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Yi M, Toribio AJ, Salem YM, Alexander M, Ferrey A, Swentek L, Tantisattamo E, Ichii H. Nrf2 Signaling Pathway as a Key to Treatment for Diabetic Dyslipidemia and Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5831. [PMID: 38892018 PMCID: PMC11172493 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic endocrine disorder that affects more than 20 million people in the United States. DM-related complications affect multiple organ systems and are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among people with DM. Of the numerous acute and chronic complications, atherosclerosis due to diabetic dyslipidemia is a condition that can lead to many life-threatening diseases, such as stroke, coronary artery disease, and myocardial infarction. The nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway is an emerging antioxidative pathway and a promising target for the treatment of DM and its complications. This review aims to explore the Nrf2 pathway's role in combating diabetic dyslipidemia. We will explore risk factors for diabetic dyslipidemia at a cellular level and aim to elucidate how the Nrf2 pathway becomes a potential therapeutic target for DM-related atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Yi
- Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Arvin John Toribio
- Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | | | - Michael Alexander
- Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Antoney Ferrey
- Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Lourdes Swentek
- Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Ekamol Tantisattamo
- Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Hirohito Ichii
- Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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Soares GM, Balbo SL, Bronczek GA, Vettorazzi JF, Marmentini C, Zangerolamo L, Velloso LA, Carneiro EM. Vertical sleeve gastrectomy improves glucose-insulin homeostasis by enhancing β-cell function and survival via FGF15/19. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2024; 326:E134-E147. [PMID: 38117265 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00218.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) restores glucose homeostasis in obese mice and humans. In addition, the increased fibroblast growth factor (FGF)15/19 circulating level postsurgery has been implicated in this effect. However, the impact of FGF15/19 on pancreatic islets remains unclear. Using a diet-induced obese mice model, we demonstrate that VSG attenuates insulin hypersecretion in isolated pancreatic islets, likely due to morphological alterations in the endocrine pancreas such as reduction in islet, β-cell, and α-cell mass. In addition, VSG relieves gene expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and inflammation markers in islets from obese mice. Incubation of INS-1E β-cells with serum from obese mice induced dysfunction and cell death, whereas these conditions were not induced with serum from obese mice submitted to VSG, implicating the involvement of a humoral factor. Indeed, VSG increased FGF15 circulating levels in obese mice, as well as the expression of FGF receptor 1 (Fgfr1) and its coreceptor β-klotho (Klb), both in pancreatic islets from VSG mice and in INS-1E cells treated with the serum from these mice. Moreover, exposing INS-1E cells to an FGFR inhibitor abolished the effects of VSG serum on insulin secretion and cell death. Also, recombinant FGF19 prevents INS-1E cells from dysfunction and death induced by serum from obese mice. These findings indicate that the amelioration of glucose-insulin homeostasis promoted by VSG is mediated, at least in part, by FGF15/19. Therefore, approaches promoting FGF15/19 release or action may restore pancreatic islet function in obesity.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) decreases insulin secretion, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and inflammation in pancreatic islets from obese mice. In addition, VSG increased fibroblast growth factor (FGF)15 circulating levels in obese mice, as well as the expression of FGF receptor 1 (Fgfr1) and its coreceptor β-klotho (Klb), both in pancreatic islets from VSG mice and in INS-1E β-cells treated with the serum from these mice. Serum from operated mice protects INS-1E cells from dysfunction and apoptosis, which was mediated by FGF15/19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela M Soares
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Sandra L Balbo
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology and Metabolism, Biological Sciences and Health Center, Western Paraná State University (UNIOESTE), Cascavel, Brazil
| | - Gabriela A Bronczek
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Jean F Vettorazzi
- Latin-American Institute of Life and Nature Sciences, Federal University of Latin-American Integration (UNILA), Foz do Iguacu, Brazil
| | - Carine Marmentini
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Lucas Zangerolamo
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Lício A Velloso
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Everardo M Carneiro
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
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Kale A, Shelke V, Habshi T, Dagar N, Gaikwad AB. ER stress modulated Klotho restoration: A prophylactic therapeutic strategy against acute kidney injury-diabetes comorbidity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:166905. [PMID: 37793463 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Klotho is a renoprotective factor that is at the forefront of research as a potential therapeutic agent and biomarker of acute kidney injury (AKI). Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and Klotho downregulation are the critical hallmarks of AKI progression. Importantly, the crosstalk between ER and Klotho is still elusive in AKI under diabetic condition. Therefore, this study aimed to elucidate the affiliation between ER stress and Klotho regulation by using the ischemia-reperfusion renal injury (IRI) model based on male Wistar rats and the hypoxia-reperfusion injury (HRI) using NRK52E cells. Study outcomes demonstrated that the expression of AKI biomarkers: plasma creatinine, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, kidney-injury molecule 1, and ER stress markers such as binding immunoglobulin binding protein (BiP), R/PKR-like ER kinase (PERK), and eukaryotic initiation factor-2 (eIF2α), were observed during AKI. Increased ER stress was associated with apoptosis induction as depicted by increased levels of Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and caspase-7 and decreased tubular Klotho expression. Under diabetic settings, ER stress and apoptosis were exacerbated by additional Klotho downregulation. Treatment with Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) inhibited the ER stress, apoptosis, restored endogenous Klotho levels and ameliorated AKI under diabetic and non-diabetic conditions. ER stress and Klotho appear to be shared factors involved in the pathogenesis of AKI-diabetes comorbidity and targeting them could prove a novel therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajinath Kale
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Vishwadeep Shelke
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Tahib Habshi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Neha Dagar
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Anil Bhanudas Gaikwad
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India.
