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Leonard UM, Kiely ME. Can micronutrient requirements be met by diets from sustainable sources: outcomes of dietary modelling studies using diet optimization. Ann Med 2024; 56:2389295. [PMID: 39129219 PMCID: PMC11321105 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2024.2389295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Consumption of diets from sustainable sources is required for planetary health, however, large sections of the population, including females of reproductive age and children, will be at risk of not meeting their micronutrient (MN) requirements in a complete transition to plant-based foods. Constrained diet optimization methods use mathematical programming to construct diets that meet predefined parameters and may contribute towards modelling dietary solutions that meet nutritional and planetary targets. OBJECTIVE Review the evidence from diet optimization studies proposing solutions to ensure MN availability in the context of a transition to diets from sustainable sources. APPROACH Narrative review focusing on literature published over the last five years. RESULTS Dietary modelling using diet optimization can design a range of omnivorous and plant-based diets that meet individual MN requirements, have reduced environmental impacts, and minimize deviation from culturally acceptable dietary practices. Using data from large-scale dietary surveys, diet optimization can support development of food-based dietary guidelines; identify limiting MNs in a particular context or a conflict between constraints e.g. nutrition and environment; explore food-based strategies to increase nutrient supply, such as fortification; and support trial design. Methods used and outcomes reported are sources of variability. Individual-level dietary data and MN requirements for population sub-groups such as females of reproductive age and children are important requirements. Although maintaining iron and zinc intakes are regularly reported to present challenges in diets from sustainable sources, few studies have considered bioavailability, which reduces with increased dietary phytate. These and other data gaps including acceptability and affordability must be addressed to improve the applicability of modelling outcomes in population recommendations. CONCLUSIONS Dietary modelling using diet optimization can be useful in the design of more sustainable diets that meet MN requirements, however, translation of outcomes into dietary intervention studies is required to test real-world application and adoption into dietary guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula M. Leonard
- Cork Centre for Vitamin D and Nutrition Research, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Mairead E. Kiely
- Cork Centre for Vitamin D and Nutrition Research, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- INFANT Research Centre, Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Lara-Arevalo J, Laar A, Chaparro MP, Drewnowski A. Nutrient-Dense African Indigenous Vegetables and Grains in the FAO Food Composition Table for Western Africa (WAFCT) Identified Using Nutrient-Rich Food (NRF) Scores. Nutrients 2024; 16:2985. [PMID: 39275300 PMCID: PMC11397376 DOI: 10.3390/nu16172985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2024] [Revised: 08/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Nutrient profiling (NP) models that assess nutrient density of foods can help remedy micronutrient deficiencies. We used NP methods to identify the most nutrient-rich foods in the 2019 FAO/INFOODS Western Africa Food Composition Table (WAFCT). The WAFCT had complete data for 909 foods. Three versions of the well-established Nutrient-Rich Food (NRF) model were used: (1) the original NRF9.3 based on 9 micronutrients (protein, fiber, calcium, iron, potassium, magnesium, vitamin A, vitamin C, and vitamin D); (2) a new NRF6.3 based on 6 priority micronutrients (iron, zinc, calcium, folate, vitamin A, vitamin B12); and (3) NRF 15.3, based on 15 nutrients to encourage (NRF6.3 nutrients + vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin C, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B3, vitamin B6, copper, and magnesium). Data analyses used one-way ANOVAs and independent t-tests, with significance at α = 0.05. Animal-source foods were rated higher by NRF6.3 priority micronutrient and NRF15.3 NP models than by the NRF9.3 model. African indigenous vegetables had higher protein content and higher nutrient density compared to non-indigenous vegetables, and African indigenous grains had higher nutrient density compared to non-indigenous grains. Though animal-source foods received some of the highest scores, NP models adapted to the West African context showed that African indigenous vegetables and grains were also nutrient rich. Indigenous foods could be important sources of priority micronutrients for the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Lara-Arevalo
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Amos Laar
- Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra P.O. Box LG 25, Ghana
| | - M Pia Chaparro
- Food Systems, Nutrition, and Health Program, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Health Systems and Population Health, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Adam Drewnowski
- Center for Public Health Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Volek JS, Kackley ML, Buga A. Nutritional Considerations During Major Weight Loss Therapy: Focus on Optimal Protein and a Low-Carbohydrate Dietary Pattern. Curr Nutr Rep 2024; 13:422-443. [PMID: 38814519 PMCID: PMC11327213 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-024-00548-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Considering the high prevalence of obesity and related metabolic impairments in the population, the unique role nutrition has in weight loss, reversing metabolic disorders, and maintaining health cannot be overstated. Normal weight and well-being are compatible with varying dietary patterns, but for the last half century there has been a strong emphasis on low-fat, low-saturated fat, high-carbohydrate based approaches. Whereas low-fat dietary patterns can be effective for a subset of individuals, we now have a population where the vast majority of adults have excess adiposity and some degree of metabolic impairment. We are also entering a new era with greater access to bariatric surgery and approval of anti-obesity medications (glucagon-like peptide-1 analogues) that produce substantial weight loss for many people, but there are concerns about disproportionate loss of lean mass and nutritional deficiencies. RECENT FINDINGS No matter the approach used to achieve major weight loss, careful attention to nutritional considerations is necessary. Here, we examine the recent findings regarding the importance of adequate protein to maintain lean mass, the rationale and evidence supporting low-carbohydrate and ketogenic dietary patterns, and the potential benefits of including exercise training in the context of major weight loss. While losing and sustaining weight loss has proven challenging, we are optimistic that application of emerging nutrition science, particularly personalized well-formulated low-carbohydrate dietary patterns that contain adequate protein (1.2 to 2.0 g per kilogram reference weight) and achieve the beneficial metabolic state of euketonemia (circulating ketones 0.5 to 5 mM), is a promising path for many individuals with excess adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff S Volek
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, 305 Annie & John Glenn Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Madison L Kackley
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, 305 Annie & John Glenn Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Alex Buga
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, 305 Annie & John Glenn Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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Drewnowski A, Conrad Z. Pulse crops: nutrient density, affordability, and environmental impact. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1438369. [PMID: 39246405 PMCID: PMC11377338 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1438369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Sustainable foods need to be nutrient-rich, affordable, environmentally friendly, and socially acceptable. Pulses, which include beans, lentils, chickpeas, and dried peas are a food group that can fit all those criteria. Methods These concepts were tested serially using nutrient profiling methods that focused on protein and were extended to include food prices, greenhouse gas emissions, and energy demand. The present sustainability analyses were based on the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) nutrient composition and food prices data. Environmental impact data came from life cycle assessments (LCA). First, the USDA Protein Foods Group was disaggregated into animal and plant proteins. Plant proteins were separated into pulses, soy products, and nuts and seeds. Results Pulses were among the lowest-cost protein sources (per 100 g and per 100 kcal) and had the lowest greenhouse gas emissions GHGE and energy demand. Pulses were among the most sustainable foods when monetary and energy costs were expressed per 50 g of protein (equivalent to 100% DV). Pulses scored well on the Nutrient Rich Food (NRF9.3) nutrient profiling system and on the related Affordable Nutrition Index that assessed nutrient density per penny. Discussion Pulses are a source of low-cost plant-based protein and a variety of priority vitamins and minerals, have low carbon footprint and energy demand, and are a valued culinary ingredient across diverse regions and cultures. As dietary guidance turns to plant-based diets, pulses need to be integrated into the global sustainability framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Drewnowski
