraraItaly
| | - Martina Frassineti
- Department of Medical SciencesSection of PharmacologyUniversity of FerraraFerraraItaly
- Neuroscience Center and National Institute of NeuroscienceUniversity of FerraraFerraraItaly
| | - Clarissa A. Pisanò
- Department of Medical SciencesSection of PharmacologyUniversity of FerraraFerraraItaly
- Neuroscience Center and National Institute of NeuroscienceUniversity of FerraraFerraraItaly
| | - Francesco Longo
- Department of Medical SciencesSection of PharmacologyUniversity of FerraraFerraraItaly
- Neuroscience Center and National Institute of NeuroscienceUniversity of FerraraFerraraItaly
- Present address:
Center for Neural ScienceNew York University4 Washington PlaceNew YorkNY10003USA
| | - Derya R. Shimshek
- Department of NeuroscienceNovartis Institutes for BioMedical ResearchNovartis Pharma AGBaselSwitzerland
| | - Michele Morari
- Department of Medical SciencesSection of PharmacologyUniversity of FerraraFerraraItaly
- Neuroscience Center and National Institute of NeuroscienceUniversity of FerraraFerraraItaly
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33
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Seol W, Nam D, Son I. Rab GTPases as Physiological Substrates of LRRK2 Kinase. Exp Neurobiol 2019; 28:134-145. [PMID: 31138985 PMCID: PMC6526114 DOI: 10.5607/en.2019.28.2.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
LRRK2 (Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2) is a gene whose specific mutations cause Parkinson's disease (PD), the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder. LRRK2 harbors GTPase and kinase activities, two enzyme activities that play critical roles in the regulation of cellular signal transduction. Among the several LRRK2 pathogenic mutations, the most prevalent G2019S mutation increases its kinase activity when compared with the wild-type (WT), suggesting that LRRK2 kinase substrates are potential culprits of PD pathogenesis. Although there were several studies to identify LRRK2 kinase substrates, most of them mainly employed in vitro kinase assays. Therefore, it remains uncertain whether the identified substrates were real physiological substrates. However, efforts to determine physiological LRRK2 kinase substrates have recently identified several members of the Rab GTPase family as physiological LRRK2 kinase substrates. A conserved threonine or serine in the switch II domain of certain Rab GTPase family members (Rab3A/B/C/D, Rab5A/B, Rab8A/B, Rab10, Rab12, Rab29, Rab35 and Rab43) has been pinpointed to be phosphorylated by LRRK2 in cells using sophisticated phosphoproteomics technology in combination with LRRK2-specific kinase inhibitors. The Rab GTPases regulate vesicle trafficking, suggesting that LRRK2 may be a regulator of such vesicle trafficking, confirming previously suggested LRRK2 functions. However, how the consequence of the LRRK2-mediated Rab phosphorylation is related to PD pathogenesis is not clear. This review briefly summarizes the recent results about LRRK2-mediated Rab phosphorylation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wongi Seol
- InAm Neuroscience Research Center, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Gunpo 15865, Korea
| | - Daleum Nam
- InAm Neuroscience Research Center, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Gunpo 15865, Korea
| | - Ilhong Son
- InAm Neuroscience Research Center, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Gunpo 15865, Korea
- Department of Neurology, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Gunpo 15865, Korea
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Weykopf B, Haupt S, Jungverdorben J, Flitsch LJ, Hebisch M, Liu G, Suzuki K, Belmonte JCI, Peitz M, Blaess S, Till A, Brüstle O. Induced pluripotent stem cell-based modeling of mutant LRRK2-associated Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 49:561-589. [PMID: 30656775 PMCID: PMC7114274 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in cell reprogramming have enabled assessment of disease-related cellular traits in patient-derived somatic cells, thus providing a versatile platform for disease modeling and drug development. Given the limited access to vital human brain cells, this technology is especially relevant for neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD) as a tool to decipher underlying pathomechanisms. Importantly, recent progress in genome-editing technologies has provided an ability to analyze isogenic induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) pairs that differ only in a single genetic change, thus allowing a thorough assessment of the molecular and cellular phenotypes that result from monogenetic risk factors. In this review, we summarize the current state of iPSC-based modeling of PD with a focus on leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), one of the most prominent monogenetic risk factors for PD linked to both familial and idiopathic forms. The LRRK2 protein is a primarily cytosolic multi-domain protein contributing to regulation of several pathways including autophagy, mitochondrial function, vesicle transport, nuclear architecture and cell morphology. We summarize iPSC-based studies that contributed to improving our understanding of the function of LRRK2 and its variants in the context of PD etiopathology. These data, along with results obtained in our own studies, underscore the multifaceted role of LRRK2 in regulating cellular homeostasis on several levels, including proteostasis, mitochondrial dynamics and regulation of the cytoskeleton. Finally, we expound advantages and limitations of reprogramming technologies for disease modeling and drug development and provide an outlook on future challenges and expectations offered by this exciting technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Weykopf
