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Moreno-Pérez A, Martínez-Ferri E, van den Berg N, Pliego C. Effects of Exogenous Application of Methyl Jasmonate and Salicylic Acid on the Physiological and Molecular Response of 'Dusa' Avocado to Rosellinia necatrix. PLANT DISEASE 2024; 108:2111-2121. [PMID: 38530233 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-23-2316-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and salicylic acid (SA) are important in mediating plant responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. MeJA and SA can act as elicitors by triggering plant defense responses similar to those induced by pathogens and may even provide long-term protection against them. Thus, exogenous application of MeJA and SA could protect susceptible avocado plants against white root rot (WRR) disease caused by the necrotrophic fungus Rosellinia necatrix, one of the main diseases affecting avocado orchards. This work evaluates the effects of MeJA or SA on the physiological and molecular response of susceptible 'Dusa' avocado rootstock and their ability to provide some protection against WRR. The application of MeJA and SA in avocado increased photoprotective mechanisms (nonphotochemical chlorophyll fluorescence quenching) and upregulated the glutathione S-transferase, suggesting the triggering of mechanisms closely related to oxidative stress relief and reactive oxygen species scavenging. In contrast to SA, MeJA's effects were more pronounced at the morphoanatomical level, including functional traits such as high leaf mass area, high stomatal density, and high root/shoot ratio, closely related to strategies to cope with water scarcity and WRR disease. Moreover, MeJA upregulated a greater number of defense-related genes than SA, including a glu protease inhibitor, a key gene in avocado defense against R. necatrix. The overall effects of MeJA increased 'Dusa' avocado tolerance to R. necatrix by inducing a primed state that delayed WRR disease symptoms. These findings point toward the use of MeJA application as an environmentally friendly strategy to mitigate the impact of this disease on susceptible avocado orchards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Moreno-Pérez
- Department of Genomics and Biotechnology (IFAPA Centro de Málaga), Fruticultura Subtropical y Mediterranea, IFAPA, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, 29140 Churriana, Málaga, Spain
- Department of Crop Ecophysiology (IFAPA Centro de Málaga), Fruticultura Subtropical y Mediterranea, IFAPA, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, 29140 Churriana, Málaga, Spain
- Program of Advanced Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Campus de Teatinos s/n, University of Málaga, 29071 Churriana, Málaga, Spain
| | - Elsa Martínez-Ferri
- Department of Crop Ecophysiology (IFAPA Centro de Málaga), Fruticultura Subtropical y Mediterranea, IFAPA, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, 29140 Churriana, Málaga, Spain
| | - Noëlani van den Berg
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, 0002 Pretoria, South Africa
- Hans Merensky Chair in Avocado Research, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, 0002 Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Clara Pliego
- Department of Genomics and Biotechnology (IFAPA Centro de Málaga), Fruticultura Subtropical y Mediterranea, IFAPA, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, 29140 Churriana, Málaga, Spain
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Earley AM, Nolting KM, Donovan LA, Burke JM. Trait variation and performance across varying levels of drought stress in cultivated sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.). AOB PLANTS 2024; 16:plae031. [PMID: 39011498 PMCID: PMC11247526 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plae031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Drought is a major agricultural challenge that is expected to worsen with climate change. A better understanding of drought responses has the potential to inform efforts to breed more tolerant plants. We assessed leaf trait variation and covariation in cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in response to water limitation. Plants were grown under four levels of water availability and assessed for environmentally induced plasticity in leaf stomatal and vein traits as well as biomass (performance indicator), mass fractions, leaf area, leaf mass per area, and chlorophyll content. Overall, biomass declined in response to stress; these changes were accompanied by responses in leaf-level traits including decreased leaf area and stomatal size, and increased stomatal and vein density. The magnitude of trait responses increased with stress severity and relative plasticity of smaller-scale leaf anatomical traits was less than that of larger-scale traits related to construction and growth. Across treatments, where phenotypic plasticity was observed, stomatal density was negatively correlated with stomatal size and positively correlated with minor vein density, but the correlations did not hold up within treatments. Four leaf traits previously shown to reflect major axes of variation in a large sunflower diversity panel under well-watered conditions (i.e. stomatal density, stomatal pore length, vein density, and leaf mass per area) predicted a surprisingly large amount of the variation in biomass across treatments, but trait associations with biomass differed within treatments. Additionally, the importance of these traits in predicting variation in biomass is mediated, at least in part, through leaf size. Our results demonstrate the importance of leaf anatomical traits in mediating drought responses in sunflower, and highlight the role that phenotypic plasticity and multi-trait phenotypes can play in predicting productivity under complex abiotic stresses like drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Earley
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Kristen M Nolting
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Lisa A Donovan
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - John M Burke
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- The Plant Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Jensen NB, Ottosen CO, Fomsgaard IS, Zhou R. Elevated CO 2 induce alterations in the hormonal regulation of stomata in drought stressed tomato seedlings. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 212:108762. [PMID: 38788294 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
The atmospheric CO2 level is rising, and the consequent climate change is causing an increase in drought events. Furthermore, the CO2 level is known to induce changes in the physiological responses to stress in plants. Exogenous melatonin is suggested to play roles in the response of plants to abiotic stresses, including drought. We investigated physiological drought stress responses at ambient and elevated CO2 levels (aCO2 and eCO2) of melatonin-treated and untreated tomato plants, aiming to link effects of water use efficiency of photosynthesis at (WUELeaf) and stomatal conductance (gs) with the hormonal regulation of stomata. Tomatoes grown at eCO2 had reduced water use of both irrigated and drought stressed plants during the progression of drought at the whole plant level. This was also reflected in a CO2-affected increase in WUELeaf at eCO2 across irrigated and drought-stressed plants. These CO2-induced effects were mediated through stomatal closing and reductions in stomatal pore area rather than stomatal density or size. Abscisic acid (ABA) and its conjugated form, ABA glucose ester (ABA-GE), increased at drought stress in aCO2, while only ABA-GE increased at eCO2. Contrary, salicylic acid (SA) increased to a greater magnitude at drought stress in eCO2 than aCO2. Melatonin treatment showed no effects on the stomatal regulation. Our findings imply that eCO2 changes in the balance of hormonal effectors in stomatal regulation during drought, shifting from it ABA to SA regulation, suggesting to consider stomatal reactions at eCO2 in a perspective of a hormonal interplay rather than only ABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaj Bjerring Jensen
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, DK-8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.
| | - Carl-Otto Ottosen
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, DK-8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.
| | | | - Rong Zhou
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, DK-8200, Aarhus N, Denmark; College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Sharma A, Dheer P, Rautela I, Thapliyal P, Thapliyal P, Bajpai AB, Sharma MD. A review on strategies for crop improvement against drought stress through molecular insights. 3 Biotech 2024; 14:173. [PMID: 38846012 PMCID: PMC11150236 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-024-04020-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The demand for food goods is rising along with the world population growth, which is directly related to the yield of agricultural crops around the world. However, a number of environmental factors, including floods, salinity, moisture, and drought, have a detrimental effect on agricultural production around the world. Among all of these stresses, drought stress (DS) poses a constant threat to agricultural crops and is a significant impediment to global agricultural productivity. Its potency and severity are expected to increase in the future years. A variety of techniques have been used to generate drought-resistant plants in order to get around this restriction. Different crop plants exhibit specific traits that contribute to drought resistance (DR), such as early flowering, drought escape (DE), and leaf traits. We are highlighting numerous methods that can be used to overcome the effects of DS in this review. Agronomic methods, transgenic methods, the use of sufficient fertilizers, and molecular methods such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs)-associated nuclease 9 (Cas9), virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping, microRNA (miRNA) technology, and OMICS-based approaches make up the majority of these techniques. CRISPR technology has rapidly become an increasingly popular choice among researchers exploring natural tolerance to abiotic stresses although, only a few plants have been produced so far using this technique. In order to address the difficulties imposed by DS, new plants utilizing the CRISPR technology must be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248001 India
| | - Pallavi Dheer
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Shri Guru Ram Rai University, Patel Nagar, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248001 India
| | - Indra Rautela
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied and Life Sciences (SALS), Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248001 India
| | - Preeti Thapliyal
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied and Life Sciences (SALS), Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248001 India
| | - Priya Thapliyal
- Department of Biochemistry, H.N.B. Garhwal (A Central) University, Srinagar, Uttarakhand 246174 India
| | - Atal Bihari Bajpai
- Department of Botany, D.B.S. (PG) College, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248001 India
| | - Manish Dev Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Shri Guru Ram Rai University, Patel Nagar, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248001 India
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Liu R, Xu K, Li Y, Zhao W, Ji H, Lei X, Ma T, Ye J, Zhang J, Du H, Cao SK. Investigation on the Potential Functions of ZmEPF/EPFL Family Members in Response to Abiotic Stress in Maize. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7196. [PMID: 39000300 PMCID: PMC11241529 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Maize is an important crop used for food, feed, and fuel. Abiotic stress is an important factor affecting maize yield. The EPF/EPFL gene family encodes class-specific secretory proteins that play an important role in the response to abiotic stress in plants. In order to explore and utilize the EPF/EPFL family in maize, the family members were systematically identified, and their chromosomal localization, physicochemical properties, cis-acting element prediction in promoters, phylogenetic tree construction, and expression pattern analysis were carried out using bioinformatics techniques. A total of 18 ZmEPF/EPFL proteins were identified in maize, which are mostly alkaline and a small portion acidic. Subcellular localization results showed that ZmEPF6, ZmEPF12, and ZmEPFL2 are localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Analysis of cis-acting elements revealed that members of the ZmEPF/EPFL family contain regulatory elements such as light response, anoxic, low temperature, and hormone response regulatory elements. RT-qPCR results showed that these family members are indeed responding to cold stress and hormone treatments. These results of this study provide a theoretical basis for improving the abiotic stress resistance of maize in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- School of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (R.L.); (K.X.); (Y.L.); (W.Z.); (H.J.); (X.L.); (T.M.); (J.Y.)
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Keli Xu
- School of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (R.L.); (K.X.); (Y.L.); (W.Z.); (H.J.); (X.L.); (T.M.); (J.Y.)
| | - Yu Li
- School of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (R.L.); (K.X.); (Y.L.); (W.Z.); (H.J.); (X.L.); (T.M.); (J.Y.)
| | - Wanqing Zhao
- School of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (R.L.); (K.X.); (Y.L.); (W.Z.); (H.J.); (X.L.); (T.M.); (J.Y.)
| | - Hongjing Ji
- School of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (R.L.); (K.X.); (Y.L.); (W.Z.); (H.J.); (X.L.); (T.M.); (J.Y.)
| | - Xiongbiao Lei
- School of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (R.L.); (K.X.); (Y.L.); (W.Z.); (H.J.); (X.L.); (T.M.); (J.Y.)
| | - Tian Ma
- School of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (R.L.); (K.X.); (Y.L.); (W.Z.); (H.J.); (X.L.); (T.M.); (J.Y.)
| | - Juan Ye
- School of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (R.L.); (K.X.); (Y.L.); (W.Z.); (H.J.); (X.L.); (T.M.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Hewei Du
- School of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (R.L.); (K.X.); (Y.L.); (W.Z.); (H.J.); (X.L.); (T.M.); (J.Y.)
| | - Shi-Kai Cao
- School of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (R.L.); (K.X.); (Y.L.); (W.Z.); (H.J.); (X.L.); (T.M.); (J.Y.)