- Center for Public Health Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Zach Conrad
- Department of Kinesiology, William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA, United States
- Global Research Institute, William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA, United States
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Chungchunlam SMS, Moughan PJ. Diet affordability: a key dimension in the assessment of sustainable food systems and healthy diets. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1399019. [PMID: 39188980 PMCID: PMC11345210 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1399019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
A promulgated global shift toward a plant-based diet is largely in response to a perceived negative environmental impact of animal food production, but the nutritional adequacy and economic implications of plant-sourced sustainable healthy dietary patterns need to be considered. This paper reviews recent modeling studies using Linear Programming to determine the respective roles of animal- and plant-sourced foods in developing a least-cost diet in the United States and New Zealand. In both economies, least-cost diets were found to include animal-based foods, such as milk, eggs, fish, and seafood, to meet the energy and nutrient requirements of healthy adults at the lowest retail cost. To model a solely plant-based least-cost diet, the prevailing costs of all animal-sourced foods had to be increased by 1.1 to 11.5 times their original retail prices. This led to the inclusion of fortified plant-based foods, such as fortified soymilk, and a plant-based diet that was considerably (34-45%) more costly. The first-limiting essential nutrients were mostly the vitamins and minerals, with special focus on pantothenic acid, zinc, and vitamin B-12, when transitioning from an animal- and plant-containing least-cost diet to a plant-only based least-cost diet. Modeled least-cost diets based on contemporary food costs include animal-sourced foods, at least for developed high-income US and NZ food economies, and potentially for developing low- and middle-income countries, such as Indonesia. Modeling of least-cost diets that consist exclusively of plant-based foods is feasible, but at a higher daily diet cost, and these diets are often close to limiting for several key nutrients. Diet affordability, as a key dimension of sustainable healthy diets, and the respective economic roles of animal- and plant-sourced foods need to be considered.
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Fletcher AJ, Lozano R, McNabb WC. Analysis of global nutrient gaps and their potential to be closed through redistribution and increased supply. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1396549. [PMID: 39183987 PMCID: PMC11342806 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1396549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Global food systems are crucial for sustaining life on Earth. Although estimates suggest that the current production system can provide enough food and nutrients for everyone, equitable distribution remains challenging. Understanding global nutrient distribution is vital for addressing disparities and creating effective solutions for the present and future. This study analyzes global nutrient supply changes to address inadequacies in certain populations using the existing DELTA Model®, which uses aggregates of global food production to estimate nutrient adequacy. By examining the 2020 global food commodity and nutrient distribution, we project future food production in 2050 needs to ensure global adequate nutrition. Our findings reveal that while some nutrients appear to be adequately supplied on a global scale, many countries face national insufficiencies (% supply below the population reference intake) in essential vitamins and minerals, such as vitamins A, B12, B2, potassium, and iron. Closing these gaps will require significant increases in nutrient supply. For example, despite global protein supply surpassing basic needs for the 2050 population, significant shortages persist in many countries due to distribution variations. A 1% increase in global protein supply, specifically targeting countries with insufficiencies, could address the observed 2020 gaps. However, without consumption pattern changes, a 26% increase in global protein production is required by 2050 due to population growth. In this study, a methodology was developed, applying multi-decade linear convergence to sufficiency values at the country level. This approach facilitates a more realistic assessment of future needs within global food system models, such as the DELTA Model®, transitioning from idealized production scenarios to realistic projections. In summary, our study emphasizes understanding global nutrient distribution and adjusting minimum global nutrient supply targets to tackle country-level inequality. Incorporating these insights into global food balance models can improve projections and guide policy decisions for sustainable, healthy diets worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Fletcher
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Sustainable Nutrition Initiative, Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Fonterra Research and Development Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Raquel Lozano
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Sustainable Nutrition Initiative, Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Warren C. McNabb
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Sustainable Nutrition Initiative, Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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7
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Sheffield S, Fiorotto ML, Davis TA. Nutritional importance of animal-sourced foods in a healthy diet. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1424912. [PMID: 39119462 PMCID: PMC11306033 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1424912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Animal-sourced foods, such as meats, poultry, eggs, milk, and fish are nutrient-dense foods that are rich sources of protein, essential amino acids, and micronutrients that can be challenging to obtain solely through plant-based foods. Animal-sourced protein foods provide crucial nutrients that support the growth and development in children, maintenance of muscle mass and function in adults, gain in muscle mass and strength in exercising individuals, and mitigation of sarcopenia in the elderly. The 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans have identified the important role of animal-sourced foods in the diet at every stage of life. Animal-sourced foods are consumed worldwide and contribute to global food security.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Teresa A. Davis
- Department of Pediatrics, USDA/Agricultural Research Service Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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Adams KP, Vosti SA, Tarini A, Beye M, Pachón H, Kiselova S, Engle-Stone R. The potential contributions of bouillon fortification to meeting micronutrient requirements among women and preschool children in Senegal: A modeling study using household consumption and expenditure survey data. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2024; 1537:98-112. [PMID: 38973341 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.15156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
To reduce micronutrient deficiencies, Senegal mandates the fortification of refined oil with vitamin A and wheat flour with iron and folic acid. Expanding Senegal's large-scale food fortification programs to include fortified bouillon could help fill the remaining gaps in dietary micronutrient requirements. Using 7-day household food consumption data collected between 2018 and 2019, we assessed the potential contributions of bouillon fortified with vitamin A (40-250 μg/g bouillon), folic acid (20-120 μg/g), vitamin B12 (0.2-2 μg/g), iron (0.6-5 mg/g), and zinc (0.6-5 mg/g) for meeting micronutrient requirements of women of reproductive age (WRA; 15-49 years old) and children (6-59 months old). Most households (90%) reported consuming bouillon, including poor and rural households. At modeled fortification levels, bouillon fortification reduced the national prevalence of inadequacy by up to ∼20 percentage points (pp) for vitamin A, 34 pp (WRA) and 20 pp (children) for folate, 20 pp for vitamin B12, 38 pp (WRA) and 30 pp (children) for zinc, and ∼8 pp for iron. Predicted reductions in inadequacy were generally larger among poor and rural populations, especially for vitamins A and B12. Our modeling suggests that bouillon fortification has the potential to substantially reduce dietary inadequacy of multiple micronutrients and could also help address inequities in dietary micronutrient inadequacies in Senegal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine P Adams
- Institute for Global Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Stephen A Vosti
- Institute for Global Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
- Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Ann Tarini
- Independent Consultant, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Helena Pachón
- Food Fortification Initiative, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sophia Kiselova
- The Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Reina Engle-Stone
- Institute for Global Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
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9