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Dubsky M, Veleba J, Sojakova D, Marhefkova N, Fejfarova V, Jude EB. Endothelial Dysfunction in Diabetes Mellitus: New Insights. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10705. [PMID: 37445881 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction (ED) is an important marker of future atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease, especially in people with diabetes. This article summarizes the evidence on endothelial dysfunction in people with diabetes and adds different perspectives that can affect the presence and severity of ED and its consequences. We highlight that data on ED in type 1 diabetes are lacking and discuss the relationship between ED and arterial stiffness. Several interesting studies have been published showing that ED modulates microRNA, microvesicles, lipid levels, and the endoplasmatic reticulum. A better understanding of ED could provide important insights into the microvascular complications of diabetes, their treatment, and even their prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Dubsky
- Diabetes Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 14021 Prague, Czech Republic
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 14021 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Veleba
- Diabetes Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 14021 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dominika Sojakova
- Diabetes Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 14021 Prague, Czech Republic
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 14021 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Natalia Marhefkova
- Diabetes Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 14021 Prague, Czech Republic
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 14021 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimira Fejfarova
- Diabetes Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 14021 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Edward B Jude
- Diabetes Center, Tameside and Glossop Integrated Care NHS Foundation Trust, Ashton-under-Lyne OL6 9RW, UK
- Department of Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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5
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Yang M, Liu C, Jiang N, Liu Y, Luo S, Li C, Zhao H, Han Y, Chen W, Li L, Xiao L, Sun L. Endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis: a potential target for diabetic nephropathy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1182848. [PMID: 37383398 PMCID: PMC10296190 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1182848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the most vigorous organelle in intracellular metabolism and is involved in physiological processes such as protein and lipid synthesis and calcium ion transport. Recently, the abnormal function of the ER has also been reported to be involved in the progression of kidney disease, especially in diabetic nephropathy (DN). Here, we reviewed the function of the ER and summarized the regulation of homeostasis through the UPR and ER-phagy. Then, we also reviewed the role of abnormal ER homeostasis in residential renal cells in DN. Finally, some ER stress activators and inhibitors were also summarized, and the possibility of maintaining ER homeostasis as a potential therapeutic target for DN was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chongbin Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Na Jiang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shilu Luo
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chenrui Li
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hao Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yachun Han
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Li Xiao
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Ajmal N, Bogart MC, Khan P, Max-Harry IM, Nunemaker CS. Emerging Anti-Diabetic Drugs for Beta-Cell Protection in Type 1 Diabetes. Cells 2023; 12:1472. [PMID: 37296593 PMCID: PMC10253164 DOI: 10.3390/cells12111472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disorder that damages beta cells in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans and results in hyperglycemia due to the loss of insulin. Exogenous insulin therapy can save lives but does not halt disease progression. Thus, an effective therapy may require beta-cell restoration and suppression of the autoimmune response. However, currently, there are no treatment options available that can halt T1D. Within the National Clinical Trial (NCT) database, a vast majority of over 3000 trials to treat T1D are devoted to insulin therapy. This review focuses on non-insulin pharmacological therapies. Many investigational new drugs fall under the category of immunomodulators, such as the recently FDA-approved CD-3 monoclonal antibody teplizumab. Four intriguing candidate drugs fall outside the category of immunomodulators, which are the focus of this review. Specifically, we discuss several non-immunomodulators that may have more direct action on beta cells, such as verapamil (a voltage-dependent calcium channel blocker), gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA, a major neurotransmitter with effects on beta cells), tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA, an endoplasmic reticulum chaperone), and volagidemab (a glucagon receptor antagonist). These emerging anti-diabetic drugs are expected to provide promising results in both beta-cell restoration and in suppressing cytokine-derived inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nida Ajmal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; (N.A.); (P.K.); (I.M.M.-H.)
- Translational Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | | | - Palwasha Khan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; (N.A.); (P.K.); (I.M.M.-H.)
- Translational Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Ibiagbani M. Max-Harry
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; (N.A.); (P.K.); (I.M.M.-H.)
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Craig S. Nunemaker
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; (N.A.); (P.K.); (I.M.M.-H.)
- Translational Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
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Yang J, Tan C, Zheng Z, Wang X, Liu X, Chen Y. Elevated Bile Acid Is Associated with Worsened Impaired Glucose Homeostasis in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Patients with Extrahepatic Cholestasis through Increased Hepatic Insulin Clearance. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12062352. [PMID: 36983352 PMCID: PMC10052524 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12062352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Patients after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) showed improved glucose tolerance. Evidence for the effect of extrahepatic cholestasis on impaired glucose homeostasis secondary to ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic head is limited. Methods: In this prospective cross-sectional study, 50 patients with ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic head were included to assess the effect of extrahepatic cholestasis on glucose tolerance status based on the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) before pancreatic surgery. Results: Patients with extrahepatic cholestasis more frequently suffered from worsened impaired glucose homeostasis (prediabetes and new-onset diabetes, 95.2% vs. 58.6%, p = 0.004). Elevated bile acid level was recognized as an independent risk factor for impaired glucose homeostasis (p = 0.024, OR = 6.85). Hepatic insulin clearance (HIC) was significantly higher in patients with elevated bile acid levels (p = 0.001). A strong positive correlation was found between bile acid levels and HIC (r = 0.45, p = 0.001). Conclusions: This study suggested a connection between elevated bile acid levels and worsened impaired glucose homeostasis through increased insulin clearance function in ductal adenocarcinoma of pancreatic head patients.