- Institute of Reconstructive NeurobiologyUniversity of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital BonnBonnGermany
- Life & Brain GmbHCellomics UnitBonnGermany
- Precision Neurology Program & Advanced Center for Parkinson's Disease ResearchHarvard Medical School and Brigham & Women's HospitalBostonMassachusetts
| | | | - Johannes Jungverdorben
- Institute of Reconstructive NeurobiologyUniversity of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital BonnBonnGermany
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew York CityNew York
| | - Lea Jessica Flitsch
- Institute of Reconstructive NeurobiologyUniversity of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital BonnBonnGermany
| | - Matthias Hebisch
- Institute of Reconstructive NeurobiologyUniversity of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital BonnBonnGermany
| | - Guang‐Hui Liu
- National Laboratory of BiomacromoleculesCAS Center for Excellence in BiomacromoleculesInstitute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Keiichiro Suzuki
- Gene Expression LaboratoryThe Salk Institute for Biological StudiesLa JollaCalifornia
| | | | - Michael Peitz
- Institute of Reconstructive NeurobiologyUniversity of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital BonnBonnGermany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)BonnGermany
| | - Sandra Blaess
- Institute of Reconstructive NeurobiologyUniversity of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital BonnBonnGermany
| | - Andreas Till
- Institute of Reconstructive NeurobiologyUniversity of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital BonnBonnGermany
- Life & Brain GmbHCellomics UnitBonnGermany
| | - Oliver Brüstle
- Institute of Reconstructive NeurobiologyUniversity of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital BonnBonnGermany
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35
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Kim J, Pajarillo E, Rizor A, Son DS, Lee J, Aschner M, Lee E. LRRK2 kinase plays a critical role in manganese-induced inflammation and apoptosis in microglia. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210248. [PMID: 30645642 PMCID: PMC6333340 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term exposure to elevated levels of manganese (Mn) causes manganism, a neurodegenerative disorder with Parkinson's disease (PD)-like symptoms. Increasing evidence suggests that leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), which is highly expressed in microglia and macrophages, contributes to the inflammation and neurotoxicity seen in autosomal dominant and sporadic PD. As gene-environment interactions have emerged as important modulators of PD-associated toxicity, LRRK2 may also mediate Mn-induced inflammation and pathogenesis. In this study, we investigated the role of LRRK2 in Mn-induced toxicity using human microglial cells (HMC3), LRRK2-wild-type (WT) and LRRK2-knockout (KO) RAW264.7 macrophage cells. Results showed that Mn activated LRRK2 kinase by phosphorylation of its serine residue at the 1292 position (S1292) as a marker of its kinase activity in macrophage and microglia, while inhibition with GSK2578215A (GSK) and MLi-2 abolished Mn-induced LRRK2 activation. LRRK2 deletion and its pharmacological inhibition attenuated Mn-induced apoptosis in macrophages and microglia, along with concomitant decreases in the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2-associated X (Bax) protein. LRRK2 deletion also attenuated Mn-induced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α. Mn-induced phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38 and ERK signaling proteins was significantly attenuated in LRRK2 KO cells and GSK-treated cells. Moreover, inhibition of MAPK p38 and ERK as well as LRRK2 attenuated Mn-induced oxidative stress and cytotoxicity. These findings suggest that LRRK2 kinase activity plays a critical role in Mn-induced toxicity via downstream activation of MAPK signaling in macrophage and microglia. Collectively, these results suggest that LRRK2 could be a potential molecular target for developing therapeutics to treat Mn-related neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judong Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Edward Pajarillo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Asha Rizor
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Deok-Soo Son
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jayden Lee
- Department of Speech, Language & Hearing Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Eunsook Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
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36
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The role of LRRK2 in cytoskeletal dynamics. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:1653-1663. [PMID: 30467120 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), a complex kinase/GTPase mutated in Parkinson's disease, has been shown to physically and functionally interact with cytoskeletal-related components in different brain cells. Neurons greatly rely on a functional cytoskeleton for many homeostatic processes such as local and long-distance vesicle transport, synaptic plasticity, and dendrites/axons growth and remodeling. Here, we will review the available data linking LRRK2 and the cytoskeleton, and discuss how this may be functionally relevant for the well-established roles of LRRK2 in intracellular trafficking pathways and outgrowth of neuronal processes in health and disease conditions.