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Kasahara C, Tamura T, Wakai K, Tamada Y, Kato Y, Kubo Y, Okada R, Nagayoshi M, Hishida A, Imaeda N, Goto C, Otonari J, Ikezaki H, Nishida Y, Shimanoe C, Oze I, Koyanagi YN, Nakamura Y, Kusakabe M, Nishimoto D, Shimoshikiryo I, Suzuki S, Watanabe M, Ozaki E, Omichi C, Kuriki K, Takashima N, Miyagawa N, Arisawa K, Katsuura-Kamano S, Takeuchi K, Matsuo K. Association between consumption of small fish and all-cause mortality among Japanese: the Japan Multi-Institutional Collaborative Cohort Study. Public Health Nutr 2024; 27:e135. [PMID: 38698584 PMCID: PMC11148834 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980024000831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although small fish are an important source of micronutrients, the relationship between their intake and mortality remains unclear. This study aimed to clarify the association between intake of small fish and all-cause and cause-specific mortality. DESIGN We used the data from a cohort study in Japan. The frequency of the intake of small fish was assessed using a validated FFQ. The hazard ratio (HR) and 95 % confidence interval (CI) for all-cause and cause-specific mortality according to the frequency of the intake of small fish by sex were estimated using a Cox proportional hazard model with adjustments for covariates. SETTING The Japan Multi-Institutional Collaborative Cohort Study. PARTICIPANTS A total of 80 802 participants (34 555 males and 46 247 females), aged 35-69 years. RESULTS During a mean follow-up of 9·0 years, we identified 2482 deaths including 1495 cancer-related deaths. The intake of small fish was statistically significantly and inversely associated with the risk of all-cause and cancer mortality in females. The multivariable-adjusted HR (95 % CI) in females for all-cause mortality according to the intake were 0·68 (0·55, 0·85) for intakes 1-3 times/month, 0·72 (0·57, 0·90) for 1-2 times/week and 0·69 (0·54, 0·88) for ≥ 3 times/week, compared with the rare intake. The corresponding HR (95 % CI) in females for cancer mortality were 0·72 (0·54, 0·96), 0·71 (0·53, 0·96) and 0·64 (0·46, 0·89), respectively. No statistically significant association was observed in males. CONCLUSIONS Intake of small fish may reduce the risk of all-cause and cancer mortality in Japanese females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinatsu Kasahara
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takashi Tamura
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kenji Wakai
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yudai Tamada
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of International and Community Oral Health, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Kato
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoko Kubo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Rieko Okada
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mako Nagayoshi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Asahi Hishida
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Nahomi Imaeda
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Wellness, Shigakkan University, Obu, Japan
- Department of Public Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Chiho Goto
- Department of Public Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Health and Nutrition, School of Health and Human Life, Nagoya Bunri University, Inazawa, Japan
| | - Jun Otonari
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ikezaki
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Comprehensive General Internal Medicine, Kyushu University Faculty of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Nishida
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | | | - Isao Oze
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuriko N Koyanagi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yohko Nakamura
- Cancer Prevention Center, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | - Miho Kusakabe
- Cancer Prevention Center, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | - Daisaku Nishimoto
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Ippei Shimoshikiryo
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
- Environmental Epidemiology Section, Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Sadao Suzuki
- Department of Public Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Miki Watanabe
- Department of Public Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Etsuko Ozaki
- Department of Epidemiology for Community Health and Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Chie Omichi
- Department of Epidemiology for Community Health and Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Kiyonori Kuriki
- Laboratory of Public Health, Division of Nutritional Sciences, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Takashima
- Department of Epidemiology for Community Health and Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Naoko Miyagawa
- Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kokichi Arisawa
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Sakurako Katsuura-Kamano
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kenji Takeuchi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of International and Community Oral Health, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
- Division for Regional Community Development, Liaison Center for Innovative Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Keitaro Matsuo
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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10
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Reese I. "Climate-friendly" diets from an allergy point of view. Allergol Select 2024; 8:199-205. [PMID: 38756209 PMCID: PMC11097189 DOI: 10.5414/alx02471e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Since the EAT-Lancet Commission's call for a change in diet towards more plant-based foods, especially protein sources, this so called "Planetary Health Diet (PHD)" has been widely discussed. While for some the reduction in animal foods is not enough and vegan diets are advocated to save the climate, others are sounding the alarm that the reduction is too drastic and that the PHD makes it impossible to provide a diet that meets our needs (of essential nutrients). In addition to climate aspects, health benefits often cited to justify the PHD do not take into account that vegetarians/vegans differ from the general population by far more factors than the reduction or elimination of animal foods. Also not sufficiently discussed is the fact that a diet which excludes or severely restricts animal foods is also associated with health risks if critical nutrients are not adequately covered. Moreover, the challenge of meeting protein requirements is underestimated by many. The food industry has responded to the trend towards more plant-based foods by massively expanding the range of highly processed or ultra-processed vegan foods. These - vegan or not vegan - are suspected of being partly responsible for the development of non-communicable diseases. In addition to general criticism regarding the usefulness of advertising the PHD, the replacement of animal protein sources with plant-based sources notably harbors a number of additional relevant risks for allergy sufferers so that the latter should be classified as an unfavorable target group for the implementation of the PHD recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imke Reese
- Private Practice for Dietary Advice and Nutrition Therapy with Special Interest in Adverse Reactions to Food, Munich, Germany
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11
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Caradus JR, Chapman DF, Rowarth JS. Improving Human Diets and Welfare through Using Herbivore-Based Foods: 1. Human and Animal Perspectives. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1077. [PMID: 38612316 PMCID: PMC11010820 DOI: 10.3390/ani14071077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Human health and diet are closely linked. The diversity of diets consumed by humans is remarkable, and most often incorporates both animal and plant-based foods. However, there has been a recent call for a reduced intake of animal-based foods due to concerns associated with human health in developed countries and perceived impacts on the environment. Yet, evidence for the superior nutritional quality of animal-sourced food such as meat, milk, and eggs, compared with plant-based foods, indicates that consumption of animal-sourced food should and will continue. This being the case, the aim here is to examine issues associated with animal-sourced foods in terms of both the quantification and mitigation of unintended consequences associated with environment, animal health, and herd management. Therefore, we examined the role of animal proteins in human societies with reference to the UN-FAO issues associated with animal-sourced foods. The emphasis is on dominant grazed pastoral-based systems, as used in New Zealand and Ireland, both with temperate moist climates and a similar reliance on global markets for generating net wealth from pastoral agricultural products. In conclusion, animal-sourced foods are shown to be an important part of the human diet. Production systems can result in unintended consequences associated with environment, animal health, and herd management, and there are technologies and systems to provide solutions to these that are available or under refinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R. Caradus
- Grasslanz Technology Ltd., PB 11008, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | | | - Jacqueline S. Rowarth
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Lincoln University, 85084 Ellesmere Junction Road, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand;
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12