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Evaluating the potential of tauroursodeoxycholic acid as add-on therapy in amelioration of streptozotocin-induced diabetic kidney disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 942:175528. [PMID: 36690052 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The bile acid tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) is of natural origin and is used in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries. Earlier its use was limited to biliary disorders but owing to its pleiotropic effects dietary TUDCA supplementation is under clinical trials for diseases including type 1 and 2 diabetic complications. The current study aims to evaluate the potential and underlying molecular mechanism of the TUDCA as a monotherapy and as an add-on therapy to telmisartan, an angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) blocker against diabetic kidney disease (DKD). We employed both in-vitro and in-vivo approaches where NRK-52E cells were incubated with high glucose, and DKD was induced in Wistar rats using streptozotocin (55 mg/kg, i.p.). After 4 weeks, animals were administered with TUDCA (250 mg/kg, i.p.), telmisartan (10 mg/kg, p.o.), and their combination for 4 weeks. Plasma was collected for the biochemical estimation and kidneys were used for immunoblotting, PCR, and histopathological analysis. Similarly, for in-vitro experiments, cells were exposed to 1000 μM of TUDCA and 10 μM of telmisartan, and their combination, followed by cell lysate collection and immunoblotting analysis. We observed that the addition of TUDCA to conventional telmisartan treatment was more effective in restoring the renal function decline and suppressing the apoptotic and fibrotic signaling as compared to monotherapies of AT1R blocker and ER stress inhibitor. The results implicate the utility of traditionally used TUDCA as a potential renoprotective compound. Since, both TUDCA and telmisartan are approved for clinical usage, thus concomitant administration of them could be a novel therapeutic strategy against DKD.
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Xing D, Zhou Q, Wang Y, Xu J. Effects of Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid and 4-Phenylbutyric Acid on Selenium Distribution in Mice Model with Type 1 Diabetes. Biol Trace Elem Res 2023; 201:1205-1213. [PMID: 35303254 PMCID: PMC9898396 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03193-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The effect of selenium on diabetes is significant. As pharmaceutical chaperones, tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) and 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA) can effectively improve the oxidative stress of the endoplasmic reticulum. This study established a mice model with type 1 diabetes (T1D) to evaluate the effects of pharmaceutical chaperones on selenium distribution. Streptozotocin was used to induce Friend virus B-type mice to establish a T1D mice model. Mice were administered with TUDCA or 4-PBA. Selenium levels in different tissues were measured by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS). After treatment with TUDCA and 4-PBA, related laboratory findings such as glucose and glycated serum protein were significantly reduced and were closer to normal levels. At 2 weeks, 4-PBA normalized selenium levels in the heart, and 4-PBA and TUDCA maintained the selenium in the liver, kidney, and muscle at normal. At 2 months, 4-PBA and TUDCA maintained the selenium in the heart, liver, and kidney at normal levels. The serum selenium had a positive correlation with zinc and copper in the diabetes group and the control group, while the serum selenium had no significant association with magnesium and calcium at 2 weeks and 2 months. TUDCA and 4-PBA have crucial effects on selenium distribution in diabetic mice, and further research is needed to research their internal mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyang Xing
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Hospital of Jilin University, 1 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, First Hospital of Jilin University, 1 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Yiting Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Hospital of Jilin University, 1 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Jiancheng Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Hospital of Jilin University, 1 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China.
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Modulation of Unfolded Protein Response Restores Survival and Function of β-Cells Exposed to the Endocrine Disruptor Bisphenol A. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032023. [PMID: 36768343 PMCID: PMC9916570 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a metabolic disease that currently affects nearly half a billion people worldwide. β-cells dysfunction is one of the main causes of diabetes. Exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals is correlated with increased diabetes incidence. We hypothesized that treatment with bisphenol A (BPA) induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress that activates the unfolded protein response (UPR), leading to impaired function of the β-cells, which over time, can cause diabetes. In this study, we aimed to evaluate UPR pathways activation under BPA treatment in β-cells and possible recovery of ER homeostasis. MIN6 cells (mouse insulinoma cell line) and isolated pancreatic islets from NOR (non-obese diabetes resistant) mice were treated with BPA. We analyzed the impact of BPA on β-cell viability, the architecture of the early secretory pathway, the synthesis and processing of insulin and the activation of UPR sensors and effectors. We found that the addition of the chemical chaperone TUDCA rescues the deleterious effects of BPA, resulting in improved viability, morphology and function of the β-cells. In conclusion, we propose that modulators of UPR can be used as therapeutic interventions targeted towards regaining β-cells homeostasis.
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Sleeve Gastrectomy-Induced Weight Loss Increases Insulin Clearance in Obese Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021729. [PMID: 36675244 PMCID: PMC9861800 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleeve gastrectomy (SG) successfully recovers metabolic homeostasis in obese humans and rodents while also resulting in the normalization of insulin sensitivity and insulinemia. Reduced insulin levels have been attributed to lower insulin secretion and increased insulin clearance in individuals submitted to SG. Insulin degradation mainly occurs in the liver in a process controlled, at least in part, by the insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE). However, research has yet to explore whether liver IDE expression or activity is altered after SG surgery. In this study, C57BL/6 mice were fed a chow (CTL) or high-fat diet (HFD) for 10 weeks. Afterward, the HFD mice were randomly assigned to two groups: sham-surgical (HFD-SHAM) and SG-surgical (HFD-SG). Here, we confirmed that SG improves glucose-insulin homeostasis in obese mice. Additionally, SG reduced insulinemia by reducing insulin secretion, assessed by the analysis of plasmatic C-peptide content, and increasing insulin clearance, which was evaluated through the calculation of the plasmatic C-peptide:insulin ratio. Although no changes in hepatic IDE activity were observed, IDE expression was higher in the liver of HFD-SG compared with HFD-SHAM mice. These results indicate that SG may be helpful to counteract obesity-induced hyperinsulinemia by increasing insulin clearance, likely through enhanced liver IDE expression.
