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Lutter F, Brenner W, Krajinski-Barth F, Safavi-Rizi V. Nitric oxide and cytokinin cross-talk and their role in plant hypoxia response. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2024; 19:2329841. [PMID: 38521996 PMCID: PMC10962617 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2024.2329841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) and cytokinins (CKs) are known for their crucial contributions to plant development, growth, senescence, and stress response. Despite the importance of both signals in stress responses, their interaction remains largely unexplored. The interplay between NO and CKs emerges as particularly significant not only regarding plant growth and development but also in addressing plant stress response, particularly in the context of extreme weather events leading to yield loss. In this review, we summarize NO and CKs metabolism and signaling. Additionally, we emphasize the crosstalk between NO and CKs, underscoring its potential impact on stress response, with a focus on hypoxia tolerance. Finally, we address the most urgent questions that demand answers and offer recommendations for future research endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Lutter
- Institute of Biology, Department of General and Applied Botany, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wolfram Brenner
- Institute of Biology, Department of General and Applied Botany, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Franziska Krajinski-Barth
- Institute of Biology, Department of General and Applied Botany, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Vajiheh Safavi-Rizi
- Institute of Biology, Department of General and Applied Botany, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Department of Plant physiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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2
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Tessi TM, Maurino VG. AZGs: a new family of cytokinin transporters. Biochem Soc Trans 2024; 52:1841-1848. [PMID: 38979638 DOI: 10.1042/bst20231537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Cytokinins (CKs) are phytohormones structurally similar to purines that play important roles in various aspects of plant physiology and development. The local and long-distance distribution of CKs is very important to control their action throughout the plant body. Over the past decade, several novel CK transporters have been described, many of which have been linked to a physiological function rather than simply their ability to transport the hormone in vitro. Purine permeases, equilibrative nucleotide transporters and ATP-binding cassette transporters are involved in the local and long-range distribution of CK. In addition, members of the Arabidopsis AZA-GUANINE RESISTANT (AZG) protein family, AZG1 and AZG2, have recently been shown to mediate CK uptake at the plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum. Despite sharing ∼50% homology, AZG1 and AZG2 have unique transport mechanisms, tissue-specific expression patterns, and subcellular localizations that underlie their distinct physiological functions. AZG2 is expressed in a small group of cells in the overlying tissue around the lateral root primordia, where its expression is induced by auxins and it is involved in the regulation of lateral root growth. AZG1 is ubiquitously expressed, with high levels in the division zone of the root apical meristem. Here, it binds and stabilises the auxin efflux carrier PIN1, thereby shaping root architecture, particularly under salt stress. This review highlights the latest findings on the protein properties, transport mechanisms and cellular functions of this new family of CK transporters and discusses perspectives for future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas M Tessi
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Veronica G Maurino
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute of Cellular Molecular Botany (IZMB), University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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3
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Shao Z, Chen CY, Qiao H. How chromatin senses plant hormones. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 81:102592. [PMID: 38941723 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2024.102592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Plant hormones activate receptors, initiating intracellular signaling pathways. Eventually, hormone-specific transcription factors become active in the nucleus, facilitating hormone-induced transcriptional regulation. Chromatin plays a fundamental role in the regulation of transcription, the process by which genetic information encoded in DNA is converted into RNA. The structure of chromatin, a complex of DNA and proteins, directly influences the accessibility of genes to the transcriptional machinery. The different signaling pathways and transcription factors involved in the transmission of information from the receptors to the nucleus have been readily explored, but not so much for the specific mechanisms employed by the cell to ultimately instruct the chromatin changes necessary for a fast and robust transcription activation, specifically for plant hormone responses. In this review, we will focus on the advancements in understanding how chromatin receives plant hormones, facilitating the changes necessary for fast, robust, and specific transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyao Shao
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas, Austin, TX, 78712, USA; Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Chia-Yang Chen
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas, Austin, TX, 78712, USA; Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Hong Qiao
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas, Austin, TX, 78712, USA; Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
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4
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Argueso CT, Kieber JJ. Cytokinin: From autoclaved DNA to two-component signaling. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:1429-1450. [PMID: 38163638 PMCID: PMC11062471 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Since its first identification in the 1950s as a regulator of cell division, cytokinin has been linked to many physiological processes in plants, spanning growth and development and various responses to the environment. Studies from the last two and one-half decades have revealed the pathways underlying the biosynthesis and metabolism of cytokinin and have elucidated the mechanisms of its perception and signaling, which reflects an ancient signaling system evolved from two-component elements in bacteria. Mutants in the genes encoding elements involved in these processes have helped refine our understanding of cytokinin functions in plants. Further, recent advances have provided insight into the mechanisms of intracellular and long-distance cytokinin transport and the identification of several proteins that operate downstream of cytokinin signaling. Here, we review these processes through a historical lens, providing an overview of cytokinin metabolism, transport, signaling, and functions in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana T Argueso
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Joseph J Kieber
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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5
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Braidotti R, Falchi R, Calderan A, Pichierri A, Vankova R, Dobrev PI, Griesser M, Sivilotti P. Multi-hormonal analysis and aquaporins regulation reveal new insights on drought tolerance in grapevine. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 296:154243. [PMID: 38593590 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2024.154243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Disentangling the factors that foster the tolerance to water stress in plants could provide great benefits to crop productions. In a two-year experiment, two new PIWI (fungus resistant) grapevine varieties, namely Merlot Kanthus and Sauvignon Kretos (Vitis hybrids), grown in the field, were subjected to two different water regimes: weekly irrigated (IR) or not irrigated (NIR) for two months during the summer. The two varieties exhibited large differences in terms of performance under water-limiting conditions. In particular, Merlot Kanthus strongly decreased stem water potential (Ψs) under water shortage and Sauvignon Kretos maintained higher Ψs values accompanied by generally high stomatal conductance and net carbon assimilation, regardless of the treatment. We hypothesized differences in the hormonal profile that mediate most of the plant responses to stresses or in the regulation of the aquaporins that control the water transport in the leaves. In general, substantial differences were found in the abundance of different hormonal classes, with Merlot Kanthus reporting higher concentrations of cytokinins while Sauvignon Kretos higher concentrations of auxins, jasmonate and salicylic acid. Interestingly, under water stress conditions ABA modulation appeared similar between the two cultivars, while other hormones were differently modulated between the two varieties. Regarding the expression of aquaporin encoding genes, Merlot Kanthus showed a significant downregulation of VvPIP2;1 and VvTIP2;1 in leaves exposed to water stress. Both genes have probably a role in influencing leaf conductance, and VvTIP2;1 has been correlated with stomatal conductance values. This evidence suggests that the two PIWI varieties are characterized by different behaviour in response to drought. Furthermore, the findings of the study may be generalized, suggesting the involvement of a complex hormonal cross-talk and aquaporins in effectively influencing plant performance under water shortage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Braidotti
- University of Udine, Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, Via Delle Scienze 206, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Rachele Falchi
- University of Udine, Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, Via Delle Scienze 206, 33100, Udine, Italy.
| | - Alberto Calderan
- University of Udine, Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, Via Delle Scienze 206, 33100, Udine, Italy; University of Trieste, Department of Life Sciences, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pichierri
- University of Udine, Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, Via Delle Scienze 206, 33100, Udine, Italy; University of Trieste, Department of Life Sciences, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Radomira Vankova
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 263, 16502, Prague, 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petre I Dobrev
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 263, 16502, Prague, 6, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Griesser
- Department of Crop Sciences, Institute of Viticulture and Pomology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad Lorenz Straße 24, Tulln, 3430, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paolo Sivilotti
- University of Udine, Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, Via Delle Scienze 206, 33100, Udine, Italy
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Jhanji S, Goyal E, Chumber M, Kaur G. Exploring fine tuning between phytohormones and ROS signaling cascade in regulation of seed dormancy, germination and seedling development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 207:108352. [PMID: 38266558 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
In higher plants, seed is a propagule which ensures dissemination and survival of species. Developmental phases of a seed comprise embryogenesis, maturation and germination paving a way to its final fate i.e. seedling establishment. The final stage of seed maturation is marked by dehydration, acquisition of dessication tolerance and induction of dormancy. A precise Abscisic acid (ABA) to Gibberellins (GA) ratio, accumulation of miRNA 156, low level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and enzyme inactivity govern seed dormancy. This also prevent pre harvest sprouting of the seeds. Overtime, stored seed mRNAs and proteins are degraded through oxidation of specific nucleotides in response to ROS accumulation. This degradation alleviates seed dormancy and transforms a dormant seed into a germinating seed. At this stage, ABA catabolism and degradation accompanied by GA synthesis contribute to low ABA to GA ratio. GA as well as ROS acts downstream, to mobilize reserve food materials, rupture testa, enhance imbibition and protrude radicle. All these events mark seed germination. Further, seedling is established under the governance of auxin and light. ABA and GA are master regulators while auxin, cytokinins, ethylene, jasmonic acid, brassinosteroids act through interdependent pathways to tightly regulate seed dormancy, germination and seedling establishment. In this review, the role of phytohormones and ROS in accordance with environmental factors in governing seed dormancy, promoting seed germination and thus, establishing a seedling is discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Jhanji
- Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004, India.