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Werner ER, Arnold CD, Caswell BL, Iannotti LL, Maleta KM, Stewart CP. Associations of fish and meat intake with iron and anaemia in Malawian children. MATERNAL & CHILD NUTRITION 2024; 20:e13622. [PMID: 38217291 PMCID: PMC10981481 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.13622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Animal flesh foods are rich in bioavailable iron but infrequently consumed by young children. We aimed to determine whether flesh food intake was associated with iron and anaemia status among 585 Malawian infants enroled in a 6-month egg-feeding trial. The percentage of days of small fish, large fish and meat consumption were assessed through weekly 7-day animal-source food screeners. Grams of intake were assessed through 24-h recalls conducted at 6-9, 9-12 and 12-15 months of age. Plasma ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) and haemoglobin concentrations were measured at 6-9 and 12-15 months of age. Iron biomarkers were adjusted for inflammation during analysis. At enrolment, each flesh food category was consumed by <5% of children in the past 24 h. Over the next 6 months, small fish, large fish and meat were consumed on 25%, 8% and 6% of days, respectively, with mean usual intakes of <5 g/day. More frequent small fish consumption was associated with lower sTfR (geometric mean ratio [95% CI]: 0.98 mg/L [0.96, 1.00] per 10 percentage point difference) but not ferritin (1.03 µg/L [0.98, 1.07]) or haemoglobin (1.01 g/dL [1.00, 1.01]). Large fish consumption was associated with higher anaemia (prevalence ratio [95% CI]: 1.09 [1.01, 1.19]) and lower iron deficiency (0.96 [0.93, 1.00]) prevalence. Gram intakes of flesh food categories were not associated with any iron or anaemia indicators. Small fish were a primary contributor to flesh food intake in this cohort of Malawian children, although usual portions were small. Fish was associated with modest improvements to iron status, but meat was too infrequent to be associated with anaemia and iron deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Rochelle Werner
- Institute for Global NutritionUniversity of California, DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public HealthEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Charles D. Arnold
- Institute for Global NutritionUniversity of California, DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Bess L. Caswell
- Institute for Global NutritionUniversity of California, DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
- U.S. Department of AgricultureWestern Human Nutrition Research CenterDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Lora L. Iannotti
- E3 Nutrition LabWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Kenneth M. Maleta
- School of Global and Public HealthKamuzu University of Health SciencesBlantyreMalawi
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13
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Unger AL, Beal T, Conrad Z, Pikosky MA, Brown K. Opportunities for Consistent and Holistic Metrics to Support Food Systems Transformation: A Summary of a Symposium Presented at Nutrition 2023. Curr Dev Nutr 2024; 8:102129. [PMID: 38559312 PMCID: PMC10981006 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdnut.2024.102129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need for global food systems transformation to realize a future where planetary health reaches its full potential. Paramount to this vision is the ability of stakeholders across sectors to understand how foods and dietary patterns impact food systems inclusive of all domains of sustainability-environmental, nutrition/health, economic and social. This article is a synopsis of presentations by 3 food systems experts to share the latest science in a session entitled "How do you measure sustainability? Opportunities for consistent and holistic metrics to support food systems transformation" at the American Society for Nutrition's 2023 annual conference. As summarized here, global population data showing widespread malnutrition underscore the important role of dietary diversity through a balance of plant- and animal-source foods to achieve nutritionally adequate diets and reduce risk of noncommunicable diseases. Yet, recent international audits of countries, companies, and organizations and their sustainability targets largely demonstrate an underrepresentation of robust nutrition/health metrics to support public nutrition and health progress. Addressing limitations in diet-sustainability modeling systems provides a viable opportunity to accurately reflect the important contributions and trade-offs of diets across all domains of sustainability to ultimately support evidence-based decision making in advancing healthy food systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ty Beal
- Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Zach Conrad
- Department of Kinesiology, William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA, United States
- Global Research Institute, William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA, United States
| | | | - Katie Brown
- National Dairy Council, Rosemont, IL, United States
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14
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Willer DF, Newton R, Malcorps W, Kok B, Little D, Lofstedt A, de Roos B, Robinson JPW. Wild fish consumption can balance nutrient retention in farmed fish. NATURE FOOD 2024; 5:221-229. [PMID: 38509235 DOI: 10.1038/s43016-024-00932-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Wild fish used as aquafeeds could be redirected towards human consumption to support sustainable marine resource use. Here we use mass-balance fish-in/fish-out ratio approaches to assess nutrient retention in salmon farming and identify scenarios that provide more nutrient-rich food to people. Using data on Norway's salmon farms, our study revealed that six of nine dietary nutrients had higher yields in wild fish used for feeds, such as anchovies and mackerel, than in farmed salmon production. Reallocating one-third of food-grade wild feed fish towards direct human consumption would increase seafood production, while also retaining by-products for use as aquafeeds, thus maximizing nutrient utilization of marine resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Willer
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Richard Newton
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Wesley Malcorps
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Bjorn Kok
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - David Little
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | | | - Baukje de Roos
- The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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15
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Frank SM, Jaacks LM, Adair LS, Avery CL, Meyer K, Rose D, Taillie LS. Adherence to the Planetary Health Diet Index and correlation with nutrients of public health concern: an analysis of NHANES 2003-2018. Am J Clin Nutr 2024; 119:384-392. [PMID: 38309827 PMCID: PMC10884610 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Planetary Health Diet Index (PHDI) is a novel measure adapted to quantify alignment with the dietary evidence presented by the EAT-Lancet Commission on Food, Planet, Health. OBJECTIVES To examine how population-level health and sustainability of diet as measured by the PHDI changed from 2003 to 2018, and to assess how PHDI correlated with inadequacy for nutrients of public health concern (iron, calcium, potassium, and fiber) in the United States. METHODS We estimated survey-weighted trends in PHDI scores and median intake of PHDI components in a nationally representative sample of 33,859 adults aged 20+ y from 8 cycles (2003-2018) of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey with 2 d of dietary recall data. We used the National Cancer Institute method to examine how PHDI correlated with inadequate intake of iron, calcium, potassium, and fiber. RESULTS Out of a theoretical range of 0-140, the median PHDI value increased by 4.2 points over the study period, from 62.7 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 62.0, 63.4) points in 2003-2004 to 66.9 (66.2, 67.7) points in 2017-2018 (P-trend < 0.001), although most of this change occurred before 2011-2012 and plateaued thereafter. For adequacy components that are encouraged for consumption, nonstarchy vegetable intake significantly decreased over time, whereas whole grains, nuts and seeds, and unsaturated oils increased. For moderation components with recommended limits for consumption, poultry and egg intake increased, but red and processed meat, added sugars, saturated fats, and starchy vegetables decreased over time. Higher PHDI values were associated with a lower probability of iron, fiber, and potassium inadequacy. CONCLUSIONS Although there have been positive changes over the past 20 y, there is substantial room for improving the health and sustainability of the United States diet. Shifting diets toward EAT-Lancet recommendations would improve nutrient adequacy for iron, fiber, and potassium. Policy action is needed to support healthier, more sustainable diets in the United States and globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Frank
- Global Academy of Agriculture and Food Security, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom; Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Lindsay M Jaacks
- Global Academy of Agriculture and Food Security, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
| | - Linda S Adair
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Christy L Avery
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Katie Meyer
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Donald Rose
- Tulane Nutrition, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Lindsey Smith Taillie
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.