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
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6
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Su J, He B, Li P, Yu B, Cen Q, Xia L, Jing Y, Wu F, Karnik R, Xue D, Blatt MR, Wang Y. Overexpression of tonoplast Ca 2+-ATPase in guard cells synergistically enhances stomatal opening and drought tolerance. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38923303 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Stomata play a crucial role in plants by controlling water status and responding to drought stress. However, simultaneously improving stomatal opening and drought tolerance has proven to be a significant challenge. To address this issue, we employed the OnGuard quantitative model, which accurately represents the mechanics and coordination of ion transporters in guard cells. With the guidance of OnGuard, we successfully engineered plants that overexpressed the main tonoplast Ca2+-ATPase gene, ACA11, which promotes stomatal opening and enhances plant growth. Surprisingly, these transgenic plants also exhibited improved drought tolerance due to reduced water loss through their stomata. Again, OnGuard assisted us in understanding the mechanism behind the unexpected stomatal behaviors observed in the ACA11 overexpressing plants. Our study revealed that the overexpression of ACA11 facilitated the accumulation of Ca2+ in the vacuole, thereby influencing Ca2+ storage and leading to an enhanced Ca2+ elevation in response to abscisic acid. This regulatory cascade finely tunes stomatal responses, ultimately leading to enhanced drought tolerance. Our findings underscore the importance of tonoplast Ca2+-ATPase in manipulating stomatal behavior and improving drought tolerance. Furthermore, these results highlight the diverse functions of tonoplast-localized ACA11 in response to different conditions, emphasizing its potential for future applications in plant enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghan Su
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Bingqing He
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Peiyuan Li
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Baiyang Yu
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qiwen Cen
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Lingfeng Xia
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Yi Jing
- BGI Research, Sanya, 572025, China
| | - Feibo Wu
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Rucha Karnik
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Dawei Xue
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Michael R Blatt
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Yizhou Wang
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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Ciorîță A, Erhan SE, Soran ML, Lung I, Mot AC, Macavei SG, Pârvu M. Pharmacological Potential of Three Berberine-Containing Plant Extracts Obtained from Berberis vulgaris L., Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt., and Phellodendron amurense Rupr. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1339. [PMID: 38927546 PMCID: PMC11201499 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12061339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Three berberine-containing plant extracts were investigated for their pharmacological properties. The stems and leaves of Berberis vulgaris, Mahonia aquifolium, and Phellodendron amurense were characterized through scanning electron microscopy. The plant extracts obtained from fresh stem barks were further analyzed through high-performance liquid chromatography, revealing berberine concentrations, among berbamine and palmatine. The plant extracts were further tested for their anticancer potential against 2D and 3D human skin melanoma (A375) and lung adenocarcinoma (A549) cell lines. The concentrations at which 50% of the cells are affected was determined by the viability assay and it was shown that B. vulgaris, the plant extract with the highest berberine concentration, is the most efficient inhibitor (0.4% extract concentration for the 2D model and 3.8% for the 3D model). The membrane integrity and nitrate/nitrite concentration assays were consistent with the viability results and showed effective anticancer potential. For further investigations, the B. vulgaris extract was used to obtain silver nanoparticles, which were characterized through transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The formed nanoparticles have a uniform size distribution and are suited for future investigations in the field of biomedical applications, together with the B. vulgaris plant extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Ciorîță
- Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babes-Bolyai University, 44 Republicii, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (M.L.S.); (I.L.); (A.C.M.); (S.G.M.)
| | - Sabina-Emanuela Erhan
- Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babes-Bolyai University, 44 Republicii, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (M.L.S.); (I.L.); (A.C.M.); (S.G.M.)
| | - Maria Loredana Soran
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (M.L.S.); (I.L.); (A.C.M.); (S.G.M.)
| | - Ildiko Lung
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (M.L.S.); (I.L.); (A.C.M.); (S.G.M.)
| | - Augustin Catalin Mot
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (M.L.S.); (I.L.); (A.C.M.); (S.G.M.)
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeș-Bolyai University, 11 Arany János St., 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Sergiu Gabriel Macavei
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (M.L.S.); (I.L.); (A.C.M.); (S.G.M.)
| | - Marcel Pârvu
- Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babes-Bolyai University, 44 Republicii, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
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Chao YS, Yang YW, Sheue CR, Lai IL. Niche and phenotypic differentiation in fern hybrid speciation, a case study of Pteris fauriei (Pteridaceae). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2024; 134:71-84. [PMID: 38470192 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcae037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Niche differentiation is a crucial issue in speciation. Although it has a well-known role in adaptive processes of hybrid angiosperms, it is less understood in hybrid ferns. Here, we investigate whether an intermediate ecological niche of a fern hybrid is a novel adaptation that provides insights into fern hybrid speciation. METHODS Pteris fauriei (Pteridaceae) is a natural hybrid fern, occurring in environments between its parent species. The maternal Pteris minor is found in sunny areas, but the habitat of the paternal Pteris latipinna is shady. We combined data from morphology, leaf anatomy and photosynthetic traits to explore adaptation and differentiation, along with measuring the environmental features of their niches. We also performed experiments in a common garden to understand ecological plasticity. KEY RESULTS The hybrid P. fauriei was intermediate between the parent species in stomatal density, leaf anatomical features and photosynthetic characteristics in both natural habitats and a common garden. Interestingly, the maternal P. minor showed significant environmental plasticity and was more similar to the hybrid P. fauriei in the common garden, suggesting that the maternal species experiences stress in its natural habitats but thrives in environments similar to those of the hybrid. CONCLUSIONS Based on the similar niche preferences of the hybrid and parents, we propose hybrid superiority. Our results indicate that the hybrid P. fauriei exhibits greater fitness and can compete with and occupy the initial niches of the maternal P. minor. Consequently, we suggest that the maternal P. minor has experienced a niche shift, elucidating the pattern of niche differentiation in this hybrid group. These findings offer a potential explanation for the frequent occurrence of hybridization in ferns and provide new insights into fern hybrid speciation, enhancing our understanding of fern diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Shan Chao
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Wei Yang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chiou-Rong Sheue
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Global Change Biology Research Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - I-Ling Lai
- Graduate Institute of Bioresources, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
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9
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Gray J, Dunn J. Optimizing Crop Plant Stomatal Density to Mitigate and Adapt to Climate Change. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2024; 16:a041672. [PMID: 37923396 PMCID: PMC11146307 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Plants take up carbon dioxide, and lose water, through pores on their leaf surfaces called stomata. We have a good understanding of the biochemical signals that control the production of stomata, and over the past decade, these have been manipulated to produce crops with fewer stomata. Crops with abnormally low stomatal densities require less water to produce the same yield and have enhanced drought tolerance. These "water-saver" crops also have improved salinity tolerance and are expected to have increased resistance to some diseases. We calculate that the widespread adoption of water-saver crops could lead to reductions in greenhouse gas emissions equivalent to a maximum of 0.5 GtCO2/yr and thus could help to mitigate the impacts of climate change on agriculture and food security through protecting yields in stressful environments and requiring fewer inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Gray
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
- Institute for Sustainable Food, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Dunn
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
- Institute for Sustainable Food, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
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Cai Y, Aihara T, Araki K, Sarmah R, Tsumura Y, Hirota M. Response of stomatal density and size in Betula ermanii to contrasting climate conditions: The contributions of genetic and environmental factors. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11349. [PMID: 38895564 PMCID: PMC11184283 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
As plant distribution and performance are determined by both environmental and genetic factors, clarifying the contribution of these two factors is a key for understanding plant adaptation and predicting their distribution under ongoing global warming. Betula ermanii is an ideal species for such research because of its wide distribution across diverse environments. Stomatal density and size are crucial traits that plants undergo changes in to adapt to different environments as these traits directly influence plant photosynthesis and transpiration. In this study, we conducted a multi-location common garden experiment using B. ermanii to (1) clarify the contribution of both environmental and genetic factors to the variation in stomatal density and size of B. ermanii, (2) demonstrate the differences in the plasticity of stomatal density and size among B. ermanii populations, and (3) understand how stomatal density and size of B. ermanii would respond to increased temperature and changing precipitation patterns. Genetic factors played a more significant role in stomatal size than environmental factors, suggesting that B. ermanii struggles to adjust its stomatal size in response to a changing environment. Our results also revealed a positive correlation between stomatal size plasticity and original habitat suitability, indicating that in B. ermanii populations in harsh environments exhibit lower adaptability to environmental shifts. Although stomatal density and size of B. ermanii showed the significant responses to increased temperature and shifting precipitation patterns, the response ranges of stomatal density and size to the environmental factors varied among populations. Our findings highlighted the interplay between genetic and environmental factors in determining the intraspecific variation in stomatal density and size in B. ermanii. This indicated that certain populations of B. ermanii exhibit limited stomatal plasticity and adaptability, which could directly affect photosynthesis and transpiration, suggesting potential population-specific fitness implications for B. ermanii under future climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Cai
- Graduate School of Environmental ScienceHokkaido UniversityNayoroJapan
| | - Takaki Aihara
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
| | - Kyoko Araki
- Graduate School of Science and TechnologyUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
| | - Ragini Sarmah
- Graduate School of Science and TechnologyUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
| | - Yoshihiko Tsumura
- Faculty of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
| | - Mitsuru Hirota
- Faculty of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
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11
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Laoué J, Gea-Izquierdo G, Dupouyet S, Conde M, Fernandez C, Ormeño E. Leaf morpho-anatomical adjustments in a Quercus pubescens forest after 10 years of partial rain exclusion in the field. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 44:tpae047. [PMID: 38676920 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
In the Mediterranean region, a reduction of annual precipitation and a longer and drier summer season are expected with climate change by the end of the century, eventually endangering forest survival. To cope with such rapid changes, trees may modulate their morpho-anatomical and physiological traits. In the present study, we focused on the variation in leaf gas exchange and different leaf morpho-anatomical functional traits of Quercus pubescens Willd. in summer using a long-term drought experiment in natura consisting of a dynamic rainfall exclusion system where trees have been submitted to amplified drought (AD) (~-30% of annual precipitation) since April 2012 and compared them with trees under natural drought (ND) in a Mediterranean forest. During the study, we analyzed net CO2 assimilation (An), stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration (E), water-use efficiency (WUE), stomatal size and density, density of glandular trichomes and non-glandular trichomes, thickness of the different leaf tissues, specific leaf area and leaf surface. Under AD, tree functioning was slightly impacted, since only An exhibited a 49% drop, while gs, E and WUE remained stable. The decrease in An under AD was regulated by concomitant lower stomatal density and reduced leaf thickness. Trees under AD also featured leaves with a higher non-glandular trichome density and a lower glandular trichome density compared with ND, which simultaneously limits transpiration and production costs. This study points out that Q. pubescens exhibits adjustments of leaf morpho-anatomical traits which can help trees to acclimate to AD scenarios as those expected in the future in the Mediterranean region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Laoué
- CNRS, Aix Marseille Univ, Univ Avignon, IRD, IMBE, University Campus Saint-Jérôme 13013 Marseille, France
| | | | - Sylvie Dupouyet
- CNRS, Aix Marseille Univ, Univ Avignon, IRD, IMBE, University Campus Saint-Jérôme 13013 Marseille, France
| | - María Conde
