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Wang Z, Zhang Y, Wu Y, Lai D, Deng Y, Ju C, Sun L, Huang P, Wang C. CPK10 protein kinase regulates Arabidopsis tolerance to boron deficiency through phosphorylation and activation of BOR1 transporter. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 243:1795-1809. [PMID: 38622812 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Boron (B) is crucial for plant growth and development. B deficiency can impair numerous physiological and metabolic processes, particularly in root development and pollen germination, seriously impeding crop growth and yield. However, the molecular mechanism underlying boron signal perception and signal transduction is rather limited. In this study, we discovered that CPK10, a calcium-dependent protein kinase in the CPK family, has the strongest interaction with the boron transporter BOR1. Mutations in CPK10 led to growth and root development defects under B-deficiency conditions, while constitutively active CPK10 enhanced plant tolerance to B deficiency. Furthermore, we found that CPK10 interacted with and phosphorylated BOR1 at the Ser689 residue. Through various biochemical analyses and complementation of B transport in yeast and plants, we revealed that Ser689 of BOR1 is important for its transport activity. In summary, these findings highlight the significance of the CPK10-BOR1 signaling pathway in maintaining B homeostasis in plants and provide targets for the genetic improvement of crop tolerance to B-deficiency stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yanting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yaru Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Duoduo Lai
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yuan Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Chuanfeng Ju
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Lv Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Panpan Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Cun Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
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2
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Zhang Y, Sharma D, Liang Y, Downs N, Dolman F, Thorne K, Black IM, Pereira JH, Adams P, Scheller HV, O’Neill M, Urbanowicz B, Mortimer JC. Putative rhamnogalacturonan-II glycosyltransferase identified through callus gene editing which bypasses embryo lethality. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 195:2551-2565. [PMID: 38739546 PMCID: PMC11288761 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II) is a structurally complex and conserved domain of the pectin present in the primary cell walls of vascular plants. Borate cross-linking of RG-II is required for plants to grow and develop normally. Mutations that alter RG-II structure also affect cross-linking and are lethal or severely impair growth. Thus, few genes involved in RG-II synthesis have been identified. Here, we developed a method to generate viable loss-of-function Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutants in callus tissue via CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing. We combined this with a candidate gene approach to characterize the male gametophyte defective 2 (MGP2) gene that encodes a putative family GT29 glycosyltransferase. Plants homozygous for this mutation do not survive. We showed that in the callus mutant cell walls, RG-II does not cross-link normally because it lacks 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid (Kdo) and thus cannot form the α-L-Rhap-(1→5)-α-D-kdop-(1→sidechain). We suggest that MGP2 encodes an inverting RG-II CMP-β-Kdo transferase (RCKT1). Our discovery provides further insight into the role of sidechains in RG-II dimerization. Our method also provides a viable strategy for further identifying proteins involved in the biosynthesis of RG-II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Deepak Sharma
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Yan Liang
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Nick Downs
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Fleur Dolman
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Kristen Thorne
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ian M Black
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Jose Henrique Pereira
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Paul Adams
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Henrik V Scheller
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Malcolm O’Neill
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Breeanna Urbanowicz
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Jenny C Mortimer
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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3
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Liu L, Duan X, Xu H, Zhao P, Shi L, Xu F, Wang S. Circadian Rhythm and Nitrogen Metabolism Participate in the Response of Boron Deficiency in the Root of Brassica napus. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8319. [PMID: 39125892 PMCID: PMC11313459 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2024] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Boron (B) deficiency has been shown to inhibit root cell growth and division. However, the precise mechanism underlying B deficiency-mediated root tip growth inhibition remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of BnaA3.NIP5;1, a gene encoding a boric acid channel, in Brassica napus (B. napus). BnaA3.NIP5;1 is expressed in the lateral root cap and contributes to B acquisition in the root tip. Downregulation of BnaA3.NIP5;1 enhances B sensitivity in B. napus, resulting in reduced shoot biomass and impaired root tip development. Transcriptome analysis was conducted on root tips from wild-type B. napus (QY10) and BnaA3.NIP5;1 RNAi lines to assess the significance of B dynamics in meristematic cells during seedling growth. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were significantly enriched in plant circadian rhythm and nitrogen (N) metabolism pathways. Notably, the circadian-rhythm-related gene HY5 exhibited a similar B regulation pattern in Arabidopsis to that observed in B. napus. Furthermore, Arabidopsis mutants with disrupted circadian rhythm (hy5/cor27/toc1) displayed heightened sensitivity to low B compared to the wild type (Col-0). Consistent with expectations, B deficiency significantly disrupted N metabolism in B. napus roots, affecting nitrogen concentration, nitrate reductase enzyme activity, and glutamine synthesis. Interestingly, this disruption was exacerbated in BnaA3NIP5;1 RNAi lines. Overall, our findings highlight the critical role of B dynamics in root tip cells, impacting circadian rhythm and N metabolism, ultimately leading to retarded growth. This study provides novel insights into B regulation in root tip development and overall root growth in B. napus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.L.); (L.S.); (F.X.)
- Microelement Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.X.); (P.Z.)
| | - Xianjie Duan
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Haoran Xu
- Microelement Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.X.); (P.Z.)
| | - Peiyu Zhao
- Microelement Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.X.); (P.Z.)
| | - Lei Shi
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.L.); (L.S.); (F.X.)
- Microelement Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.X.); (P.Z.)
| | - Fangsen Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.L.); (L.S.); (F.X.)
- Microelement Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.X.); (P.Z.)
| | - Sheliang Wang
- Microelement Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.X.); (P.Z.)
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Keret R, Drew DM, Hills PN. Xylem cell size regulation is a key adaptive response to water deficit in Eucalyptus grandis. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 44:tpae068. [PMID: 38896029 PMCID: PMC11247191 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Future climatic scenarios forecast increasingly frequent droughts that will pose substantial consequences on tree mortality. In light of this, drought-tolerant eucalypts have been propagated; however, the severity of these conditions will invoke adaptive responses, impacting the commercially valuable wood properties. To determine what mechanisms govern the wood anatomical adaptive response, highly controlled drought experiments were conducted in Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden, with the tree physiology and transcriptome closely monitored. In response to water deficit, E. grandis displays an isohydric stomatal response to conserve water and enable stem growth to continue, albeit at a reduced rate. Maintaining gaseous exchange is likely a critical short-term response that drives the formation of hydraulically safer xylem. For instance, the development of significantly smaller fibers and vessels was found to increase cellular density, thereby promoting drought tolerance through improved functional redundancy, as well as implosion and cavitation resistance. The transcriptome was explored to identify the molecular mechanisms responsible for controlling xylem cell size during prolonged water deficit. Downregulation of genes associated with cell wall remodeling and the biosynthesis of cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin appeared to coincide with a reduction in cellular enlargement during drought. Furthermore, transcript levels of NAC and MYB transcription factors, vital for cell wall component biosynthesis, were reduced, while those linked to lignification increased. The upregulation of EgCAD and various peroxidases under water deficit did not correlate with an increased lignin composition. However, with the elevated cellular density, a higher lignin content per xylem cross-sectional area was observed, potentially enhancing hydraulic safety. These results support the requirement for higher density, drought-adapted wood as a long-term adaptive response in E. grandis, which is largely influenced by the isohydric stomatal response coupled with cellular expansion-related molecular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Keret
- Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
- Department of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Bosman St, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa
| | - David M Drew
- Department of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Bosman St, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa
| | - Paul N Hills
- Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
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Liu M, Li Z, Kang Y, Lv J, Jin Z, Mu S, Yue H, Li L, Chen P, Li Y. A mutation in CsGME encoding GDP-mannose 3,5-epimerase results in little and wrinkled leaf in cucumber. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2024; 137:114. [PMID: 38678513 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-024-04600-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Map-based cloning revealed that a mutation in a highly conserved amino acid of the CsGME gene encoding GDP-mannose 3,5-epimerase, causes the phenotype of little and wrinkled leaves in cucumbers. Leaf size is a critical determinant of plant architecture in cucumbers, yet only a few genes associated with this trait have been mapped or cloned. Here, we identified and characterized a mutant with little and wrinkled leaves, named lwl-1. Genetic analysis revealed that the phenotype of the lwl-1 was controlled by a single recessive gene. Through map-based cloning, the lwl-1 locus was narrowed down to a 12.22-kb region exclusively containing one fully annotated gene CsGME (CsaV3_2G004170). CsGME encodes GDP-mannose 3,5-epimerase, which is involved in the synthesis of ascorbic acid (ASA) and one of the components of pectin, RG-II. Whole-length sequencing of the 12.22 kb DNA fragment revealed the presence of only a non-synonymous mutation located in the sixth exon of CsGME in lwl-1, resulting in an amino acid alteration from Pro363 to Leu363. This mutation was unique among 118 inbred lines from cucumber natural populations. CsGME expression significantly reduced in various organs of lwl-1, accompanied by a significant decrease in ASA and pectin content in leaves. Both CsGME and Csgme proteins were localized to the cytoplasm. The mutant phenotype exhibited partial recovery after the application of exogenous boric acid. Silencing CsGME in cucumber through VIGS confirmed its role as the causal gene for lwl-1. Transcriptome profiling revealed that CsGME greatly affected the expression of genes related to the cell division process and cell plate formation. This study represents the first report to characterize and clone the CsGME in cucumber, indicating its crucial role in regulating leaf size and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengying Liu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhaowei Li
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yunfeng Kang
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jinzhao Lv
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhuoshuai Jin
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Siyu Mu
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hongzhong Yue
- Vegetable Research Institute, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Lixia Li
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Peng Chen
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yuhong Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Vera-Maldonado P, Aquea F, Reyes-Díaz M, Cárcamo-Fincheira P, Soto-Cerda B, Nunes-Nesi A, Inostroza-Blancheteau C. Role of boron and its interaction with other elements in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1332459. [PMID: 38410729 PMCID: PMC10895714 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1332459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Boron (B) is an essential microelement for plants, and its deficiency can lead to impaired development and function. Around 50% of arable land in the world is acidic, and low pH in the soil solution decreases availability of several essential mineral elements, including B, magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), and potassium (K). Plants take up soil B in the form of boric acid (H3BO3) in acidic soil or tetrahydroxy borate [B(OH)4]- at neutral or alkaline pH. Boron can participate directly or indirectly in plant metabolism, including in the synthesis of the cell wall and plasma membrane, in carbohydrate and protein metabolism, and in the formation of ribonucleic acid (RNA). In addition, B interacts with other nutrients such as Ca, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), K, and zinc (Zn). In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of B uptake, absorption, and accumulation and its interactions with other elements, and how it contributes to the adaptation of plants to different environmental conditions. We also discuss potential B-mediated networks at the physiological and molecular levels involved in plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Vera-Maldonado
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Agropecuarias, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile
| | - Felipe Aquea
- Laboratorio de Bioingeniería, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marjorie Reyes-Díaz
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
- Center of Plant, Soil Interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Paz Cárcamo-Fincheira
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Braulio Soto-Cerda