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Cortès-Saladelafont E, Lipstein N, García-Cazorla À. Presynaptic disorders: a clinical and pathophysiological approach focused on the synaptic vesicle. J Inherit Metab Dis 2018; 41:1131-1145. [PMID: 30022305 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-018-0230-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this report is to present a tentative clinical and pathophysiological approach to diseases affecting the neuronal presynaptic terminal, with a major focus on synaptic vesicles (SVs). Diseases are classified depending on which step of the neurobiology of the SV is predominantly affected: (1) biogenesis of vesicle precursors in the neuronal soma; (2) transport along the axon; (3) vesicle cycle at the presynaptic terminal (exocytosis-endocytosis cycle, with the main purpose of neurotransmitter release). Given that SVs have been defined as individual organelles, we highlight the link between the biological processes disturbed by genetic mutations and the clinical presentation of these disorders. The great majority of diseases may present as epileptic encephalopathies, intellectual disability (syndromic or nonsyndromic) with/without autism spectrum disorder (and other neuropsychiatric symptoms), and movement disorders. These symptoms may overlap and present in patients as a combination of clinical signs that results in the spectrum of the synaptopathies. A small number of diseases may also exhibit neuromuscular signs. In general, SV disorders tend to be severe, early encephalopathies that interfere with neurodevelopment. As a consequence, developmental delay and intellectual disability are constant in almost all the defects described. Considering that some of these diseases might mimic other neurometabolic conditions (and in particular treatable disorders), an initial extensive metabolic workup should always be considered. Further knowledge into pathophysiological mechanisms and biomarkers, as well as descriptions of new presynaptic disorders, will probably take place in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisenda Cortès-Saladelafont
- Department of Neurology, Neurometabolic Unit and Synaptic Metabolism Laboratory, Institut Pediàtric de Recerca and CIBERER, ISCIII, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Passeig Sant Joan de Déu, 2, 08950, Esplugues, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Noa Lipstein
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Àngels García-Cazorla
- Department of Neurology, Neurometabolic Unit and Synaptic Metabolism Laboratory, Institut Pediàtric de Recerca and CIBERER, ISCIII, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Passeig Sant Joan de Déu, 2, 08950, Esplugues, Barcelona, Spain.
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38
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Soukup SF, Vanhauwaert R, Verstreken P. Parkinson's disease: convergence on synaptic homeostasis. EMBO J 2018; 37:embj.201898960. [PMID: 30065071 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201898960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease, the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, affects millions of people globally. There is no cure, and its prevalence will double by 2030. In recent years, numerous causative genes and risk factors for Parkinson's disease have been identified and more than half appear to function at the synapse. Subtle synaptic defects are thought to precede blunt neuronal death, but the mechanisms that are dysfunctional at synapses are only now being unraveled. Here, we review recent work and propose a model where different Parkinson proteins interact in a cell compartment-specific manner at the synapse where these proteins regulate endocytosis and autophagy. While this field is only recently emerging, the work suggests that the loss of synaptic homeostasis may contribute to neurodegeneration and is a key player in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra-Fausia Soukup
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain& Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium .,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Roeland Vanhauwaert
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain& Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrik Verstreken
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain& Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium .,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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39
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Abstract
The LRRK2 gene is a major contributor to genetic risk for Parkinson's disease and understanding the biology of the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2, the protein product of this gene) is an important goal in Parkinson's research. LRRK2 is a multi-domain, multi-activity enzyme and has been implicated in a wide range of signalling events within the cell. Because of the complexities of the signal transduction pathways in which LRRK2 is involved, it has been challenging to generate a clear idea as to how mutations and disease associated variants in this gene are altered in disease. Understanding the events in which LRRK2 is involved at a systems level is therefore critical to fully understand the biology and pathobiology of this protein and is the subject of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Price
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AP, UK
| | - Claudia Manzoni
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AP, UK
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Mark R Cookson
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Building. 35, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Patrick A Lewis
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AP, UK.