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Rafaqat S, Sattar A, Khalid A, Rafaqat S. Role of liver parameters in diabetes mellitus - a narrative review. Endocr Regul 2023; 57:200-220. [PMID: 37715985 DOI: 10.2478/enr-2023-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is characterized by hyperglycemia and abnormalities in insulin secretion and function. This review article focuses on various liver parameters, including albumin, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alpha fetoprotein (AFP), alpha 1 antitrypsin (AAT), ammonia, bilirubin, bile acid, gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), immunoglobulin, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and total protein. These parameters play significant roles in the development of different types of diabetes such as type 1 diabetes (T1DM), type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and gestational diabetes (GDM). The article highlights that low albumin levels may indicate inflammation, while increased ALT and AST levels are associated with liver inflammation or injury, particularly in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Elevated ALP levels can be influenced by liver inflammation, biliary dysfunction, or bone metabolism changes. High bilirubin levels are independently linked to albuminuria in T1DM and an increased risk of T2DM. Elevated GGT levels are proposed as markers of oxidative stress and liver dysfunction in T2DM. In GDM, decreased serum AFP levels may indicate impaired embryo growth. Decreased AFP levels in T2DM can hinder the detection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hyperammonemia can cause encephalopathy in diabetic ketoacidosis, and children with T1DM and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder often exhibit higher ammonia levels. T2DM disrupts the regulation of nitrogen-related metabolites, leading to increased blood ammonia levels. Bile acids affect glucose regulation by activating receptors on cell surfaces and nuclei, and changes in bile acid metabolism are observed in T2DM. Increased LDH activity reflects metabolic disturbances in glucose utilization and lactate production, contributing to diabetic complications. Poor glycemic management may be associated with elevated levels of IgA and IgG serum antibodies, and increased immunoglobulin levels are also associated with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Rafaqat
- 1Department of Biotechnology, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Aqsa Sattar
- 2Department of Zoology, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Amber Khalid
- 3Department of Zoology, University of Narowal, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Saira Rafaqat
- 2Department of Zoology, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
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13
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Zangerolamo L, Carvalho M, Barssotti L, Soares GM, Marmentini C, Boschero AC, Barbosa HCL. The bile acid TUDCA reduces age-related hyperinsulinemia in mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22273. [PMID: 36564463 PMCID: PMC9789133 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26915-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with glucose metabolism disturbances, such as insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia, which contribute to the increased prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and its complications in the elderly population. In this sense, some bile acids have emerged as new therapeutic targets to treat TD2, as well as associated metabolic disorders. The taurine conjugated bile acid, tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) improves glucose homeostasis in T2D, obesity, and Alzheimer's disease mice model. However, its effects in aged mice have not been explored yet. Here, we evaluated the actions of TUDCA upon glucose-insulin homeostasis in aged C57BL/6 male mice (18-month-old) treated with 300 mg/kg of TUDCA or its vehicle. TUDCA attenuated hyperinsulinemia and improved glucose homeostasis in aged mice, by enhancing liver insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) expression and insulin clearance. Furthermore, the improvement in glucose-insulin homeostasis in these mice was accompanied by a reduction in adiposity, associated with adipocyte hypertrophy, and lipids accumulation in the liver. TUDCA-treated aged mice also displayed increased energy expenditure and metabolic flexibility, as well as a better cognitive ability. Taken together, our data highlight TUDCA as an interesting target for the attenuation of age-related hyperinsulinemia and its deleterious effects on metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Zangerolamo
- grid.411087.b0000 0001 0723 2494Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo CEP: 13083-864 Brazil
| | - Marina Carvalho
- grid.411087.b0000 0001 0723 2494Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo CEP: 13083-864 Brazil
| | - Leticia Barssotti
- grid.411087.b0000 0001 0723 2494Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo CEP: 13083-864 Brazil
| | - Gabriela M. Soares
- grid.411087.b0000 0001 0723 2494Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo CEP: 13083-864 Brazil
| | - Carine Marmentini
- grid.411087.b0000 0001 0723 2494Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo CEP: 13083-864 Brazil
| | - Antonio C. Boschero
- grid.411087.b0000 0001 0723 2494Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo CEP: 13083-864 Brazil
| | - Helena Cristina L. Barbosa
- grid.411087.b0000 0001 0723 2494Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo CEP: 13083-864 Brazil
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14
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Applications of bile acids as biomaterials-based modulators, in biomedical science and microfluidics. Ther Deliv 2022; 13:591-604. [PMID: 36861306 DOI: 10.4155/tde-2022-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic disorders such as diabetes mellitus are associated with multiple organ dysfunction, including retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, peripheral vascular disease, and vascular disease. Lifelong subcutaneous insulin injections are currently the only treatment option for patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus, and it poses numerous challenges. Since the breakthrough achieved from the Edmonton protocol in the year 2000, there has been important research to investigate whether islet cell transplantation can achieve long-term normoglycemia in patients without the need for insulin. The use of biopolymeric scaffold to enclose islet cells has also been explored to improve survivability and viability of islet cells. This review paper summarizes the latest research in using biopolymeric scaffolds in islet transplantation and how microfluidic devices can assist.