- CIFOR-INIA, CSIC, Centro de Investigación Forestal Moncloa - Aravaca 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Catherine Fernandez
- CNRS, Aix Marseille Univ, Univ Avignon, IRD, IMBE, University Campus Saint-Jérôme 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Elena Ormeño
- CNRS, Aix Marseille Univ, Univ Avignon, IRD, IMBE, University Campus Saint-Jérôme 13013 Marseille, France
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12
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Zhang F, Rosental L, Ji B, Brotman Y, Dai M. Metabolite-mediated adaptation of crops to drought and the acquisition of tolerance. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 118:626-644. [PMID: 38241088 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Drought is one of the major and growing threats to agriculture productivity and food security. Metabolites are involved in the regulation of plant responses to various environmental stresses, including drought stress. The complex drought tolerance can be ascribed to several simple metabolic traits. These traits could then be used for detecting the genetic architecture of drought tolerance. Plant metabolomes show dynamic differences when drought occurs during different developmental stages or upon different levels of drought stress. Here, we reviewed the major and most recent findings regarding the metabolite-mediated plant drought response. Recent progress in the development of drought-tolerant agents is also discussed. We provide an updated schematic overview of metabolome-driven solutions for increasing crop drought tolerance and thereby addressing an impending agricultural challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Leah Rosental
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, 8410501, Israel
| | - Boming Ji
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yariv Brotman
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, 8410501, Israel
| | - Mingqiu Dai
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
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13
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Kozikova D, Pascual I, Goicoechea N. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Improve the Performance of Tempranillo and Cabernet Sauvignon Facing Water Deficit under Current and Future Climatic Conditions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1155. [PMID: 38674564 PMCID: PMC11054116 DOI: 10.3390/plants13081155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Climate change (CC) threatens Mediterranean viticulture. Rhizospheric microorganisms may be crucial for the adaptation of plants to CC. Our objective was to assess whether the association of two grapevine varieties with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) increases grapevine's resilience to environmental conditions that combine elevated atmospheric CO2, increased air temperatures, and water deficit. Tempranillo (T) and Cabernet Sauvignon (CS) plants, grafted onto R110 rootstocks, either inoculated (+M) or not (-M) with AMF, were grown in temperature-gradient greenhouses under two environmental conditions: (i) current conditions (ca. 400 ppm air CO2 concentration plus ambient air temperature, CATA) and (ii) climate change conditions predicted by the year 2100 (700 ppm of CO2 plus ambient air temperature +4 °C, CETE). From veraison to maturity, for plants of each variety, inoculation treatment and environmental conditions were also subjected to two levels of water availability: full irrigation (WW) or drought cycles (D). Therefore, the number of treatments applied to each grapevine variety was eight, resulting from the combination of two inoculation treatments (+M and -M), two environmental conditions (CATA and CETE), and two water availabilities (WW and D). In both grapevine varieties, early drought decreased leaf conductance and transpiration under both CATA and CETE conditions and more markedly in +M plants. Photosynthesis did not decrease very much, so the instantaneous water use efficiency (WUE) increased, especially in drought +M plants under CETE conditions. The increase in WUE coincided with a lower intercellular-to-atmospheric CO2 concentration ratio and reduced plant hydraulic conductance. In the long term, mycorrhization induced changes in the stomatal anatomy under water deficit and CETE conditions: density increased in T and decreased in CS, with smaller stomata in the latter. Although some responses were genotype-dependent, the interaction of the rootstock with AMF appeared to be a key factor in the acclimation of the grapevine to water deficit under both current and future CO2 and temperature conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Inmaculada Pascual
- Plant Stress Physiology Group, Associated Unit to CSIC (EEAD, Zaragoza, Spain), BIOMA Institute for Biodiversity and the Environment, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea, 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (D.K.); (N.G.)
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14
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Ayaz A, Gu Y. Macromorphological and foliar epidermal anatomical characteristics of Lilium rosthornii (Liliaceae): Implications for morphological adaptations and taxonomic significance. Microsc Res Tech 2024. [PMID: 38623772 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
This research is to examine the macromorphological and foliar epidermal anatomical features of Lilium rosthornii Diels and its ability to plastically adapt to environmental forces, which is crucial for its taxonomic classification. L. rosthornii has macromorphological characteristics such as linear to lanceolate leaves of up to 20 cm in length and 2-3 cm in breadth, grouped in a whorled pattern. The blooms are voluminous and conspicuous, measuring up to 15 cm in diameter and are supported by a towering stalk that grows up to 1 m in height. The foliar epidermal structure of L. rosthornii exhibits a stomatal length of 82.02 ± 5.77 μm and a width of 29.19 ± 1.39 μm. These measurements suggest that the plant's stomata are influenced by its ploidy levels and may serve as adaptive mechanisms to enhance water consumption efficiency. The leaf structure shows a significant thickness of 398.74 ± 97.96 μm, which might potentially contribute to its ability to withstand environmental challenges. Additionally, the presence of defensive adaptations in the top and lower epidermal layers further supports this observation. The palisade tissue measurement (58.87 ± 9.56 m) and spongy tissue measurement (32.42 ± 12.72 μm) indicate a potential for photosynthetic optimization. Furthermore, there is a possible correlation between the vascular bundle width (28.15 ± 6.52 °m) and the efficiency of nutrition delivery. The results of this study emphasize the notable diversity in the foliar structures of L. rosthornii, offering valuable understanding of its morphological adaptations that have ecological and taxonomic significance. The findings provide a deeper comprehension of the potential impact of anatomical characteristics on plant function and categorization, hence providing significant insights to the domain of plant morphology and systematics. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Examines Lilium rosthornii's anatomical features and environmental adaptability for taxonomic relevance. Leaf thickness and epidermal defenses indicate resilience to environmental stress. Highlights the diversity in L. rosthornii's foliar structures, with implications for ecological and taxonomic significance Offers insights into the impact of anatomical characteristics on plant function and classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Ayaz
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yaodong Gu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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15
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Pinto SC, Stojilković B, Zhang X, Sablowski R. Plant cell size: Links to cell cycle, differentiation and ploidy. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 78:102527. [PMID: 38484440 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2024.102527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Cell size affects many processes, including exchange of nutrients and external signals, cell division and tissue mechanics. Across eukaryotes, cells have evolved mechanisms that assess their own size to inform processes such as cell cycle progression or gene expression. Here, we review recent progress in understanding plant cell size regulation and its implications, relating these findings to work in other eukaryotes. Highlights include use of DNA contents as reference point to control the cell cycle in shoot meristems, a size-dependent cell fate decision during stomatal development and insights into the interconnection between ploidy, cell size and cell wall mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara C Pinto
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Xinyu Zhang
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, UK
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16
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Guadarrama-Escobar LM, Hunt J, Gurung A, Zarco-Tejada PJ, Shabala S, Camino C, Hernandez P, Pourkheirandish M. Back to the future for drought tolerance. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:372-383. [PMID: 38429882 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Global agriculture faces increasing pressure to produce more food with fewer resources. Drought, exacerbated by climate change, is a major agricultural constraint costing the industry an estimated US$80 billion per year in lost production. Wild relatives of domesticated crops, including wheat (Triticum spp.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), are an underutilized source of drought tolerance genes. However, managing their undesirable characteristics, assessing drought responses, and selecting lines with heritable traits remains a significant challenge. Here, we propose a novel strategy of using multi-trait selection criteria based on high-throughput spectral images to facilitate the assessment and selection challenge. The importance of measuring plant capacity for sustained carbon fixation under drought stress is explored, and an image-based transpiration efficiency (iTE) index obtained via a combination of hyperspectral and thermal imaging, is proposed. Incorporating iTE along with other drought-related variables in selection criteria will allow the identification of accessions with diverse tolerance mechanisms. A comprehensive approach that merges high-throughput phenotyping and de novo domestication is proposed for developing drought-tolerant prebreeding material and providing breeders with access to gene pools containing unexplored drought tolerance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M Guadarrama-Escobar
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences (SAFES), University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., 3010, Australia
| | - James Hunt
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences (SAFES), University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., 3010, Australia
| | - Allison Gurung
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences (SAFES), University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., 3010, Australia
| | - Pablo J Zarco-Tejada
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences (SAFES), University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., 3010, Australia
- Department of Infrastructure Engineering (IE), Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology (FEIT), University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., 3010, Australia
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture (IAS), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Cordoba, 14004, Spain
| | - Sergey Shabala
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
- International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China
| | - Carlos Camino
- Joint Research Centre (JRC), European Commission (EC), Ispra, 21027, Italy
| | - Pilar Hernandez
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture (IAS), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Cordoba, 14004, Spain
| | - Mohammad Pourkheirandish
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences (SAFES), University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., 3010, Australia
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17
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Liu D, Zhao C, Li G, Chen Z, Wang S, Huang C, Zhang P. Shrub leaf area and leaf vein trait trade-offs in response to the light environment in a vegetation transitional zone. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2024; 51:FP24011. [PMID: 38621017 DOI: 10.1071/fp24011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The leaf is an important site for energy acquisition and material transformation in plants. Leaf functional traits and their trade-off mechanisms reflect the resource utilisation efficiency and habitat adaptation strategies of plants, and contribute to our understanding of the mechanism by which the distribution pattern of plant populations in arid and semi-arid areas influences the evolution of vegetation structure and function. We selected two natural environments, the tree-shrub community canopy area and the shrub-grass community open area in the transition zone between the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the Loess Plateau. We studied the trade-off relationships of leaf area with leaf midvein diameter and leaf vein density in Cotoneaster multiflorus using the standardised major axis (SMA) method. The results show that the growth pattern of C. multiflorus , which has small leaves of high density and extremely small vein diameters, in the open area. The water use efficiency and net photosynthetic rate of plants in the open area were significantly greater than those of plants growing in the canopy area. The adaptability of C. multiflorus to environments with high light and low soil water content reflects its spatial colonisation potential in arid and semiarid mountains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingyue Liu
- Gansu Province Wetland Resources Protection and Industrial Development Engineering Research Center, College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730100, China
| | - Chengzhang Zhao
- Gansu Province Wetland Resources Protection and Industrial Development Engineering Research Center, College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730100, China
| | - Geyang Li
- Gansu Province Wetland Resources Protection and Industrial Development Engineering Research Center, College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730100, China
| | - Zhini Chen
- Gansu Province Wetland Resources Protection and Industrial Development Engineering Research Center, College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730100, China; and Xinglongshan Forest Ecosystem National Positioning Observation and Research Station, Lanzhou 730100, China
| | - Suhong Wang
- Gansu Province Wetland Resources Protection and Industrial Development Engineering Research Center, College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730100, China
| | - Chenglu Huang
- Gansu Province Wetland Resources Protection and Industrial Development Engineering Research Center, College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730100, China
| | - Peixian Zhang
- Gansu Province Wetland Resources Protection and Industrial Development Engineering Research Center, College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730100, China
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18