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
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40
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Sheehan P, Yue Z. Deregulation of autophagy and vesicle trafficking in Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett 2018; 697:59-65. [PMID: 29627340 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease characterized pathologically by the selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and the intracellular accumulation of α-synuclein in the Lewy bodies. While the pathogenic mechanisms of PD are poorly understood, many lines of evidence point to a role of altered autophagy and membrane trafficking in the development of the disease. Emerging studies show that connections between the deregulation of autophagy and synaptic vesicle (SV) trafficking may contribute to PD. Here we review the evidence that many PD related-genes have roles in both autophagy and SV trafficking and examine how deregulation of these pathways contributes to PD pathogenesis. This review also discusses recent studies aimed at uncovering the role of PD-linked genes in autophagy-lysosome function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Sheehan
- Department of Neurology, The Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, USA
| | - Zhenyu Yue
- Department of Neurology, The Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, USA.
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41
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Park D, Chang S. Soluble Aβ 1-42 increases the heterogeneity in synaptic vesicle pool size among synapses by suppressing intersynaptic vesicle sharing. Mol Brain 2018; 11:10. [PMID: 29463281 PMCID: PMC5819658 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-018-0353-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence has indicated that prefibrillar form of soluble amyloid beta (sAβ1-42) is the major causative factor in the synaptic dysfunction associated with AD. The molecular changes leading to presynaptic dysfunction caused by sAβ1-42, however, still remains elusive. Recently, we found that sAβ1-42 inhibits chemically induced long-term potentiation-induced synaptogenesis by suppressing the intersynaptic vesicle trafficking through calcium (Ca2+) dependent hyperphosphorylation of synapsin and CaMKIV. However, it is still unclear how sAβ1-42 increases intracellular Ca2+ that induces hyperphosphorylation of CaMKIV and synapsin, and what is the functional consequences of sAβ1-42-induced defects in intersynaptic vesicle trafficking in physiological conditions. In this study, we showed that sAβ1-42elevated intracellular Ca2+ through not only extracellular Ca2+ influx but also Ca2+ release from mitochondria. Surprisingly, without Ca2+ release from mitochondria, sAβ1-42 failed to increase intracellular Ca2+ even in the presence of normal extracellular Ca2+. We further found that sAβ1-42-induced mitochondria Ca2+ release alone sufficiently increased Serine 9 phosphorylation of synapsin. By blocking synaptic vesicle reallocation, sAβ1-42 significantly increased heterogeneity of total synaptic vesicle pool size among synapses. Together, our results suggested that by disrupting the axonal vesicle trafficking, sAβ1-42 disabled neurons to adjust synaptic pool sizes among synapses, which might prevent homeostatic rescaling in synaptic strength of individual neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daehun Park
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Sunghoe Chang
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, South Korea. .,Neuroscience Research Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, South Korea.