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biotecnología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Acuícolas, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile
- Nucleo de Investigación en Producción Alimentaria, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile
| | - Adriano Nunes-Nesi
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Claudio Inostroza-Blancheteau
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biotecnología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Acuícolas, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile
- Nucleo de Investigación en Producción Alimentaria, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile
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Jun SE, Shim JS, Park HJ. Beyond NPK: Mineral Nutrient-Mediated Modulation in Orchestrating Flowering Time. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3299. [PMID: 37765463 PMCID: PMC10535918 DOI: 10.3390/plants12183299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Flowering time in plants is a complex process regulated by environmental conditions such as photoperiod and temperature, as well as nutrient conditions. While the impact of major nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium on flowering time has been well recognized, the significance of micronutrient imbalances and their deficiencies should not be neglected because they affect the floral transition from the vegetative stage to the reproductive stage. The secondary major nutrients such as calcium, magnesium, and sulfur participate in various aspects of flowering. Micronutrients such as boron, zinc, iron, and copper play crucial roles in enzymatic reactions and hormone biosynthesis, affecting flower development and reproduction as well. The current review comprehensively explores the interplay between microelements and flowering time, and summarizes the underlying mechanism in plants. Consequently, a better understanding of the interplay between microelements and flowering time will provide clues to reveal the roles of microelements in regulating flowering time and to improve crop reproduction in plant industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Eun Jun
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jae Sun Shim
- School of Biological Science and Technology, College of Natural Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jin Park
- Department of Biological Sciences and Research Center of Ecomimetics, College of Natural Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
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Zexer N, Kumar S, Elbaum R. Silica deposition in plants: scaffolding the mineralization. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 131:897-908. [PMID: 37094329 PMCID: PMC10332400 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Silicon and aluminium oxides make the bulk of agricultural soils. Plants absorb dissolved silicon as silicic acid into their bodies through their roots. The silicic acid moves with transpiration to target tissues in the plant body, where it polymerizes into biogenic silica. Mostly, the mineral forms on a matrix of cell wall polymers to create a composite material. Historically, silica deposition (silicification) was supposed to occur once water evaporated from the plant surface, leaving behind an increased concentration of silicic acid within plant tissues. However, recent publications indicate that certain cell wall polymers and proteins initiate and control the extent of plant silicification. SCOPE Here we review recent publications on the polymers that scaffold the formation of biogenic plant silica, and propose a paradigm shift from spontaneous polymerization of silicic acid to dedicated active metabolic processes that control both the location and the extent of the mineralization. CONCLUSION Protein activity concentrates silicic acid beyond its saturation level. Polymeric structures at the cell wall stabilize the supersaturated silicic acid and allow its flow with the transpiration stream, or bind it and allow its initial condensation. Silica nucleation and further polymerization are enabled on a polymeric scaffold, which is embedded within the mineral. Deposition is terminated once free silicic acid is consumed or the chemical moieties for its binding are saturated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerya Zexer
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, K. K. Birla Goa Campus, Zuarinagar 403726, Goa, India
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Rivka Elbaum
- R. H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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Duarte GT, Volkova PY, Fiengo Perez F, Horemans N. Chronic Ionizing Radiation of Plants: An Evolutionary Factor from Direct Damage to Non-Target Effects. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1178. [PMID: 36904038 PMCID: PMC10005729 DOI: 10.3390/plants12051178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In present times, the levels of ionizing radiation (IR) on the surface of Earth are relatively low, posing no high challenges for the survival of contemporary life forms. IR derives from natural sources and naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM), the nuclear industry, medical applications, and as a result of radiation disasters or nuclear tests. In the current review, we discuss modern sources of radioactivity, its direct and indirect effects on different plant species, and the scope of the radiation protection of plants. We present an overview of the molecular mechanisms of radiation responses in plants, which leads to a tempting conjecture of the evolutionary role of IR as a limiting factor for land colonization and plant diversification rates. The hypothesis-driven analysis of available plant genomic data suggests an overall DNA repair gene families' depletion in land plants compared to ancestral groups, which overlaps with a decrease in levels of radiation exposure on the surface of Earth millions of years ago. The potential contribution of chronic IR as an evolutionary factor in combination with other environmental factors is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nele Horemans
- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre—SCK CEN, 2400 Mol, Belgium
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
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10
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Bolaños L, Abreu I, Bonilla I, Camacho-Cristóbal JJ, Reguera M. What Can Boron Deficiency Symptoms Tell Us about Its Function and Regulation? PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:777. [PMID: 36840125 PMCID: PMC9963425 DOI: 10.3390/plants12040777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
On the eve of the 100th anniversary of Dr. Warington's discovery of boron (B) as a nutrient essential for higher plants, "boronists" have struggled to demonstrate a role beyond its structural function in cell walls dimerizing pectin molecules of rhamnogalacturonan II (RGII). In this regard, B deficiency has been associated with a plethora of symptoms in plants that include macroscopic symptoms like growth arrest and cell death and biochemical or molecular symptoms that include changes in cell wall pore size, apoplast acidification, or a steep ROS production that leads to an oxidative burst. Aiming to shed light on B functions in plant biology, we proposed here a unifying model integrating the current knowledge about B function(s) in plants to explain why B deficiency can cause such remarkable effects on plant growth and development, impacting crop productivity. In addition, based on recent experimental evidence that suggests the existence of different B ligands other than RGII in plant cells, namely glycolipids, and glycoproteins, we proposed an experimental pipeline to identify putative missing ligands and to determine how they would integrate into the above-mentioned model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Bolaños
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Darwin 2, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isidro Abreu
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Darwin 2, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Ildefonso Bonilla
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Darwin 2, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan J. Camacho-Cristóbal
- Departamento de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - María Reguera
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Darwin 2, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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11
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Dinh AQ, Naeem A, Mühling KH. Growth and Distribution of Boron in Oilseed Rape ( Brassica napus L.) as Affected by Boron Supply. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2746. [PMID: 36297770 PMCID: PMC9608877 DOI: 10.3390/plants11202746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) is one of the most important oilseed crops. It has relatively high boron (B) requirements for growth. In this study, a hydroponic experiment was performed to determine the critical B requirement and B distribution in B. napus. The plants were grown for four weeks at a range of B levels (from 0.25 to 1000 µM) supplied in a nutrient solution. The results showed significant differences in the root and shoot dry matter and B accumulation in these tissues among the supplied B levels. Severe visible symptoms of B deficiency were observed on the leaves at levels lower than 1 µM B and toxicity at 1000 µM B in the nutrient solution. The maximum shoot and root dry matter were recorded at 25 µM B in the nutrient solution. The plants supplied with the lowest and the highest B levels produced 35% and 37% less shoot dry matter than those supplied with 25 µM B, while the corresponding decreases in the root dry matter were 48% and 36%, respectively. The critical concentration of B, which is the lowest concentration at which plants produce 90% of the maximum shoot dry matter, was proven to be 1 µM B for oilseed rape. At this level of external B supply, the B concentration in the shoot was 26.9 mg kg-1 DM. It was found that with the increase in B levels in the nutrient solution, the relative distribution of B between the roots and the shoots shifted in favor of the shoots.
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12
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Kawaguchi K, Nakaune M, Ma JF, Kojima M, Takebayashi Y, Sakakibara H, Otagaki S, Matsumoto S, Shiratake K. Plant Hormone and Inorganic Ion Concentrations in the Xylem Exudate of Grafted Plants Depend on the Scion-Rootstock Combination. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2594. [PMID: 36235460 PMCID: PMC9571263 DOI: 10.3390/plants11192594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In grafted plants, inorganic ions and plant hormones in the xylem exudate transported from the rootstock to the scion directly or indirectly affect the scion, thereby improving the traits. Therefore, the concentration of these components in the xylem exudate of grafted plants may be an indicator for rootstock selection. On the other hand, few reports have presented a comprehensive analysis of substances transferred from the rootstock to the scion in plants grafted onto different rootstocks, primarily commercial cultivars. In this study, we measured inorganic ions and plant hormones in the xylem exudate from the rootstock to the scion in various grafted plants of tomato and eggplant. The results revealed that the concentrations of inorganic ions and plant hormones in the xylem exudate significantly differed depending on the type of rootstock. In addition, we confirmed the concentration of the inorganic ions and plant hormones in the xylem exudate of plants grafted onto the same tomato rootstock cultivars as rootstock with tomato or eggplant as the scions. As a result, the concentrations of inorganic ions and plant hormones in the xylem exudate were significantly different in the grafted plants with eggplant compared with tomato as the scion. These results suggest that signals from the scion (shoot) control the inorganic ions and plant hormones transported from the rootstock (root).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Kawaguchi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakaune
- Saitama Agricultural Technology Research Center, Sugahiro, Kumagaya 360-0102, Japan
| | - Jian Feng Ma
- Research Institute for Bioresources, Okayama University, Chuo, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan
| | - Mikiko Kojima
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yumiko Takebayashi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sakakibara
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Shungo Otagaki
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Shogo Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Shiratake
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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13
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Chi C, Shi M, Zhao Y, Chen B, He Y, Wang M. Dietary compounds slow starch enzymatic digestion: A review. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1004966. [PMID: 36185656 PMCID: PMC9521573 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1004966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary compounds significantly affected starch enzymatic digestion. However, effects of dietary compounds on starch digestion and their underlying mechanisms have been not systematically discussed yet. This review summarized the effects of dietary compounds including cell walls, proteins, lipids, non-starchy polysaccharides, and polyphenols on starch enzymatic digestion. Cell walls, proteins, and non-starchy polysaccharides restricted starch disruption during hydrothermal treatment and the retained ordered structures limited enzymatic binding. Moreover, they encapsulated starch granules and formed physical barriers for enzyme accessibility. Proteins, non-starchy polysaccharides along with lipids and polyphenols interacted with starch and formed ordered assemblies. Furthermore, non-starchy polysaccharides and polyphenols showed robust abilities to reduce activities of α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Accordingly, it can be concluded that dietary compounds lowered starch digestion mainly by three modes: (i) prevented ordered structures from disruption and formed ordered assemblies chaperoned with these dietary compounds; (ii) formed physical barriers and prevented enzymes from accessing/binding to starch; (iii) reduced enzymes activities. Dietary compounds showed great potentials in lowering starch enzymatic digestion, thereby modulating postprandial glucose response to food and preventing or treating type II diabetes disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengdeng Chi
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Chengdeng Chi
| | - Miaomiao Shi
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yingting Zhao
- Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Bilian Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yongjin He
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Meiying Wang
- School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Meiying Wang
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14