| | - Eena Goyal
- Department of Botany, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004, India
| | - Manisha Chumber
- Department of Botany, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004, India
| | - Gurpreet Kaur
- Department of Botany, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004, India
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Ludwig Y, Dueñas C, Arcillas E, Macalalad-Cabral RJ, Kohli A, Reinke R, Slamet-Loedin IH. CRISPR-mediated promoter editing of a cis-regulatory element of OsNAS2 increases Zn uptake/translocation and plant yield in rice. Front Genome Ed 2024; 5:1308228. [PMID: 38322756 PMCID: PMC10844396 DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2023.1308228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Developing nutritious rice with a higher yield is one approach to alleviating the problem of micronutrient deficiency in developing countries, especially human malnutrition involving zinc and iron (Fe) deficiency, and achieving better adoption. The transport of micronutrients such as Fe and Zn is mainly regulated via the nicotianamine synthase (OsNAS) gene family, whereas yield is a complex trait that involves multiple loci. Genome editing via CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat)-Cas9, focusing on the OsNAS2 promoter, particularly the deletion of the cis-regulatory element ARR1AT at position -933, was conducted for an enhanced accumulation of Zn in the grain and per plant. The results showed that our promoter editing increased Zn concentration per plant. Evidence also showed that an improved spikelet number per main panicle led to increased grain per plant. The traits were inherited in "transgene-free" and homozygous plant progenies. Further investigation needs to be conducted to validate trait performance under field conditions and elucidate the cause of the spikelet increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Ludwig
- International Rice Research Institute, Rice Genetic Design and Validation Unit, Rice Breeding Innovations, Los Baños, Philippines
| | - Conrado Dueñas
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Erwin Arcillas
- International Rice Research Institute, Rice Genetic Design and Validation Unit, Rice Breeding Innovations, Los Baños, Philippines
| | - Reena Jesusa Macalalad-Cabral
- International Rice Research Institute, Rice Genetic Design and Validation Unit, Rice Breeding Innovations, Los Baños, Philippines
| | - Ajay Kohli
- International Rice Research Institute, Rice Genetic Design and Validation Unit, Rice Breeding Innovations, Los Baños, Philippines
| | - Russell Reinke
- International Rice Research Institute, Rice Genetic Design and Validation Unit, Rice Breeding Innovations, Los Baños, Philippines
| | - Inez H. Slamet-Loedin
- International Rice Research Institute, Rice Genetic Design and Validation Unit, Rice Breeding Innovations, Los Baños, Philippines
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Skalický V, Antoniadi I, Pěnčík A, Chamrád I, Lenobel R, Kubeš MF, Zatloukal M, Žukauskaitė A, Strnad M, Ljung K, Novák O. Fluorescence-activated multi-organelle mapping of subcellular plant hormone distribution. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 116:1825-1841. [PMID: 37682018 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Auxins and cytokinins are two major families of phytohormones that control most aspects of plant growth, development and plasticity. Their distribution in plants has been described, but the importance of cell- and subcellular-type specific phytohormone homeostasis remains undefined. Herein, we revealed auxin and cytokinin distribution maps showing their different organelle-specific allocations within the Arabidopsis plant cell. To do so, we have developed Fluorescence-Activated multi-Organelle Sorting (FAmOS), an innovative subcellular fractionation technique based on flow cytometric principles. FAmOS allows the simultaneous sorting of four differently labelled organelles based on their individual light scatter and fluorescence parameters while ensuring hormone metabolic stability. Our data showed different subcellular distribution of auxin and cytokinins, revealing the formation of phytohormone gradients that have been suggested by the subcellular localization of auxin and cytokinin transporters, receptors and metabolic enzymes. Both hormones showed enrichment in vacuoles, while cytokinins were also accumulated in the endoplasmic reticulum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimír Skalický
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ioanna Antoniadi
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-90183, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Aleš Pěnčík
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ivo Chamrád
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - René Lenobel
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Martin F Kubeš
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Zatloukal
- Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Asta Žukauskaitė
- Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Karin Ljung
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-90183, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-90183, Umeå, Sweden
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Peng L, Li X, Gao Y, Xie W, Zhang L, Song J, Li S, Zhao Z. Genome-Wide Identification of the RR Gene Family and Its Expression Analysis in Response to TDZ Induction in Rhododendron delavayi. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3250. [PMID: 37765414 PMCID: PMC10535058 DOI: 10.3390/plants12183250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The cytokinin response regulator (RR) gene is essential for cytokinin signal transduction, which plays a crucial role in plant growth and development. Here, we applied bioinformatics to Rhododendron delavayi's genome to identify its RR gene family and systematically analyzed their gene characteristics, phylogenetic evolution, chromosomal localization, collinearity analysis, promoter cis-elements, and expression patterns. Overall, 33 RdRR genes were distinguished and classified into three types. All these genes harbored motif 5 (YEVTTVNSGLEALELLRENKB), the most conserved one, along with the plant-conserved domain (REC domain), and could be mapped to 10 chromosomes with four gene pairs of segmental replication events but no tandem replication events; 13 RdRR genes showed collinearity with Arabidopsis thaliana genes. Promoter analysis revealed multiple hormone-related cis-elements in the RR genes. After a TDZ (thidiazuron) treatment, 13 genes had higher expression levels than the control, whose magnitude of change depended on the developmental stage of leaves' adventitious buds. The expression levels of RdRR14, RdRR17, RdRR20, and RdRR24 agreed with the average number of adventitious buds post-TDZ treatment. We speculate that these four genes could figure prominently in bud regeneration from R. delavayi leaves in vitro. This study provides detailed knowledge of RdRRs for research on cytokinin signaling and RdRR functioning in R. delavayi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lvchun Peng
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China;
- Flower Research Institute of Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center for Ornamental Horticulture, Kunming 650205, China
| | - Xuejiao Li
- College of Landscape and Horticulture, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yan Gao
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China;
| | - Weijia Xie
- Flower Research Institute of Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center for Ornamental Horticulture, Kunming 650205, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Flower Research Institute of Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center for Ornamental Horticulture, Kunming 650205, China
| | - Jie Song
- Flower Research Institute of Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center for Ornamental Horticulture, Kunming 650205, China
| | - Shifeng Li
- Flower Research Institute of Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center for Ornamental Horticulture, Kunming 650205, China
| | - Zhengxiong Zhao
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China;
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China;
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10
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Awada R, Lepelley M, Breton D, Charpagne A, Campa C, Berry V, Georget F, Breitler JC, Léran S, Djerrab D, Martinez-Seidel F, Descombes P, Crouzillat D, Bertrand B, Etienne H. Global transcriptome profiling reveals differential regulatory, metabolic and hormonal networks during somatic embryogenesis in Coffea arabica. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:41. [PMID: 36694132 PMCID: PMC9875526 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-09098-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is one of the most promising processes for large-scale dissemination of elite varieties. However, for many plant species, optimizing SE protocols still relies on a trial and error approach. We report the first global scale transcriptome profiling performed at all developmental stages of SE in coffee to unravel the mechanisms that regulate cell fate and totipotency. RESULTS RNA-seq of 48 samples (12 developmental stages × 4 biological replicates) generated 90 million high quality reads per sample, approximately 74% of which were uniquely mapped to the Arabica genome. First, the statistical analysis of transcript data clearly grouped SE developmental stages into seven important phases (Leaf, Dedifferentiation, Primary callus, Embryogenic callus, Embryogenic cell clusters, Redifferentiation and Embryo) enabling the identification of six key developmental phase switches, which are strategic for the overall biological efficiency of embryo regeneration. Differential gene expression and functional analysis showed that genes encoding transcription factors, stress-related genes, metabolism-related genes and hormone signaling-related genes were significantly enriched. Second, the standard environmental drivers used to control SE, i.e. light, growth regulators and cell density, were clearly perceived at the molecular level at different developmental stages. Third, expression profiles of auxin-related genes, transcription factor-related genes and secondary metabolism-related genes were analyzed during SE. Gene co-expression networks were also inferred. Auxin-related genes were upregulated during dedifferentiation and redifferentiation while transcription factor-related genes were switched on from the embryogenic callus and onward. Secondary metabolism-related genes were switched off during dedifferentiation and switched back on at the onset of redifferentiation. Secondary metabolites and endogenous IAA content were tightly linked with their respective gene expression. Lastly, comparing Arabica embryogenic and non-embryogenic cell transcriptomes enabled the identification of biological processes involved in the acquisition of embryogenic capacity. CONCLUSIONS The present analysis showed that transcript fingerprints are discriminating signatures of cell fate and are under the direct influence of environmental drivers. A total of 23 molecular candidates were successfully identified overall the 12 developmental stages and can be tested in many plant species to optimize SE protocols in a rational way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayan Awada
- Nestlé Research - Plant Science Research Unit, Tours, France ,grid.8183.20000 0001 2153 9871UMR DIADE, CIRAD, Montpellier, France ,grid.121334.60000 0001 2097 0141UMR DIADE, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, IRD France
| | - Maud Lepelley
- Nestlé Research - Plant Science Research Unit, Tours, France
| | - David Breton
- Nestlé Research - Plant Science Research Unit, Tours, France
| | - Aline Charpagne
- grid.419905.00000 0001 0066 4948Nestlé Research, Société Des Produits Nestlé SA, Lausanne, Switzerland ,grid.511382.c0000 0004 7595 5223Sophia Genetics, Genève, Switzerland
| | - Claudine Campa
- grid.121334.60000 0001 2097 0141UMR DIADE, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, IRD France ,grid.4399.70000000122879528UMR DIADE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Victoria Berry
- Nestlé Research - Plant Science Research Unit, Tours, France
| | - Frédéric Georget
- grid.8183.20000 0001 2153 9871UMR DIADE, CIRAD, Montpellier, France ,grid.121334.60000 0001 2097 0141UMR DIADE, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, IRD France
| | - Jean-Christophe Breitler
- grid.8183.20000 0001 2153 9871UMR DIADE, CIRAD, Montpellier, France ,grid.121334.60000 0001 2097 0141UMR DIADE, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, IRD France
| | - Sophie Léran
- grid.8183.20000 0001 2153 9871UMR DIADE, CIRAD, Montpellier, France ,grid.121334.60000 0001 2097 0141UMR DIADE, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, IRD France
| | - Doâa Djerrab
- grid.8183.20000 0001 2153 9871UMR DIADE, CIRAD, Montpellier, France ,grid.121334.60000 0001 2097 0141UMR DIADE, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, IRD France
| | - Federico Martinez-Seidel
- grid.418390.70000 0004 0491 976XMax Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Golm, Germany ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XSchool of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC Australia
| | - Patrick Descombes
- grid.419905.00000 0001 0066 4948Nestlé Research, Société Des Produits Nestlé SA, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Benoît Bertrand
- grid.8183.20000 0001 2153 9871UMR DIADE, CIRAD, Montpellier, France ,grid.121334.60000 0001 2097 0141UMR DIADE, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, IRD France
| | - Hervé Etienne
- grid.8183.20000 0001 2153 9871UMR DIADE, CIRAD, Montpellier, France ,grid.121334.60000 0001 2097 0141UMR DIADE, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, IRD France
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Karunadasa S, Kurepa J, Smalle JA. Gain-of-function of the cytokinin response activator ARR1 increases heat shock tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2022; 17:2073108. [PMID: 35535663 PMCID: PMC9103500 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2022.2073108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In addition to its well-established role in plant development, the hormone cytokinin regulates plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. It was previously shown that cytokinin signaling acts negatively upon drought and osmotic stress tolerance and that gain-of-function of the cytokinin response regulator ARR1 causes osmotic stress hypersensitivity. Here we show that increased ARR1 action increases tolerance to heat shock and that this is correlated with increased accumulation of the heat shock proteins Hsp17.6 and Hsp70. These results show that the heat shock tolerance of plants can be elevated by increasing the expression of a cytokinin response activator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumudu Karunadasa
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jasmina Kurepa
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, College of Agriculture Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, USA and Kentucky Tobacco Research & Development Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jan A Smalle
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, College of Agriculture Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, USA and Kentucky Tobacco Research & Development Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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12
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Teh OK, Singh P, Ren J, Huang LT, Ariyarathne M, Salamon BP, Wang Y, Kotake T, Fujita T. Surface-localized glycoproteins act through class C ARFs to fine-tune gametophore initiation in Physcomitrium patens. Development 2022; 149:282110. [PMID: 36520083 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins are functionally diverse cell wall structural glycoproteins that have been implicated in cell wall remodeling, although the mechanistic actions remain elusive. Here, we identify and characterize two AGP glycoproteins, SLEEPING BEAUTY (SB) and SB-like (SBL), that negatively regulate the gametophore bud initiation in Physcomitrium patens by dampening cell wall loosening/softening. Disruption of SB and SBL led to accelerated gametophore formation and altered cell wall compositions. The function of SB is glycosylation dependent and genetically connected with the class C auxin response factor (ARF) transcription factors PpARFC1B and PpARFC2. Transcriptomics profiling showed that SB upregulates PpARFC2, which in turn suppresses a range of cell wall-modifying genes that are required for cell wall loosening/softening. We further show that PpARFC2 binds directly to multiple AuxRE motifs on the cis-regulatory sequences of PECTIN METHYLESTERASE to suppress its expression. Hence, our results demonstrate a mechanism by which the SB modulates the strength of intracellular auxin signaling output, which is necessary to fine-tune the timing of gametophore initials formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ooi Kock Teh