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42
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Blanca Ramírez M, Lara Ordóñez AJ, Fdez E, Madero-Pérez J, Gonnelli A, Drouyer M, Chartier-Harlin MC, Taymans JM, Bubacco L, Greggio E, Hilfiker S. GTP binding regulates cellular localization of Parkinson's disease-associated LRRK2. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 26:2747-2767. [PMID: 28453723 PMCID: PMC5886193 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) comprise the most common cause of familial Parkinson's disease (PD), and sequence variants modify risk for sporadic PD. Previous studies indicate that LRRK2 interacts with microtubules (MTs) and alters MT-mediated vesicular transport processes. However, the molecular determinants within LRRK2 required for such interactions have remained unknown. Here, we report that most pathogenic LRRK2 mutants cause relocalization of LRRK2 to filamentous structures which colocalize with a subset of MTs, and an identical relocalization is seen upon pharmacological LRRK2 kinase inhibition. The pronounced colocalization with MTs does not correlate with alterations in LRRK2 kinase activity, but rather with increased GTP binding. Synthetic mutations which impair GTP binding, as well as LRRK2 GTP-binding inhibitors profoundly interfere with the abnormal localization of both pathogenic mutant as well as kinase-inhibited LRRK2. Conversely, addition of a non-hydrolyzable GTP analog to permeabilized cells enhances the association of pathogenic or kinase-inhibited LRRK2 with MTs. Our data elucidate the mechanism underlying the increased MT association of select pathogenic LRRK2 mutants or of pharmacologically kinase-inhibited LRRK2, with implications for downstream MT-mediated transport events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Blanca Ramírez
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine 'López-Neyra', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio Jesús Lara Ordóñez
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine 'López-Neyra', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Elena Fdez
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine 'López-Neyra', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Jesús Madero-Pérez
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine 'López-Neyra', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Adriano Gonnelli
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova 35121, Italy
| | - Matthieu Drouyer
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, F-59000 Lille, France.,Inserm, UMR-S 1172 Early Stages of Parkinson's Disease Team, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Marie-Christine Chartier-Harlin
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, F-59000 Lille, France.,Inserm, UMR-S 1172 Early Stages of Parkinson's Disease Team, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Jean-Marc Taymans
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, F-59000 Lille, France.,Inserm, UMR-S 1172 Early Stages of Parkinson's Disease Team, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Luigi Bubacco
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova 35121, Italy
| | - Elisa Greggio
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova 35121, Italy
| | - Sabine Hilfiker
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine 'López-Neyra', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 18016 Granada, Spain
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The LRRK2 G2385R variant is a partial loss-of-function mutation that affects synaptic vesicle trafficking through altered protein interactions. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5377. [PMID: 28710481 PMCID: PMC5511190 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05760-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 gene (LRRK2) are associated with familial Parkinson's disease (PD). LRRK2 protein contains several functional domains, including protein-protein interaction domains at its N- and C-termini. In this study, we analyzed the functional features attributed to LRRK2 by its N- and C-terminal domains. We combined TIRF microscopy and synaptopHluorin assay to visualize synaptic vesicle trafficking. We found that N- and C-terminal domains have opposite impact on synaptic vesicle dynamics. Biochemical analysis demonstrated that different proteins are bound at the two extremities, namely β3-Cav2.1 at N-terminus part and β-Actin and Synapsin I at C-terminus domain. A sequence variant (G2385R) harboured within the C-terminal WD40 domain increases the risk for PD. Complementary biochemical and imaging approaches revealed that the G2385R variant alters strength and quality of LRRK2 interactions and increases fusion of synaptic vesicles. Our data suggest that the G2385R variant behaves like a loss-of-function mutation that mimics activity-driven events. Impaired scaffolding capabilities of mutant LRRK2 resulting in perturbed vesicular trafficking may arise as a common pathophysiological denominator through which different LRRK2 pathological mutations cause disease.