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Zhang W, Zhang Q, Xing Y, Cao Q, Qin L, Fang K. Effect of boron toxicity on pollen tube cell wall architecture and the relationship of cell wall components of Castanea mollissima Blume. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:946781. [PMID: 35958218 PMCID: PMC9361862 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.946781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Boron (B) is essential to plant development. However, excessive B is toxic to plants. This research was performed to evaluate the effects of B toxicity on cell wall architecture of Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima Blume) pollen tubes with emphasis on the relationship among pectins, cellulose, and callose. Results showed that 0.8 mM H3BO3 inhibited pollen germination and led to abnormal morphology of the pollen tubes. B toxicity also affected the distribution of cell wall components of the pollen tube. In control pollen tube, esterified and acid pectins were distributed unevenly, with the former mainly at the tip and the latter on the distal region. Cellulose was distributed uniformly on the surface with less at the tip; callose reduced gradually from base to sub-tip of the pollen tubes and no callose at the tip of the tube was detected. B toxicity led to the deposition of esterified and acid pectins, cellulose, and callose at the tip of the pollen tube. Results from scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy showed that B toxicity also altered pollen tube wall ultrastructure. The results from enzymatic treatment illustrated that there existed a close relationship among pectins, cellulose, and callose. B toxicity also altered the relationship. In a word, B toxicity altered deposition and relationship of pectins, cellulose, and callose of pollen tube wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Beijing Bei Nong Enterprise Management Co. Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Xing
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Qingqin Cao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Qin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Kefeng Fang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
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15
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Pectic polysaccharides: Targeting gut microbiota in obesity and intestinal health. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 287:119363. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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16
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Mishra DC, Arora D, Budhlakoti N, Solanke AU, Mithra SVACR, Kumar A, Pandey PS, Srivastava S, Kumar S, Farooqi MS, Lal SB, Rai A, Chaturvedi KK. Identification of Potential Cytokinin Responsive Key Genes in Rice Treated With Trans-Zeatin Through Systems Biology Approach. Front Genet 2022; 12:780599. [PMID: 35198001 PMCID: PMC8859635 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.780599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice is an important staple food grain consumed by most of the population around the world. With climate and environmental changes, rice has undergone a tremendous stress state which has impacted crop production and productivity. Plant growth hormones are essential component that controls the overall outcome of the growth and development of the plant. Cytokinin is a hormone that plays an important role in plant immunity and defense systems. Trans-zeatin is an active form of cytokinin that can affect plant growth which is mediated by a multi-step two-component phosphorelay system that has different roles in various developmental stages. Systems biology is an approach for pathway analysis to trans-zeatin treated rice that could provide a deep understanding of different molecules associated with them. In this study, we have used a weighted gene co-expression network analysis method to identify the functional modules and hub genes involved in the cytokinin pathway. We have identified nine functional modules comprising of different hub genes which contribute to the cytokinin signaling route. The biological significance of these identified hub genes has been tested by applying well-proven statistical techniques to establish the association with the experimentally validated QTLs and annotated by the DAVID server. The establishment of key genes in different pathways has been confirmed. These results will be useful to design new stress-resistant cultivars which can provide sustainable yield in stress-specific conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwijesh Chandra Mishra
- Centre for Agricultural Bioinformatics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Devender Arora
- Centre for Agricultural Bioinformatics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Neeraj Budhlakoti
- Centre for Agricultural Bioinformatics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Anuj Kumar
- Centre for Agricultural Bioinformatics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - P. S. Pandey
- Agricultural Education Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Sudhir Srivastava
- Centre for Agricultural Bioinformatics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Centre for Agricultural Bioinformatics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - M. S. Farooqi
- Centre for Agricultural Bioinformatics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - S. B. Lal
- Centre for Agricultural Bioinformatics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Anil Rai
- Centre for Agricultural Bioinformatics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - K. K. Chaturvedi
- Centre for Agricultural Bioinformatics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
- *Correspondence: K. K. Chaturvedi,
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17
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Yang LT, Pan JF, Hu NJ, Chen HH, Jiang HX, Lu YB, Chen LS. Citrus Physiological and Molecular Response to Boron Stresses. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:40. [PMID: 35009043 PMCID: PMC8747704 DOI: 10.3390/plants11010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Since the essentiality of boron (B) to plant growth was reported nearly one century ago, the implication of B in physiological performance, productivity and quality of agricultural products, and the morphogenesis of apical meristem in plants has widely been studied. B stresses (B deficiency and toxicity), which lead to atrophy of canopy and deterioration of Citrus fruits, have long been discovered in citrus orchards. This paper reviews the research progress of B stresses on Citrus growth, photosynthesis, light use efficiency, nutrient absorption, organic acid metabolism, sugar metabolism and relocation, and antioxidant system. Moreover, the beneficial effects of B on plant stress tolerance and further research in this area were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Tong Yang
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (L.-T.Y.); (J.-F.P.); (N.-J.H.); (H.-H.C.); (Y.-B.L.)
| | - Jun-Feng Pan
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (L.-T.Y.); (J.-F.P.); (N.-J.H.); (H.-H.C.); (Y.-B.L.)
| | - Neng-Jing Hu
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (L.-T.Y.); (J.-F.P.); (N.-J.H.); (H.-H.C.); (Y.-B.L.)
| | - Huan-Huan Chen
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (L.-T.Y.); (J.-F.P.); (N.-J.H.); (H.-H.C.); (Y.-B.L.)
| | - Huan-Xin Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China;
| | - Yi-Bin Lu
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (L.-T.Y.); (J.-F.P.); (N.-J.H.); (H.-H.C.); (Y.-B.L.)
| | - Li-Song Chen
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (L.-T.Y.); (J.-F.P.); (N.-J.H.); (H.-H.C.); (Y.-B.L.)
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18
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Yamaji N, Ma JF. Metalloid transporters and their regulation in plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:1929-1939. [PMID: 35235670 PMCID: PMC8644474 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Transport of metalloids including B, Si, and As is mediated by a combination of channels and efflux transporters in plants, which are strictly regulated in response to environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Yamaji
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan
| | - Jian Feng Ma
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan
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19
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Khan MK, Pandey A, Hamurcu M, Avsaroglu ZZ, Ozbek M, Omay AH, Elbasan F, Omay MR, Gokmen F, Topal A, Gezgin S. Variability in Physiological Traits Reveals Boron Toxicity Tolerance in Aegilops Species. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:736614. [PMID: 34777419 PMCID: PMC8585849 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.736614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Boron (B) is an important micronutrient required for the normal growth and development of plants. However, its excess in the soil causes severe damage to plant tissues, which affects the final yield. Wheat, one of the main staple crops, has been reported to be largely affected by B toxicity stress in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. The prevalence of B toxicity stress can be addressed by utilizing wild wheat genotypes with a variant level of stress tolerance. Wild wheat relatives have been identified as a prominent source of several abiotic stress-tolerant genes. However, Aegilops species in the tertiary gene pool of wheat have not been well exploited as a source of B toxicity tolerance. This study explores the root and shoot growth, proline induction, and extent of lipid peroxidation in 19 Aegilops accessions comprising 6 different species and the B-tolerant check wheat cultivar Bolal 2973 grown under Control (3.1 μM B), toxic (1 mM B), and highly toxic (10 mM B) B stress treatment. B toxicity stress had a more decisive impact on growth parameters as compared to the malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline content. The obtained results suggested that even the genotypes with high shoot B (SB) accumulation can be tolerant to B toxicity stress, and the mechanism of B redistribution in leaves should be studied in detail. It has been proposed that the studied Aegilops accessions can be potentially used for genetically improving the B toxicity-tolerance trait due to a high level of variation in the response toward high B toxicity. Though a number of accessions showed suppression in the root and shoot growth, very few accessions with stress adaptive plasticity to B toxicity stress leading to an improvement of shoot growth parameters could be determined. The two accessions, Aegilops biuncialis accession TGB 026219 and Aegilops columnaris accession TGB 000107, were identified as the potential genotypes with B toxicity stress tolerance and can be utilized for developing a pre-breeding material in B tolerance-based breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd. Kamran Khan
- Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Anamika Pandey
- Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Hamurcu
- Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Zuhal Zeynep Avsaroglu
- Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Merve Ozbek
- Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ayse Humeyra Omay
- Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Fevzi Elbasan
- Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Makbule Rumeysa Omay
- Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Fatma Gokmen
- Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ali Topal
- Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Sait Gezgin
- Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
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20
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Calcutt R, Vincent R, Dean D, Arinzeh TL, Dixit R. Plant cell adhesion and growth on artificial fibrous scaffolds as an in vitro model for plant development. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabj1469. [PMID: 34669469 PMCID: PMC8528414 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj1469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Mechanistic studies of plant development would benefit from an in vitro model that mimics the endogenous physical interactions between cells and their microenvironment. Here, we present artificial scaffolds to which both solid- and liquid-cultured tobacco BY-2 cells adhere without perturbing cell morphology, division, and cortical microtubule organization. Scaffolds consisting of polyvinylidene tri-fluoroethylene (PVDF-TrFE) were prepared to mimic the cell wall’s fibrillar structure and its relative hydrophobicity and piezoelectric property. We found that cells adhered best to scaffolds consisting of nanosized aligned fibers. In addition, poling of PVDF-TrFE, which orients the fiber dipoles and renders the scaffold more piezoelectric, increased cell adhesion. Enzymatic treatments revealed that the plant cell wall polysaccharide, pectin, is largely responsible for cell adhesion to scaffolds, analogous to pectin-mediated cell adhesion in plant tissues. Together, this work establishes the first plant biomimetic scaffolds that will enable studies of how cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions affect plant developmental pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Calcutt
- Department of Biology and Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Richard Vincent
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Derrick Dean
- Biomedical Engineering Program and Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36014, USA
- Corresponding author. (T.L.A.); (D.D.); (R.D.)
| | - Treena Livingston Arinzeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
- Corresponding author. (T.L.A.); (D.D.); (R.D.)
| | - Ram Dixit
- Department of Biology and Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Corresponding author. (T.L.A.); (D.D.); (R.D.)
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21
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Shin Y, Chane A, Jung M, Lee Y. Recent Advances in Understanding the Roles of Pectin as an Active Participant in Plant Signaling Networks. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1712. [PMID: 34451757 PMCID: PMC8399534 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Pectin is an abundant cell wall polysaccharide with essential roles in various biological processes. The structural diversity of pectins, along with the numerous combinations of the enzymes responsible for pectin biosynthesis and modification, plays key roles in ensuring the specificity and plasticity of cell wall remodeling in different cell types and under different environmental conditions. This review focuses on recent progress in understanding various aspects of pectin, from its biosynthetic and modification processes to its biological roles in different cell types. In particular, we describe recent findings that cell wall modifications serve not only as final outputs of internally determined pathways, but also as key components of intercellular communication, with pectin as a major contributor to this process. The comprehensive view of the diverse roles of pectin presented here provides an important basis for understanding how cell wall-enclosed plant cells develop, differentiate, and interact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesol Shin
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (Y.S.); (A.C.); (M.J.)
| | - Andrea Chane
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (Y.S.); (A.C.); (M.J.)
| | - Minjung Jung
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (Y.S.); (A.C.); (M.J.)
| | - Yuree Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (Y.S.); (A.C.); (M.J.)