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec.2, Academia Rd., Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.,Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Prerna Singh
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Junling Ren
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Lin Tzu Huang
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec.2, Academia Rd., Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Menaka Ariyarathne
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec.2, Academia Rd., Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Benjamin Prethiviraj Salamon
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec.2, Academia Rd., Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec.2, Academia Rd., Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Toshihisa Kotake
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 225 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Tomomichi Fujita
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
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13
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Chen L, Jameson GB, Guo Y, Song J, Jameson PE. The LONELY GUY gene family: from mosses to wheat, the key to the formation of active cytokinins in plants. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 20:625-645. [PMID: 35108444 PMCID: PMC8989509 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
LONELY GUY (LOG) was first identified in a screen of rice mutants with defects in meristem maintenance. In plants, LOG codes for cytokinin riboside 5'-monophosphate phosphoribohydrolase, which converts inactive cytokinin nucleotides directly to the active free bases. Many enzymes with the PGGxGTxxE motif have been misannotated as lysine decarboxylases; conversely not all enzymes containing this motif are cytokinin-specific LOGs. As LOG mutants clearly impact yield in rice, we investigated the LOG gene family in bread wheat. By interrogating the wheat (Triticum aestivum) genome database, we show that wheat has multiple LOGs. The close alignment of TaLOG1, TaLOG2 and TaLOG6 with the X-ray structures of two functional Arabidopsis thaliana LOGs allows us to infer that the wheat LOGs 1-11 are functional LOGs. Using RNA-seq data sets, we assessed TaLOG expression across 70 tissue types, their responses to various stressors, the pattern of cis-regulatory elements (CREs) and intron/exon patterns. TaLOG gene family members are expressed variously across tissue types. When the TaLOG CREs are compared with those of the cytokinin dehydrogenases (CKX) and glucosyltransferases (CGT), there is close alignment of CREs between TaLOGs and TaCKXs reflecting the key role of CKX in maintaining cytokinin homeostasis. However, we suggest that the main homeostatic mechanism controlling cytokinin levels in response to biotic and abiotic challenge resides in the CGTs, rather than LOG or CKX. However, LOG transgenics and identified mutants in rice variously impact yield, providing interesting avenues for investigation in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- School of Life SciencesYantai UniversityYantaiChina
| | | | - Yichu Guo
- School of Life SciencesYantai UniversityYantaiChina
| | - Jiancheng Song
- School of Life SciencesYantai UniversityYantaiChina
- Yantai Jien Biological Science & Technology LtdYEDAYantaiChina
| | - Paula E. Jameson
- School of Life SciencesYantai UniversityYantaiChina
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of CanterburyChristchurchNew Zealand
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14
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Jiang F, Lyi SM, Sun T, Li L, Wang T, Liu J. Involvement of cytokinins in STOP1-mediated resistance to proton toxicity. STRESS BIOLOGY 2022; 2:17. [PMID: 37676526 PMCID: PMC10441851 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-022-00033-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
STOP1 (sensitive to proton rhizotoxicity1) is a master transcription factor that governs the expression of a set of regulatory and structural genes involved in resistance to aluminum and low pH (i.e., proton) stresses in Arabidopsis. However, the mechanisms and regulatory networks underlying STOP1-mediated resistance to proton stresses are largely unclear. Here, we report that low-pH stresses severely inhibited root growth of the stop1 plants by suppressing root meristem activities. Interestingly, the stop1 plants were less sensitive to exogenous cytokinins at normal and low pHs than the wild type. Significantly, low concentrations of cytokinins promoted root growth of the stop1 mutant under low-pH stresses. Moreover, lateral and adventitious root formation was stimulated in stop1 and by low-pH stresses but suppressed by cytokinins. Further studies of the expression patterns of a cytokinin signaling reporter suggest that both the loss-of-function mutation of STOP1 and low-pH stresses suppressed cytokinin signaling outputs in the root. Furthermore, the expression of critical genes involved in cytokinin biosynthesis, biodegradation, and signaling is altered in the stop1 mutant in response to low-pH stresses. In conclusion, our results reveal a complex network of resistance to low-pH stresses, which involves coordinated actions of STOP1, cytokinins, and an additional low-pH-resistant mechanism for controlling root meristem activities and root growth upon proton stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Jiang
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan China
| | - Sangbom M. Lyi
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | - Tianhu Sun
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | - Li Li
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | - Tao Wang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan China
| | - Jiping Liu
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
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15
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Bozbuga R. Molecular analysis of nematode-responsive defence genes CRF1, WRKY45, and PR7 in Solanum lycopersicum tissues during the infection of plant-parasitic nematode species of the genus Meloidogyne. Genome 2022; 65:265-275. [PMID: 35112924 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2021-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Several pathogens, including nematodes, have severe effects on plant development and growth, and immense populations of parasitic nematodes may cause plant death and crop loss. Obligate plant-parasitic nematodes and root-knot nematodes belonging to the genus Meloidogyne are significant parasites in crops. During nematode infection, damage-associated molecular patterns play a role in the activation of plant defence responses to pathogens. Several genes are involved in Meloidogyne parasitism. However, the expression of nematode-responsive genes CRF1, WRKY45, and PR7 during infection with different parasitic nematode species is not well understood. Therefore, this study aimed to reveal plant responses to differential gene expression of nematode-responsive genes in tomato plants, and their relationship to nematode reproduction and comparative phylogeny. Molecular methods for gene expression, greenhouse work for nematode reproduction, and phylogenetic analysis were used to determine nematode-plant interactions. The results revealed that differential gene expression of CRF1, WRKY45, and PR7 depended on the nematode species. The relative CRF1 gene expression reached its highest level at 3 dpi, following nematode infection. In conclusion, plant defense responses disturbed the expression of nematode-responsive genes, and the differential expression of nematode-responsive genes was affected by nematode species and nematode parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Refik Bozbuga
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, 26160, Eskisehir, Turkey.,Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, 26160, Eskisehir, Turkey
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16
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Gupta R, Elkabetz D, Leibman-Markus M, Sayas T, Schneider A, Jami E, Kleiman M, Bar M. Cytokinin drives assembly of the phyllosphere microbiome and promotes disease resistance through structural and chemical cues. THE ISME JOURNAL 2022; 16:122-137. [PMID: 34272494 PMCID: PMC8692462 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-021-01060-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone cytokinin (CK) is an important developmental regulator, promoting morphogenesis and delaying differentiation and senescence. From developmental processes, to growth, to stress tolerance, CKs are central in plant life. CKs are also known to mediate plant immunity and disease resistance, and several classes of microbes can also produce CKs, affecting the interaction with their plant hosts. While host species and genotype can be a driving force in shaping the plant microbiome, how plant developmental hormones such as CK can shape the microbiome is largely uninvestigated. Here, we examined the relationship between CK and the phyllosphere microbiome, finding that CK acts as a selective force in microbiome assembly, increasing richness, and promoting the presence of Firmicutes. CK-mediated immunity was found to partially depend on the microbial community, and bacilli isolated from previously described CK-rich plant genotypes, which overexpress a CK biosynthesis gene or have increased CK sensitivity, induced plant immunity, and promoted disease resistance. Using a biomimetic system, we investigated the relationship between the leaf microstructure, which is differentially patterned upon changes in CK content or signaling, and the growth of different phyllosphere microbes. We found that leaf structures derived from CK-rich plant genotypes support bacilli in the biomimetic system. CK was able to promote the growth, swarming, and biofilm formation of immunity inducing bacillus isolates in vitro. Overall, our results indicate that host genotype and hormonal profiles can act as a strong selective force in microbiome assembly, underlying differential immunity profiles, and pathogen resistance as a result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupali Gupta
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Plant Protection Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Dorin Elkabetz
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Plant Protection Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Meirav Leibman-Markus
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Plant Protection Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Tali Sayas
- Department of Vegetable and Field crops, Plant Sciences Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Anat Schneider
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Plant Protection Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Elie Jami
- Department of Ruminant Science, Animal Science Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Maya Kleiman
- Department of Vegetable and Field crops, Plant Sciences Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
- Agro-NanoTechnology and Advanced Materials Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Maya Bar
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Plant Protection Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel.
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17
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Jabeen R, Iqbal A, Deeba F, Zulfiqar F, Mustafa G, Nawaz H, Habiba U, Nafees M, Zaid A, Siddique KHM. Isolation and characterization of peroxidase P7-like gene and Rab-GDI like gene from potential medicinal plants: A step toward understanding cell defense signaling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:975852. [PMID: 36119597 PMCID: PMC9478186 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.975852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Defensin genes form part of a plant's defense system and are activated when exposed to biotic or abiotic stress. They play a vital role in controlling many signaling pathways involved in various plant defense mechanisms. This research aimed to isolate and characterize novel defensin genes from selected medicinally important plants to explore their signaling mechanisms and defense associated roles for breeding. The DNA of Albizia lebbeck and Moringa oleifera was subjected to PCR amplification using gene-specific primers of defensin genes. Two novel defensin genes were isolated in each species, with sequence lengths of 300 bp in A. lebbeck and 150 bp in M. oleifera. In-silico analysis undertaken to retrieve and align their orthologous sequences revealed 100% similarity of the A. lebbeck gene with the Musa acuminate peroxidase P7-like gene and 85% similarity of the M. oleifera gene with the Manihot esculenta GDP dissociation inhibitor gene. The reliability, stability and physiochemical properties of homology models of these sequences was confirmed through online computational studies. This preliminary study confirmed the presence of novel genes with peroxidase P7 and Rab GDP dissociation inhibitor gene-like activity in A. lebbeck and M. oleifera, respectively, and their potential defense role in plants. Thus, the defensin genes of both species could be used in the synthesis of transgenic self-defensive plants with increased disease resistance and as potential candidates for improved crop production and thraputic formulation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raheela Jabeen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, The Women University Multan, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
- *Correspondence: Raheela Jabeen,
| | - Atia Iqbal
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Women University Multan, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Farah Deeba
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, The Women University Multan, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Faisal Zulfiqar
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
- Faisal Zulfiqar,
| | - Ghulam Mustafa
- Department of Biochemsitry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Haq Nawaz
- Department of Biochemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Ume Habiba
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Women University Multan, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Nafees
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Abbu Zaid
- Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
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18
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Diverse Effect of Two Cytokinins, Kinetin and Benzyladenine, on Plant Development, Biotic Stress Tolerance, and Gene Expression. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11121404. [PMID: 34947935 PMCID: PMC8706806 DOI: 10.3390/life11121404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant hormones cytokinins affect a various array of plant growth and development processes as well as responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, the opposite effect of two different cytokinins kinetin (N6-furfuryladenine) and benzyladenine (BA) on development and on the tolerance of Arabidopsis and tobacco plants to virus, bacteria, and fungi infection was reported. Treatments of Arabidopsis and tobacco seedlings with saturated solutions of BA inhibited plant progress, while treatments with saturated water solution of kinetin promoted plant development. Furthermore, BA pre-treatments strongly reduced the number of TMV (Tobacco mosaic virus) lesions on tobacco and the tissue damage caused by the incompatible Pseudomonas bacteria on Arabidopsis and tobacco leaves. Similarly, BA pre-treatment significantly reduced the necrotic disease symptoms of Botrytis cinerea infection. Kinetin pre-treatments had a much weaker or no protective effect on the damage caused by the above pathogens. Accordingly, Arabidopsis gene expression profiles after treatments also showed that the two cytokinins have different effects on several plant processes. The gene expression results supported the more robust effect of BA, which up and downregulated more than 2000 genes, while only 436 genes were influenced by kinetin treatment. It is noteworthy that BA and kinetin treatment changed gene expressions in the same direction only in a relatively few cases (73 upregulated and 70 downregulated genes), and even 28 genes were regulated into the opposite directions by BA and kinetin. Both treatments had a strong effect on auxin and gibberellin-related genes, but only BA had a significant effect on cytokinin-induced processes. While kinetin exclusively activated the flavonoid synthesis genes, BA affected more significantly protein synthesis, photosynthesis, and plant defence-related genes. In conclusion, BA solution had sometimes the opposite and generally a much stronger effect than kinetin solution not only on the development and on biotic stress tolerance of tobacco and Arabidopsis plants but also on the gene expressions. The stronger protective effect of BA to necrotic stresses is probably due to its stronger senescence inhibitory effect on plant tissues, as supported by the stronger chlorophyll retardation of the BA-treated leaves.