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15
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Zhou J, Weng J, Huang X, Sun S, Yang Q, Lin H, Yang J, Guo H, Chi J. Repair effect of the poly (D,L-lactic acid) nanoparticle containing tauroursodeoxycholic acid-eluting stents on endothelial injury after stent implantation. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:1025558. [PMID: 36426231 PMCID: PMC9678935 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1025558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) plays a crucial role in cardiovascular diseases. Thus, it can be considered a therapeutic target for these diseases. In this study, poly (D,L-lactic acid) (PDLLA) nanoparticle-eluting stents loaded with tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), an ER stress inhibitor, was fabricated to assess their ability to reduce endothelial cell apoptosis and promote re-endothelialization after stent implantation. Materials and methods PDLLA nanoparticles loaded with TUDCA were prepared via the emulsification-solvent evaporation method. The cumulative release rates of TUDCA were measured in vitro via high-performance liquid chromatography. The carotid arteries of rabbits were subsequently implanted with stents in vivo. The rabbits were then sacrificed after 4 weeks for scanning electron microscopy. Meanwhile, TUDCA concentration in the homogenate of the peripheral blood and distal vascular tissue after stent implantation was measured. The effect of TUDCA on ERS, apoptosis, and human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) function was investigated in vitro by performing cell migration assay, wound healing assay, cell proliferation assays, endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-specific fluorescence staining, immunofluorescence, and western blotting. Results TUDCA nanoparticles were released slowly over 28 days. In addition, TUDCA-eluting stents enhanced re-endothelialization and accelerated the recovery of endotheliocytes in vivo. ERS and apoptosis significantly increased in H2O2-treated HUVECs in vitro. Meanwhile, TUDCA reduced apoptosis and improved function by inhibiting ERS in H2O2-treated HUVECs. Decreased rates of apoptosis and ERS were observed after silencing XBP-1s in H2O2-treated HUVECs. Conclusion TUDCA can inhibit apoptosis and promote re-endothelialization after stent implantation by inhibiting IRE/XBP1s-related ERS. These results indicate the potential therapeutic application of TUDCA as a drug-coated stent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiedong Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Shaoxing People’s Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), Shaoxing, China
| | - Jingfan Weng
- Zhejiang Hospital Affiliated to Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xingxiao Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Shaoxing People’s Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), Shaoxing, China
| | - Shimin Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Shaoxing People’s Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), Shaoxing, China
| | - Qi Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Shaoxing People’s Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), Shaoxing, China
| | - Hui Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Shaoxing People’s Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), Shaoxing, China
| | - Jinjin Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Shaoxing People’s Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), Shaoxing, China
| | - Hangyuan Guo
- Shaoxing University School of Medicine, Shaoxing, China
| | - Jufang Chi
- Department of Cardiology, Shaoxing People’s Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), Shaoxing, China
- *Correspondence: Jufang Chi,
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16
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Alka Ahuja, Saraswathy Mp, Nandakumar S, Prakash F A, Kn G, Um D. Role of the Gut Microbiome in Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases Including Restoration and Targeting Approaches- A Review. DRUG METABOLISM AND BIOANALYSIS LETTERS 2022; 15:133-149. [PMID: 36508273 DOI: 10.2174/2949681015666220615120300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic diseases, including cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and diabetes, have become the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Gut microbiota appears to play a vital role in human disease and health, according to recent scientific reports. The gut microbiota plays an important role in sustaining host physiology and homeostasis by creating a cross-talk between the host and microbiome via metabolites obtained from the host's diet. Drug developers and clinicians rely heavily on therapies that target the microbiota in the management of metabolic diseases, and the gut microbiota is considered the biggest immune organ in the human body. They are highly associated with intestinal immunity and systemic metabolic disorders like CVD and diabetes and are reflected as potential therapeutic targets for the management of metabolic diseases. This review discusses the mechanism and interrelation between the gut microbiome and metabolic disorders. It also highlights the role of the gut microbiome and microbially derived metabolites in the pathophysiological effects related to CVD and diabetes. It also spotlights the reasons that lead to alterations of microbiota composition and the prominence of gut microbiota restoration and targeting approaches as effective treatment strategies in diabetes and CVD. Future research should focus onunderstanding the functional level of some specific microbial pathways that help maintain physiological homeostasis, multi-omics, and develop novel therapeutic strategies that intervene with the gut microbiome for the prevention of CVD and diabetes that contribute to a patient's well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alka Ahuja
- College of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology, PC130, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Saraswathy Mp
- Department of Microbiology, ESIC Medical College and PGIMSR, Chennai-600078, India
| | - Nandakumar S
- Department of Biotechnology, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Puducherry-605014, India
| | - Arul Prakash F
- Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMMAND), Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical & Technical Sciences, Chennai- 600077, India
| | - Gurpreet Kn
- College of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology, PC130, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Dhanalekshmi Um
- College of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology, PC130, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
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17
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Lamichhane S, Sen P, Dickens AM, Alves MA, Härkönen T, Honkanen J, Vatanen T, Xavier RJ, Hyötyläinen T, Knip M, Orešič M. Dysregulation of secondary bile acid metabolism precedes islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes. Cell Rep Med 2022; 3:100762. [PMID: 36195095 PMCID: PMC9589006 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiota is crucial in the regulation of bile acid (BA) metabolism. However, not much is known about the regulation of BAs during progression to type 1 diabetes (T1D). Here, we analyzed serum and stool BAs in longitudinal samples collected at 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, and 36 months of age from children who developed a single islet autoantibody (AAb) (P1Ab; n = 23) or multiple islet AAbs (P2Ab; n = 13) and controls (CTRs; n = 38) who remained AAb negative. We also analyzed the stool microbiome in a subgroup of these children. Factor analysis showed that age had the strongest impact on both BA and microbiome profiles. We found that at an early age, systemic BAs and microbial secondary BA pathways were altered in the P2Ab group compared with the P1Ab and CTR groups. Our findings thus suggest that dysregulated BA metabolism in early life may contribute to the risk and pathogenesis of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Lamichhane
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Partho Sen