- Research Center for Plant Plasticity, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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22
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Li HT, Chen SQ, Bui AT, Xu B, Dhital S. Natural ‘capsule’ in food plants: Cell wall porosity controls starch digestion and fermentation. Food Hydrocoll 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.106657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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23
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Yoshinari A, Hosokawa T, Beier MP, Oshima K, Ogino Y, Hori C, Takasuka TE, Fukao Y, Fujiwara T, Takano J. Transport-coupled ubiquitination of the borate transporter BOR1 for its boron-dependent degradation. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:420-438. [PMID: 33866370 PMCID: PMC8136889 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koaa020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants take up and translocate nutrients through transporters. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the borate exporter BOR1 acts as a key transporter under boron (B) limitation in the soil. Upon sufficient-B supply, BOR1 undergoes ubiquitination and is transported to the vacuole for degradation, to avoid overaccumulation of B. However, the mechanisms underlying B-sensing and ubiquitination of BOR1 are unknown. In this study, we confirmed the lysine-590 residue in the C-terminal cytosolic region of BOR1 as the direct ubiquitination site and showed that BOR1 undergoes K63-linked polyubiquitination. A forward genetic screen identified that amino acid residues located in vicinity of the substrate-binding pocket of BOR1 are essential for the vacuolar sorting. BOR1 variants that lack B-transport activity showed a significant reduction of polyubiquitination and subsequent vacuolar sorting. Coexpression of wild-type (WT) and a transport-defective variant of BOR1 in the same cells showed degradation of the WT but not the variant upon sufficient-B supply. These findings suggest that polyubiquitination of BOR1 relies on its conformational transition during the transport cycle. We propose a model in which BOR1, as a B transceptor, directly senses the B concentration and promotes its own polyubiquitination and vacuolar sorting for quick and precise maintenance of B homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Yoshinari
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, 599-8531, Japan
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589 Hokkaido, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
| | - Takuya Hosokawa
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Marcel Pascal Beier
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, 599-8531, Japan
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Keishi Oshima
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Yuka Ogino
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589 Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Chiaki Hori
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589 Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Taichi E Takasuka
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589 Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Fukao
- Plant Global Education Project, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, 630-0101, Japan
- Department of Bioinformatics, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1, Nodihigashi, Kusatsu, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Toru Fujiwara
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Junpei Takano
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, 599-8531, Japan
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589 Hokkaido, Japan
- Author for communication:
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24
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Dinh AQ, Naeem A, Sagervanshi A, Wimmer MA, Mühling KH. Boron uptake and distribution by oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) as affected by different nitrogen forms under low and high boron supply. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 161:156-165. [PMID: 33609922 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3-) conversely alter pH of the rooting medium, and thus differentially affect the equilibrium between boric acid and borate in soil solution. This can alter boron (B) uptake by plants, which is passive under high, but facilitated (boric acid) or active (borate) under low B supply. Therefore, the effect of NH4+ and NO3- forms was investigated on the growth, 10B uptake rate and accumulation, and expression of B transporters in Brassica napus grown with low (1 μM) or high (100 μM) 10B for five days in the nutrient solution. At the low 10B level, NO3--fed plants had the same specific 10B uptake rate, 10B accumulation and xylem 10B concentration as NH4NO3-fed plants but these attributes were reduced at the high 10B level. BnaBOR1;2 and BnaNIP5;1 were upregulated in roots of NO3-fed plants at low 10B supply. NH4+-fed plants had substantially lower dry matters; due to nutrient solution acidification (2.0 units)-induced deficiency of nitrogen, potassium, magnesium, and iron in plant shoots. Reduced transpiration rates resulted in lower 10B uptake rate and accumulation in the roots and shoots of NH4+-fed plants. BnaNIP5;1 in roots, while both BnaBOR1;2 and BnaNIP5;1 in shoots were upregulated in NH4+-fed plants at low 10B level. Collectively, NH4+-induced acidity and consequent lowering of 10B uptake induced the upregulation of B transport mechanisms, even at marginal 10B concentrations, while NO3--induced alkalinization resulted in altered B distribution between roots and shoots due to restricted B transport, especially at higher 10B supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Quang Dinh
- Institute for Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, Kiel University, Hermann Rodewald Strasse 2, D-24118, Kiel, Germany; Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Dalat University, Da Lat, Lam Dong Province, Viet Nam
| | - Asif Naeem
- Institute for Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, Kiel University, Hermann Rodewald Strasse 2, D-24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Amit Sagervanshi
- Institute for Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, Kiel University, Hermann Rodewald Strasse 2, D-24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Monika A Wimmer
- Institute for Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, Kiel University, Hermann Rodewald Strasse 2, D-24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Karl H Mühling
- Institute for Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, Kiel University, Hermann Rodewald Strasse 2, D-24118, Kiel, Germany.
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25
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Analysis of Endocytosis and Intracellular Trafficking of Boric Acid/Borate Transport Proteins in Arabidopsis. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 32632800 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0767-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Plants take up inorganic nutrients from the soil by transport proteins located in the plasma membrane of root cells. Boron (B) is an essential element for plant growth; it taken up and translocated by boric acid channels such as NIP5;1 and borate exporters such as BOR1 in Arabidopsis. NIP5;1 and BOR1 are localized to the plasma membrane of various root cells in polar manners toward soil- and stele-side, respectively, for efficient transport of B. In response to elevated B concentration, BOR1 undergoes vacuolar sorting for degradation to avoid accumulation of B to a toxic level in tissues. The polar localization and vacuolar sorting of the transport proteins are regulated through differential mechanisms of endocytosis and intracellular trafficking. In this chapter, we describe methods for quantitative live-cell imaging of GFP-NIP5;1 and BOR1-GFP as markers for the polar and vacuolar trafficking.
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26
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Rios JJ, Lopez-Zaplana A, Bárzana G, Martinez-Alonso A, Carvajal M. Foliar Application of Boron Nanoencapsulated in Almond Trees Allows B Movement Within Tree and Implements Water Uptake and Transport Involving Aquaporins. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:752648. [PMID: 34868141 PMCID: PMC8636056 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.752648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology brings to agriculture new forms of fertilizer applications, which could be used to reduce environmental contamination and increase efficiency. In this study, foliar fertilization with nanoencapsulated boron (B) was studied in comparison to an ionic B (non-encapsulated) application in young B-deficient almond trees grown under a controlled environment. B movement within the plant in relation to the leaf gas exchange, water relations parameters, and root hydraulic conductance was measured. Also, the expression of aquaporins (AQPs) [plasma membrane intrinsic protein (PIP) and tonoplast intrinsic protein (TIP)] was studied in relation to water uptake and transport parameters to establish the effectiveness of the different B treatments. The obtained results were associated with a high concentration of observed B with nanoencapsulated B, provided by the higher permeability of carrier nanovesicles, which allowed B to reach the cell wall more efficiently. The increases in water uptake and transport obtained in these plants could be related to the role that this element played in the cell wall and the relationship that it could have in the regulation of the expression of AQPs and their involvement in water relations. Also, an increase in the expression of PIPs (mainly PIP2.2) to the applied nanoencapsulated B could be related to the need for B and water transport, and fine regulation of TIP1.1 in relation to B concentration in tissues provides an important feature in the remobilization of B within the cell.
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27
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Zhao X, Ebert B, Zhang B, Liu H, Zhang Y, Zeng W, Rautengarten C, Li H, Chen X, Bacic A, Wang G, Men S, Zhou Y, Heazlewood JL, Wu AM. UDP-Api/UDP-Xyl synthases affect plant development by controlling the content of UDP-Api to regulate the RG-II-borate complex. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:252-267. [PMID: 32662159 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Rhamnogalacturonan-II (RG-II) is structurally the most complex glycan in higher plants, containing 13 different sugars and 21 distinct glycosidic linkages. Two monomeric RG-II molecules can form an RG-II-borate diester dimer through the two apiosyl (Api) residues of side chain A to regulate cross-linking of pectin in the cell wall. But the relationship of Api biosynthesis and RG-II dimer is still unclear. In this study we investigated the two homologous UDP-D-apiose/UDP-D-xylose synthases (AXSs) in Arabidopsis thaliana that synthesize UDP-D-apiose (UDP-Api). Both AXSs are ubiquitously expressed, while AXS2 has higher overall expression than AXS1 in the tissues analyzed. The homozygous axs double mutant is lethal, while heterozygous axs1/+ axs2 and axs1 axs2/+ mutants display intermediate phenotypes. The axs1/+ axs2 mutant plants are unable to set seed and die. By contrast, the axs1 axs2/+ mutant plants exhibit loss of shoot and root apical dominance. UDP-Api content in axs1 axs2/+ mutants is decreased by 83%. The cell wall of axs1 axs2/+ mutant plants is thicker and contains less RG-II-borate complex than wild-type Col-0 plants. Taken together, these results provide direct evidence of the importance of AXSs for UDP-Api and RG-II-borate complex formation in plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Berit Ebert
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Baocai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Huabin Liu
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yutao Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710119, China
| | - Wei Zeng
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Sino-Australia Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, 311300, China
| | - Carsten Rautengarten
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Huiling Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiaoyang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Antony Bacic
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Sino-Australia Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, 311300, China
- Department of Animal, La Trobe Institute for Agriculture & Food, Plant & Soil Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Guodong Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710119, China
| | - Shuzhen Men
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yihua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Joshua L Heazlewood
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Ai-Min Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
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28
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Qin S, Liu H, Rengel Z, Gao W, Nie Z, Li C, Hou M, Cheng J, Zhao P. Boron inhibits cadmium uptake in wheat (Triticum aestivum) by regulating gene expression. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 297:110522. [PMID: 32563461 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Various nutrients (Mg, Zn, Fe, Mn, Si, etc.) can supress cadmium (Cd) uptake and alleviate Cd toxicity, but the mechanisms are not the same. In this study, the molecular mechanism governing the effects of boron (B) on uptake of Cd in hydroponically grown wheat was characterized. As compared to control (0 μM Cd), B concentration per plant decreased by 22% and 29% under 5 μM Cd and 50 μM Cd treatment respectively. In addition, B application decreased Cd concentration and accumulation in whole wheat. Correlation analysis of different elements show that there was a highly negative correlation between concentrations of B and Cd (r = -0.854 with significant correlation) in wheat. Additionally, 16,543 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (7666 up- and 8877 down-regulated) were detected between 0 and 5 μM Cd treatments in wheat roots by transcriptome sequencing. Gene ontology functional category and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathway analyses indicated that the DEGs were involved in biological process, cellular component, and molecular function. Five highly homologous genes to Cd transporters were identified; these genes were involved in metal ion binding, transmembrane ion transport, and protein transport. According to the qRT-PCR results, expression of all these genes was down-regulated in the 462 μM of B treatment compared with the 46.2 μM of B treatment regardless of the Cd treatments (0.5 or 5 μM Cd). These results suggest that B is an inhibitor of Cd uptake, and the down-regulation of five highly homologous genes could be associated with decreased uptake of Cd after B application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Qin
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Soil Pollution and Remediation of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hongen Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Soil Pollution and Remediation of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zed Rengel
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Wei Gao
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Soil Pollution and Remediation of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhaojun Nie
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Soil Pollution and Remediation of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chang Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Soil Pollution and Remediation of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mingyang Hou
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Soil Pollution and Remediation of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jin Cheng
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Soil Pollution and Remediation of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Soil Pollution and Remediation of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China.