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19
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Guo T, Weber H, Niemann MCE, Theisl L, Leonte G, Novák O, Werner T. Arabidopsis HIPP proteins regulate endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation of CKX proteins and cytokinin responses. MOLECULAR PLANT 2021; 14:1918-1934. [PMID: 34314894 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic organisms are equipped with quality-control mechanisms that survey protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and remove non-native proteins by ER-associated degradation (ERAD). Recent research has shown that cytokinin-degrading CKX proteins are subjected to ERAD during plant development. The mechanisms of plant ERAD, including the export of substrate proteins from the ER, are not fully understood, and the molecular components involved in the ERAD of CKX are unknown. Here, we show that heavy metal-associated isoprenylated plant proteins (HIPPs) interact specifically with CKX proteins synthesized in the ER and processed by ERAD. CKX-HIPP protein complexes were detected at the ER as well as in the cytosol, suggesting that the complexes involve retrotranslocated CKX protein species. Altered CKX levels in HIPP-overexpressing and higher-order hipp mutant plants suggest that the studied HIPPs control the ERAD of CKX. Deregulation of CKX proteins caused corresponding changes in the cytokinin signaling activity and triggered typical morphological cytokinin responses. Notably, transcriptional repression of HIPP genes by cytokinin indicates a feedback regulatory mechanism of cytokinin homeostasis and signaling responses. Moreover, loss of function of HIPP genes constitutively activates the unfolded protein response and compromises the ER stress tolerance. Collectively, these results suggests that HIPPs represent novel functional components of plant ERAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Guo
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Conservation and Precision Utilization of Characteristic Agricultural Resources in Mountainous Areas, School of Life Science of Jiaying University, 514015 Mei Zhou, China
| | - Henriette Weber
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael C E Niemann
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lisa Theisl
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Schubertstraße 51, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Georgeta Leonte
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Werner
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Schubertstraße 51, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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20
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Cytokinin regulates vegetative phase change in Arabidopsis thaliana through the miR172/TOE1-TOE2 module. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5816. [PMID: 34611150 PMCID: PMC8492644 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26088-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
During vegetative growth plants pass from a juvenile to an adult phase causing changes in shoot morphology. This vegetative phase change is primarily regulated by the opposite actions of two microRNAs, the inhibitory miR156 and the promoting miR172 as well as their respective target genes, constituting the age pathway. Here we show that the phytohormone cytokinin promotes the juvenile-to-adult phase transition through regulating components of the age pathway. Reduction of cytokinin signalling substantially delayed the transition to the adult stage. tZ-type cytokinin was particularly important as compared to iP- and the inactive cZ-type cytokinin, and root-derived tZ influenced the phase transition significantly. Genetic and transcriptional analyses indicated the requirement of SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE (SPL) transcription factors and miR172 for cytokinin activity. Two miR172 targets, TARGET OF EAT1 (TOE1) and TOE2 encoding transcriptional repressors were necessary and sufficient to mediate the influence of cytokinin on vegetative phase change. This cytokinin pathway regulating plant aging adds to the complexity of the regulatory network controlling the juvenile-to-adult phase transition and links cytokinin to miRNA action.
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21
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Leuendorf JE, Schmülling T. Meeting at the DNA: Specifying Cytokinin Responses through Transcription Factor Complex Formation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10071458. [PMID: 34371661 PMCID: PMC8309282 DOI: 10.3390/plants10071458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinin is a plant hormone regulating numerous biological processes. Its diverse functions are realized through the expression control of specific target genes. The transcription of the immediate early cytokinin target genes is regulated by type-B response regulator proteins (RRBs), which are transcription factors (TFs) of the Myb family. RRB activity is controlled by phosphorylation and protein degradation. Here, we focus on another step of regulation, the interaction of RRBs among each other or with other TFs to form active or repressive TF complexes. Several examples in Arabidopsis thaliana illustrate that RRBs form homodimers or complexes with other TFs to specify the cytokinin response. This increases the variability of the output response and provides opportunities of crosstalk between the cytokinin signaling pathway and other cellular signaling pathways. We propose that a targeted approach is required to uncover the full extent and impact of RRB interaction with other TFs.
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22
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Chen L, Zhao J, Song J, Jameson PE. Cytokinin glucosyl transferases, key regulators of cytokinin homeostasis, have potential value for wheat improvement. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 19:878-896. [PMID: 33811433 PMCID: PMC8131048 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The cytokinins, which are N6 -substituted adenine derivatives, control key aspects of crop productivity. Cytokinin levels are controlled via biosynthesis by isopentenyl transferase (IPT), destruction by cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKX), and inactivation via glucosylation by cytokinin glucosyl transferases (CGTs). While both yield components and tolerance to drought and related abiotic stressors have been positively addressed via manipulation of IPT and/or CKX expression, much less attention has been paid to the CGTs. As naming of the CGTs has been unclear, we suggest COGT, CNGT, CONGT and CNOGT to describe the O-, N- and dual function CGTs. As specific CGT mutants of both rice and arabidopsis showed impacts on yield components, we interrogated the wheat genome database, IWGSC RefSeq v1.0 & v2.0, to investigate wheat CGTs. Besides providing unambiguous names for the 53 wheat CGTs, we show their expression patterns in 70 developmental tissues and their response characteristics to various stress conditions by reviewing more than 1000 RNA-seq data sets. These revealed various patterns of responses and showed expression generally being more limited in reproductive tissues than in vegetative tissues. Multiple cis-regulatory elements are present in the 3 kb upstream of the start codons of the 53 CGTs. Elements associated with abscisic acid, light and methyl jasmonate are particularly over-represented, indicative of the responsiveness of CGTs to the environment. These data sets indicate that CGTs have potential value for wheat improvement and that these could be targeted in TILLING or gene editing wheat breeding programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- School of Life SciencesYantai UniversityYantaiChina
| | - Jing Zhao
- School of Life SciencesYantai UniversityYantaiChina
| | | | - Paula E. Jameson
- School of Life SciencesYantai UniversityYantaiChina
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of CanterburyChristchurchNew Zealand
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23
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Cytokinin-Controlled Gradient Distribution of Auxin in Arabidopsis Root Tip. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083874. [PMID: 33918090 PMCID: PMC8069370 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant root is a dynamic system, which is able to respond promptly to external environmental stimuli by constantly adjusting its growth and development. A key component regulating this growth and development is the finely tuned cross-talk between the auxin and cytokinin phytohormones. The gradient distribution of auxin is not only important for the growth and development of roots, but also for root growth in various response. Recent studies have shed light on the molecular mechanisms of cytokinin-mediated regulation of local auxin biosynthesis/metabolism and redistribution in establishing active auxin gradients, resulting in cell division and differentiation in primary root tips. In this review, we focus our attention on the molecular mechanisms underlying the cytokinin-controlled auxin gradient in root tips.
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24
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Alonso-Díaz A, Satbhai SB, de Pedro-Jové R, Berry HM, Göschl C, Argueso CT, Novak O, Busch W, Valls M, Coll NS. A genome-wide association study reveals cytokinin as a major component in the root defense responses against Ralstonia solanacearum. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:2727-2740. [PMID: 33475698 PMCID: PMC8006551 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial wilt caused by the soil-borne pathogen Ralstonia solancearum is economically devastating, with no effective methods to fight the disease. This pathogen invades plants through their roots and colonizes their xylem, clogging the vasculature and causing rapid wilting. Key to preventing colonization are the early defense responses triggered in the host's root upon infection, which remain mostly unknown. Here, we have taken advantage of a high-throughput in vitro infection system to screen natural variability associated with the root growth inhibition phenotype caused by R. solanacearum in Arabidopsis during the first hours of infection. To analyze the genetic determinants of this trait, we have performed a genome-wide association study, identifying allelic variation at several loci related to cytokinin metabolism, including genes responsible for biosynthesis and degradation of cytokinin. Further, our data clearly demonstrate that cytokinin signaling is induced early during the infection process and cytokinin contributes to immunity against R. solanacearum. This study highlights a new role for cytokinin in root immunity, paving the way for future research that will help in understanding the mechanisms underpinning root defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Alonso-Díaz
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Santosh B Satbhai
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna 1030, Austria
- Salk Institute For Biological Studies, Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Roger de Pedro-Jové
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hannah M Berry
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Christian Göschl
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Cristiana T Argueso
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Ondrej Novak
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Olomouc, The Czech Republic
| | - Wolfgang Busch
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna 1030, Austria
- Salk Institute For Biological Studies, Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Marc Valls
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Genetics Department, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria S Coll
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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25
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Tyagi K, Maoz I, Kochanek B, Sela N, Lerno L, Ebeler SE, Lichter A. Cytokinin but not gibberellin application had major impact on the phenylpropanoid pathway in grape. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:51. [PMID: 33642590 PMCID: PMC7917099 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00488-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinin and gibberellic acid (GA) are growth regulators used to increase berry size in seedless grapes and it is of interest to understand their effects on the phenylpropanoid pathway and on ripening processes. GA3 and synthetic cytokinin forchlorfenuron (N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N'-phenylurea, CPPU) and their combination were applied to 6 mm diameter fruitlets of 'Sable Seedless', and berries were sampled 51 and 70 days (d) following application. All treatments increased berry size and delayed sugar accumulation and acid degradation with a stronger effect of CPPU. CPPU, but not GA, reduced berry color and the levels of anthocyanins. While CPPU reduced the levels of anthocyanins by more than 50%, the combined treatment of GA+CPPU reduced the levels by about 25% at 51 d. CPPU treatment had minor effects on flavonols content but increased the levels of monomeric flavan-3-ols by more than two-fold. Phloroglucinol analysis using HPLC showed that proanthocyanidin content was significantly increased by CPPU, whereas mean degree of polymerization was reduced from 26 to 19. Volatile analysis by GC-MS showed changes in composition with CPPU or GA treatment with potential impact on flavor. RNA-seq analysis showed that GA had a minor overall effect on the transcriptome whereas CPPU had pronounced effects on gene expression at both 51 and 70 d. Comparing the control and CPPU at similar Brix of ca. 19.7°, a reduced expression of stilbene synthases (STSs) including their regulators MYB14 and MYB15, and other phenylpropanoid-related genes was observed in CPPU-treated grapes. Overall, our study shows that CPPU had a major influence on the phenylpropanoid pathway and affected multiple ripening-related processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Tyagi
- Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Itay Maoz
- Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Bettina Kochanek
- Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Noa Sela
- Department of Plant Pathology, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Larry Lerno
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Food Safety and Measurement Facility, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Susan E Ebeler
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Amnon Lichter
- Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel.