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Tran VH, Nolting KM, Donovan LA, Temme AA. Cultivated sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.) has lower tolerance of moderate drought stress than its con-specific wild relative, but the underlying traits remain elusive. PLANT DIRECT 2024; 8:e581. [PMID: 38585190 PMCID: PMC10995449 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Cultivated crops are generally expected to have less abiotic stress tolerance than their wild relatives. However, this assumption is not well supported by empirical literature and may depend on the type of stress and how it is imposed, as well as the measure of tolerance being used. Here, we investigated whether wild and cultivated accessions of Helianthus annuus differed in stress tolerance assessed as proportional decline in biomass due to drought and whether wild and cultivated accessions differed in trait responses to drought and trait associations with tolerance. In a greenhouse study, H. annuus accessions in the two domestication classes (eight cultivated and eight wild accessions) received two treatments: a well-watered control and a moderate drought implemented as a dry down followed by maintenance at a predetermined soil moisture level with automated irrigation. Treatments were imposed at the seedling stage, and plants were harvested after 2 weeks of treatment. The proportional biomass decline in response to drought was 24% for cultivated H. annuus accessions but was not significant for the wild accessions. Thus, using the metric of proportional biomass decline, the cultivated accessions had less drought tolerance. Among accessions, there was no tradeoff between drought tolerance and vigor assessed as biomass in the control treatment. In a multivariate analysis, wild and cultivated accessions did not differ from each other or in response to drought for a subset of morphological, physiological, and allocational traits. Analyzed individually, traits varied in response to drought in wild and/or cultivated accessions, including declines in specific leaf area, leaf theoretical maximum stomatal conductance (gsmax), and stomatal pore length, but there was no treatment response for stomatal density, succulence, or the ability to osmotically adjust. Focusing on traits associations with tolerance, plasticity in gsmax was the most interesting because its association with tolerance differed by domestication class (although the effects were relatively weak) and thus might contribute to lower tolerance of cultivated sunflower. Our H. annuus results support the expectation that stress tolerance is lower in crops than wild relatives under some conditions. However, determining the key traits that underpin differences in moderate drought tolerance between wild and cultivated H. annuus remains elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian H. Tran
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
| | | | - Lisa A. Donovan
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
| | - Andries A. Temme
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
- Department of Plant BreedingWageningen University & ResearchWageningenNetherlands
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19
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Wang L, Chang C. Stomatal improvement for crop stress resistance. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:1823-1833. [PMID: 38006251 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
The growth and yield of crop plants are threatened by environmental challenges such as water deficit, soil flooding, high salinity, and extreme temperatures, which are becoming increasingly severe under climate change. Stomata contribute greatly to plant adaptation to stressful environments by governing transpirational water loss and photosynthetic gas exchange. Increasing evidence has revealed that stomata formation is shaped by transcription factors, signaling peptides, and protein kinases, which could be exploited to improve crop stress resistance. The past decades have seen unprecedented progress in our understanding of stomata formation, but most of these advances have come from research on model plants. This review highlights recent research in stomata formation in crops and its multifaceted functions in abiotic stress tolerance. Current strategies, limitations, and future directions for harnessing stomatal development to improve crop stress resistance are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Cheng Chang
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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20
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Bjerring Jensen N, Vrobel O, Akula Nageshbabu N, De Diego N, Tarkowski P, Ottosen CO, Zhou R. Stomatal effects and ABA metabolism mediate differential regulation of leaf and flower cooling in tomato cultivars exposed to heat and drought stress. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:2156-2175. [PMID: 38207009 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Co-occurring heat and drought stresses challenge crop performance. Stomata open to promote evaporative cooling during heat stress, but close to retain water during drought stress, which resulted in complex stomatal regulation under combined heat and drought. We aimed to investigate stomatal regulation in leaves and flowers of perennial, indeterminate cultivars of tomatoes subjected to individual and combined heat and drought stress followed by a recovery period, measuring morphological, physiological, and biochemical factors involved in stomatal regulation. Under stress, stomata of leaves were predominantly affected by drought, with lower stomatal density and stomatal closing, resulting in significantly decreased photosynthesis and higher leaf temperature. Conversely, stomata in sepals seemed affected mainly by heat during stress. The differential patterns in stomatal regulation in leaves and flowers persisted into the recovery phase as contrasting patterns in stomatal density. We show that flower transpiration is regulated by temperature, but leaf transpiration is regulated by soil water availability during stress. Organ-specific patterns of stomatal development and abscisic acid metabolism mediated this phenomenon. Our results throw light on the dual role of stomata in heat and drought tolerance of vegetative and generative organs, and demonstrate the importance of considering flower surfaces in the phenotyping of stomatal reactions to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaj Bjerring Jensen
- Department of Food Science, Plant, Food & Climate, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, DK-8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Ondřej Vrobel
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacky University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Genetic Resources for Vegetables, Medicinal and Special Plants, Crop Research Institute, Šlechtitelů 29, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Nagashree Akula Nageshbabu
- Department of Food Science, Plant, Food & Climate, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, DK-8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Nuria De Diego
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacky University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Tarkowski
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacky University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Genetic Resources for Vegetables, Medicinal and Special Plants, Crop Research Institute, Šlechtitelů 29, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Carl-Otto Ottosen
- Department of Food Science, Plant, Food & Climate, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, DK-8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Rong Zhou
- Department of Food Science, Plant, Food & Climate, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, DK-8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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21
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Caine RS, Khan MS, Brench RA, Walker HJ, Croft HL. Inside-out: Synergising leaf biochemical traits with stomatal-regulated water fluxes to enhance transpiration modelling during abiotic stress. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024. [PMID: 38533601 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
As the global climate continues to change, plants will increasingly experience abiotic stress(es). Stomata on leaf surfaces are the gatekeepers to plant interiors, regulating gaseous exchanges that are crucial for both photosynthesis and outward water release. To optimise future crop productivity, accurate modelling of how stomata govern plant-environment interactions will be crucial. Here, we synergise optical and thermal imaging data to improve modelled transpiration estimates during water and/or nutrient stress (where leaf N is reduced). By utilising hyperspectral data and partial least squares regression analysis of six plant traits and fluxes in wheat (Triticum aestivum), we develop a new spectral vegetation index; the Combined Nitrogen and Drought Index (CNDI), which can be used to detect both water stress and/or nitrogen deficiency. Upon full stomatal closure during drought, CNDI shows a strong relationship with leaf water content (r2 = 0.70), with confounding changes in leaf biochemistry. By incorporating CNDI transformed with a sigmoid function into thermal-based transpiration modelling, we have increased the accuracy of modelling water fluxes during abiotic stress. These findings demonstrate the potential of using combined optical and thermal remote sensing-based modelling approaches to dynamically model water fluxes to improve both agricultural water usage and yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Caine
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK
- School of Biosciences, Institute for Sustainable Food, University of Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK
| | - Muhammad S Khan
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK
| | - Robert A Brench
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK
| | - Heather J Walker
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK
- School of Biosciences, Institute for Sustainable Food, University of Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK
- biOMICS Mass Spectrometry Facility, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK
| | - Holly L Croft
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK
- School of Biosciences, Institute for Sustainable Food, University of Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK
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22
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Choi B, Hwang Y, McAdam SAM, Jang TS. Comparative microscopic investigations of leaf epidermis in four Ajuga species from Korea. Microsc Res Tech 2024; 87:434-445. [PMID: 37909218 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
The genus Ajuga is widely distributed in temperate to subtropical regions, and four species are currently recognized in Korea (A. decumbens, A. multiflora, A. nipponensis, and A. spectabilis), but epidermal anatomical differences across these species have never been described. A comparative study of the leaf micromorphological characteristics of Korean Ajuga species was performed using light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to elucidate their taxonomic usefulness and to assess leaf micromorphological diversity. Considerable diversity in epidermal and stomatal anatomy was observed across Korean Ajuga species. Species had both hypostomatic or amphistomatic leaves, with anomocytic, anisocytic, diactyic, or actinocytic stomatal complexes. Guard cell length across species ranged from 17.66 ± 0.57 μm to 32.50 ± 2.38 μm and correlated with genome size. Abnormal stomata were frequently observed in three species (A. decumbens, A. multiflora, and A. nipponensis) but not in A. spectabilis. Three types of glandular trichomes were found: peltate in all species, short-stalked in all species, and long-stalked glandular trichomes in A. multiflora. Among the investigated leaf micromophological characters, trichome type, epidermal cell shape, and stomatal morphology were all taxonomically informative traits at a species level. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: A comprehensive micromorphological description of the leaf surface is provided for Korean Ajuga species using scanning electron microscopic (SEM) and light microscopic (LM) analyses. The diverse range of stomatal development and the occurrence of polymorphic stomatal types are documented for the first time in Korean Ajuga species. The great diversity in stomatal and trichome morphology in Korean Ajuga species are taxonomically useful traits for species identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bokyung Choi
- Department of Biological Science, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeojin Hwang
- Department of Biological Science, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Scott A M McAdam
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Tae-Soo Jang
- Department of Biological Science, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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23
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Tiwari S, Kumar MN, Kumar A, Dalal M. Wheat BREVIS RADIX (BRX) regulates organ size, stomatal density and enhances drought tolerance in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 208:108500. [PMID: 38513518 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
BREVIS RADIX (BRX) is a small plant-specific and evolutionary conserved gene family with divergent yet partially redundant biological functions including root and shoot growth, stomatal development and tiller angle in plants. We characterized a BRX family gene from wheat (Triticum aestivum) by gain-of-function in Arabidopsis. Overexpression of TaBRXL2A resulted in longer primary roots with increased root meristem size and higher root growth under control and exogenous hormone treatments as compared to wild type (Col-0) plants. Overexpression lines also exhibited significant differences with the wild type such as increased rosette size, higher leaf number and leaf size. At reproductive stage, overexpression lines exhibited wider siliques and higher grain weight per plant. Under drought stress, overexpression lines exhibited enhanced drought tolerance in terms of higher chlorophyll retention and lower oxidative stress, thereby leading to significant recovery from drought stress. The analysis suggests that the inherent lower stomatal density in the leaves of overexpression lines and higher stomatal closure in response to ABA might contribute to lower water loss from the overexpression lines. Furthermore, TaBRXL2A protein showed membrane localization, presence of conserved residues at N-terminal for palmitoylation, and phosphosites in the linker region which are prescribed for its potential role in protophloem differentiation and stomatal lineage. Thus, we identified a TaBRX family gene which is involved in developmental pathways essential for plant growth, and also enhances drought tolerance in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Tiwari
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India; Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201301, India
| | - M Nagaraj Kumar
- Ramalingaswami Fellow, Division of Plant Physiology, ICAR- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Aruna Kumar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201301, India
| | - Monika Dalal
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India.