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16
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Drewnowski A. Alternative proteins in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) face a questionable future: will technology negate Bennett's law? Curr Dev Nutr 2024; 8:101994. [PMID: 38476727 PMCID: PMC10926128 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdnut.2023.101994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Rising incomes across low-and middle-income countries (LMIC) lead to a lower consumption of starchy staples and create a growing demand for high-quality animal protein, an observation referred to as Bennett's law. This dietary shift from plant-sourced to animal-sourced proteins has also been referred to as the LMIC protein transition. At this time, there are rising concerns that current livestock production is highly resource intensive and may not meet the growing global demand for high-quality protein. Alternative plant-based proteins, derived from new technologies and often fortified with micronutrients, are intended to close the LMIC nutrient gap. However, data from LMIC suggest that the income-driven selection of animal proteins is aspirational and varies by stage of economic development. Food balance sheets from higher-income countries indicate that meat consumption peaks only at very high incomes. Will plant-based alternative proteins satisfy the growing LMIC demand for animal-sourced foods, thereby negating Bennett's law? Current evidence suggests otherwise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Drewnowski
- Center for Public Health Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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17
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Grummon AH, Lee CJY, Robinson TN, Rimm EB, Rose D. Simple dietary substitutions can reduce carbon footprints and improve dietary quality across diverse segments of the US population. NATURE FOOD 2023; 4:966-977. [PMID: 37884673 PMCID: PMC10725296 DOI: 10.1038/s43016-023-00864-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Changing what foods we eat could reduce environmental harms and improve human health, but sweeping dietary change is challenging. We used dietary intake data from a nationally representative sample of 7,753 US children and adults to identify simple, actionable dietary substitutions from higher- to lower-carbon foods (for example, substituting chicken for beef in mixed dishes such as burritos, but making no other changes to the diet). We simulated the potential impact of these substitutions on dietary carbon emissions and dietary quality. If all consumers who ate the high-carbon foods instead consumed a lower-carbon substitute, the total dietary carbon footprint in the United States would be reduced by more than 35%. Moreover, if adopted, these substitutions would improve consumers' overall dietary quality by 4-10%, with benefits projected for all age, gender, and racial and ethnic groups. These results suggest that a 'small changes' approach could be a valuable starting point for addressing diet's impact on climate and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna H Grummon
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
- Department of Health Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Cristina J Y Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Thomas N Robinson
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Eric B Rimm
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Donald Rose
- Tulane Nutrition, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
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18
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Morgan PT, Witard OC, Højfeldt G, Church DD, Breen L. Dietary protein recommendations to support healthy muscle ageing in the 21st century and beyond: considerations and future directions. Proc Nutr Soc 2023:1-14. [PMID: 37818636 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665123003750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
This review explores the evolution of dietary protein intake requirements and recommendations, with a focus on skeletal muscle remodelling to support healthy ageing based on presentations at the 2023 Nutrition Society summer conference. In this review, we describe the role of dietary protein for metabolic health and ageing muscle, explain the origins of protein and amino acid (AA) requirements and discuss current recommendations for dietary protein intake, which currently sits at about 0⋅8 g/kg/d. We also critique existing (e.g. nitrogen balance) and contemporary (e.g. indicator AA oxidation) methods to determine protein/AA intake requirements and suggest that existing methods may underestimate requirements, with more contemporary assessments indicating protein recommendations may need to be increased to >1⋅0 g/kg/d. One example of evolution in dietary protein guidance is the transition from protein requirements to recommendations. Hence, we discuss the refinement of protein/AA requirements for skeletal muscle maintenance with advanced age beyond simply the dose (e.g. source, type, quality, timing, pattern, nutrient co-ingestion) and explore the efficacy and sustainability of alternative protein sources beyond animal-based proteins to facilitate skeletal muscle remodelling in older age. We conclude that, whilst a growing body of research has demonstrated that animal-free protein sources can effectively stimulate and support muscle remodelling in a manner that is comparable to animal-based proteins, food systems need to sustainably provide a diversity of both plant and animal source foods, not least for their protein content but other vital nutrients. Finally, we propose some priority research directions for the field of protein nutrition and healthy ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Morgan
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, 99 Oxford Road, Manchester M1 7EL, UK
| | - Oliver C Witard
- Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Grith Højfeldt
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David D Church
- Department of Geriatrics, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Leigh Breen
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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19
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Poinsot R, Maillot M, Masset G, Drewnowski A. A three-component Breakfast Quality Score (BQS) to evaluate the nutrient density of breakfast meals. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1213065. [PMID: 37841394 PMCID: PMC10569224 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1213065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nutrient profiling methods can be applied to individual foods or to composite meals. This article introduces a new method to assess the nutrient density of breakfast meals. Objective This study aimed to develop a new breakfast quality score (BQS), based on the nutrient standards previously published by the International Breakfast Research Initiative (IBRI) consortium. Methods BQS was composed of three sub-scores derived from the weighted arithmetic mean of corresponding nutrient adequacy: an eLIMf sub-score (energy, saturated fat, free sugars, and sodium), a PF (protein and fiber) sub-score, and a VMn1 - 14 micronutrient sub-score, where n varied from 0 to 14. The effects of assigning different weights to the eLIMf, PF, and VMn were explored in four alternative models. The micronutrients were calcium, iron, potassium, magnesium, zinc, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B5, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, and vitamin D. Micronutrient permutations were used to develop alternate VMn1 - 14 sub-scores. The breakfast database used in this study came from all breakfasts declared as consumed by adults (>18 years old) in the French dietary survey INCA3. All models were tested with respect to the Nutrient Rich Food Index (NRF9.3). BQS sensitivity was tested using three prototype French breakfasts, for which improvements were made. Results The correlations of the models with NRF9.3 improved when the VMn>3 sub-score (n > 3) was included alongside the PF and eLIMf sub-scores. The model with (PF+VMn) and eLIMf each accounting for 50% of the total score showed the highest correlations with NRF9.3 and was the preferred final score (i.e., BQS). BQS was sensitive to the changing quality of three prototype breakfasts defined as tartine, sandwich, and cereal. Conclusion The proposed BQS was shown to valuably rank the nutritional density of breakfast meals against a set of nutrient recommendations. It includes nutrients to limit along with protein, fiber, and a variable number of micronutrients to encourage. The flexible VMn sub-score allows for the evaluation of breakfast quality even when nutrient composition data are limited.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Adam Drewnowski