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26
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Hnatuszko-Konka K, Gerszberg A, Weremczuk-Jeżyna I, Grzegorczyk-Karolak I. Cytokinin Signaling and De Novo Shoot Organogenesis. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:265. [PMID: 33673064 PMCID: PMC7917986 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to restore or replace injured tissues can be undoubtedly named among the most spectacular achievements of plant organisms. One of such regeneration pathways is organogenesis, the formation of individual organs from nonmeristematic tissue sections. The process can be triggered in vitro by incubation on medium supplemented with phytohormones. Cytokinins are a class of phytohormones demonstrating pleiotropic effects and a powerful network of molecular interactions. The present study reviews existing knowledge on the possible sequence of molecular and genetic events behind de novo shoot organogenesis initiated by cytokinins. Overall, the review aims to collect reactions encompassed by cytokinin primary responses, starting from phytohormone perception by the dedicated receptors, to transcriptional reprogramming of cell fate by the last module of multistep-phosphorelays. It also includes a brief reminder of other control mechanisms, such as epigenetic reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Hnatuszko-Konka
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Aneta Gerszberg
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Izabela Weremczuk-Jeżyna
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland; (I.W.-J.); (I.G.-K.)
| | - Izabela Grzegorczyk-Karolak
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland; (I.W.-J.); (I.G.-K.)
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27
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Li B, Wang R, Wang S, Zhang J, Chang L. Diversified Regulation of Cytokinin Levels and Signaling During Botrytis cinerea Infection in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:584042. [PMID: 33643340 PMCID: PMC7902887 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.584042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins (CKs) can modulate plant immunity to various pathogens, but how CKs are involved in plant defense responses to the necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea is still unknown. Here, we found that B. cinerea infection induced transcriptional changes in multiple genes involved in the biosynthesis, degradation, and signaling of CKs, as well as their contents, in pathogen-infected Arabidopsis leaves. Among the CKs, the gene expression of CYTOKININ OXIDASE/DEHYDROGENASE 5 (CKX5) was remarkably induced in the local infected leaves and the distant leaves of the same plant without pathogen inoculation. Cis-zeatin (cZ) and its riboside (cZR) accumulated considerably in infected leaves, suggesting an important role of the cis-zeatin type of CKs in the plant response to B. cinerea. Cytokinin double-receptor mutants were more susceptible to B. cinerea infection, whereas an exogenous CK treatment enhanced the expression levels of defense-related genes and of jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene (ET), but not salicylic acid (SA), resulting in higher resistance of Arabidopsis to B. cinerea. Investigation of CK responses to B. cinerea infection in the JA biosynthesis mutant, jar1-1, and ET-insensitive mutant, ein2-1, showed that CK signaling and levels of CKs, namely, those of isopentenyladenine (iP), isopentenyladenine riboside (iPR), and trans-zeatin (tZ), were enhanced in jar1-1-infected leaves. By contrast, reductions in iP, iPR, tZ, and tZ riboside (tZR) as well as cZR contents occurred in ein2-1-infected leaves, whose transcript levels of CK signaling genes were likewise differentially regulated. The Arabidopsis Response Regulator 5 (ARR5) gene was upregulated in infected leaves of ein2-1 whereas another type-A response regulator, ARR16, was significantly downregulated, suggesting the existence of a complex regulation of CK signaling via the ET pathway. Accumulation of the cis-zeatin type of CKs in B. cinerea-infected leaves depended on ET but not JA pathways. Collectively, our findings provide evidence that CK responds to B. cinerea infection in a variety of ways that are differently modulated by JA and ET pathways in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruolin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shiya Wang
- School of Biology and Agricultural Resources, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, China
| | - Jiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
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28
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Tessi TM, Brumm S, Winklbauer E, Schumacher B, Pettinari G, Lescano I, González CA, Wanke D, Maurino VG, Harter K, Desimone M. Arabidopsis AZG2 transports cytokinins in vivo and regulates lateral root emergence. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:979-993. [PMID: 33070379 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinin and auxin are key regulators of plant growth and development. During the last decade transport mechanisms have turned out to be the key for the control of local and long-distance hormone distributions. In contrast with auxin, cytokinin transport is poorly understood. Here, we show that Arabidopsis thaliana AZG2, a member of the AZG purine transporter family, acts as cytokinin transporter involved in root system architecture determination. Even though purines are substrates for both AZG1 and AZG2, we found distinct transport mechanisms. The expression of AZG2 is restricted to a small group of cells surrounding the lateral root (LR) primordia and induced by auxins. Compared to the wild-type (WT), mutants carrying loss-of-function alleles of AZG2 have higher LR density, suggesting that AZG2 is part of a regulatory pathway in LR emergence. Moreover, azg2 is partially insensitive to exogenous cytokinin, which is consistent with the observation that the cytokinin reporter TCSnpro :GFP showed lower fluorescence signal in the roots of azg2 compared to the WT. These results indicate a defective cytokinin signalling pathway in the region of LR primordia. The integration of AZG2 subcellular localization and cytokinin transport capacity data allowed us to propose a local cytokinin : auxin signalling model for the regulation of LR emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás M Tessi
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), CONICET, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 299, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina
| | - Sabine Brumm
- Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Eva Winklbauer
- Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Benjamin Schumacher
- Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Georgina Pettinari
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 299, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina
| | - Ignacio Lescano
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), CONICET, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 299, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina
| | - Claudio A González
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 299, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina
| | - Dierk Wanke
- Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Verónica G Maurino
- Institut für Molekulare Physiologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Abteilung Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Universität Bonn, Kirschallee 1, Bonn, 53115, Germany
| | - Klaus Harter
- Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Marcelo Desimone
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), CONICET, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 299, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 299, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina
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29
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Werner S, Bartrina I, Novák O, Strnad M, Werner T, Schmülling T. The Cytokinin Status of the Epidermis Regulates Aspects of Vegetative and Reproductive Development in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:613488. [PMID: 33732273 PMCID: PMC7959818 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.613488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The epidermal cell layer of plants has important functions in regulating plant growth and development. We have studied the impact of an altered epidermal cytokinin metabolism on Arabidopsis shoot development. Increased epidermal cytokinin synthesis or breakdown was achieved through expression of the cytokinin synthesis gene LOG4 and the cytokinin-degrading CKX1 gene, respectively, under the control of the epidermis-specific AtML1 promoter. During vegetative growth, increased epidermal cytokinin production caused an increased size of the shoot apical meristem and promoted earlier flowering. Leaves became larger and the shoots showed an earlier juvenile-to-adult transition. An increased cytokinin breakdown had the opposite effect on these phenotypic traits indicating that epidermal cytokinin metabolism can be a factor regulating these aspects of shoot development. The phenotypic consequences of abbreviated cytokinin signaling in the epidermis achieved through expression of the ARR1-SRDX repressor were generally milder or even absent indicating that the epidermal cytokinin acts, at least in part, cell non-autonomously. Enhanced epidermal cytokinin synthesis delayed cell differentiation during leaf development leading to an increased cell proliferation and leaf growth. Genetic analysis showed that this cytokinin activity was mediated mainly by the AHK3 receptor and the transcription factor ARR1. We also demonstrate that epidermal cytokinin promotes leaf growth in a largely cell-autonomous fashion. Increased cytokinin synthesis in the outer layer of reproductive tissues and in the placenta enhanced ovule formation by the placenta and caused the formation of larger siliques. This led to a higher number of seeds in larger pods resulting in an increased seed yield per plant. Collectively, the results provide evidence that the cytokinin metabolism in the epidermis is a relevant parameter determining vegetative and reproductive plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sören Werner
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Isabel Bartrina
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Biology, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Tomáš Werner
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Biology, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Schmülling
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Thomas Schmülling,
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30
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Skalak J, Nicolas KL, Vankova R, Hejatko J. Signal Integration in Plant Abiotic Stress Responses via Multistep Phosphorelay Signaling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:644823. [PMID: 33679861 PMCID: PMC7925916 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.644823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plants growing in any particular geographical location are exposed to variable and diverse environmental conditions throughout their lifespan. The multifactorial environmental pressure resulted into evolution of plant adaptation and survival strategies requiring ability to integrate multiple signals that combine to yield specific responses. These adaptive responses enable plants to maintain their growth and development while acquiring tolerance to a variety of environmental conditions. An essential signaling cascade that incorporates a wide range of exogenous as well as endogenous stimuli is multistep phosphorelay (MSP). MSP mediates the signaling of essential plant hormones that balance growth, development, and environmental adaptation. Nevertheless, the mechanisms by which specific signals are recognized by a commonly-occurring pathway are not yet clearly understood. Here we summarize our knowledge on the latest model of multistep phosphorelay signaling in plants and the molecular mechanisms underlying the integration of multiple inputs including both hormonal (cytokinins, ethylene and abscisic acid) and environmental (light and temperature) signals into a common pathway. We provide an overview of abiotic stress responses mediated via MSP signaling that are both hormone-dependent and independent. We highlight the mutual interactions of key players such as sensor kinases of various substrate specificities including their downstream targets. These constitute a tightly interconnected signaling network, enabling timely adaptation by the plant to an ever-changing environment. Finally, we propose possible future directions in stress-oriented research on MSP signaling and highlight its potential importance for targeted crop breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Skalak
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Katrina Leslie Nicolas
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Radomira Vankova
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jan Hejatko
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Jan Hejatko,
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Cytokinin-Regulated Expression of Arabidopsis thaliana PAP Genes and Its Implication for the Expression of Chloroplast-Encoded Genes. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10121658. [PMID: 33322466 PMCID: PMC7764210 DOI: 10.3390/biom10121658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinins (CKs) are known to regulate the biogenesis of chloroplasts under changing environmental conditions and at different stages of plant ontogenesis. However, the underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood. Apparently, the mechanisms can be duplicated in several ways, including the influence of nuclear genes that determine the expression of plastome through the two-component CK regulatory circuit. In this study, we evaluated the role of cytokinins and CK signaling pathway on the expression of nuclear genes for plastid RNA polymerase-associated proteins (PAPs). Cytokinin induced the expression of all twelve Arabidopsis thalianaPAP genes irrespective of their functions via canonical CK signaling pathway but this regulation might be indirect taking into consideration their different functions and versatile structure of promoter regions. The disruption of PAP genes contributed to the abolishment of positive CK effect on the accumulation of the chloroplast gene transcripts and transcripts of the nuclear genes for plastid transcription machinery as can be judged from the analysis of pap1 and pap6 mutants. However, the CK regulatory circuit in the mutants remained practically unperturbed. Knock-out of PAP genes resulted in cytokinin overproduction as a consequence of the strong up-regulation of the genes for CK synthesis.