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland,School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, 702 81 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Alex M. Dickens
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland,Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Marina Amaral Alves
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland,Walter Mors Institute of Research on Natural Products, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-599 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Taina Härkönen
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jarno Honkanen
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tommi Vatanen
- The Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand,The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Mikael Knip
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland,Pediatric Research Center, Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matej Orešič
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland,School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, 702 81 Örebro, Sweden,Corresponding author
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18
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Bronczek GA, Soares GM, Marmentini C, Boschero AC, Costa-Júnior JM. Resistance Training Improves Beta Cell Glucose Sensing and Survival in Diabetic Models. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169427. [PMID: 36012692 PMCID: PMC9409046 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance training increases insulin secretion and beta cell function in healthy mice. Here, we explored the effects of resistance training on beta cell glucose sensing and survival by using in vitro and in vivo diabetic models. A pancreatic beta cell line (INS-1E), incubated with serum from trained mice, displayed increased insulin secretion, which could be linked with increased expression of glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) and glucokinase (GCK). When cells were exposed to pro-inflammatory cytokines (in vitro type 1 diabetes), trained serum preserved both insulin secretion and GCK expression, reduced expression of proteins related to apoptotic pathways, and also protected cells from cytokine-induced apoptosis. Using 8-week-old C57BL/6 mice, turned diabetic by multiple low doses of streptozotocin, we observed that resistance training increased muscle mass and fat deposition, reduced fasting and fed glycemia, and improved glucose tolerance. These findings may be explained by the increased fasting and fed insulinemia, along with increased beta cell mass and beta cell number per islet, observed in diabetic-trained mice compared to diabetic sedentary mice. In conclusion, we believe that resistance training stimulates the release of humoral factors which can turn beta cells more resistant to harmful conditions and improve their response to a glucose stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Alves Bronczek
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-864, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Moreira Soares
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-864, Brazil
| | - Carine Marmentini
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-864, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos Boschero
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-864, Brazil
| | - José Maria Costa-Júnior
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-864, Brazil
- Center for Diabetes Research, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Hospital, Universite Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-455-11-02-04
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Sankrityayan H, Kale A, Gaikwad AB. Inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress combined with activation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2: novel approach for the prevention of endothelial dysfunction in type 1 diabetic rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2022; 100:234-239. [PMID: 34587465 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2021-0170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Persistent hyperglycemia in type 1 diabetes triggers numerous signaling pathways, which may prove deleterious to the endothelium. As hyperglycemia damages the endothelial layer via multiple signaling pathways, including enhanced oxidative stress, downregulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 signaling, and exacerbation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, it becomes difficult to prevent injury using monotherapy. Thus, the present study was conceived to evaluate the combined effect of ER stress inhibition along with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 activation, two major contributors to hyperglycemia-induced endothelial dysfunction, in preventing endothelial dysfunction associated with type 1 diabetes. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic animals were treated with either diminazene aceturate (5 mg·kg-1 per day, p.o.) or tauroursodeoxycholic acid, sodium salt (200 mg·kg-1 per day i.p.), or both for 4 weeks. Endothelial dysfunction was evaluated using vasoreactivity assay, where acetylcholine-induced relaxation was assessed in phenylephrine pre-contracted rings. Combination therapy significantly improved vascular relaxation when compared with diabetic control as well as monotherapy. Restoration of nitrite levels along with prevention of collagen led to improved vasodilatation. Moreover, there was an overall reduction in aortic oxidative stress. We conclude that by simultaneously inhibiting ER stress and activating angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 deleterious effects of hyperglycemia on endothelium were significantly alleviated. This could serve as a novel strategy for the prevention of endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Sankrityayan
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Ajinath Kale
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Anil Bhanudas Gaikwad
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
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20
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The Taurine-Conjugated Bile Acid (TUDCA) Normalizes Insulin Secretion in Pancreatic β-Cells Exposed to Fatty Acids: The Role of Mitochondrial Metabolism. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1370:293-303. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-93337-1_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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21
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Marrocco V, Tran T, Zhu S, Choi SH, Gamo AM, Li S, Fu Q, Cunado MD, Roland J, Hull M, Nguyen-Tran V, Joseph S, Chatterjee AK, Rogers N, Tremblay MS, Shen W. A small molecule UPR modulator for diabetes identified by high throughput screening. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:3983-3993. [PMID: 35024320 PMCID: PMC8727761 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Unfolded protein response (UPR) is a stress response that is specific to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). UPR is activated upon accumulation of unfolded (or misfolded) proteins in the ER's lumen to restore protein folding capacity by increasing the synthesis of chaperones. In addition, UPR also enhances degradation of unfolded proteins and reduces global protein synthesis to alleviate additional accumulation of unfolded proteins in the ER. Herein, we describe a cell-based ultra-high throughput screening (uHTS) campaign that identifies a small molecule that can modulate UPR and ER stress in cellular and in vivo disease models. Using asialoglycoprotein receptor 1 (ASGR) fused with Cypridina luciferase (CLuc) as reporter assay for folding capacity, we have screened a million small molecule library and identified APC655 as a potent activator of protein folding, that appears to act by promoting chaperone expression. Furthermore, APC655 improved pancreatic β cell viability and insulin secretion under ER stress conditions induced by thapsigargin or cytokines. APC655 was also effective in preserving β cell function and decreasing lipid accumulation in the liver of the leptin-deficient (ob/ob) mouse model. These results demonstrate a successful uHTS campaign that identified a modulator of UPR, which can provide a novel candidate for potential therapeutic development for a host of metabolic diseases.