- Center for Public Health Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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20
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Khan WA, Penrose B, Shabala S, Zhang X, Cao F, Zhou M. Mapping QTL for Mineral Accumulation and Shoot Dry Biomass in Barley under Different Levels of Zinc Supply. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14333. [PMID: 37762635 PMCID: PMC10532338 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) deficiency is a common limiting factor in agricultural soils, which leads to significant reduction in both the yield and nutritional quality of agricultural produce. Exploring the quantitative trait loci (QTL) for shoot and grain Zn accumulation would help to develop new barley cultivars with greater Zn accumulation efficiency. In this study, two glasshouse experiments were conducted by growing plants under adequate and low Zn supply. From the preliminary screening of ten barley cultivars, Sahara (0.05 mg/pot) and Yerong (0.06 mg/pot) showed the lowest change in shoot Zn accumulation, while Franklin (0.16 mg/pot) had the highest change due to changes in Zn supply for plant growth. Therefore, the double haploid (DH) population derived from Yerong × Franklin was selected to identify QTL for shoot mineral accumulation and biomass production. A major QTL hotspot was detected on chromosome 2H between 31.91 and 73.12 cM encoding genes for regulating shoot mineral accumulations of Zn, Fe, Ca, K and P, and the biomass. Further investigation demonstrated 16 potential candidate genes for mineral accumulation, in addition to a single candidate gene for shoot biomass in the identified QTL region. This study provides a useful resource for enhancing nutritional quality and yield potential in future barley breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed Amjad Khan
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia; (W.A.K.); (B.P.); (S.S.)
| | - Beth Penrose
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia; (W.A.K.); (B.P.); (S.S.)
| | - Sergey Shabala
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia; (W.A.K.); (B.P.); (S.S.)
- International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Xueqing Zhang
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Fangbin Cao
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Meixue Zhou
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia; (W.A.K.); (B.P.); (S.S.)
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21
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Tanaviyutpakdee P, Karnpanit W. Exposure Assessment of Heavy Metals and Microplastic-like Particles from Consumption of Bivalves. Foods 2023; 12:3018. [PMID: 37628017 PMCID: PMC10453466 DOI: 10.3390/foods12163018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the contamination of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and microplastic (MP)-like particles in bivalves and estimate the exposure of the Thai population to these contaminants due to bivalve consumption. Clams, mussels and cockles were purchased from five wholesale seafood markets located on the upper Gulf of Thailand during the period 2017-2019. Determinations of Cd and Pb in the bivalves were conducted using a graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer (GFAAS). Visualization was conducted using a stereomicroscope to investigate the morphology and content of MP-like particles in the bivalve samples. The average Pb contents in clams, mussels and cockles were 112, 64 and 151 µg/kg wet wt., respectively. The average Cd contents were 126, 107 and 457 µg/kg wet wt. for clams, mussels and cockles, respectively. The average number of MP-like particles in bivalve samples varied from not detected to 1.2 items/g wet wt. and not detected to 4.3 items/individual. The exposure to Pb, Cd and MP-like particles due to bivalve consumption varied between 0.005 and 0.29 µg/kg bw/day, 0.017 and 28.9 µg/kg bw/month and 0.015 and 27.5 items/person/day, respectively. There was no potential health risk of exposure to Pb and Cd due to bivalve consumption in any age group. However, a high consumption of cockles with high Cd levels (the worst-case scenario) in children may be of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Weeraya Karnpanit
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
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22
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Chungchunlam SMS, Moughan PJ. Comparative bioavailability of vitamins in human foods sourced from animals and plants. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-36. [PMID: 37522617 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2241541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Vitamins are essential components of enzyme systems involved in normal growth and function. The quantitative estimation of the proportion of dietary vitamins, that is in a form available for utilization by the human body, is limited and fragmentary. This review provides the current state of knowledge on the bioavailability of thirteen vitamins and choline, to evaluate whether there are differences in vitamin bioavailability when human foods are sourced from animals or plants. The bioavailability of naturally occurring choline, vitamin D, vitamin E, and vitamin K in food awaits further studies. Animal-sourced foods are the almost exclusive natural sources of dietary vitamin B-12 (65% bioavailable) and preformed vitamin A retinol (74% bioavailable), and contain highly bioavailable biotin (89%), folate (67%), niacin (67%), pantothenic acid (80%), riboflavin (61%), thiamin (82%), and vitamin B-6 (83%). Plant-based foods are the main natural sources of vitamin C (76% bioavailable), provitamin A carotenoid β-carotene (15.6% bioavailable), riboflavin (65% bioavailable), thiamin (81% bioavailable), and vitamin K (16.5% bioavailable). The overview of studies showed that in general, vitamins in foods originating from animals are more bioavailable than vitamins in foods sourced from plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul J Moughan
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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23
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Prescott SL, D’Adamo CR, Holton KF, Ortiz S, Overby N, Logan AC. Beyond Plants: The Ultra-Processing of Global Diets Is Harming the Health of People, Places, and Planet. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6461. [PMID: 37569002 PMCID: PMC10419141 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20156461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Global food systems are a central issue for personal and planetary health in the Anthropocene. One aspect of major concern is the dramatic global spread of ultra-processed convenience foods in the last 75 years, which is linked with the rising human burden of disease and growing sustainability and environmental health challenges. However, there are also calls to radically transform global food systems, from animal to plant-derived protein sources, which may have unintended consequences. Commercial entities have moved toward this "great plant transition" with vigor. Whether motivated by profit or genuine environmental concern, this effort has facilitated the emergence of novel ultra-processed "plant-based" commercial products devoid of nutrients and fiber, and sometimes inclusive of high sugar, industrial fats, and synthetic additives. These and other ingredients combined into "plant-based" foods are often assumed to be healthy and lower in calorie content. However, the available evidence indicates that many of these products can potentially compromise health at all scales-of people, places, and planet. In this viewpoint, we summarize and reflect on the evidence and discussions presented at the Nova Network planetary health meeting on the "Future of Food", which had a particular focus on the encroachment of ultra-processed foods into the global food supply, including the plant-sourced animal protein alternatives (and the collective of ingredients therein) that are finding their way into global fast-food chains. We contend that while there has been much uncritical media attention given to the environmental impact of protein and macronutrient sources-meat vs. novel soy/pea protein burgers, etc.-the impact of the heavy industrial processing on both human and environmental health is significant but often overlooked, including effects on cognition and mental health. This calls for a more nuanced discourse that considers these complexities and refocuses priorities and value systems towards mutualistic solutions, with co-benefits for individuals, local communities, and global ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L. Prescott
- Nova Institute for Health, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; (C.R.D.); (A.C.L.)