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32
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NMR spectroscopy analysis reveals differential metabolic responses in arabidopsis roots and leaves treated with a cytokinesis inhibitor. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241627. [PMID: 33156865 PMCID: PMC7647083 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In plant cytokinesis, de novo formation of a cell plate evolving into the new cell wall partitions the cytoplasm of the dividing cell. In our earlier chemical genomics studies, we identified and characterized the small molecule endosidin-7, that specifically inhibits callose deposition at the cell plate, arresting late-stage cytokinesis in arabidopsis. Endosidin-7 has emerged as a very valuable tool for dissecting this essential plant process. To gain insights regarding its mode of action and the effects of cytokinesis inhibition on the overall plant response, we investigated the effect of endosidin-7 through a nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) metabolomics approach. In this case study, metabolomics profiles of arabidopsis leaf and root tissues were analyzed at different growth stages and endosidin-7 exposure levels. The results show leaf and root-specific metabolic profile changes and the effects of endosidin-7 treatment on these metabolomes. Statistical analyses indicated that the effect of endosidin-7 treatment was more significant than the developmental impact. The endosidin-7 induced metabolic profiles suggest compensations for cytokinesis inhibition in central metabolism pathways. This study further shows that long-term treatment of endosidin-7 profoundly changes, likely via alteration of hormonal regulation, the primary metabolism of arabidopsis seedlings. Hormonal pathway-changes are likely reflecting the plant’s responses, compensating for the arrested cell division, which in turn are leading to global metabolite modulation. The presented NMR spectral data are made available through the Metabolomics Workbench, providing a reference resource for the scientific community.
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33
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Acheampong AK, Shanks C, Cheng CY, Schaller GE, Dagdas Y, Kieber JJ. EXO70D isoforms mediate selective autophagic degradation of type-A ARR proteins to regulate cytokinin sensitivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:27034-27043. [PMID: 33051300 PMCID: PMC7604425 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2013161117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The phytohormone cytokinin influences many aspects of plant growth and development, several of which also involve the cellular process of autophagy, including leaf senescence, nutrient remobilization, and developmental transitions. The Arabidopsis type-A response regulators (type-A ARR) are negative regulators of cytokinin signaling that are transcriptionally induced in response to cytokinin. Here, we describe a mechanistic link between cytokinin signaling and autophagy, demonstrating that plants modulate cytokinin sensitivity through autophagic regulation of type-A ARR proteins. Type-A ARR proteins were degraded by autophagy in an AUTOPHAGY-RELATED (ATG)5-dependent manner, and this degradation is promoted by phosphorylation on a conserved aspartate in the receiver domain of the type-A ARRs. EXO70D family members interacted with type-A ARR proteins, likely in a phosphorylation-dependent manner, and recruited them to autophagosomes via interaction of the EXO70D AIM with the core autophagy protein, ATG8. Consistently, loss-of-function exo70D1,2,3 mutants exhibited compromised targeting of type-A ARRs to autophagic vesicles, have elevated levels of type-A ARR proteins, and are hyposensitive to cytokinin. Disruption of both type-A ARRs and EXO70D1,2,3 compromised survival in carbon-deficient conditions, suggesting interaction between autophagy and cytokinin responsiveness in response to stress. These results indicate that the EXO70D proteins act as selective autophagy receptors to target type-A ARR cargos for autophagic degradation, demonstrating modulation of cytokinin signaling by selective autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carly Shanks
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Chia-Yi Cheng
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - G Eric Schaller
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755
| | - Yasin Dagdas
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Joseph J Kieber
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599;
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Osmani Z, Sabet MS, Nakahara KS, Mokhtassi-Bidgoli A, Vahabi K, Moieni A, Shams-Bakhsh M. Identification of a defense response gene involved in signaling pathways against PVA and PVY in potato. GM CROPS & FOOD 2020; 12:86-105. [PMID: 33028148 PMCID: PMC7553743 DOI: 10.1080/21645698.2020.1823776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Potato is the most important non-grain food crop in the world. Viruses, particularly potato virus Y (PVY) and potato virus A (PVA), are among the major agricultural pathogens causing severe reduction in potato yield and quality worldwide. Virus infection induces host factors to interfere with its infection cycle. Evaluation of these factors facilitates the development of intrinsic resistance to plant viruses. In this study, a small G-protein as one of the critical signaling factors was evaluated in plant response to PVY and PVA to enhance resistance. For this purpose, the gene expression dataset of G-proteins in potato plant under five biotic (viruses, bacteria, fungi, nematodes, and insects) and four abiotic (cold, heat, salinity, and drought) stress conditions were collected from gene expression databases. We reduced the number of the selected G-proteins to a single protein, StSAR1A, which is possibly involved in virus inhibition. StSAR1A overexpressed transgenic plants were created via the Agrobacterium-mediated method. Real-time PCR and Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay tests of transgenic plants mechanically inoculated with PVY and PVA indicated that the overexpression of StSAR1A gene enhanced resistance to both viruses. The virus-infected transgenic plants exhibited a greater stem length, a larger leaf size, a higher fresh/dry weight, and a greater node number than those of the wild-type plants. The maximal photochemical efficiency of photosystem II, stomatal conductivity, and net photosynthetic rate in the virus-infected transgenic plants were also obviously higher than those of the control. The present study may help to understand aspects of resistance against viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhila Osmani
- Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sadegh Sabet
- Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran, Iran
| | - Kenji S Nakahara
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University , Sapporo Japan
| | - Ali Mokhtassi-Bidgoli
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran, Iran
| | - Khabat Vahabi
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Friedrich-Schiller- University , Jena, Germany
| | - Ahmad Moieni
- Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Shams-Bakhsh
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran, Iran
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Schall P, Marutschke L, Grimm B. The Flavoproteome of the Model Plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155371. [PMID: 32731628 PMCID: PMC7432721 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) are essential cofactors for enzymes, which catalyze a broad spectrum of vital reactions. This paper intends to compile all potential FAD/FMN-binding proteins encoded by the genome of Arabidopsis thaliana. Several computational approaches were applied to group the entire flavoproteome according to (i) different catalytic reactions in enzyme classes, (ii) the localization in subcellular compartments, (iii) different protein families and subclasses, and (iv) their classification to structural properties. Subsequently, the physiological significance of several of the larger flavoprotein families was highlighted. It is conclusive that plants, such as Arabidopsis thaliana, use many flavoenzymes for plant-specific and pivotal metabolic activities during development and for signal transduction pathways in response to biotic and abiotic stress. Thereby, often two up to several homologous genes are found encoding proteins with high protein similarity. It is proposed that these gene families for flavoproteins reflect presumably their need for differential transcriptional control or the expression of similar proteins with modified flavin-binding properties or catalytic activities.
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Liu H, He A, Jiang G, Hussain S, Wang W, Sun H, Jiang M, Nie L. Faster leaf senescence after flowering in wet direct‐seeded rice was mainly regulated by decrease in cytokinin content as compared with transplanted‐flooded rice. Food Energy Secur 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/fes3.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Liu
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource College of Tropical Crops Hainan University Haikou China
| | - Aibin He
- MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River College of Plant Science and Technology Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan China
| | - Guanglei Jiang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River College of Plant Science and Technology Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan China
| | - Saddam Hussain
- Department of Agronomy University of Agriculture Faisalabad Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Weiqin Wang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River College of Plant Science and Technology Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan China
| | - Huijuan Sun
- MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River College of Plant Science and Technology Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan China
| | - Min Jiang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River College of Plant Science and Technology Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan China
| | - Lixiao Nie
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource College of Tropical Crops Hainan University Haikou China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry Yangtze University Jingzhou China
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Huo R, Liu Z, Yu X, Li Z. The Interaction Network and Signaling Specificity of Two-Component System in Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21144898. [PMID: 32664520 PMCID: PMC7402358 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Two-component systems (TCS) in plants have evolved into a more complicated multi-step phosphorelay (MSP) pathway, which employs histidine kinases (HKs), histidine-containing phosphotransfer proteins (HPts), and response regulators (RRs) to regulate various aspects of plant growth and development. How plants perceive the external signals, then integrate and transduce the secondary signals specifically to the desired destination, is a fundamental characteristic of the MSP signaling network. The TCS elements involved in the MSP pathway and molecular mechanisms of signal transduction have been best understood in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. In this review, we focus on updated knowledge on TCS signal transduction in Arabidopsis. We first present a brief description of the TCS elements; then, the protein–protein interaction network is established. Finally, we discuss the possible molecular mechanisms involved in the specificity of the MSP signaling at the mRNA and protein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruxue Huo
- Institute of Integrative Plant Biology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Phylogenomics & Comparative Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China;
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China
| | - Zhenning Liu
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China
- Correspondence: (Z.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Xiaolin Yu
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Zongyun Li
- Institute of Integrative Plant Biology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Phylogenomics & Comparative Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China;
- Correspondence: (Z.L.); (Z.L.)