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24
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Xia Y, Jiang S, Wu W, Du K, Kang X. MYC2 regulates stomatal density and water use efficiency via targeting EPF2/EPFL4/EPFL9 in poplar. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:2506-2522. [PMID: 38258389 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Although polyploid plants have lower stomatal density than their diploid counterparts, the molecular mechanisms underlying this difference remain elusive. Here, we constructed a network based on the triploid poplar transcriptome data and triple-gene mutual interaction algorithm and found that PpnMYC2 was related to stomatal development-related genes PpnEPF2, PpnEPFL4, and PpnEPFL9. The interactions between PpnMYC2 and PagJAZs were experimentally validated. PpnMYC2-overexpressing poplar and Arabidopsis thaliana had reduced stomatal density. Poplar overexpressing PpnMYC2 had higher water use efficiency and drought resistance. RNA-sequencing data of poplars overexpressing PpnMYC2 showed that PpnMYC2 promotes the expression of stomatal density inhibitors PagEPF2 and PagEPFL4 and inhibits the expression of the stomatal density-positive regulator PagEPFL9. Yeast one-hybrid system, electrophoretic mobility shift assay, ChIP-qPCR, and dual-luciferase assay were employed to substantiate that PpnMYC2 directly regulated PagEPF2, PagEPFL4, and PagEPFL9. PpnMYC2, PpnEPF2, and PpnEPFL4 were significantly upregulated, whereas PpnEPFL9 was downregulated during stomatal formation in triploid poplar. Our results are of great significance for revealing the regulation mechanism of plant stomatal occurrence and polyploid stomatal density, as well as reducing stomatal density and improving plant water use efficiency by overexpressing MYC2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shenxiu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Wenqi Wu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Kang Du
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiangyang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
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25
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Silva‐Alvim FAL, Alvim JC, Harvey A, Blatt MR. Speedy stomata of a C 4 plant correlate with enhanced K + channel gating. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:817-831. [PMID: 38013592 PMCID: PMC10953386 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Stomata are microscopic pores at the surface of plant leaves that facilitate gaseous diffusion to support photosynthesis. The guard cells around each stoma regulate the pore aperture. Plants that carry out C4 photosynthesis are usually more resilient than C3 plants to stress, and their stomata operate over a lower dynamic range of CO2 within the leaf. What makes guard cells of C4 plants more responsive than those of C3 plants? We used gas exchange and electrophysiology, comparing stomatal kinetics of the C4 plant Gynandropsis gynandra and the phylogenetically related C3 plant Arabidopsis thaliana. We found, with varying CO2 and light, that Gynandropsis showed faster changes in stomata conductance and greater water use efficiency when compared with Arabidopsis. Electrophysiological analysis of the dominant K+ channels showed that the outward-rectifying channels, responsible for K+ loss during stomatal closing, were characterised by a greater maximum conductance and substantial negative shift in the voltage dependence of gating, indicating a reduced inhibition by extracellular K+ and enhanced capacity for K+ flux. These differences correlated with the accelerated stomata kinetics of Gynandropsis, suggesting that subtle changes in the biophysical properties of a key transporter may prove a target for future efforts to engineer C4 stomatal kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonas Chaves Alvim
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower BuildingUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Andy Harvey
- Physics & AstronomyUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Michael R. Blatt
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower BuildingUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
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26
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Zukswert JM, Vadeboncoeur MA, Yanai RD. Responses of stomatal density and carbon isotope composition of sugar maple and yellow birch foliage to N, P and CaSiO3 fertilization. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 44:tpad142. [PMID: 38070183 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Stomatal density, stomatal length and carbon isotope composition can all provide insights into environmental controls on photosynthesis and transpiration. Stomatal measurements can be time-consuming; it is therefore wise to consider efficient sampling schemes. Knowing the variance partitioning at different measurement levels (i.e., among stands, plots, trees, leaves and within leaves) can aid in making informed decisions around where to focus sampling effort. In this study, we explored the effects of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and calcium silicate (CaSiO3) addition on stomatal density, length and carbon isotope composition (δ13C) of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) and yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britton). We observed a positive but small (8%) increase in stomatal density with P addition and an increase in δ13C with N and CaSiO3 addition in sugar maple, but we did not observe effects of nutrient addition on these characteristics in yellow birch. Variability was highest within leaves and among trees for stomatal density and highest among stomata for stomatal length. To reduce variability and increase chances of detecting treatment differences in stomatal density and length, future protocols should consider pretreatment and repeated measurements of trees over time or measure more trees per plot, increase the number of leaf impressions or standardize their locations, measure more stomata per image and ensure consistent light availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna M Zukswert
- Department of Sustainable Resources Management, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Policy, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | | | - Ruth D Yanai
- Department of Sustainable Resources Management, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Policy, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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27
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Herrera JC, Savoi S, Dostal J, Elezovic K, Chatzisavva M, Forneck A, Savi T. The legacy of past droughts induces water-sparingly behaviour in Grüner Veltliner grapevines. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2024. [PMID: 38315499 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Drought is becoming more frequent and severe in numerous wine-growing regions. Nevertheless, limited research has examined the legacy of recurrent droughts, focusing on leaf physiology and anatomy over consecutive seasons. We investigated drought legacies (after 2 years of drought exposure) in potted grapevines, focusing on stomatal behaviour under well-watered conditions during the third year. Vines were subjected for two consecutive years to short- (SD) or long-term (LD) seasonal droughts, or well-watered conditions (WW). In the third year, all plants were grown without water limitation. Water potential and gas exchange were monitored throughout the three seasons, while leaf morpho-anatomical traits were measured at the end of the third year. During droughts (1st and 2nd year), stem water potential of SD and LD plants fell below -1.1 MPa, with a consequent 75% reduction in stomatal conductance (gs ) compared to WW. In the 3rd year, when all vines were daily irrigated to soil capacity (midday stem water potential ~ -0.3 MPa), 45% lower values of gs were observed in the ex-LD group compared to both ex-SD and ex-WW. Reduced midrib vessel diameter, lower leaf theoretical hydraulic conductivity, and smaller stomata were measured in ex-LD leaves compared to ex-SD and ex-WW, likely contributing to the reduced gas exchange. Our findings suggest that grapevines exposed to drought may adopt a more water-conserving strategy in subsequent seasons, irrespective of current soil water availability, with the degree of change influenced by the intensity and duration of past drought events.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Herrera
- Department of Crop Sciences, Institute of Viticulture and Pomology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - S Savoi
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - J Dostal
- Department of Crop Sciences, Institute of Viticulture and Pomology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - K Elezovic
- Department of Crop Sciences, Institute of Viticulture and Pomology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Chatzisavva
- Department of Crop Sciences, Institute of Viticulture and Pomology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Forneck
- Department of Crop Sciences, Institute of Viticulture and Pomology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - T Savi
- Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, Institute of Botany, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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28
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Licaj I, Germinario C, Di Meo MC, Varricchio E, Rocco M. The physiology and anatomy study in leaves of Saragolla and Svevo wheat cultivars under polyethylene glycol-simulated drought stress. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2024; 51:FP23151. [PMID: 38326232 DOI: 10.1071/fp23151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Drought stress is increasing in frequency and severity with the progression of global climate change, thereby becoming a major concern for the growth and yield of crop plants, including wheat. The current challenge is to explore different ways of developing wheat genotypes with increased tolerance to drought. Therefore, we renewed interest in 'ancient' varieties expected to be more tolerant to environmental stress than the few elite varieties nowadays cultivated. This study aimed to perform comparative analysis of the effect of drought-simulating polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000) treatment on morpho-anatomical and physiological foliar traits of two durum wheat seedlings cultivars, Saragolla and Svevo, as these can reflect the adaptability of the plant to the environment to a certain extent. Results demonstrated that drought-stressed Saragolla leaves exhibited a greater reduction of stomatal density, a minor reduction of stomatal pore width, a wider xylem vessel mean area, greater compactness of mesophyll cells, a minor loss of chlorophyll content, as well as better photosynthetic and growth performance compared to the other variety. From such behaviours, we consider the Saragolla cultivar more drought tolerant than Svevo and therefore probably very promising for cultivation in dry areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilva Licaj
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento 82100, Italy
| | - Chiara Germinario
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento 82100, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Di Meo
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento 82100, Italy
| | - Ettore Varricchio
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento 82100, Italy
| | - Mariapina Rocco
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento 82100, Italy
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29
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Zekri MA, Leimhofer C, Drexler N, Lang I. A rapid freezing method to determine tissue layer thickness in drought-stressed leaves. J Microsc 2024. [PMID: 38282132 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.13272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Plants have been affected by water stress ever since they settled on dry land. In severe and persisting drought, plant leaves are wilting. However, a documentation at the anatomical level of the minute changes that occur before wilting is challenging. On the other hand, understanding the anatomical alteration in plant leaves with respect to water stress provides a stronger basis to study molecular and submolecular processes through which plants enhance drought tolerance. In this work, we applied an affordable method to visualise mesophyll layers of Arabidopsis thaliana cell lines without preparation steps that would alter the volume of the cells. We rapidly plunge-froze the leaves in liquid nitrogen, cut them while in the N2 bath, and immediately imaged the mesophyll cross sections in a scanning electron microscope. We applied a reduction of watering from 60 to 40 to 20 mL per day and investigated two time points, 7 and 12 days, respectively. Interestingly, the overall thickness of leaves increased in water stress conditions. Our results showed that the palisade and spongy layers behaved differently under varying watering regimes. Moreover, the results showed that this method can be used to image leaf sections after drought stress without the risk of artefacts or swelling caused by contact to liquids as during chemical fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Alsadat Zekri
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Carina Leimhofer
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Ingeborg Lang
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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30
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Lv Z, Zhang H, Huang Y, Zhu L, Yang X, Wu L, Chen M, Wang H, Jing Q, Shen J, Fan Y, Xu W, Hou H, Zhu X. Drought priming at seedling stage improves photosynthetic performance and yield of potato exposed to a short-term drought stress. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 292:154157. [PMID: 38091889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.154157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is an important food and vegetable crop worldwide. In recent years, the arid environment resulting from climate change has caused a sharp decline in potato yield. To clarify the effect of drought priming at the seedling stage on the tolerance of potato plants to drought stress during tuber expansion, we conducted a pot experiment to investigate the physiological response of the plants generated from seed potatoes of the variety 'Favorita' to varied water supply conditions: normal water supply at the seedling stage (control), normal water supply at the seedling stage and drought stress at the mid-tuber-expansion stage (non-primed), and drought priming at the seedling stage plus drought stress at the mid-tuber-expansion stage (primed). Drought priming resulted in an increase in the number of small vascular bundles in potato plants compared to non-primed plants. It also altered the shape and density of stomata, enhancing water use efficiency and reducing whole-plant transpiration. The primed plants maintained the basal stem cambium for a longer time under drought stress, which gained an extended differentiation ability to generate a greater number of small vascular bundles compared to non-primed plants. Drought priming increased the amount and rate of dry matter translocation, and so reduced the adverse effects on tubers of potato under drought stress. Therefore, drought priming at the seedling stage improved the photosynthetic performance and yield, and probably enhanced the drought tolerance of potato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyan Lv
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yue Huang
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Lanfang Wu
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Maojie Chen
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Huabin Wang
- Institute of New Rural Development, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Quankai Jing
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Jinxiu Shen
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yonghui Fan
- School of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Wenjuan Xu
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.
| | - Hualan Hou
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.
| | - Xiaobiao Zhu
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.