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29
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Petkowski JJ, Bains W, Seager S. On the Potential of Silicon as a Building Block for Life. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:E84. [PMID: 32532048 PMCID: PMC7345352 DOI: 10.3390/life10060084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite more than one hundred years of work on organosilicon chemistry, the basis for the plausibility of silicon-based life has never been systematically addressed nor objectively reviewed. We provide a comprehensive assessment of the possibility of silicon-based biochemistry, based on a review of what is known and what has been modeled, even including speculative work. We assess whether or not silicon chemistry meets the requirements for chemical diversity and reactivity as compared to carbon. To expand the possibility of plausible silicon biochemistry, we explore silicon's chemical complexity in diverse solvents found in planetary environments, including water, cryosolvents, and sulfuric acid. In no environment is a life based primarily around silicon chemistry a plausible option. We find that in a water-rich environment silicon's chemical capacity is highly limited due to ubiquitous silica formation; silicon can likely only be used as a rare and specialized heteroatom. Cryosolvents (e.g., liquid N2) provide extremely low solubility of all molecules, including organosilicons. Sulfuric acid, surprisingly, appears to be able to support a much larger diversity of organosilicon chemistry than water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janusz Jurand Petkowski
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Mass. Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; (W.B.); (S.S.)
| | - William Bains
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Mass. Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; (W.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Sara Seager
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Mass. Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; (W.B.); (S.S.)
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Mass. Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Mass. Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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30
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O'Neill MA, Black I, Urbanowicz B, Bharadwaj V, Crowley M, Koj S, Peña MJ. Locating Methyl-Etherified and Methyl-Esterified Uronic Acids in the Plant Cell Wall Pectic Polysaccharide Rhamnogalacturonan II. SLAS Technol 2020; 25:329-344. [PMID: 32468908 DOI: 10.1177/2472630320923321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II) is a structurally complex pectic polysaccharide that exists as a borate ester cross-linked dimer in the cell walls of all vascular plants. The glycosyl sequence of RG-II is largely conserved, but there is evidence that galacturonic acid (GalA) methyl etherification and glucuronic acid (GlcA) methyl esterification vary in the A sidechain across plant species. Methyl esterification of the galacturonan backbone has also been reported but not confirmed. Here we describe a new procedure, utilizing aq. sodium borodeuteride (NaBD4)-reduced RG-II, to identify the methyl esterification status of backbone GalAs. Our data suggest that up to two different GalAs are esterified in the RG-II backbone. We also adapted a procedure based on methanolysis and NaBD4 reduction to identify 3-, 4-, and 3,4-O-methyl GalA in RG-II. These data, together with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) MS analysis of sidechain A generated from selected RG-IIs and their NaBD4-reduced counterparts, suggest that methyl etherification of the β-linked GalA and methyl esterification of the GlcA are widespread. Nevertheless, the extent of these modifications varies between plant species. Our analysis of the sidechain B glycoforms in RG-II from different dicots and nonpoalean monocots suggests that this sidechain has a minimum structure of an O-acetylated hexasaccharide (Ara-[MeFuc]-Gal-AceA-Rha-Api-). To complement these studies, we provide further evidence showing that dimer formation and stability in vitro is cation and borate dependent. Taken together, our data further refine the primary sequence and sequence variation of RG-II and provide additional insight into dimer stability and factors controlling dimer self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm A O'Neill
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ian Black
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Breeanna Urbanowicz
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Mike Crowley
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Sabina Koj
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Maria J Peña
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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31
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Panter PE, Kent O, Dale M, Smith SJ, Skipsey M, Thorlby G, Cummins I, Ramsay N, Begum RA, Sanhueza D, Fry SC, Knight MR, Knight H. MUR1-mediated cell-wall fucosylation is required for freezing tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 224:1518-1531. [PMID: 31549420 PMCID: PMC6899859 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Forward genetic screens play a key role in the identification of genes contributing to plant stress tolerance. Using a screen for freezing sensitivity, we have identified a novel freezing tolerance gene, SENSITIVE-TO-FREEZING8, in Arabidopsis thaliana. We identified SFR8 using recombination-based mapping and whole-genome sequencing. As SFR8 was predicted to have an effect on cell wall composition, we used GC-MS and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to measure cell-wall fucose and boron (B)-dependent dimerization of the cell-wall pectic domain rhamnogalacturonan II (RGII) in planta. After treatments to promote borate-bridging of RGII, we assessed freeze-induced damage in wild-type and sfr8 plants by measuring electrolyte leakage from freeze-thawed leaf discs. We mapped the sfr8 mutation to MUR1, a gene encoding the fucose biosynthetic enzyme GDP-d-mannose-4,6-dehydratase. sfr8 cell walls exhibited low cell-wall fucose levels and reduced RGII bridging. Freezing sensitivity of sfr8 mutants was ameliorated by B supplementation, which can restore RGII dimerization. B transport mutants with reduced RGII dimerization were also freezing-sensitive. Our research identifies a role for the structure and composition of the plant primary cell wall in determining basal plant freezing tolerance and highlights the specific importance of fucosylation, most likely through its effect on the ability of RGII pectin to dimerize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige E. Panter
- Department of Biosciences & Durham Centre for Crop Improvement TechnologyDurham UniversitySouth RoadDurhamDH1 3LEUK
| | - Olivia Kent
- Department of Biosciences & Durham Centre for Crop Improvement TechnologyDurham UniversitySouth RoadDurhamDH1 3LEUK
| | - Maeve Dale
- Department of Biosciences & Durham Centre for Crop Improvement TechnologyDurham UniversitySouth RoadDurhamDH1 3LEUK
| | - Sarah J. Smith
- Department of Biosciences & Durham Centre for Crop Improvement TechnologyDurham UniversitySouth RoadDurhamDH1 3LEUK
| | - Mark Skipsey
- Department of Biosciences & Durham Centre for Crop Improvement TechnologyDurham UniversitySouth RoadDurhamDH1 3LEUK
| | - Glenn Thorlby
- Scion49 Sala Street, Private Bag 3020Rotorua3046New Zealand
| | - Ian Cummins
- Department of Biosciences & Durham Centre for Crop Improvement TechnologyDurham UniversitySouth RoadDurhamDH1 3LEUK
| | - Nathan Ramsay
- Department of Biosciences & Durham Centre for Crop Improvement TechnologyDurham UniversitySouth RoadDurhamDH1 3LEUK
| | - Rifat A. Begum
- Institute of Molecular Plant SciencesThe University of EdinburghDaniel Rutherford Building, The King’s Buildings, Max Born CrescentEdinburghEH9 3BFUK
| | - Dayan Sanhueza
- Institute of Molecular Plant SciencesThe University of EdinburghDaniel Rutherford Building, The King’s Buildings, Max Born CrescentEdinburghEH9 3BFUK
| | - Stephen C. Fry
- Institute of Molecular Plant SciencesThe University of EdinburghDaniel Rutherford Building, The King’s Buildings, Max Born CrescentEdinburghEH9 3BFUK
| | - Marc R. Knight
- Department of Biosciences & Durham Centre for Crop Improvement TechnologyDurham UniversitySouth RoadDurhamDH1 3LEUK
| | - Heather Knight
- Department of Biosciences & Durham Centre for Crop Improvement TechnologyDurham UniversitySouth RoadDurhamDH1 3LEUK
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32
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Liu Y, Riaz M, Yan L, Zeng Y, Cuncang J. Boron and calcium deficiency disturbing the growth of trifoliate rootstock seedlings (Poncirus trifoliate L.) by changing root architecture and cell wall. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 144:345-354. [PMID: 31622937 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Boron (B) and calcium (Ca) are essential elements for plant growth. Both deficiencies inhibit root growth. However, the mechanism of inhibition is not well clear. Morphological characteristics of roots and changes in root cell wall grown at different B and Ca deficiencies were examined by using a hydroponic culture system. Both B and Ca deficiencies caused reduced plant biomass and root growth. Ca deficiency significantly decreased the fresh weight of root, stem, and leaves by 47%, 50%, and 62%, respectively, while B deficiency only reduced root fresh weight. The PCA combined with Pearson correlation analysis showed that there was significant different correlation among root parameters under B and Ca deficiency treatments when compared to control. The results of observation of transmission electron microscope showed that Ca deficiency reduced but B deprivation increased the thickness of the cell wall. Combining these technologies like X-ray diffraction, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, homogalacturonan epitopes (JIM5 and JIM7), we confirmed that those changes above may be due to different changes in the degree of methyl esterification of pectin and glycoprotein of the cell wall. Taken together, we concluded that B deficiency can promote the formation of more low methyl esterified pectin to increase cell wall thickness, and then affect the morphological development of root system, while the formation of more highly methyl esterified pectin to increase cell wall degradation under Ca deficiency, which inhibited root elongation and formation of root branches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalin Liu
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Muhammad Riaz
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Lei Yan
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Yu Zeng
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Jiang Cuncang
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China.
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33
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Pandey A, Khan MK, Hakki EE, Gezgin S, Hamurcu M. Combined Boron Toxicity and Salinity Stress-An Insight into Its Interaction in Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E364. [PMID: 31547605 PMCID: PMC6843824 DOI: 10.3390/plants8100364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/1970] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The continuously changing environment has intensified the occurrence of abiotic stress conditions. Individually, boron (B) toxicity and salinity stress are well recognized as severe stress conditions for plants. However, their coexistence in arid and semi-arid agricultural regions has shown ambiguous effects on plant growth and development. Few studies have reported that combined boron toxicity and high salinity stress have more damaging effects on plant growth than individual B and salt stress, while other studies have highlighted less damaging effects of the combined stress. Hence, it is interesting to understand the positive interaction of this combined stress so that it can be effectively employed for the improvement of crops that generally show the negative effects of this combined stress. In this review, we discussed the possible processes that occur in plants in response to this combined stress condition. We highly suggest that the combined B and salinity stress condition should be considered as a novel stress condition by researchers; hence, we recommend the name "BorSal" for this combined boron toxicity and high salinity state in the soil. Membrane-bound activities, mobility of ions, water transport, pH changes, transpiration, photosynthesis, antioxidant activities, and different molecular transporters are involved in the effects of BorSal interaction in plants. The discussed mechanisms indicate that the BorSal stress state should be studied in light of the involved physiological and molecular processes that occur after B and salt interaction in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Pandey
- Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University, Konya 42079, Turkey.
| | - Mohd Kamran Khan
- Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University, Konya 42079, Turkey.
| | - Erdogan Esref Hakki
- Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University, Konya 42079, Turkey.
| | - Sait Gezgin
- Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University, Konya 42079, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Hamurcu
- Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University, Konya 42079, Turkey.