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Jabłoński B, Ogonowska H, Szala K, Bajguz A, Orczyk W, Nadolska-Orczyk A. Silencing of TaCKX1 Mediates Expression of Other TaCKX Genes to Increase Yield Parameters in Wheat. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134809. [PMID: 32645965 PMCID: PMC7369774 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
TaCKX, Triticum aestivum (cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase) family genes influence the development of wheat plants by the specific regulation of cytokinin content in different organs. However, their detailed role is not known. The TaCKX1, highly and specifically expressed in developing spikes and in seedling roots, was silenced by RNAi-mediated gene silencing via Agrobacterium tumefaciens and the effect of silencing was investigated in 7 DAP (days after pollination) spikes of T1 and T2 generations. Various levels of TaCKX1 silencing in both generations influence different models of co-expression with other TaCKX genes and parameters of yield-related traits. Only a high level of silencing in T2 resulted in strong down-regulation of TaCKX11 (3), up-regulation of TaCKX2.1, 2.2, 5, and 9 (10), and a high yielding phenotype. This phenotype is characterized by a higher spike number, grain number, and grain yield, but lower thousand grain weight (TGW). The content of most of cytokinin forms in 7 DAP spikes of silenced T2 lines increased from 23% to 76% compared to the non-silenced control. The CKs cross talk with other phytohormones. Each of the tested yield-related traits is regulated by various up- or down-regulated TaCKX genes and phytohormones. The coordinated effect of TaCKX1 silencing on the expression of other TaCKX genes, phytohormone levels in 7 DAP spikes, and yield-related traits in silenced T2 lines is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Jabłoński
- Department of Functional Genomics, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute—National Research Institute, Radzikow, 05-870 Blonie, Poland; (B.J.); (H.O.); (K.S.)
| | - Hanna Ogonowska
- Department of Functional Genomics, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute—National Research Institute, Radzikow, 05-870 Blonie, Poland; (B.J.); (H.O.); (K.S.)
| | - Karolina Szala
- Department of Functional Genomics, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute—National Research Institute, Radzikow, 05-870 Blonie, Poland; (B.J.); (H.O.); (K.S.)
| | - Andrzej Bajguz
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1J, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Wacław Orczyk
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute—National Research Institute, Radzikow, 05-870 Blonie, Poland;
| | - Anna Nadolska-Orczyk
- Department of Functional Genomics, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute—National Research Institute, Radzikow, 05-870 Blonie, Poland; (B.J.); (H.O.); (K.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Baslam M, Mitsui T, Hodges M, Priesack E, Herritt MT, Aranjuelo I, Sanz-Sáez Á. Photosynthesis in a Changing Global Climate: Scaling Up and Scaling Down in Crops. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:882. [PMID: 32733499 PMCID: PMC7357547 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis is the major process leading to primary production in the Biosphere. There is a total of 7000bn tons of CO2 in the atmosphere and photosynthesis fixes more than 100bn tons annually. The CO2 assimilated by the photosynthetic apparatus is the basis of crop production and, therefore, of animal and human food. This has led to a renewed interest in photosynthesis as a target to increase plant production and there is now increasing evidence showing that the strategy of improving photosynthetic traits can increase plant yield. However, photosynthesis and the photosynthetic apparatus are both conditioned by environmental variables such as water availability, temperature, [CO2], salinity, and ozone. The "omics" revolution has allowed a better understanding of the genetic mechanisms regulating stress responses including the identification of genes and proteins involved in the regulation, acclimation, and adaptation of processes that impact photosynthesis. The development of novel non-destructive high-throughput phenotyping techniques has been important to monitor crop photosynthetic responses to changing environmental conditions. This wealth of data is being incorporated into new modeling algorithms to predict plant growth and development under specific environmental constraints. This review gives a multi-perspective description of the impact of changing environmental conditions on photosynthetic performance and consequently plant growth by briefly highlighting how major technological advances including omics, high-throughput photosynthetic measurements, metabolic engineering, and whole plant photosynthetic modeling have helped to improve our understanding of how the photosynthetic machinery can be modified by different abiotic stresses and thus impact crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marouane Baslam
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Mitsui
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Michael Hodges
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Evry, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Eckart Priesack
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Matthew T. Herritt
- USDA-ARS Plant Physiology and Genetics Research, US Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, AZ, United States
| | - Iker Aranjuelo
- Agrobiotechnology Institute (IdAB-CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Gobierno de Navarra, Mutilva, Spain
| | - Álvaro Sanz-Sáez
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
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40
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He G, Yang P, Tang Y, Cao Y, Qi X, Xu L, Ming J. Mechanism of exogenous cytokinins inducing bulbil formation in Lilium lancifolium in vitro. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2020; 39:861-872. [PMID: 32270280 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-020-02535-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The cytokinin pathway promotes the initiation of bulbil formation, and iPA may an important type of cytokinin during bulbil formation in Lilium lancifolium. Bulbils are important vegetative reproductive organs in triploid Lilium lancifolium. We previously showed that cytokinins are involved in bulbil formation, but how cytokinins participate in bulbil formation is not clear. In this study, bulbil formation was divided into three stages on the basis of anatomical and histological observations: the bulbil initiation stage, bulbil primordium-formation stage and bulbil structure-formation stage. The results indicated that iPA was the most critical cytokinin during the bulbil initiation. qRT-PCR revealed that increased iPA content during bulbil initiation was mainly due to increased expression of cytokinin synthesis genes (IPT1/5) and cytokinin activation genes (LOG1/3/5/7) and significantly decreased expression of the cytokinin degradation gene CKX4. Exogenous 6-BA and lovastatin affected the cytokinin pathway and promoted or inhibited bulbil initiation by increasing or decreasing the content of endogenous iPA, respectively. In summary, we demonstrate that cytokinins positively regulate bulbil formation and provide preliminary insight into the regulatory mechanisms by which the cytokinin pathway promotes bulbil initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoren He
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Panpan Yang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yuchao Tang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yuwei Cao
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xianyu Qi
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Leifeng Xu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jun Ming
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Ghorbani R, Zakipour Z, Alemzadeh A, Razi H. Genome-wide analysis of AP2/ERF transcription factors family in Brassica napus. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 26:1463-1476. [PMID: 32647461 PMCID: PMC7326749 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-020-00832-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The AP2/ERF transcription factor family plays an important role in different biological processes such as growth, development and response to abiotic and biotic stresses in plants. The genome-wide analysis identified 531 AP2/ERF genes in Brassica napus (oilseed rape or canola) that ranged from 333 to 6440 bp in genomic and 273-2493 bp in coding DNA sequence length. We classified BnAP2/ERF proteins into five subfamilies including AP2 (58 genes), ERF (250 genes), DREB/CBF (194 genes), RAV (26 genes), and Soloist (3 genes). Furthermore, AP2/ERF proteins were subdivided into 15 groups according to the AP2/ERF classification in Arabidopsis. The number of exons in BnAP2/ERF genes was from one to eleven and most of these genes in the same subfamily had the same exon-intron pattern. The results also indicated that the composition of conserved motifs in most proteins in each group was similar. The intron-exon patterns and the composition of conserved motifs validated the BnAP2/ERF transcription factors phylogenetic classification. Based on the results of genome distribution, BnAP2/ERF genes were located unevenly on the 19 B. napus chromosomes. The results indicated that gene duplication may play an important role in genome expansion of B. napus. Furthermore, genome evolution of B. napus using orthologous and paralogous identification was studied. We found 278, 380 and 366 orthologous gene pairs between B. napus with A. thaliana, B. rapa and B. oleracea, respectively. The results of this study will be useful in investigation of functional role and molecular mechanisms of BnAP2/ERF transcription factors genes in response to different stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razieh Ghorbani
- Department of Plant Production and Genetics, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Zakipour
- Department of Plant Production and Genetics, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Abbas Alemzadeh
- Department of Plant Production and Genetics, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hooman Razi
- Department of Plant Production and Genetics, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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Novel markers for high-throughput protoplast-based analyses of phytohormone signaling. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234154. [PMID: 32497144 PMCID: PMC7272087 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytohormones mediate most diverse processes in plants, ranging from organ development to immune responses. Receptor protein complexes perceive changes in intracellular phytohormone levels and trigger a signaling cascade to effectuate downstream responses. The in planta analysis of elements involved in phytohormone signaling can be achieved through transient expression in mesophyll protoplasts, which are a fast and versatile alternative to generating plant lines that stably express a transgene. While promoter-reporter constructs have been used successfully to identify internal or external factors that change phytohormone signaling, the range of available marker constructs does not meet the potential of the protoplast technique for large scale approaches. The aim of our study was to provide novel markers for phytohormone signaling in the Arabidopsis mesophyll protoplast system. We validated 18 promoter::luciferase constructs towards their phytohormone responsiveness and specificity and suggest an experimental setup for high-throughput analyses. We recommend novel markers for the analysis of auxin, abscisic acid, cytokinin, salicylic acid and jasmonic acid responses that will facilitate future screens for biological elements and environmental stimuli affecting phytohormone signaling.
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Bacete L, Mélida H, López G, Dabos P, Tremousaygue D, Denancé N, Miedes E, Bulone V, Goffner D, Molina A. Arabidopsis Response Regulator 6 (ARR6) Modulates Plant Cell-Wall Composition and Disease Resistance. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:767-780. [PMID: 32023150 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-19-0341-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The cytokinin signaling pathway, which is mediated by Arabidopsis response regulator (ARR) proteins, has been involved in the modulation of some disease-resistance responses. Here, we describe novel functions of ARR6 in the control of plant disease-resistance and cell-wall composition. Plants impaired in ARR6 function (arr6) were more resistant and susceptible, respectively, to the necrotrophic fungus Plectosphaerella cucumerina and to the vascular bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum, whereas Arabidopsis plants that overexpress ARR6 showed the opposite phenotypes, which further support a role of ARR6 in the modulation of disease-resistance responses against these pathogens. Transcriptomics and metabolomics analyses revealed that, in arr6 plants, canonical disease-resistance pathways, like those activated by defensive phytohormones, were not altered, whereas immune responses triggered by microbe-associated molecular patterns were slightly enhanced. Cell-wall composition of arr6 plants was found to be severely altered compared with that of wild-type plants. Remarkably, pectin-enriched cell-wall fractions extracted from arr6 walls triggered more intense immune responses than those activated by similar wall fractions from wild-type plants, suggesting that arr6 pectin fraction is enriched in wall-related damage-associated molecular patterns, which trigger immune responses. This work supports a novel function of ARR6 in the control of cell-wall composition and disease resistance and reinforces the role of the plant cell wall in the modulation of specific immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bacete
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo-UPM, 28223-Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain
| | - Hugo Mélida
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo-UPM, 28223-Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Gemma López
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo-UPM, 28223-Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Patrick Dabos
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, UPS, Castanet-Tolosan Cedex, France
| | | | - Nicolas Denancé
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, UPS, Castanet-Tolosan Cedex, France
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, UMR 5546, Chemin de Borde Rouge, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Eva Miedes
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo-UPM, 28223-Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain
| | - Vincent Bulone
- Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Division of Glycoscience, AlbaNova University Center, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Deborah Goffner
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, UMR 5546, Chemin de Borde Rouge, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Antonio Molina
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo-UPM, 28223-Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain
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Hošek P, Hoyerová K, Kiran NS, Dobrev PI, Zahajská L, Filepová R, Motyka V, Müller K, Kamínek M. Distinct metabolism of N-glucosides of isopentenyladenine and trans-zeatin determines cytokinin metabolic spectrum in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:2423-2438. [PMID: 31682013 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The diversity of cytokinin (CK) metabolites suggests their interconversions are the predominant regulatory mechanism of CK action. Nevertheless, little is known about their directionality and kinetics in planta. CK metabolite levels were measured in 2-wk-old Arabidopsis thaliana plants at several time points up to 100 min following exogenous application of selected CKs. The data were then evaluated qualitatively and by mathematical modeling. Apart from elevated levels of trans-zeatin (tZ) metabolites upon application of N6 -(Δ2 -isopentenyl)adenine (iP), we observed no conversions between the individual CK-types - iP, tZ, dihydrozeatin (DHZ) and cis-zeatin (cZ). In particular, there was no sign of isomerization between tZ and cZ families. Also, no increase of DHZ-type CKs was observed after application of tZ, suggesting low baseline activity of zeatin reductase. Among N-glucosides, those of iP were not converted back to iP while tZ N-glucosides were cleaved to tZ bases, thus affecting the whole metabolic spectrum. We present the first large-scale study of short-term CK metabolism kinetics and show that tZ N7- and N9-glucosides are metabolized in vivo. We thus refute the generally accepted hypothesis that N-glucosylation irreversibly inactivates CKs. The subsequently constructed mathematical model provides estimates of the metabolic conversion rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Hošek
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Klára Hoyerová
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Nagavalli S Kiran
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petre I Dobrev
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Zahajská
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Roberta Filepová
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Motyka
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Müller
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Kamínek
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Praha 6, Czech Republic
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Zubo YO, Schaller GE. Role of the Cytokinin-Activated Type-B Response Regulators in Hormone Crosstalk. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9020166. [PMID: 32019090 PMCID: PMC7076656 DOI: 10.3390/plants9020166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinin is an important phytohormone that employs a multistep phosphorelay to transduce the signal from receptors to the nucleus, culminating in activation of type-B response regulators which function as transcription factors. Recent chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing (ChIP-seq) studies have identified targets of type-B ARABIDOPSIS RESPONSE REGULATORs (ARRs) and integrated these into the cytokinin-activated transcriptional network. Primary targets of the type-B ARRs are enriched for genes involved in hormonal regulation, emphasizing the extensive crosstalk that can occur between cytokinin, auxin, abscisic acid, brassinosteroids, gibberellic acid, ethylene, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid. Examination of hormone-related targets reveals multiple regulatory points including biosynthesis, degradation/inactivation, transport, and signal transduction. Here, we consider this early response to cytokinin in terms of the hormones involved, points of regulatory crosstalk, and physiological significance.