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31
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Yule TS, de Oliveira Arruda RDC, Santos MG. Drought-adapted leaves are produced even when more water is available in dry tropical forest. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2024; 137:49-64. [PMID: 37962735 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-023-01505-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Species in dry environments may adjust their anatomical and physiological behaviors by adopting safer or more efficient strategies. Thus, species distributed across a water availability gradient may possess different phenotypes depending on the specific environmental conditions to which they are subjected. Leaf and vascular tissues are plastic and may vary strongly in response to environmental changes affecting an individual's survival and species distribution. To identify whether and how legumes leaves vary across a water availability gradient in a seasonally dry tropical forest, we quantified leaf construction costs and performed an anatomical study on the leaves of seven legume species. We evaluated seven species, which were divided into three categories of rainfall preference: wet species, which are more abundant in wetter areas; indifferent species, which are more abundant and occur indistinctly under both rainfall conditions; and dry species, which are more abundant in dryer areas. We observed two different patterns based on rainfall preference categories. Contrary to our expectations, wet and indifferent species changed traits in the sense of security when occupying lower rainfall areas, whereas dry species changed some traits when more water was available, such as increasing cuticle and spongy parenchyma thickness, or producing smaller and more numerous stomata. Trischidium molle, the most plastic and wet species, exhibited a similar strategy to the dry species. Our results corroborate the risks to vegetation under future climate change scenarios as stressed species and populations may not endure even more severe conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamires Soares Yule
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Vegetal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
- Laboratório de Anatomia Vegetal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
- Instituto de Biociências, Laboratório de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Av. Costa e Silva, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, 79070-900, Brazil.
| | - Rosani do Carmo de Oliveira Arruda
- Laboratório de Anatomia Vegetal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Mauro Guida Santos
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Vegetal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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32
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Lafont Rapnouil T, Gallant Canguilhem M, Julien F, Céréghino R, Leroy C. Light intensity mediates phenotypic plasticity and leaf trait regionalization in a tank bromeliad. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:443-454. [PMID: 37647886 PMCID: PMC10667009 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Phenotypic plasticity allows plants to cope with environmental variability. Plastic responses to the environment have mostly been investigated at the level of individuals (plants) but can also occur within leaves. Yet the latter have been underexplored, as leaves are often treated as functional units with no spatial structure. We investigated the effect of a strong light gradient on plant and leaf traits and examined whether different portions of a leaf show similar or differential responses to light intensity. METHODS We measured variation in 27 morpho-anatomical and physiological traits of the rosette and leaf portions (i.e. base and apex) of the tank bromeliad Aechmea aquilega (Bromeliaceae) when naturally exposed to a marked gradient of light intensity. KEY RESULTS The light intensity received by A. aquilega had a strong effect on the structural, biochemical and physiological traits of the entire rosette. Plants exposed to high light intensity were smaller and had wider, shorter, more rigid and more vertical leaves. They also had lower photosynthetic performance and nutrient levels. We found significant differences between the apex and basal portions of the leaf under low-light conditions, and the differences declined or disappeared for most of the traits as light intensity increased (i.e. leaf thickness, adaxial trichome density, abaxial and adaxial trichome surface, and vascular bundle surface and density). CONCLUSIONS Our results reveal a strong phenotypic plasticity in A. aquilega, particularly in the form of a steep functional gradient within the leaf under low-light conditions. Under high-light conditions, trait values were relatively uniform along the leaf. This study sheds interesting new light on the functional complexity of tank bromeliad leaves, and on the effect of environmental conditions on leaf trait regionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Lafont Rapnouil
- AMAP, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, France
- EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, Campus agronomique, Kourou, France
| | - Matthieu Gallant Canguilhem
- AMAP, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, France
- EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, Campus agronomique, Kourou, France
| | - Frédéric Julien
- Laboratoire Écologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse 3, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Régis Céréghino
- Laboratoire Écologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse 3, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Céline Leroy
- AMAP, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, France
- EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, Campus agronomique, Kourou, France
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Jolliffe JB, Pilati S, Moser C, Lashbrooke JG. Beyond skin-deep: targeting the plant surface for crop improvement. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:6468-6486. [PMID: 37589495 PMCID: PMC10662250 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
The above-ground plant surface is a well-adapted tissue layer that acts as an interface between the plant and its surrounding environment. As such, its primary role is to protect against desiccation and maintain the gaseous exchange required for photosynthesis. Further, this surface layer provides a barrier against pathogens and herbivory, while attracting pollinators and agents of seed dispersal. In the context of agriculture, the plant surface is strongly linked to post-harvest crop quality and yield. The epidermal layer contains several unique cell types adapted for these functions, while the non-lignified above-ground plant organs are covered by a hydrophobic cuticular membrane. This review aims to provide an overview of the latest understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying crop cuticle and epidermal cell formation, with focus placed on genetic elements contributing towards quality, yield, drought tolerance, herbivory defence, pathogen resistance, pollinator attraction, and sterility, while highlighting the inter-relatedness of plant surface development and traits. Potential crop improvement strategies utilizing this knowledge are outlined in the context of the recent development of new breeding techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Bryanne Jolliffe
- South African Grape and Wine Research Institute, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
- Research and Innovation Centre, Edmund Mach Foundation, San Michele all’Adige, 38098, Italy
| | - Stefania Pilati
- Research and Innovation Centre, Edmund Mach Foundation, San Michele all’Adige, 38098, Italy
| | - Claudio Moser
- Research and Innovation Centre, Edmund Mach Foundation, San Michele all’Adige, 38098, Italy
| | - Justin Graham Lashbrooke
- South African Grape and Wine Research Institute, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
- Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
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Saeedi SA, Vahdati K, Sarikhani S, Daylami SD, Davarzani M, Gruda NS, Aliniaeifard S. Growth, photosynthetic function, and stomatal characteristics of Persian walnut explants in vitro under different light spectra. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1292045. [PMID: 38046599 PMCID: PMC10690960 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1292045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Light plays a crucial role in photosynthesis, which is an essential process for plantlets produced during in vitro tissue culture practices and ex vitro acclimatization. LED lights are an appropriate technology for in vitro lighting but their effect on propagation and photosynthesis under in vitro condition is not well understood. This study aimed to investigate the impact of different light spectra on growth, photosynthetic functionality, and stomatal characteristics of micropropagated shoots of Persian walnut (cv. Chandler). Tissue-cultured walnut nodal shoots were grown under different light qualities including white, blue, red, far-red, green, combination of red and blue (70:30), combination of red and far-red (70:30), and fluorescent light as the control. Results showed that the best growth and vegetative characteristics of in vitro explants of Persian walnut were achieved under combination of red and blue light. The biggest size of stomata was detected under white and blue lights. Red light stimulated stomatal closure, while stomatal opening was induced under blue and white lights. Although the red and far-red light spectra resulted in the formation of elongated explants with more lateral shoots and anthocyanin content, they significantly reduced the photosynthetic functionality. Highest soluble carbohydrate content and maximum quantum yield of photosystem II were detected in explants grown under blue and white light spectra. In conclusion, growing walnut explants under combination of red and blue lights leads to better growth, photosynthesis functionality, and the emergence of functional stomata in in vitro explants of Persian walnuts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyyed Arash Saeedi
- Department of Horticulture, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kourosh Vahdati
- Department of Horticulture, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saadat Sarikhani
- Department of Horticulture, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Maryam Davarzani
- Department of Horticulture, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazim S. Gruda
- Department of Horticultural Science, INRES–Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sasan Aliniaeifard
- Department of Horticulture, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Controlled Environment Agriculture Center (CEAC), College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Sun M, Niinemets Ü, Li Q, Jiao Y, Yao W, Shi P. An Inverse Scaling Relationship between Stomatal Density and Mean Nearest Neighbor Distance: Evidence from a Photinia Hybrid and One of Its Parents. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3701. [PMID: 37960057 PMCID: PMC10650524 DOI: 10.3390/plants12213701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Stomata are involved in transpiration and CO2 uptake by mediating gas exchange between internal plant tissues and the atmosphere. The capacity for gas exchange depends on stomatal density (SD), stomatal size, and pore dimensions. Most published work on stomatal quantification has assumed that stomatal distribution and stomatal density are spatially homogeneous across the leaf, but this assumption has been seldom tested. We selected 32 leaves from a Photinia hybrid, Photinia × fraseri 'Red Robin', and one of its parents, P. serratifolia. For each leaf, the leaf surface was divided into three or four equidistant layers along the apical-basal axis, and, in each layer, two positions, one closer to the midrib and the other closer to the leaf margin, were further selected. We calculated SD and mean nearest neighbor distance (MNND) for each lamina section and tested the scaling relationship between SD and MNND of the sampled stomatal centers using reduced major axis protocols. In addition, we calculated the stomatal aggregation index (SAI) for each lamina section to examine the spatial arrangement of stomata at the given size of field of view of 1.2 mm × 0.9 mm. We observed that SD decreased from the lamina apex towards the base for central lamina areas but varied little at leaf margins. An inverse scaling relationship between SD and MNND was observed for both species. This relationship could be used for SD estimation using the rapidly estimated trait, MNND. SAI did not vary significantly throughout leaf lamina, and the numerical values of SAI for all fields of view were greater than one, which indicates significant spatial repulsion between stomata. The study suggests that SD varies across leaf lamina to fine-tune plant water use and maximize carbon gain. However, spatial structures of stomata from different lamina sections exhibit similar patterns (i.e., spatial inhibition between stomata at small scales), probably due to hierarchical leaf vein patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manli Sun
- Archives, Bamboo Research Institute, College of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (M.S.); (Q.L.); (Y.J.); (W.Y.)
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, 10130 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Qiying Li
- Archives, Bamboo Research Institute, College of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (M.S.); (Q.L.); (Y.J.); (W.Y.)
| | - Yabing Jiao
- Archives, Bamboo Research Institute, College of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (M.S.); (Q.L.); (Y.J.); (W.Y.)
| | - Weihao Yao
- Archives, Bamboo Research Institute, College of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (M.S.); (Q.L.); (Y.J.); (W.Y.)
| | - Peijian Shi
- Archives, Bamboo Research Institute, College of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (M.S.); (Q.L.); (Y.J.); (W.Y.)