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Lautenschläger J, Kaminski CF, Kaminski Schierle GS. α-Synuclein – Regulator of Exocytosis, Endocytosis, or Both? Trends Cell Biol 2017; 27:468-479. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Marcogliese PC, Abuaish S, Kabbach G, Abdel-Messih E, Seang S, Li G, Slack RS, Haque ME, Venderova K, Park DS. LRRK2(I2020T) functional genetic interactors that modify eye degeneration and dopaminergic cell loss in Drosophila. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:1247-1257. [PMID: 28158614 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta is the primary cause for motor symptoms observed in Parkinson's disease (PD). Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are the most commonly linked contributor to familial PD. LRRK2 is suggested to be involved in a wide variety of cellular processes, but deciphering its role in the pathogenesis of PD has been difficult. Modelling PD in rodents has been a persistent challenge for the field. However, the fruit fly has been exploited to recapitulate PD gene related dopaminergic cell loss. Using the GAL4-UAS system and established models of hLRRK2 induced eye degeneration in Drosophila, we conducted an unbiased suppressor/enhancer screen to uncover genetic modifiers of LRRK2. We have identified 36 candidate interactors that modify LRRK2 induced toxicity in the Drosophila eye. Importantly, we determined that a subset of these interactors also modified hLRRK2(I2020T) induced dopaminergic neuronal loss in the fly brain and uncovered 16 candidates that modify dopaminergic cell loss. Our results suggest LRRK2 may be involved in a wide variety of cellular processes and the results from this screen provide an important genetic resource for further evaluation of LRRK2 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C Marcogliese
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine.,Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Sameera Abuaish
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine.,Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ghassan Kabbach
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine.,Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Abdel-Messih
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine.,Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah Seang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine.,Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine.,Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ruth S Slack
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine.,Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - M Emdadul Haque
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE
| | - Katerina Venderova
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Keck Graduate Institute, Claremont, CA, USA
| | - David S Park
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine.,Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Son MY, Sim H, Son YS, Jung KB, Lee MO, Oh JH, Chung SK, Jung CR, Kim J. Distinctive genomic signature of neural and intestinal organoids from familial Parkinson's disease patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2017; 43:584-603. [PMID: 28235153 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) G2019S mutation is the most common genetic cause of Parkinson's disease (PD). There is compelling evidence that PD is not only a brain disease but also a gastrointestinal disorder; nonetheless, its pathogenesis remains unclear. We aimed to develop human neural and intestinal tissue models of PD patients harbouring an LRRK2 mutation to understand the link between LRRK2 and PD pathology by investigating the gene expression signature. METHODS We generated PD patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) carrying an LRRK2 G2019S mutation (LK2GS) and then differentiated into three-dimensional (3D) human neuroectodermal spheres (hNESs) and human intestinal organoids (hIOs). To unravel the gene and signalling networks associated with LK2GS, we analysed differentially expressed genes in the microarray data by functional clustering, gene ontology (GO) and pathway analyses. RESULTS The expression profiles of LK2GS were distinct from those of wild-type controls in hNESs and hIOs. The most represented GO biological process in hNESs and hIOs was synaptic transmission, specifically synaptic vesicle trafficking, some defects of which are known to be related to PD. The results were further validated in four independent PD-specific hNESs and hIOs by microarray and qRT-PCR analysis. CONCLUSION We provide the first evidence that LK2GS also causes significant changes in gene expression in the intestinal cells. These hNES and hIO models from the same genetic background of PD patients could be invaluable resources for understanding PD pathophysiology and for advancing the complexity of in vitro models with 3D expandable organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-Y Son
- Stem Cell Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of functional genomics, University of Science & Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - H Sim
- Stem Cell Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of functional genomics, University of Science & Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Y S Son
- Stem Cell Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of functional genomics, University of Science & Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - K B Jung
- Stem Cell Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of functional genomics, University of Science & Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - M-O Lee
- Immunotherapy Convergence Research Center, KRIBB, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - J-H Oh
- Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea.,Department of human and environmental toxicology, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - S-K Chung
- Medical Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - C-R Jung
- Stem Cell Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of functional genomics, University of Science & Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - J Kim
- Stem Cell Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of functional genomics, University of Science & Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
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Synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2C (SV2C) modulates dopamine release and is disrupted in Parkinson disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E2253-E2262. [PMID: 28246328 PMCID: PMC5358362 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1616892114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we describe a role for the synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2C (SV2C) in dopamine neurotransmission and Parkinson disease (PD). SV2C is expressed on the vesicles of dopamine-producing neurons, and genetic deletion of SV2C causes a reduction in synaptic release of dopamine. The reduced dopamine release is associated with a decrease in motor activity. SV2C is suspected of mediating the neuroprotective effects of nicotine, and we show an ablated neurochemical response to nicotine in SV2C-knockout mice. Last, we demonstrate that SV2C expression is specifically disrupted in mice that express mutated α-synuclein and in humans with PD. Together, these data establish SV2C as an important mediator of dopamine homeostasis and a potential contributor to PD pathogenesis. Members of the synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2 (SV2) family of proteins are involved in synaptic function throughout the brain. The ubiquitously expressed SV2A has been widely implicated in epilepsy, although SV2C with its restricted basal ganglia distribution is poorly characterized. SV2C is emerging as a potentially relevant protein in Parkinson disease (PD), because it is a genetic modifier of sensitivity to l-DOPA and of nicotine neuroprotection in PD. Here we identify SV2C as a mediator of dopamine homeostasis and report that disrupted expression of SV2C within the basal ganglia is a pathological feature of PD. Genetic deletion of SV2C leads to reduced dopamine release in the dorsal striatum as measured by fast-scan cyclic voltammetry, reduced striatal dopamine content, disrupted α-synuclein expression, deficits in motor function, and alterations in neurochemical effects of nicotine. Furthermore, SV2C expression is dramatically altered in postmortem brain tissue from PD cases but not in Alzheimer disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, or multiple system atrophy. This disruption was paralleled in mice overexpressing mutated α-synuclein. These data establish SV2C as a mediator of dopamine neuron function and suggest that SV2C disruption is a unique feature of PD that likely contributes to dopaminergic dysfunction.