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Courbet G, Gallardo K, Vigani G, Brunel-Muguet S, Trouverie J, Salon C, Ourry A. Disentangling the complexity and diversity of crosstalk between sulfur and other mineral nutrients in cultivated plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:4183-4196. [PMID: 31055598 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A complete understanding of ionome homeostasis requires a thorough investigation of the dynamics of the nutrient networks in plants. This review focuses on the complexity of interactions occurring between S and other nutrients, and these are addressed at the level of the whole plant, the individual tissues, and the cellular compartments. With regards to macronutrients, S deficiency mainly acts by reducing plant growth, which in turn restricts the root uptake of, for example, N, K, and Mg. Conversely, deficiencies in N, K, or Mg reduce uptake of S. TOR (target of rapamycin) protein kinase, whose involvement in the co-regulation of C/N and S metabolism has recently been unravelled, provides a clue to understanding the links between S and plant growth. In legumes, the original crosstalk between N and S can be found at the level of nodules, which show high requirements for S, and hence specifically express a number of sulfate transporters. With regards to micronutrients, except for Fe, their uptake can be increased under S deficiency through various mechanisms. One of these results from the broad specificity of root sulfate transporters that are up-regulated during S deficiency, which can also take up some molybdate and selenate. A second mechanism is linked to the large accumulation of sulfate in the leaf vacuoles, with its reduced osmotic contribution under S deficiency being compensated for by an increase in Cl uptake and accumulation. A third group of broader mechanisms that can explain at least some of the interactions between S and micronutrients concerns metabolic networks where several nutrients are essential, such as the synthesis of the Mo co-factor needed by some essential enzymes, which requires S, Fe, Zn and Cu for its synthesis, and the synthesis and regulation of Fe-S clusters. Finally, we briefly review recent developments in the modelling of S responses in crops (allocation amongst plant parts and distribution of mineral versus organic forms) in order to provide perspectives on prediction-based approaches that take into account the interactions with other minerals such as N.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galatéa Courbet
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, INRA, UMR 950 Ecophysiologie Végétale, Agronomie et Nutritions N, C, S, Esplanade de la Paix, Caen Cedex, France
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, Université Bourgogne, Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Karine Gallardo
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, Université Bourgogne, Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Gianpiero Vigani
- Plant Physiology Unit, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Sophie Brunel-Muguet
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, INRA, UMR 950 Ecophysiologie Végétale, Agronomie et Nutritions N, C, S, Esplanade de la Paix, Caen Cedex, France
| | - Jacques Trouverie
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, INRA, UMR 950 Ecophysiologie Végétale, Agronomie et Nutritions N, C, S, Esplanade de la Paix, Caen Cedex, France
| | - Christophe Salon
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, Université Bourgogne, Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Alain Ourry
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, INRA, UMR 950 Ecophysiologie Végétale, Agronomie et Nutritions N, C, S, Esplanade de la Paix, Caen Cedex, France
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Chen X, Su L, Yin X, Pei Y. Responses of Chlorella vulgaris exposed to boron: Mechanisms of toxicity assessed by multiple endpoints. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 70:103208. [PMID: 31207443 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2019.103208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Boron (B) has been widely used and contaminated the aquatic ecosystem. However, knowledge of the effects of sodium pentaborate pentahydrate (SPP) on algae remains limited. This study aimed to assess SPP toxicity using multiple endpoints, specially detecting the intracellular metal ion concentrations, malondialdehyde (MDA) content and extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) classes for the very first time during SPP exposure to Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris). Our findings indicated that the inhibitory effects of SPP on C. vulgaris may be related to nutrient absorption and utilization. The changes in intracellular starch grains, MDA and the protein-like substances in EPS probably acted as a defense mechanism, helping to alleviate the toxic effects. This work may contribute to the understanding of the mechanism of SPP toxicity in algae. Further studies may focus on the effects of B on speciation of metallic ions and the interaction of B with metallic ions on aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Liya Su
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xinan Yin
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yuansheng Pei
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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Singh RP. Glycan utilisation system in Bacteroides and Bifidobacteria and their roles in gut stability and health. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:7287-7315. [PMID: 31332487 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10012-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gut residential hundred trillion microbial cells are indispensable for maintaining gut homeostasis and impact on host physiology, development and immune systems. Many of them have displayed excellence in utilising dietary- and host-derived complex glycans and are producing useful postbiotics including short-chain fatty acids to primarily fuel different organs of the host. Therefore, employing individual microbiota is nowadays becoming a propitious target in biomedical for improving gut dysbiosis conditions of the host. Among other gut microbial communities, Bacteroides and Bifidobacteria are coevolved to utilise diverse ranges of diet- and host-derived glycans through harmonising distinct glycan utilisation systems. These gut symbionts frequently share digested oligosaccharides, carbohydrate-active enzymes and fermentable intermediate molecules for sustaining gut microbial symbiosis and improving fitness of own or other communities. Genomics approaches have provided unprecedented insights into these functions, but their precise mechanisms of action have poorly known. Sympathetic glycan-utilising strategy of each gut commensal will provide overview of mechanistic dynamic nature of the gut environment and will then assist in applying aptly personalised nutritional therapy. Thus, the review critically summarises cutting edge understanding of major plant- and host-derived glycan-utilising systems of Bacteroides and Bifidobacteria. Their evolutionary adaptation to gut environment and roles of postbiotics in human health are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra Pal Singh
- Food and Nutritional Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), SAS, Nagar, Punjab, 140306, India.
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Yoshinari A, Hosokawa T, Amano T, Beier MP, Kunieda T, Shimada T, Hara-Nishimura I, Naito S, Takano J. Polar Localization of the Borate Exporter BOR1 Requires AP2-Dependent Endocytosis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 179:1569-1580. [PMID: 30710051 PMCID: PMC6446798 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.01017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Boron (B) is an essential element in plants but is toxic when it accumulates to high levels. In root cells of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), the borate exporter BOR1 is polarly localized in the plasma membrane toward the stele side for directional transport of B. Upon high-B supply, BOR1 is rapidly internalized and degraded in the vacuole. The polar localization and B-induced vacuolar sorting of BOR1 are mediated by endocytosis from the plasma membrane. To dissect the endocytic pathways mediating the polar localization and vacuolar sorting, we investigated the contribution of the clathrin adaptor protein, ADAPTOR PROTEIN2 (AP2) complex, to BOR1 trafficking. In the mutants lacking µ- or σ-subunits of the AP2 complex, the polar localization and constitutive endocytosis of BOR1 under low-B conditions were dramatically disturbed. A coimmunoprecipitation assay showed association of the AP2 complex with BOR1, while it was independent of YxxΦ sorting motifs, which are in a cytosolic loop of BOR1. A yeast two-hybrid assay supported the interaction of the AP2 complex µ-subunit with the C-terminal tail but not with the YxxΦ motifs in the cytosolic loop of BOR1. Intriguingly, lack of the AP2 subunit did not affect the B-induced rapid internalization/vacuolar sorting of BOR1. Consistent with defects in the polar localization, the AP2 complex mutants showed hypersensitivity to B deficiency. Our results indicate that AP2-dependent endocytosis maintains the polar localization of BOR1 to support plant growth under low-B conditions, whereas the B-induced vacuolar sorting of BOR1 is mediated through an AP2-independent endocytic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Yoshinari
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai 599-8531, Japan
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Takuya Hosokawa
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai 599-8531, Japan
| | - Taro Amano
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Marcel Pascal Beier
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai 599-8531, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kunieda
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Konan University, Kobe 658-8501, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Tomoo Shimada
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Ikuko Hara-Nishimura
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Konan University, Kobe 658-8501, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Satoshi Naito
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Junpei Takano
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai 599-8531, Japan
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
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Fang KF, Du BS, Zhang Q, Xing Y, Cao QQ, Qin L. Boron deficiency alters cytosolic Ca 2+ concentration and affects the cell wall components of pollen tubes in Malus domestica. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2019; 21:343-351. [PMID: 30444945 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Boron (B) is essential for normal plant growth, including pollen tube growth. B deficiency influences various physiological and metabolic processes in plants. However, the underlying mechanism of B deficiency in pollen tube growth is not sufficiently understood. In the present research, the influence of B deficiency on apple (Malus domestica) pollen tube growth was studied and the possible regulatory mechanism evaluated. Apple pollen grains were cultured under different concentrations of B. Scanning ion-selective electrode technique, fluorescence labelling and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analysis were used to detect calcium ion flux, cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+ ]cyt), actin filaments and cell wall components of pollen tubes. B deficiency inhibited apple pollen germination and induced retardation of tube growth. B deficiency increased extracellular Ca2+ influx and thus led to increased [Ca2+ ]cyt in the pollen tube tip. In addition, B deficiency modified actin filament arrangement at the pollen tube apex. B deficiency also altered the deposition of pollen tube wall components. Clear differences were not observed in the distribution patterns of cellulose and callose between control and B deficiency treated pollen tubes. However, B deficiency affected distribution patterns of pectin and arabinogalactan proteins (AGP). Clear ring-like signals of pectins and AGP on control pollen tubes varied according to B deficiency. B deficiency further decreased acid pectins, esterified pectins and AGP content at the tip of the pollen tube, which were supported by changes in chemical composition of the tube walls. B appears to have an active role in pollen tube growth by affecting [Ca2+ ]cyt, actin filament assembly and pectin and AGP deposition in the pollen tube. These findings provide valuable information that enhances our current understanding of the mechanism regulating pollen tube growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- K F Fang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit Trees, Beijing, China
| | - B S Du
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Q Zhang
- Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit Trees, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Y Xing
- Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit Trees, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Q Q Cao
- Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit Trees, Beijing, China
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - L Qin
- Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit Trees, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