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Xu Y, Song D, Qi X, Asad M, Wang S, Tong X, Jiang Y, Wang S. Physiological responses and transcriptome analysis of soybean under gradual water deficit. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1269884. [PMID: 37954991 PMCID: PMC10639147 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1269884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Soybean is an important food and oil crop widely cultivated globally. However, water deficit can seriously affect the yield and quality of soybeans. In order to ensure the stability and increase of soybean yield and improve agricultural water use efficiency (WUE), research on improving drought tolerance and the efficiency of water utilization of soybeans under drought stress has become particularly important. This study utilized the drought-tolerant variety Heinong 44 (HN44) and the drought-sensitive variety Suinong 14 (SN14) to analyze physiological responses and transcriptome changes during the gradual water deficit at the early seed-filling stage. The results indicated that under drought conditions, HN44 had smaller stomata, higher stomatal density, and lower stomatal conductance (Gs) and transpiration rate as compared to SN14. Additionally, HN44 had a higher abscisic acid (ABA) content and faster changes in stomatal morphology and Gs to maintain a dynamic balance between net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and Gs. Additionally, drought-tolerant variety HN44 had high instantaneous WUE under water deficit. Further, HN44 retained a high level of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and proline content, mitigating malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation and drought-induced damage. Comprehensive analysis of transcriptome data revealed that HN44 had fewer differentially expressed genes (DEGs) under light drought stress, reacting insensitivity to water deficit. At the initial stage of drought stress, both varieties had a large number of upregulated DEGs to cope with the drought stress. Under severe drought stress, HN44 had fewer downregulated genes enriched in the photosynthesis pathway than SN14, while it had more upregulated genes enriched in the ABA-mediated signaling and glutathione metabolism pathways than SN14. During gradual water deficit, HN44 demonstrated better drought-tolerant physiological characteristics and water use efficiency than SN14 through key DEGs such as GmbZIP4, LOC100810474, and LOC100819313 in the major pathways. Key transcription factors were screened and identified, providing further clarity on the molecular regulatory pathways responsible for the physiological differences in drought tolerance among these varieties. This study deepened the understanding of the drought resistance mechanisms in soybeans, providing valuable references for drought-resistant soybean breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwen Xu
- Northeast Agricultural University, Agricultural College, Harbin, China
| | - Di Song
- Northeast Agricultural University, Agricultural College, Harbin, China
| | - Xingliang Qi
- Northeast Agricultural University, Agricultural College, Harbin, China
| | - Muhammad Asad
- Northeast Agricultural University, Agricultural College, Harbin, China
| | - Sui Wang
- Northeast Agricultural University, Agricultural College, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaohong Tong
- Northeast Agricultural University, Agricultural College, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Northeast Agricultural University, Agricultural College, Harbin, China
- Heilongjiang Academy of Green Food Science/National Soybean Engineering Technology Research Center, Harbin, China
| | - Shaodong Wang
- Northeast Agricultural University, Agricultural College, Harbin, China
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Appiah M, Abdulai I, Schulman AH, Moshelion M, Dewi ES, Daszkowska-Golec A, Bracho-Mujica G, Rötter RP. Drought response of water-conserving and non-conserving spring barley cultivars. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1247853. [PMID: 37941662 PMCID: PMC10628443 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1247853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Breeding barley cultivars adapted to drought requires in-depth knowledge on physiological drought responses. Methods We used a high-throughput functional phenotyping platform to examine the response of four high-yielding European spring barley cultivars to a standardized drought treatment imposed around flowering. Results Cv. Chanell showed a non-conserving water-use behavior with high transpiration and maximum productivity under well-watered conditions but rapid transpiration decrease under drought. The poor recovery upon re-irrigation translated to large yield losses. Cv. Baronesse showed the most water-conserving behavior, with the lowest pre-drought transpiration and the most gradual transpiration reduction under drought. Its good recovery (resilience) prevented large yield losses. Cv. Formula was less conserving than cv. Baronesse and produced low yet stable yields. Cv. RGT's dynamic water use with high transpiration under ample water supply and moderate transpiration decrease under drought combined with high resilience secured the highest and most stable yields. Discussion Such a dynamic water-use behavior combined with higher drought resilience and favorable root traits could potentially create an ideotype for intermediate drought. Prospective studies will examine these results in field experiments and will use the newly gained understanding on water use in barley to improve process descriptions in crop simulation models to support crop model-aided ideotype design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercy Appiah
- Department of Crop Sciences, Tropical Plant Production and Agricultural Systems Modelling (TROPAGS), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Issaka Abdulai
- Department of Crop Sciences, Tropical Plant Production and Agricultural Systems Modelling (TROPAGS), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alan H. Schulman
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE), Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Menachem Moshelion
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Elvira S. Dewi
- Department of Crop Sciences, Tropical Plant Production and Agricultural Systems Modelling (TROPAGS), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Agroecotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Malikussaleh, Aceh Utara, Indonesia
| | - Agata Daszkowska-Golec
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Gennady Bracho-Mujica
- Department of Crop Sciences, Tropical Plant Production and Agricultural Systems Modelling (TROPAGS), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Reimund P. Rötter
- Department of Crop Sciences, Tropical Plant Production and Agricultural Systems Modelling (TROPAGS), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Centre for Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Mulet JM, Porcel R, Yenush L. Modulation of potassium transport to increase abiotic stress tolerance in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:5989-6005. [PMID: 37611215 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Potassium is the major cation responsible for the maintenance of the ionic environment in plant cells. Stable potassium homeostasis is indispensable for virtually all cellular functions, and, concomitantly, viability. Plants must cope with environmental changes such as salt or drought that can alter ionic homeostasis. Potassium fluxes are required to regulate the essential process of transpiration, so a constraint on potassium transport may also affect the plant's response to heat, cold, or oxidative stress. Sequencing data and functional analyses have defined the potassium channels and transporters present in the genomes of different species, so we know most of the proteins directly participating in potassium homeostasis. The still unanswered questions are how these proteins are regulated and the nature of potential cross-talk with other signaling pathways controlling growth, development, and stress responses. As we gain knowledge regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying regulation of potassium homeostasis in plants, we can take advantage of this information to increase the efficiency of potassium transport and generate plants with enhanced tolerance to abiotic stress through genetic engineering or new breeding techniques. Here, we review current knowledge of how modifying genes related to potassium homeostasis in plants affect abiotic stress tolerance at the whole plant level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Mulet
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rosa Porcel
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
| | - Lynne Yenush
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
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Mao H, Jiang C, Tang C, Nie X, Du L, Liu Y, Cheng P, Wu Y, Liu H, Kang Z, Wang X. Wheat adaptation to environmental stresses under climate change: Molecular basis and genetic improvement. MOLECULAR PLANT 2023; 16:1564-1589. [PMID: 37671604 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2023.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is a staple food for about 40% of the world's population. As the global population has grown and living standards improved, high yield and improved nutritional quality have become the main targets for wheat breeding. However, wheat production has been compromised by global warming through the more frequent occurrence of extreme temperature events, which have increased water scarcity, aggravated soil salinization, caused plants to be more vulnerable to diseases, and directly reduced plant fertility and suppressed yield. One promising option to address these challenges is the genetic improvement of wheat for enhanced resistance to environmental stress. Several decades of progress in genomics and genetic engineering has tremendously advanced our understanding of the molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying abiotic and biotic stress responses in wheat. These advances have heralded what might be considered a "golden age" of functional genomics for the genetic improvement of wheat. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on the molecular and genetic basis of wheat resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses, including the QTLs/genes involved, their functional and regulatory mechanisms, and strategies for genetic modification of wheat for improved stress resistance. In addition, we also provide perspectives on some key challenges that need to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hude Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Cong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Chunlei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiaojun Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Linying Du
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yuling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Peng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yunfeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Huiquan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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Matkowski H, Daszkowska-Golec A. Update on stomata development and action under abiotic stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1270180. [PMID: 37849845 PMCID: PMC10577295 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1270180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Stomata, key gatekeepers of plant hydration, have long been known to play a pivotal role in mitigating the impacts of abiotic stressors. However, the complex molecular mechanisms underscoring this role remain unresolved fully and continue to be the subject of research. In the context of water-use efficiency (WUE), a key indicator of a plant's ability to conserve water, this aspect links intrinsically with stomatal behavior. Given the pivotal role of stomata in modulating water loss, it can be argued that the complex mechanisms governing stomatal development and function will significantly influence a plant's WUE under different abiotic stress conditions. Addressing these calls for a concerted effort to strengthen plant adaptability through advanced, targeted research. In this vein, recent studies have illuminated how specific stressors trigger alterations in gene expression, orchestrating changes in stomatal pattern, structure, and opening. This reveals a complex interplay between stress stimuli and regulatory sequences of essential genes implicated in stomatal development, such as MUTE, SPCH, and FAMA. This review synthesizes current discoveries on the molecular foundations of stomatal development and behavior in various stress conditions and their implications for WUE. It highlights the imperative for continued exploration, as understanding and leveraging these mechanisms guarantee enhanced plant resilience amid an ever-changing climatic landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agata Daszkowska-Golec
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
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Davidson KJ, Lamour J, McPherran A, Rogers A, Serbin SP. Seasonal trends in leaf-level photosynthetic capacity and water use efficiency in a North American Eastern deciduous forest and their impact on canopy-scale gas exchange. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:138-156. [PMID: 37475146 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Vegetative transpiration (E) and photosynthetic carbon assimilation (A) are known to be seasonally dynamic, with changes in their ratio determining the marginal water use efficiency (WUE). Despite an understanding that stomata play a mechanistic role in regulating WUE, it is still unclear how stomatal and nonstomatal processes influence change in WUE over the course of the growing season. As a result, limited understanding of the primary physiological drivers of seasonal dynamics of canopy WUE remains one of the largest uncertainties in earth system model projections of carbon and water exchange in temperate deciduous forest ecosystems. We investigated seasonal patterns in leaf-level physiological, hydraulic, and anatomical properties, including the seasonal progress of the stomatal slope parameter (g1 ; inversely proportional to WUE) and the maximum carboxylation rate (Vcmax ). Vcmax and g1 were seasonally variable; however, their patterns were not temporally synchronized. g1 generally showed an increasing trend until late in the season, while Vcmax peaked during the midsummer months. Seasonal progression of Vcmax was primarily driven by changes in leaf structural, and anatomical characteristics, while seasonal changes in g1 were most strongly related to changes in Vcmax and leaf hydraulics. Using a seasonally variable Vcmax and g1 to parameterize a canopy-scale gas exchange model increased seasonally aggregated A and E by 3% and 16%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth J Davidson
- Department of Environmental and Climate Sciences, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Julien Lamour
- Department of Environmental and Climate Sciences, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Anna McPherran
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Alistair Rogers
- Department of Environmental and Climate Sciences, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Shawn P Serbin
- Department of Environmental and Climate Sciences, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
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Bernardo EL, Sales CRG, Cubas LA, Vath RL, Kromdijk J. A comparison of stomatal conductance responses to blue and red light between C3 and C4 photosynthetic species in three phylogenetically-controlled experiments. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1253976. [PMID: 37828928 PMCID: PMC10565490 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1253976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Introduction C4 photosynthesis is an adaptation that has independently evolved at least 66 times in angiosperms. C4 plants, unlike their C3 ancestral, have a carbon concentrating mechanism which suppresses photorespiration, often resulting in faster photosynthetic rates, higher yields, and enhanced water use efficiency. Moreover, the presence of C4 photosynthesis greatly alters the relation between CO2 assimilation and stomatal conductance. Previous papers have suggested that the adjustment involves a decrease in stomatal density. Here, we tested if C4 species also have differing stomatal responses to environmental cues, to accommodate the modified CO2 assimilation patterns compared to C3 species. Methods To test this hypothesis, stomatal responses to blue and red-light were analysed in three phylogenetically linked pairs of C3 and C4 species from the Cleomaceae (Gynandropsis and Tarenaya), Flaveria, and Alloteropsis, that use either C3 or C4 photosynthesis. Results The results showed strongly decreased stomatal sensitivity to blue light in C4 dicots, compared to their C3 counterparts, which exhibited significant blue light responses. In contrast, in C3 and C4 subspecies of the monocot A. semialata, the blue light response was observed regardless of photosynthetic type. Further, the quantitative red-light response varied across species, but the presence or absence of a significant stomatal red-light response was not directly associated with differences in photosynthetic pathway. Interestingly, stomatal density and morphology patterns observed across the three comparisons were also not consistent with patterns commonly asserted for C3 and C4 species. Discussion The strongly diminished blue-light sensitivity of stomatal responses in C4 species across two of the comparisons suggests a common C4 feature that may have functional implications. Altogether, the strong prevalence of species-specific effects clearly emphasizes the importance of phylogenetic controls in comparisons between C3 and C4 photosynthetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel L. Bernardo