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Key Words
- ASGR, asialoglycoprotein receptor 1
- ATF4, activating transcription factor 4
- ATF6, activating transcription factor 6α/β
- BID, twice a day
- CLuc, Cypridina luciferase
- Cell signaling
- Chaperones
- Diabetes
- EGFP-VSVG, enhanced green fluorescence protein-vesicular stomatitis virus ts045 G protein
- ER stress
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- ERP72, endoplasmic reticulum proteins 72
- Endoplasmic reticulum
- GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- GLuc, Gaussia luciferase
- GRP78, 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein
- GRPRP94, glucose-regulated protein 94
- GSIS, glucose stimulated insulin secretion
- IKKβ, inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta
- IL1β, interleukin 1β
- INFγ, interferon gamma
- IRE1, inositol requiring enzyme 1α/β
- Liver
- Metabolic diseases
- NASH, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
- NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
- Nod, non-obese diabetic
- OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test
- PERK, PKR-like ER kinase
- Pancreas
- Protein folding
- SP1/2, serine protease1/2
- Small molecules
- T1/2D, type1/2 diabetes
- TG, thapsigargin
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor alpha
- Tm, tunicamycin
- UPR, unfolded protein response
- Unfolded protein response
- XBP1, X-box-binding protein 1
- i.p., intraperitoneal
- uHTS, ultra-high throughput screening
- β cells
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22
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Toren E, Burnette KS, Banerjee RR, Hunter CS, Tse HM. Partners in Crime: Beta-Cells and Autoimmune Responses Complicit in Type 1 Diabetes Pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:756548. [PMID: 34691077 PMCID: PMC8529969 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.756548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease characterized by autoreactive T cell-mediated destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic beta-cells. Loss of beta-cells leads to insulin insufficiency and hyperglycemia, with patients eventually requiring lifelong insulin therapy to maintain normal glycemic control. Since T1D has been historically defined as a disease of immune system dysregulation, there has been little focus on the state and response of beta-cells and how they may also contribute to their own demise. Major hurdles to identifying a cure for T1D include a limited understanding of disease etiology and how functional and transcriptional beta-cell heterogeneity may be involved in disease progression. Recent studies indicate that the beta-cell response is not simply a passive aspect of T1D pathogenesis, but rather an interplay between the beta-cell and the immune system actively contributing to disease. Here, we comprehensively review the current literature describing beta-cell vulnerability, heterogeneity, and contributions to pathophysiology of T1D, how these responses are influenced by autoimmunity, and describe pathways that can potentially be exploited to delay T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Toren
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - KaLia S. Burnette
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Ronadip R. Banerjee
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Chad S. Hunter
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Hubert M. Tse
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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23
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Rosa LRDO, Vettorazzi JF, Zangerolamo L, Carneiro EM, Barbosa HCDL. TUDCA receptors and their role on pancreatic beta cells. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 167:26-31. [PMID: 34547326 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids have received increasing attention over the past years as their multiple alternative roles became clearer. Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid (TUDCA) in specific has generated special interest due to its ability to promote pancreatic survival and function, as well as reduce endoplasmic reticulum stress. However, there are few studies explaining the molecular mechanisms behind TUDCA's beneficial actions on pancreatic beta cells. In this review, we decided to review the literature in order to craft a primer for researchers on what is known about TUDCA's receptors and the molecular pathways involved in this bile acid's function in the endocrine pancreas. We review the studies that focused on G protein-coupled bile acid receptor (TGR5), Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 (S1PR2) and α5β1 Integrin function in pancreatic cells. Our hope is to provide a basis for future studies to expand upon, especially considering the current lack of studies focusing on the importance of these receptors, either through TUDCA signaling or other signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Rodolfo de Oliveira Rosa
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Lucas Zangerolamo
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Everardo Magalhães Carneiro
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Helena Cristina de Lima Barbosa
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Energy homeostasis deregulation is attenuated by TUDCA treatment in streptozotocin-induced Alzheimer's disease mice model. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18114. [PMID: 34518585 PMCID: PMC8437965 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97624-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia. While cognitive deficits remain the major manifestation of AD, metabolic and non-cognitive abnormalities, such as alterations in food intake, body weight and energy balance are also present, both in AD patients and animal models. In this sense, the tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) has shown beneficial effects both in reducing the central and cognitive markers of AD, as well as in attenuating the metabolic disorders associated with it. We previously demonstrated that TUDCA improves glucose homeostasis and decreases the main AD neuromarkers in the streptozotocin-induced AD mouse model (Stz). Besides that, TUDCA-treated Stz mice showed lower body weight and adiposity. Here, we investigated the actions of TUDCA involved in the regulation of body weight and adiposity in Stz mice, since the effects of TUDCA in hypothalamic appetite control and energy homeostasis have not yet been explored in an AD mice model. The TUDCA-treated mice (Stz + TUDCA) displayed lower food intake, higher energy expenditure (EE) and respiratory quotient. In addition, we observed in the hypothalamus of the Stz + TUDCA mice reduced fluorescence and gene expression of inflammatory markers, as well as normalization of the orexigenic neuropeptides AgRP and NPY expression. Moreover, leptin-induced p-JAK2 and p-STAT3 signaling in the hypothalamus of Stz + TUDCA mice was improved, accompanied by reduced acute food intake after leptin stimulation. Taken together, we demonstrate that TUDCA treatment restores energy metabolism in Stz mice, a phenomenon that is associated with reduced food intake, increased EE and improved hypothalamic leptin signaling. These findings suggest treatment with TUDCA as a promising therapeutic intervention for the control of energy homeostasis in AD individuals.
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Obesity-induced changes in human islet G protein-coupled receptor expression: Implications for metabolic regulation. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 228:107928. [PMID: 34174278 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a large family of cell surface receptors that are the targets for many different classes of pharmacotherapy. The islets of Langerhans are central to appropriate glucose homeostasis through their secretion of insulin, and islet function can be modified by ligands acting at the large number of GPCRs that islets express. The human islet GPCRome is not a static entity, but one that is altered under pathophysiological conditions and, in this review, we have compared expression of GPCR mRNAs in human islets obtained from normal weight range donors, and those with a weight range classified as obese. We have also considered the likely outcomes on islet function that the altered GPCR expression status confers and the possible impact that adipokines, secreted from expanded fat depots, could have at those GPCRs showing altered expression in obesity.