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Sechet J, Htwe S, Urbanowicz B, Agyeman A, Feng W, Ishikawa T, Colomes M, Kumar KS, Kawai‐Yamada M, Dinneny JR, O'Neill MA, Mortimer JC. Suppression of Arabidopsis GGLT1 affects growth by reducing the L-galactose content and borate cross-linking of rhamnogalacturonan-II. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 96:1036-1050. [PMID: 30203879 PMCID: PMC6263843 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Boron is a micronutrient that is required for the normal growth and development of vascular plants, but its precise functions remain a subject of debate. One established role for boron is in the cell wall where it forms a diester cross-link between two monomers of the low-abundance pectic polysaccharide rhamnogalacturonan-II (RG-II). The inability of RG-II to properly assemble into a dimer results in the formation of cell walls with abnormal biochemical and biomechanical properties and has a severe impact on plant productivity. Here we describe the effects on RG-II structure and cross-linking and on the growth of plants in which the expression of a GDP-sugar transporter (GONST3/GGLT1) has been reduced. In the GGLT1-silenced plants the amount of L-galactose in side-chain A of RG-II is reduced by up to 50%. This leads to a reduction in the extent of RG-II cross-linking in the cell walls as well as a reduction in the stability of the dimer in the presence of calcium chelators. The silenced plants have a dwarf phenotype, which is rescued by growth in the presence of increased amounts of boric acid. Similar to the mur1 mutant, which also disrupts RG-II cross-linking, GGLT1-silenced plants display a loss of cell wall integrity under salt stress. We conclude that GGLT1 is probably the primary Golgi GDP-L-galactose transporter, and provides GDP-L-galactose for RG-II biosynthesis. We propose that the L-galactose residue is critical for RG-II dimerization and for the stability of the borate cross-link.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Sechet
- Joint BioEnergy InstituteEmeryvilleCA94608USA
- Biosciences AreaLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCA94720USA
- Present address:
INRAVersailles78000France
| | - Soe Htwe
- Joint BioEnergy InstituteEmeryvilleCA94608USA
- Biosciences AreaLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCA94720USA
| | - Breeanna Urbanowicz
- Complex Carbohydrate Research CenterThe University of GeorgiaAthensGA30602USA
| | - Abigail Agyeman
- Complex Carbohydrate Research CenterThe University of GeorgiaAthensGA30602USA
- Present address:
School of PharmacySouth UniversitySavannahGA31406USA
| | - Wei Feng
- Department of Plant BiologyCarnegie Institute for ScienceStanfordCA94305USA
| | - Toshiki Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Science and EngineeringSaitama UniversitySaitama338‐8570Japan
| | - Marianne Colomes
- Joint BioEnergy InstituteEmeryvilleCA94608USA
- Biosciences AreaLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCA94720USA
- Present address:
NutribioParis75440France
| | - Kavitha Satish Kumar
- Joint BioEnergy InstituteEmeryvilleCA94608USA
- Biosciences AreaLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCA94720USA
| | - Maki Kawai‐Yamada
- Graduate School of Science and EngineeringSaitama UniversitySaitama338‐8570Japan
| | - José R. Dinneny
- Department of Plant BiologyCarnegie Institute for ScienceStanfordCA94305USA
- Department of BiologyStanford UniversityStanfordCA94305USA
| | - Malcolm A. O'Neill
- Complex Carbohydrate Research CenterThe University of GeorgiaAthensGA30602USA
| | - Jenny C. Mortimer
- Joint BioEnergy InstituteEmeryvilleCA94608USA
- Biosciences AreaLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCA94720USA
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Doblas VG, Gonneau M, Höfte H. Cell wall integrity signaling in plants: Malectin-domain kinases and lessons from other kingdoms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 3:1-11. [PMID: 32743130 PMCID: PMC7389452 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Key Words
- AFM, atomic force microscopy
- Animals
- CWI sensing, cell wall integrity sensing
- Cell wall
- Cell wall rheology
- CrRLK1L
- CrRLK1L, Catharanthus roseus receptor-like kinase 1-like protein
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- GPI-AP, glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein
- Immunity
- LRR, leucine-rich repeat
- Mechanosensing
- PME, pectin methylesterases
- PTI, pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity
- Plant growth
- RALF, rapid alkalinisation factor
- RK, receptor kinase
- RLCK, receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase
- ROP, Rho-GTPase of plants
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- Signaling
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor β
- Yeast
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica G Doblas
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Martine Gonneau
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Herman Höfte
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
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Fukuda M, Wakuta S, Kamiyo J, Fujiwara T, Takano J. Establishment of genetically encoded biosensors for cytosolic boric acid in plant cells. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 95:763-774. [PMID: 29882321 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Boron (B) is an essential micronutrient for plants. To maintain B concentration in tissues at appropriate levels, plants use boric acid channels belonging to the NIP subfamily of aquaporins and BOR borate exporters. To regulate B transport, these transporters exhibit different cell-type specific expression, polar localization, and B-dependent post-transcriptional regulation. Here, we describe the development of genetically encoded biosensors for cytosolic boric acid to visualize the spatial distribution and temporal dynamics of B in plant tissues. The biosensors were designed based on the function of the NIP5;1 5'-untranslated region (UTR), which promotes mRNA degradation in response to an elevated cytosolic boric acid concentration. The signal intensities of the biosensor coupled with Venus fluorescent protein and a nuclear localization signal (uNIP5;1-Venus) showed negative correlation with intracellular B concentrations in cultured tobacco BY-2 cells. When expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana, uNIP5;1-Venus enabled the quantification of B distribution in roots at single-cell resolution. In mature roots, cytosolic B levels in stele were maintained under low B supply, while those in epidermal, cortical, and endodermal cells were influenced by external B concentrations. Another biosensor coupled with a luciferase protein fused to a destabilization PEST sequence (uNIP5;1-Luc) was used to visualize changes in cytosolic boric acid concentrations. Thus, uNIP5;1-Venus/Luc enables visualization of B transport in various plant cells/tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiha Fukuda
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Wakuta
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Jio Kamiyo
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Japan
| | - Toru Fujiwara
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junpei Takano
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Japan
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Huai Z, Peng L, Wang S, Zhao H, Shi L, Xu F. Identification and Characterization of an Arabidopsis thaliana Mutant lbt With High Tolerance to Boron Deficiency. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:736. [PMID: 29915610 PMCID: PMC5994474 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Boron (B) is an essential micronutrient of plants. In the present study, we characterized an Arabidopsis mutant lbt with significant low-boron tolerance that was identified based on our previous mapping of QTL for B efficiency in Arabidopsis. Multiple nutrient-deficiency analyses point out that lbt mutant is insensitive to only B-limitation stress. Compared with wild-type Col-0, the fresh weight, leaf area, root length and root elongation rate of lbt mutant were significantly improved under B deficiency during vegetative growth. lbt mutant also showed the improvements in plant height, branches and inflorescences compared with Col-0 during the reproductive stage under B limitation. Ultrastructure analysis of the leaves showed that starch accumulation in lbt mutant was significantly diminished compared with Col-0. Furthermore, there were no significant differences in the expression of transporter-related genes and B concentrations between Col-0 and lbt mutant under both normal B and low-B conditions. These results suggest that lbt mutant has a lower B demand than Col-0. Genetic analysis suggests that the low-B tolerant phenotype of lbt mutant is under the control of a monogenic recessive gene. Based on the high-density SNP linkage genetic map, only one QTL for low-B tolerance was mapped on chromosome 4 between 10.4 and 14.8 Mb. No any reported B-relative genes exist in the QTL interval, suggesting that a gene with unknown function controls the tolerance of lbt to B limitation. Taken together, lbt is a low-B tolerant mutant that does not depend on the uptake or transport of B and is controlled by a monogenic recessive gene mapped on chromosome 4, and cloning and functional analysis of LBT gene are expected to reveal novel mechanisms for plant resistance to B deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexun Huai
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lishun Peng
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Sheliang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hua Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Shi
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fangsen Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Wang S, Mitani-Ueno N, Takano J. Boron Uptake Assay in Xenopus laevis Oocytes. Bio Protoc 2018; 8:e2755. [PMID: 34179281 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.2755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Boron (B) is essential for plant growth and taken up by plant roots as boric acid. Under B limitation, B uptake and translocation in plants are dependent on the boric acid channels located in the plasma membrane. Xenopus leavis oocyte is a reliable heterologous expression system to characterize transport activities of boric acid channels and related major intrinsic proteins (aquaporins). Here, we outline the protocols for expression of boric acid channels and boric acid uptake assay in Xenopus leavis oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheliang Wang
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Japan
| | - Namiki Mitani-Ueno
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Junpei Takano
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Japan
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Yoshinari A, Takano J. Insights into the Mechanisms Underlying Boron Homeostasis in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1951. [PMID: 29204148 PMCID: PMC5698777 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Boron is an essential element for plants but is toxic in excess. Therefore, plants must adapt to both limiting and excess boron conditions for normal growth. Boron transport in plants is primarily based on three transport mechanisms across the plasma membrane: passive diffusion of boric acid, facilitated diffusion of boric acid via channels, and export of borate anion via transporters. Under boron -limiting conditions, boric acid channels and borate exporters function in the uptake and translocation of boron to support growth of various plant species. In Arabidopsis thaliana, NIP5;1 and BOR1 are located in the plasma membrane and polarized toward soil and stele, respectively, in various root cells, for efficient transport of boron from the soil to the stele. Importantly, sufficient levels of boron induce downregulation of NIP5;1 and BOR1 through mRNA degradation and proteolysis through endocytosis, respectively. In addition, borate exporters, such as Arabidopsis BOR4 and barley Bot1, function in boron exclusion from tissues and cells under conditions of excess boron. Thus, plants actively regulate intracellular localization and abundance of transport proteins to maintain boron homeostasis. In this review, the physiological roles and regulatory mechanisms of intracellular localization and abundance of boron transport proteins are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Junpei Takano
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Japan
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Kinnaert C, Daugaard M, Nami F, Clausen MH. Chemical Synthesis of Oligosaccharides Related to the Cell Walls of Plants and Algae. Chem Rev 2017; 117:11337-11405. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Kinnaert
- Center for Nanomedicine and
Theranostics, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 207, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mathilde Daugaard
- Center for Nanomedicine and
Theranostics, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 207, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Faranak Nami
- Center for Nanomedicine and
Theranostics, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 207, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mads H. Clausen
- Center for Nanomedicine and