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Nardozza S, Cooney J, Boldingh HL, Hewitt KG, Trower T, Jones D, Thrimawithana AH, Allan AC, Richardson AC. Phytohormone and Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Endogenous Cytokinins Affect Kiwifruit Growth under Restricted Carbon Supply. Metabolites 2020; 10:E23. [PMID: 31947989 PMCID: PMC7022440 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Following cell division, fruit growth is characterized by both expansion through increases in cell volume and biomass accumulation in cells. Fruit growth is limited by carbon starvation; however, the mechanism controlling fruit growth under restricted carbohydrate supply is poorly understood. In a previous study using red-fleshed kiwifruit, we showed that long-term carbon starvation had detrimental effects on carbohydrate, anthocyanin metabolism, and fruit growth. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying the reduction in fruit growth during kiwifruit development, we integrated phytohormone profiling with transcriptomic and developmental datasets for fruit under high or low carbohydrate supplies. Phytohormone profiling of the outer pericarp tissue of kiwifruit showed a 6-fold reduction in total cytokinin concentrations in carbon-starved fruit, whilst other hormones were less affected. Principal component analysis visualised that cytokinin composition was distinct between fruit at 16 weeks after mid bloom, based on their carbohydrate supply status. Cytokinin biosynthetic genes (IPT, CYP735A) were significantly downregulated under carbon starvation, in agreement with the metabolite data. Several genes that code for expansins, proteins involved in cell wall loosening, were also downregulated under carbon starvation. In contrast to other fleshy fruits, our results suggest that cytokinins not only promote cell division, but also drive fruit cell expansion and growth in kiwifruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Nardozza
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), 1142 Auckland, New Zealand; (D.J.); (A.H.T.); (A.C.A.)
| | - Janine Cooney
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), 3240 Hamilton, New Zealand; (J.C.); (H.L.B.); (K.G.H.); (T.T.)
| | - Helen L. Boldingh
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), 3240 Hamilton, New Zealand; (J.C.); (H.L.B.); (K.G.H.); (T.T.)
| | - Katrin G. Hewitt
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), 3240 Hamilton, New Zealand; (J.C.); (H.L.B.); (K.G.H.); (T.T.)
| | - Tania Trower
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), 3240 Hamilton, New Zealand; (J.C.); (H.L.B.); (K.G.H.); (T.T.)
| | - Dan Jones
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), 1142 Auckland, New Zealand; (D.J.); (A.H.T.); (A.C.A.)
| | - Amali H. Thrimawithana
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), 1142 Auckland, New Zealand; (D.J.); (A.H.T.); (A.C.A.)
| | - Andrew C. Allan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), 1142 Auckland, New Zealand; (D.J.); (A.H.T.); (A.C.A.)
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, 1142 Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Annette C. Richardson
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), 0294 Kerikeri, New Zealand;
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Kroll CK, Brenner WG. Cytokinin Signaling Downstream of the His-Asp Phosphorelay Network: Cytokinin-Regulated Genes and Their Functions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:604489. [PMID: 33329676 PMCID: PMC7718014 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.604489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone cytokinin, existing in several molecular forms, is perceived by membrane-localized histidine kinases. The signal is transduced to transcription factors of the type-B response regulator family localized in the nucleus by a multi-step histidine-aspartate phosphorelay network employing histidine phosphotransmitters as shuttle proteins across the nuclear envelope. The type-B response regulators activate a number of primary response genes, some of which trigger in turn further signaling events and the expression of secondary response genes. Most genes activated in both rounds of transcription were identified with high confidence using different transcriptomic toolkits and meta analyses of multiple individual published datasets. In this review, we attempt to summarize the existing knowledge about the primary and secondary cytokinin response genes in order to try connecting gene expression with the multitude of effects that cytokinin exerts within the plant body and throughout the lifespan of a plant.
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48
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Islam MT, Lee BR, Park SH, La VH, Jung WJ, Bae DW, Kim TH. Hormonal regulations in soluble and cell-wall bound phenolic accumulation in two cultivars of Brassica napus contrasting susceptibility to Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 285:132-140. [PMID: 31203877 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc)- responsive soluble and cell wall-bound hydroxycinnamic acids (HAs) and flavonoids accumulation in relation to hormonal changes in two Brassica napus cultivars contrasting disease susceptibility were interpreted with regard to the disease resistance. At 14-day post inoculation with Xcc, disease resistance in cv. Capitol was distinguished by an accumulation of specific (HAs) and flavonoids particularly in cell-wall bound form, and was characterized by higher endogenous jasmonic acid (JA) resulting in a decrease of JA-based balance with other hormones, as well as enhanced expression of JA signaling that was concurrently based on upregulation of PAP1 (production of anthocyanin pigment 1), MYB transcription factor, and phenylpropanoid biosynthetic genes. Fourier transform infrared spectra confirmed higher amounts of esterified phenolic acids in cv. Capitol. These results indicate that enhanced JA levels and signaling in resistant cultivar was associated with a higher accumulation of HAs and flavonoids, particularly in the cell wall-bound form, and vice versa in the susceptible cultivar (cv. Mosa) with enhanced SA-, ABA-, and CK- levels and signaling. Thus the JA-mediated phenolic metabolites accumulation is an important feature for the management and breeding program to develop disease-resistant B. napus cultivar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Tabibul Islam
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Bok-Rye Lee
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea; Asian Pear Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Park
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea; Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Van Hien La
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Jin Jung
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Won Bae
- Central Instrument Facility, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hwan Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.
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49
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What Makes the Wood? Exploring the Molecular Mechanisms of Xylem Acclimation in Hardwoods to an Ever-Changing Environment. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10040358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Wood, also designated as secondary xylem, is the major structure that gives trees and other woody plants stability for upright growth and maintains the water supply from the roots to all other plant tissues. Over recent decades, our understanding of the cellular processes of wood formation (xylogenesis) has substantially increased. Plants as sessile organisms face a multitude of abiotic stresses, e.g., heat, drought, salinity and limiting nutrient availability that require them to adjust their wood structure to maintain stability and water conductivity. Because of global climate change, more drastic and sudden changes in temperature and longer periods without precipitation are expected to impact tree productivity in the near future. Thus, it is essential to understand the process of wood formation in trees under stress. Many traits, such as vessel frequency and size, fiber thickness and density change in response to different environmental stimuli. Here, we provide an overview of our current understanding of how abiotic stress factors affect wood formation on the molecular level focussing on the genes that have been identified in these processes.
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de Haro LA, Arellano SM, Novák O, Feil R, Dumón AD, Mattio MF, Tarkowská D, Llauger G, Strnad M, Lunn JE, Pearce S, Figueroa CM, del Vas M. Mal de Río Cuarto virus infection causes hormone imbalance and sugar accumulation in wheat leaves. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:112. [PMID: 30902042 PMCID: PMC6431059 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1709-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mal de Río Cuarto virus (MRCV) infects several monocotyledonous species including maize and wheat. Infected plants show shortened internodes, partial sterility, increased tillering and reduced root length. To better understand the molecular basis of the plant-virus interactions leading to these symptoms, we combined RNA sequencing with metabolite and hormone measurements. RESULTS More than 3000 differentially accumulated transcripts (DATs) were detected in MRCV-infected wheat plants at 21 days post inoculation compared to mock-inoculated plants. Infected plants exhibited decreased levels of TaSWEET13 transcripts, which are involved in sucrose phloem loading. Soluble sugars, starch, trehalose 6-phosphate (Tre6P), and organic and amino acids were all higher in MRCV-infected plants. In addition, several transcripts related to plant hormone metabolism, transport and signalling were increased upon MRCV infection. Transcripts coding for GA20ox, D14, MAX2 and SMAX1-like proteins involved in gibberellin biosynthesis and strigolactone signalling, were reduced. Transcripts involved in jasmonic acid, ethylene and brassinosteroid biosynthesis, perception and signalling and in auxin transport were also altered. Hormone measurements showed that jasmonic acid, brassinosteroids, abscisic acid and indole-3-acetic acid were significantly higher in infected leaves. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that MRCV causes a profound hormonal imbalance that, together with alterations in sugar partitioning, could account for the symptoms observed in MRCV-infected plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sofía Maité Arellano
- Instituto de Biotecnología, CICVyA, INTA, CONICET, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Ondrej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Regina Feil
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | | | | | - Danuše Tarkowská
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Gabriela Llauger
- Instituto de Biotecnología, CICVyA, INTA, CONICET, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - John Edward Lunn
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Stephen Pearce
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO USA
| | | | - Mariana del Vas
- Instituto de Biotecnología, CICVyA, INTA, CONICET, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires Argentina
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