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Maas JWJ, Yang J, Edwards RH. Endogenous Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 Slows Synaptic Vesicle Recycling in Striatal Neurons. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2017; 9:5. [PMID: 28280464 PMCID: PMC5322269 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2017.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Dominant mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) produce the most common inherited form of Parkinson’s disease (PD) but the function of LRRK2 remains poorly understood. The presynaptic role of multiple genes linked to PD including α-synuclein (α-syn) has suggested that LRRK2 may also influence neurotransmitter release, a possibility supported by recent work. However, the use of disease-associated mutants that cause toxicity complicates the analysis. To determine whether LRRK2 normally influences the synaptic vesicle, we have now used a combination of imaging and electrophysiology to study LRRK2 knockout (KO) mice. Surprisingly, we find that in hippocampal (generally excitatory) neurons, the loss of LRRK2 does not affect synaptic vesicle exocytosis, endocytosis or the mobility of α-syn. Double KO (DKO) mice lacking LRRK1 as well as LRRK2 also show no defect in transmitter release by hippocampal neurons. However, in striatal neurons, which express LRRK2 at higher levels, the loss of LRRK2 leads to modest acceleration of synaptic vesicle endocytosis. Thus, endogenous LRRK2 normally slows synaptic vesicle recycling at striatal terminals.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Jr Maas
- Departments of Neurology and Physiology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, and Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, UCSF School of Medicine San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jing Yang
- Departments of Neurology and Physiology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, and Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, UCSF School of Medicine San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Robert H Edwards
- Departments of Neurology and Physiology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, and Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, UCSF School of Medicine San Francisco, CA, USA
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Lohr KM, Masoud ST, Salahpour A, Miller GW. Membrane transporters as mediators of synaptic dopamine dynamics: implications for disease. Eur J Neurosci 2017; 45:20-33. [PMID: 27520881 PMCID: PMC5209277 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine was first identified as a neurotransmitter localized to the midbrain over 50 years ago. The dopamine transporter (DAT; SLC6A3) and the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2; SLC18A2) are regulators of dopamine homeostasis in the presynaptic neuron. DAT transports dopamine from the extracellular space into the cytosol of the presynaptic terminal. VMAT2 then packages this cytosolic dopamine into vesicular compartments for subsequent release upon neurotransmission. Thus, DAT and VMAT2 act in concert to move the transmitter efficiently throughout the neuron. Accumulation of dopamine in the neuronal cytosol can trigger oxidative stress and neurotoxicity, suggesting that the proper compartmentalization of dopamine is critical for neuron function and risk of disease. For decades, studies have examined the effects of reduced transporter function in mice (e.g. DAT-KO, VMAT2-KO, VMAT2-deficient). However, we have only recently been able to assess the effects of elevated transporter expression using BAC transgenic methods (DAT-tg, VMAT2-HI mice). Complemented with in vitro work and neurochemical techniques to assess dopamine compartmentalization, a new focus on the importance of transporter proteins as both models of human disease and potential drug targets has emerged. Here, we review the importance of DAT and VMAT2 function in the delicate balance of neuronal dopamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Lohr
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Shababa T Masoud
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ali Salahpour
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gary W Miller
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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50
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Molecular Insights and Functional Implication of LRRK2 Dimerization. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 14:107-121. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-49969-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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