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
- The ORIGINS Project, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Christopher R. D’Adamo
- Nova Institute for Health, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; (C.R.D.); (A.C.L.)
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Kathleen F. Holton
- Departments of Health Studies and Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA;
| | - Selena Ortiz
- Department of Health Policy and Administration, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16802, USA;
| | - Nina Overby
- Department of Nutrition and Public Health, Centre for Lifecourse Nutrition, University of Agder, 4630 Kristiansand, Norway;
| | - Alan C. Logan
- Nova Institute for Health, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; (C.R.D.); (A.C.L.)
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24
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Hobkirk JP, Aubert G, Bomer N. Editorial: Micro- and macronutrient malnutrition in cardiovascular disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1191982. [PMID: 37229225 PMCID: PMC10203897 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1191982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. P. Hobkirk
- Faculty of Health Science, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - G. Aubert
- Division of Cardiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- CSL Vifor, Glattbrugg, Switzerland
| | - N. Bomer
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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25
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Leroy F, Smith N, Adesogan A, Beal T, Iannotti L, Moughan P, Mann N. The role of meat in the human diet: evolutionary aspects and nutritional value. Anim Front 2023; 13:11-18. [PMID: 37073319 PMCID: PMC10105836 DOI: 10.1093/af/vfac093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Leroy
- Industrial Microbiology and Food Biotechnology (IMDO), Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nick W Smith
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Adegbola T Adesogan
- Department of Animal Sciences, Global Food Systems Institute, Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Livestock Systems, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Ty Beal
- Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN), Washington, DC
- Institute for Social, Behavioral and Economic Research, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA
| | - Lora Iannotti
- Institute for Public Health, Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Paul J Moughan
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Neil Mann
- School of Agriculture and Food, FVAS, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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26
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Nutrient density and cost of commonly consumed foods: a South African perspective. J Nutr Sci 2023; 12:e10. [PMID: 36721720 PMCID: PMC9879879 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2022.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Food-based dietary guidelines promote consumption of a variety of nutritious foods for optimal health and prevention of chronic disease. However, adherence to these guidelines is challenging because of high food costs. The present study aimed to determine the nutrient density of foods relative to cost in South Africa, with the aim to identify foods within food groups with the best nutritional value per cost. A checklist of 116 food items was developed to record the type, unit, brand and cost of foods. Food prices were obtained from the websites of three national supermarkets and the average cost per 100 g edible portion was used to calculate cost per 100 kcal (418 kJ) for each food item. Nutrient content of the food items was obtained from the South African Food Composition Tables. Nutrient density was calculated using the Nutrient Rich Food (NRF9.3) Index. Nutrient density relative to cost was calculated as NRF9.3/price per 100 kcal. Vegetables and fruits had the highest NRF9.3 score and cost per 100 kcal. Overall, pulses had the highest nutritional value per cost. Fortified maizemeal porridge and bread had the best nutritional value per cost within the starchy food group. Foods with the least nutritional value per cost were fats, oils, foods high in fat and sugar, and foods and drinks high in sugar. Analysis of nutrient density and cost of foods can be used to develop tools to guide low-income consumers to make healthier food choices by identifying foods with the best nutritional value per cost.