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Type I interferons as key players in pancreatic β-cell dysfunction in type 1 diabetes. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 359:1-80. [PMID: 33832648 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2021.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by pancreatic islet inflammation (insulitis) and specific pancreatic β-cell destruction by an immune attack. Although the precise underlying mechanisms leading to the autoimmune assault remain poorly understood, it is well accepted that insulitis takes place in the context of a conflicting dialogue between pancreatic β-cells and the immune cells. Moreover, both host genetic background (i.e., candidate genes) and environmental factors (e.g., viral infections) contribute to this inadequate dialogue. Accumulating evidence indicates that type I interferons (IFNs), cytokines that are crucial for both innate and adaptive immune responses, act as key links between environmental and genetic risk factors in the development of T1D. This chapter summarizes some relevant pathways involved in β-cell dysfunction and death, and briefly reviews how enteroviral infections and genetic susceptibility can impact insulitis. Moreover, we present the current evidence showing that, in β-cells, type I IFN signaling pathway activation leads to several outcomes, such as long-lasting major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I hyperexpression, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, epigenetic changes, and induction of posttranscriptional as well as posttranslational modifications. MHC class I overexpression, when combined with ER stress and posttranscriptional/posttranslational modifications, might lead to sustained neoantigen presentation to immune system and β-cell apoptosis. This knowledge supports the concept that type I IFNs are implicated in the early stages of T1D pathogenesis. Finally, we highlight the promising therapeutic avenues for T1D treatment directed at type I IFN signaling pathway.
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Abstract
Unfolded protein response (UPR) is an evolutionarily conserved pathway triggered during perturbation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis in response to the accumulation of unfolded/misfolded proteins under various stress conditions like viral infection, diseased states etc. It is an adaptive signalling cascade with the main purpose of relieving the stress from the ER, which may otherwise lead to the initiation of cell death via apoptosis. ER stress if prolonged, contribute to the aetiology of various diseases like cancer, type II diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, viral infections etc. Understanding the role of UPR in disease progression will help design pharmacological drugs targeting the sensors of signalling cascade acting as potential therapeutic agents against various diseases. The current review aims at highlighting the relevance of different pathways of UPR in disease progression and control, including the available pharmaceutical interventions responsible for ameliorating diseased state via modulating UPR pathways.
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Ryu KY, Jeon EJ, Leem J, Park JH, Cho H. Regulation of Adipsin Expression by Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Adipocytes. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10020314. [PMID: 32079203 PMCID: PMC7072197 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adpsin is an adipokine that stimulates insulin secretion from β-cells and improves glucose tolerance. Its expression has been found to be markedly reduced in obese animals. However, it remains unclear what factors lead to downregulation of adipsin in the context of obesity. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response is activated in various tissues under obesity-related conditions and can induce transcriptional reprogramming. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the relationship between adipsin expression and ER stress in adipose tissues during obesity. We observed that obese mice exhibited decreased levels of adipsin in adipose tissues and serum and increased ER stress markers in adipose tissues compared to lean mice. We also found that ER stress suppressed adipsin expression via adipocytes-intrinsic mechanisms. Moreover, the ER stress-mediated downregulation of adipsin was at least partially attributed to decreased expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), a key transcription factor in the regulation of adipocyte function. Finally, treatment with chemical chaperones recovered the ER stress-mediated downregulation of adipsin and PPARγ in vivo and in vitro. Our findings suggest that activated ER stress in adipose tissues is an important cause of the suppression of adipsin expression in the context of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka-Young Ryu
- Department of Physiology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu 42601, Korea;
| | - Eon Ju Jeon
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu 42472, Korea;
| | - Jaechan Leem
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu 42472, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (J.-H.P.)
| | - Jae-Hyung Park
- Department of Physiology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu 42601, Korea;
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (J.-H.P.)
| | - Hochan Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu 42601, Korea;
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Kusaczuk M. Tauroursodeoxycholate-Bile Acid with Chaperoning Activity: Molecular and Cellular Effects and Therapeutic Perspectives. Cells 2019; 8:E1471. [PMID: 31757001 PMCID: PMC6952947 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) is a naturally occurring hydrophilic bile acid that has been used for centuries in Chinese medicine. Chemically, TUDCA is a taurine conjugate of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), which in contemporary pharmacology is approved by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of primary biliary cholangitis. Interestingly, numerous recent studies demonstrate that mechanisms of TUDCA functioning extend beyond hepatobiliary disorders. Thus, TUDCA has been demonstrated to display potential therapeutic benefits in various models of many diseases such as diabetes, obesity, and neurodegenerative diseases, mostly due to its cytoprotective effect. The mechanisms underlying this cytoprotective activity have been mainly attributed to alleviation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and stabilization of the unfolded protein response (UPR), which contributed to naming TUDCA as a chemical chaperone. Apart from that, TUDCA has also been found to reduce oxidative stress, suppress apoptosis, and decrease inflammation in many in-vitro and in-vivo models of various diseases. The latest research suggests that TUDCA can also play a role as an epigenetic modulator and act as therapeutic agent in certain types of cancer. Nevertheless, despite the massive amount of evidence demonstrating positive effects of TUDCA in pre-clinical studies, there are certain limitations restraining its wide use in patients. Here, molecular and cellular modes of action of TUDCA are described and therapeutic opportunities and limitations of this bile acid are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kusaczuk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Medical University of Białystok, Mickiewicza 2A, 15-222 Białystok, Poland
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