Theranostics, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 207, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Shi DC, Wang J, Hu RB, Zhou GK, O'Neill MA, Kong YZ. Boron-bridged RG-II and calcium are required to maintain the pectin network of the Arabidopsis seed mucilage ultrastructure. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 94:267-280. [PMID: 28364389 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-017-0606-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The structure of a pectin network requires both calcium (Ca2+) and boron (B). Ca2+ is involved in crosslinking pectic polysaccharides and arbitrarily induces the formation of an "egg-box" structure among pectin molecules, while B crosslinks rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II) side chain A apiosyl residues in primary cell walls to generate a borate-dimeric-rhamnogalacturonan II (dRG-II-B) complex through a boron-bridge bond, leading to the formation of a pectin network. Based on recent studies of dRG-II-B structures, a hypothesis has been proposed suggesting that Ca2+is a common component of the dRG-II-B complex. However, no in vivo evidence has addressed whether B affects the stability of Ca2+ crosslinks. Here, we investigated the L-fucose-deficient dwarf mutant mur1, which was previously shown to require exogenous B treatment for phenotypic reversion. Imbibed Arabidopsis thaliana seeds release hydrated polysaccharides to form a halo of seed mucilage covering the seed surface, which consists of a water-soluble outer layer and an adherent inner layer. Our study of mur1 seed mucilage has revealed that the pectin in the outer layer of mucilage was relocated to the inner layer. Nevertheless, the mur1 inner mucilage was more vulnerable to rough shaking or ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) extraction than that of the wild type. Immunolabeling analysis suggested that dRG-II-B was severely decreased in mur1 inner mucilage. Moreover, non-methylesterified homogalacturonan (HG) exhibited obvious reassembly in the mur1 inner layer compared with the wild type, which may imply a possible connection between dRG-II-B deficiency and pectin network transformation in the seed mucilage. As expected, the concentration of B in the mur1 inner mucilage was reduced, whereas the distribution and concentration of Ca2+in the inner mucilage increased significantly, which could be the reason why pectin relocates from the outer mucilage to the inner mucilage. Consequently, the disruption of B bridges appears to result in the extreme sensitivity of the mur1 mucilage pectin complex to EDTA extraction, despite the reinforcement of the pectin network by excessive Ca2+. Therefore, we propose a hypothesis that B, in the form of dRG-II-B, works together with Ca2+to maintain pectin network crosslinks and ultimately the mucilage ultrastructure in seed mucilage. This work may serve to complement our current understanding of mucilage configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Chuan Shi
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 11 Ke Yuan Jing 4th Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao, 266101, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Wang
- Shandong Peanut Research Institute, Qingdao, 266100, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-Bo Hu
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center of Biomass Resources and Environment, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, People's Republic of China
| | - Gong-Ke Zhou
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center of Biomass Resources and Environment, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, People's Republic of China
| | - Malcolm A O'Neill
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Ying-Zhen Kong
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 11 Ke Yuan Jing 4th Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao, 266101, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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Wang S, Yoshinari A, Shimada T, Hara-Nishimura I, Mitani-Ueno N, Feng Ma J, Naito S, Takano J. Polar Localization of the NIP5;1 Boric Acid Channel Is Maintained by Endocytosis and Facilitates Boron Transport in Arabidopsis Roots. THE PLANT CELL 2017; 29:824-842. [PMID: 28341806 PMCID: PMC5435427 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.16.00825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Boron uptake in Arabidopsis thaliana is mediated by nodulin 26-like intrinsic protein 5;1 (NIP5;1), a boric acid channel that is located preferentially on the soil side of the plasma membrane in root cells. However, the mechanism underlying this polar localization is poorly understood. Here, we show that the polar localization of NIP5;1 in epidermal and endodermal root cells is mediated by the phosphorylation of Thr residues in the conserved TPG (ThrProGly) repeat in the N-terminal region of NIP5;1. Although substitutions of Ala for three Thr residues in the TPG repeat did not affect lateral diffusion in the plasma membrane, these substitutions inhibited endocytosis and strongly compromised the polar localization of GFP-NIP5;1. Consistent with this, the polar localization was compromised in µ subunit mutants of the clathrin adaptor AP2. The Thr-to-Ala substitutions did not affect the boron transport activity of GFP-NIP5;1 in Xenopus laevis oocytes but did inhibit the ability to complement boron translocation to shoots and rescue growth defects in nip5;1-1 mutant plants under boron-limited conditions. These results demonstrate that the polar localization of NIP5;1 is maintained by clathrin-mediated endocytosis, is dependent on phosphorylation in the TPG repeat, and is necessary for the efficient transport of boron in roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheliang Wang
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai 599-8531, Japan
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Akira Yoshinari
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai 599-8531, Japan
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Tomoo Shimada
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 608-8502, Japan
| | - Ikuko Hara-Nishimura
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 608-8502, Japan
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Konan University, Kobe 658-0072, Japan
| | - Namiki Mitani-Ueno
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan
| | - Jian Feng Ma
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan
| | - Satoshi Naito
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Junpei Takano
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai 599-8531, Japan
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
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48
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Yoshinari A, Fujimoto M, Ueda T, Inada N, Naito S, Takano J. DRP1-Dependent Endocytosis is Essential for Polar Localization and Boron-Induced Degradation of the Borate Transporter BOR1 in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:1985-2000. [PMID: 27449211 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Boron (B) is essential for plants but toxic in excess. The borate efflux transporter BOR1 is expressed in various root cells and localized to the inner/stele-side domain of the plasma membrane (PM) under low-B conditions. BOR1 is rapidly degraded through endocytosis upon sufficient B supply. The polar localization and degradation of BOR1 are considered important for efficient B translocation and avoidance of B toxicity, respectively. In this study, we first analyzed the subcellular localization of BOR1 in roots, cotyledons and hypocotyls, and revealed a polar localization in various cell types. We also found that the inner polarity of BOR1 is established after completion of cytokinesis in the root meristem. Moreover, variable-angle epifluorescence microscopy visualized BOR1-green fluorescent protein (GFP) as particles in the PM with significant lateral movements but in restricted areas. Importantly, a portion of BOR1-GFP particles co-localized with DYNAMIN-RELATED PROTEIN 1A (DRP1A), which is involved in scission of the clathrin-coated vesicles, and they disappeared together from the PM. To examine the contribution of DRP1A-mediated endocytosis to BOR1 localization and degradation, we developed an inducible expression system of the DRP1A K47A variant. The DRP1A variant prolonged the residence time of clathrin on the PM and inhibited endocytosis of membrane lipids. The dominant-negative DRP1A blocked endocytosis of BOR1 and disturbed its polar localization and B-induced degradation. Our results provided insight into the endocytic mechanisms that modulate the subcellular localization and abundance of a mineral transporter for nutrient homeostasis in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Yoshinari
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Gakuen-cho 1-1, Naka-ku, Sakai, 599-8531 Japan Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8589 Japan
| | - Masaru Fujimoto
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
| | - Takashi Ueda
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585 Japan Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), PRESTO, Honcho 4-1-8, Kawaguchi, 332-0012 Japan
| | - Noriko Inada
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Sciences and Technology, Takayama 8916-5, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192 Japan
| | - Satoshi Naito
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-10, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0810 Japan
| | - Junpei Takano
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Gakuen-cho 1-1, Naka-ku, Sakai, 599-8531 Japan
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Mounet-Gilbert L, Dumont M, Ferrand C, Bournonville C, Monier A, Jorly J, Lemaire-Chamley M, Mori K, Atienza I, Hernould M, Stevens R, Lehner A, Mollet JC, Rothan C, Lerouge P, Baldet P. Two tomato GDP-D-mannose epimerase isoforms involved in ascorbate biosynthesis play specific roles in cell wall biosynthesis and development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:4767-77. [PMID: 27382114 PMCID: PMC4973747 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
GDP-D-mannose epimerase (GME, EC 5.1.3.18) converts GDP-D-mannose to GDP-L-galactose, and is considered to be a central enzyme connecting the major ascorbate biosynthesis pathway to primary cell wall metabolism in higher plants. Our previous work demonstrated that GME is crucial for both ascorbate and cell wall biosynthesis in tomato. The aim of the present study was to investigate the respective role in ascorbate and cell wall biosynthesis of the two SlGME genes present in tomato by targeting each of them through an RNAi-silencing approach. Taken individually SlGME1 and SlGME2 allowed normal ascorbate accumulation in the leaf and fruits, thus suggesting the same function regarding ascorbate. However, SlGME1 and SlGME2 were shown to play distinct roles in cell wall biosynthesis, depending on the tissue considered. The RNAi-SlGME1 plants harbored small and poorly seeded fruits resulting from alterations of pollen development and of pollination process. In contrast, the RNAi-SlGME2 plants exhibited vegetative growth delay while fruits remained unaffected. Analysis of SlGME1- and SlGME2-silenced seeds and seedlings further showed that the dimerization state of pectin rhamnogalacturonan-II (RG-II) was altered only in the RNAi-SlGME2 lines. Taken together with the preferential expression of each SlGME gene in different tomato tissues, these results suggest sub-functionalization of SlGME1 and SlGME2 and their specialization for cell wall biosynthesis in specific tomato tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Mounet-Gilbert
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Marie Dumont
- Normandy University, Université de Rouen, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, EA4358, IRIB, VASI, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Carine Ferrand
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Céline Bournonville
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Antoine Monier
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Joana Jorly
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Martine Lemaire-Chamley
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Kentaro Mori
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Isabelle Atienza
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Michel Hernould
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Rebecca Stevens
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité de Recherche 1052 Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes, Domaine Saint Maurice, 67, Allée des Chênes, CS 60094 F-84143 Montfavet Cedex, France
| | - Arnaud Lehner
- Normandy University, Université de Rouen, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, EA4358, IRIB, VASI, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Jean Claude Mollet
- Normandy University, Université de Rouen, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, EA4358, IRIB, VASI, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Christophe Rothan
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Patrice Lerouge
- Normandy University, Université de Rouen, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, EA4358, IRIB, VASI, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Pierre Baldet
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
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50
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Sorieul M, Dickson A, Hill SJ, Pearson H. Plant Fibre: Molecular Structure and Biomechanical Properties, of a Complex Living Material, Influencing Its Deconstruction towards a Biobased Composite. MATERIALS 2016; 9:ma9080618. [PMID: 28773739 PMCID: PMC5509024 DOI: 10.3390/ma9080618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls form an organic complex composite material that fulfils various functions. The hierarchical structure of this material is generated from the integration of its elementary components. This review provides an overview of wood as a composite material followed by its deconstruction into fibres that can then be incorporated into biobased composites. Firstly, the fibres are defined, and their various origins are discussed. Then, the organisation of cell walls and their components are described. The emphasis is on the molecular interactions of the cellulose microfibrils, lignin and hemicelluloses in planta. Hemicelluloses of diverse species and cell walls are described. Details of their organisation in the primary cell wall are provided, as understanding of the role of hemicellulose has recently evolved and is likely to affect our perception and future study of their secondary cell wall homologs. The importance of the presence of water on wood mechanical properties is also discussed. These sections provide the basis for understanding the molecular arrangements and interactions of the components and how they influence changes in fibre properties once isolated. A range of pulping processes can be used to individualise wood fibres, but these can cause damage to the fibres. Therefore, issues relating to fibre production are discussed along with the dispersion of wood fibres during extrusion. The final section explores various ways to improve fibres obtained from wood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan Dickson
- Scion, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand.
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