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27
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Klurfeld DM. The whole food beef matrix is more than the sum of its parts. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:4523-4531. [PMID: 36343282 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2142931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Foods are not simply a delivery vehicle for nutrients; they consist of a matrix in which nutrients and non-nutrient compounds are presented that induce physiologic effects different from isolated nutrients. Dietary guidance is often based on effects of single nutrients that are considered unhealthy, such as saturated fat in beef. The purpose of this paper is to propose a working definition of the whole food beef matrix whose consumption has health effects distinct from those of isolated nutrients. The beef matrix can be defined as: the collective nutritive and non-nutritive components of the beef food structure and their unique chemical and physical interactions that may be important for human health which are distinguishable from those of the single components in isolation. Background information supporting this approach is summarized on multiple components provided by beef, temporal changes in beef consumption, dietary guidance that restricts beef, and how the background diet determines healthfulness rather than a single food. Examples of research are provided on other whole foods that differ from their constitutive nutrients and lay the groundwork for studies of beef as part of a healthy dietary pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Klurfeld
- Department of Applied Health Sciences, Indiana University School of Public Health, Bloomington, Indiana
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28
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Mendoza-Velázquez A, Lara-Arévalo J, Siqueira KB, Guzmán-Rodríguez M, Drewnowski A. Affordable Nutrient Density in Brazil: Nutrient Profiling in Relation to Food Cost and NOVA Category Assignments. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14204256. [PMID: 36296940 PMCID: PMC9611234 DOI: 10.3390/nu14204256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Affordable nutrient density is provided by low-cost and nutrient-rich foods. We explored nutrient density, cost, and NOVA category assignments within and across food groups in Brazil. The nutrient density of the foods (n = 591) was assessed using the Nutrient Rich Food Index (NRF9.3) based on protein, fiber, vitamin A (RAE), vitamin C, vitamin E (mg), Ca, Fe, K and Mg; and NRF6.3 score for priority nutrients: Ca, Fe, Zn, vitamin A, vitamin B12, and folate. Nutrients to limit (LIM) were saturated fat, added sugar, and sodium. Affordability was defined as the ratio of energy and/or nutrient density of foods and retail price per 100 kcal. Foods were classified as minimally processed (n = 106), processed (n = 188), ultra-processed (n = 286), and culinary ingredients (n = 11). Nutrient density was positively linked to per 100 kcal food cost. Ultra-processed foods (UPF) contained more energy, fat, sugar, and salt and had lower NRF scores compared to minimally processed (MPF) foods. UPF was also less expensive than MPF foods. Nutrient-rich foods below the median per 100 kcal costs included MPF foods, but also processed foods (PF) and UPF. Affordable nutrient-rich foods can be found in the different categories of the NOVA classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Mendoza-Velázquez
- Center for Public Health Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Centro de Investigación e Inteligencia Económica, Universidad Popular Autónoma del Estado de Puebla (UPAEP), Puebla 72410, Mexico
| | - Jonathan Lara-Arévalo
- Center for Public Health Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Mariano Guzmán-Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación e Inteligencia Económica, Universidad Popular Autónoma del Estado de Puebla (UPAEP), Puebla 72410, Mexico
| | - Adam Drewnowski
- Center for Public Health Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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29
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High Folate, Perturbed One-Carbon Metabolism and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14193930. [PMID: 36235580 PMCID: PMC9573299 DOI: 10.3390/nu14193930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Folate is a dietary micronutrient essential to one-carbon metabolism. The World Health Organisation recommends folic acid (FA) supplementation pre-conception and in early pregnancy to reduce the risk of fetal neural tube defects (NTDs). Subsequently, many countries (~92) have mandatory FA fortification policies, as well as recommendations for periconceptional FA supplementation. Mandatory fortification initiatives have been largely successful in reducing the incidence of NTDs. However, humans have limited capacity to incorporate FA into the one-carbon metabolic pathway, resulting in the increasingly ubiquitous presence of circulating unmetabolised folic acid (uFA). Excess FA intake has emerged as a risk factor in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Several other one-carbon metabolism components (vitamin B12, homocysteine and choline-derived betaine) are also closely entwined with GDM risk, suggesting a role for one-carbon metabolism in GDM pathogenesis. There is growing evidence from in vitro and animal studies suggesting a role for excess FA in dysregulation of one-carbon metabolism. Specifically, high levels of FA reduce methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) activity, dysregulate the balance of thymidylate synthase (TS) and methionine synthase (MTR) activity, and elevate homocysteine. High homocysteine is associated with increased oxidative stress and trophoblast apoptosis and reduced human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) secretion and pancreatic β-cell function. While the relationship between high FA, perturbed one-carbon metabolism and GDM pathogenesis is not yet fully understood, here we summarise the current state of knowledge. Given rising rates of GDM, now estimated to be 14% globally, and widespread FA food fortification, further research is urgently needed to elucidate the mechanisms which underpin GDM pathogenesis.
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30
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Perraud E, Wang J, Salomé M, Huneau JF, Lapidus N, Mariotti F. Plant and Animal Protein Intakes Largely Explain the Nutritional Quality and Health Value of Diets Higher in Plants: A Path Analysis in French Adults. Front Nutr 2022; 9:924526. [PMID: 35836593 PMCID: PMC9274246 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.924526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diets higher in plants are associated with lower risks of chronic diseases. However, animal foods, which are rich in protein, are also rich in some important minerals and vitamins. Using data from a representative survey in France (INCA3, n = 1,125), we used path analyses as a mediation-like approach to decipher the importance of plant and animal proteins in the relationship between the plant-based diet index (PDI) and diet quality. We used three types of diet quality scores, namely, nutrient security, positive nutrient adequacy, and long-term mortality risk of four diet-related diseases (i.e., coronary heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, and colorectal cancer). We identified positive and negative mediations, i.e., changes in plant/animal protein intake that are associated with changes in PDI, and favor or limit the association with the diet quality score. The PDI was positively associated with the risk of long-term mortality but not significantly with nutrient adequacy or nutrient security. A positive mediation by plant protein was found for all diet quality scores (specific indirect effects (SIEs) ranging from 0.04 to 0.10 SD). Conversely, the association between PDI and nutrient adequacy (but not nutrient security) was negatively mediated by animal protein intake (SIE: −0.06 SD). In further detailed models, the association between PDI and diet quality was mainly positively mediated by protein foods from the fruit-vegetables-legumes group (0.01 SD for the nutrient security and 0.02 SD for the nutrient adequacy) and whole grains (0.02 SD for the nutrient adequacy). Our data suggest that the positive impact of plant-based diets on diet quality is largely driven by higher intakes of plant protein foods, especially from fruits-vegetables-legumes and whole grains. Conversely, lower animal protein intake tends to limit the positive impact of plant-based diets on overall positive nutrient adequacy but not security. Protein sources appear critical to healthy plant-based diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elie Perraud
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, Paris, France
| | - Juhui Wang
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, Paris, France
| | - Marion Salomé
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, Paris, France
| | | | - Nathanaël Lapidus
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique IPLESP, AP-HP Sorbonne Université, Public Health Department, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Paris, France
| | - François Mariotti
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: François Mariotti
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31
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Zhilinskaya N, Atayev M, Ivanchenko O, Kuznetsova T, Musta N, Blandov A. Comparative study of micronutrient content in soft rice beverages based on green and black tea. BIO WEB OF CONFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20224802009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Soft beverages based on rice (“rice milk”) are hypoallergenic, increase immunity, supply the body with energy, and normalize the nervous system. Earlier, we developed soft rice beverage recipes based on boiled rice filtrate, green (black) tea water concentrate, stevia extract as a natural sweetener. Physico-chemical analysis of the content of micronutrients in soft rice-tea beverages was carried out. Comparative analysis of content of vitamins E (alpha-tocopherol) and C (ascorbic acid) showed that vitamins are presented in both types of beverages during production, but in different amounts. The rice beverage combined with green tea concentrate contains 1.33 times more potassium ions and 1.13 times less magnesium ions than the beverage based on black tea. The rice beverage combined with black tea contains 3.81 times more sodium ions compared to the beverage based on green tea. There were no significant differences in the number of magnesium ions. Both samples contained traces of manganese and iron ions. The produced soft rice-tea beverages with stevia extract could be recommended as a functional food.
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