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Food Science, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | | | - Lucía Arce Cubas
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Richard L. Vath
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Johannes Kromdijk
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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Álvarez S, Acosta-Motos JR, Sánchez-Blanco MJ. Morphological performance and seasonal pattern of water relations and gas exchange in Pistacia lentiscus plants subjected to salinity and water deficit. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1237332. [PMID: 37731979 PMCID: PMC10508188 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1237332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Soil water deficit and salinity represent a major factor impacting plant survival and agricultural production. The frequency and severity of both abiotic stresses are expected to increase in a context of climate change, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. This work studied the growth pattern, biomass and mineral distribution and the seasonal pattern of water status, photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance in plant of Pistacia lentiscus grown under different levels of water deficit and salinity. P. lentiscus plants growing under greenhouse conditions were subjected to four irrigation treatments during 11 months: control (C, 1 dS m-1), moderate water deficit (MW, 1dS m-1, 60% of the control), severe water deficit (SW, 1 dS m-1, 40% of the control) and saline (S, 4dS m-1). The results show that Pistacia lentiscus plants were more affected by deficit irrigation than salinity. Deficit irrigation and salinity inhibited plant height, with reductions of 20%, 22% and 35% for S, MW and SW, respectively. Total leaf area was not modified by effect of the treatments, with the result that plant compactness increased in MW. The salt stressed plants only showed lower relative growth rate at the end of the experiment. Plants responded to saline or drought stress by increasing their osmotic adjustment, which was more pronounced under salinity. Saline plants had the highest values in Na+ and Cl- ions and the lowest values for K+/Na+ and Ca2+/Na+ ratios in leaves and stems, which is correlated with a decrease in growth, stomatal conductance, photosynthesis and stem water potential, and can be used as a diagnostic tool to assess plant tolerance to salinity stress. As a measure of plant hydration, relative water content was more sensitive to deficit irrigation than salinity, being a good indicator of water stress. P. lentiscus plants subjected to both deficit irrigation treatments exhibited an increase in their intrinsic water use efficiency, which is an important adaptation for plants growing in environments with water scarcity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Álvarez
- Unidad de Cultivos Leñosos y Hortícolas, Instituto Tecnológico Agrario de Castilla y León (ITACyL), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Jose Ramon Acosta-Motos
- Grupo de Biotecnología Vegetal para la Agricultura y la Alimentación (BioVegA), Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Al-Salman Y, Ghannoum O, Cano FJ. Midday water use efficiency in sorghum is linked to faster stomatal closure rate, lower stomatal aperture and higher stomatal density. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 115:1661-1676. [PMID: 37300871 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Most studies assume midday gas exchange measurements capture the leaf's daytime performance. However, stomatal conductance (gs ) and photosynthesis (An ) fluctuate diurnally due to endogenous and environmental rhythms, which can affect intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE). Six Sorghum lines with contrasting stomatal anatomical traits were grown in environmentally controlled conditions, and leaf gas exchange was measured three times a day. Stomatal anatomy and kinetic responses to light transients were also measured. The highest An and gs and the lowest iWUE were observed at midday for most lines. Diurnally averaged iWUE correlated positively with morning and midday iWUE and negatively with the time taken for stomata to close after transition to low light intensity (kclose ). There was significant variation among sorghum lines for kclose , and smaller kclose correlated with lower gs and higher stomatal density (SD) across the lines. In turn, gs was negatively correlated with SD and regulated by the operational stomatal aperture regardless of stomatal size. Altogether, our data suggest a common physiology to improve iWUE in sorghum related to the control of water loss without impacting photosynthesis relying on higher SD, lower stomatal aperture and faster stomatal closing in response to low light intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazen Al-Salman
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
| | - Oula Ghannoum
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
| | - Francisco Javier Cano
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
- Instituto de Ciencias Forestales (ICIFOR-INIA), CSIC, Carretera de la Coruña km 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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Vennam RR, Poudel S, Ramamoorthy P, Samiappan S, Reddy KR, Bheemanahalli R. Impact of soil moisture stress during the silk emergence and grain-filling in maize. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e14029. [PMID: 37882307 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Suboptimal soil moisture during the growing season often limits maize growth and yield. However, the growth stage-specific responses of maize to soil moisture regimes have not been thoroughly investigated. This study investigated the response of maize to five different soil moisture regimes, that are, 0.25, 0.20, 0.15, 0.10, and 0.05 m3 m-3 volumetric water content (VWC), during flowering and grain-filling stages. Sub-optimal soil moisture at the flowering and grain-filling stages reduced ear leaf stomatal conductance by 73 and 64%, respectively. An increase in stress severity caused significant reductions in ear leaf chlorophyll content and greenness-associated vegetation indices across growth stages. Fourteen days of soil moisture stress during flowering delayed silk emergence, reduced silk length (19%), and silk fresh weight (34%). Furthermore, sub-optimal soil moisture caused a significant reduction in both kernel number (53%) and weight (54%). Soil moisture stress at the flowering had a direct impact on kernel number and an indirect effect on kernel weight. During grain-filling, disruption of ear leaf physiology resulted in a 34% decrease in kernel weight and a 43% decrease in kernel number. Unlike grain-filling, treatments at the flowering significantly reduced kernel starch (3%) and increased protein by 29%. These findings suggest that developing reproductive stage stress-tolerant hybrids with improved resilience to soil moisture stress could help reduce the yield gap between irrigated and rainfed maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranadheer Reddy Vennam
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Sadikshya Poudel
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | | | - Sathishkumar Samiappan
- Geosystems Research Institute, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - K Raja Reddy
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Raju Bheemanahalli
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
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Ying S, Scheible WR. REGULATOR OF FLOWERING AND STRESS manipulates stomatal density and size in Brachypodium. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e14008. [PMID: 37882269 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Stomata are crucial for gas exchange and water evaporation, and environmental stimuli influence their density (SD) and size (SS). Although genes and mechanisms underlying stomatal development have been elucidated, stress-responsive regulators of SD and SS are less well-known. Previous studies have shown that the stress-inducible Brachypodium RFS (REGULATOR OF FLOWERING AND STRESS, BdRFS) gene affects heading time and enhances drought tolerance by reducing leaf water loss. Here, we report that overexpression lines (OXs) of BdRFS have reduced SD and increased SS, regardless of soil water status. Furthermore, biomass and plant water content of OXs were significantly increased compared to wild type. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated BdRFS knockout mutant (KO) exhibited the opposite stomatal characteristics and biomass changes. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that expression of BdICE1 was reversely altered in OXs and KO, pointing to a potential cause for the observed changes in stomatal phenotypes. Stomatal and transcriptional changes were not observed in the Arabidopsis rfs double mutant. Taken together, RFS is a novel regulator of SD and SS and is a promising candidate for genetic engineering of climate-resilient crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Ying
- Noble Research Institute LLC, Ardmore, Oklahoma, USA
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Ng M, McCormick A, Utz RM, Heberling JM. Herbarium specimens reveal century-long trait shifts in poison ivy due to anthropogenic CO 2 emissions. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2023; 110:e16225. [PMID: 37551738 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Previous experimental studies have shown that poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans; Anacardicaceae) responds to elevated CO2 with increased leaf production, water-use efficiency, and toxicity (allergenic urushiol). However, long-term field data suggest no increase in poison ivy abundance over time. Using herbarium specimens, we examined whether poison ivy and other species shifted leaf traits under natural conditions with increasing atmospheric CO2 (pCO2 ) over the past century. METHODS We measured stomatal density, leaf area, leaf N, leaf C:N, leaf carbon isotope discrimination (Δleaf ), and intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE) from 327 specimens collected from 1838 to 2020 across Pennsylvania. We compared poison ivy's responses to two evolutionarily related tree species, Toxicodendron vernix and Rhus typhina (Anacardiacae) and one ecological analog, Parthenocissus quinquefolia (Vitaceae), a common co-occurring liana. RESULTS Stomatal density significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in poison ivy and the ecologically similar liana P. quinquefolia over the past century, but did not change in the related trees T. vernix and R. typhina. None of these species showed significant trends in changes in leaf N or C:N. Surprisingly, in poison ivy, but not the other species, Δleaf increased with increased pCO2 , corresponding to significant declines in iWUE over time. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to the results of short-term experimental studies, iWUE decreased in poison ivy over the last century. Trait responses to pCO2 varied by species. Herbarium specimens suggest that realized long-term plant physiological responses to increased CO2 may not be reflected in short-term experimental growth studies, highlighting the value of collections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Ng
- Section of Botany, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Alyssa McCormick
- Falk School of Sustainability, Chatham University, Gibsonia, PA 15044, USA
| | - Ryan M Utz
- Falk School of Sustainability, Chatham University, Gibsonia, PA 15044, USA
| | - J Mason Heberling
- Section of Botany, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Salsinha YCF, Rini DS, Indradewa D, Rachmawati D, Alam T, Purwestri YA. Exogenously applied Casuarina equisetifolia leaf extracts act as an osmoprotectant on proline accumulation under drought stress in local rice from Indonesia. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1210241. [PMID: 37600188 PMCID: PMC10437820 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1210241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
The effects of exogenously supplied osmoprotectants in crops have not yet been extensively studied. In this study, an osmoprotectant containing a high concentration of proline (2.5 g mol-1 FW) was obtained from a Casuarina equisetifolia leaf extract. The effect of the extract was evaluated in local Indonesian rice cultivars Boawae Seratus Malam (BSM), Gogo Jak (GJ), Situ Bagendit (SB) (drought-tolerant), Kisol Manggarai (KM) and Ciherang (drought-susceptible) cultivars under drought at the morphological, physiological, and genetic levels. Under drought, the KM showed an increased level of OsWRKY, OsNAC, OsDREB1A, and OsDREB2A expression after application of the osmoprotectant, leading to the activation of proline synthesis genes including OsP5CS1, OsP5CR, and OsProDH, while the tolerant cultivars (BSM, GJ, and SB) showed no difference. The content of chlorophyll, carotenoids, anthocyanins, ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase activities also increased in GJ and KM, during drought stress and applied osmoprotectants, but remained low in the BSM. We conclude that the foliar application of osmoprotectants derived from C.equisetifolia caused an accumulation of proline in susceptible plants. The existence of these extracts stabilizes leaf cells and supports photosynthetic compartments and carbon assimilation in plants, leading to growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yustina Carolina Febrianti Salsinha
- Research Center for Genetic Engineering, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
- Research Center for Biotechnology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Dwi Setyo Rini
- Research Center for Genetic Engineering, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Didik Indradewa
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Diah Rachmawati
- Department of Tropical Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Taufan Alam
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Yekti Asih Purwestri
- Research Center for Biotechnology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
- Department of Tropical Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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Narayan S, Sharma RK, Kumar V, Sanyal I, Shirke PA. Alterations in plant anatomy and higher lignin synthesis provides drought tolerance in cluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.]. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 201:107905. [PMID: 37527608 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Four contrasting varieties of guar, RGC-1002 and RGC-1038, drought tolerant, while, Sarada and RGC-936, drought sensitive, were monitored in watered and drought. The water status, phenolics, plant anatomy and transcript level of genes related to anatomical traits were assessed. The study aimed to decipher the anatomical adaptations of guar plants in response to water stress. The physiological determinants, relative water content (RWC), water potential (ψ), and leaf membrane damage, declined under drought in all four varieties although, the decrement was lesser in the tolerant varieties. Furthermore, the tolerant cultivars subjected to water stress recorded higher accumulation of total phenolic content, anthocyanin and lignin, which efficiently scavenge the reactive oxygen species. The results suggest that the cultivars RGC-1002 and RGC-1038 are better able to resist drought-induced oxidative stress than Sarada and RGC-936. Moreover, leaf, petiole, stem and root anatomical traits viz. size of epidermal cell, parenchyma, width of cortex layer, and diameter of xylem vessels were narrowed in all the varieties although, the decrement was lesser in the tolerant varieties under drought. The expression analysis of genes revealed that drought-tolerant varieties showed enhanced mechanical support for water conduction by up-regulation of genes, Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase1 (PAL1), cinnamate-4-hydroxylase (C4H), 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL), cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR), caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase (CCOMT), and cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD6) in water stress conditions. The alterations in physio-anatomical, biochemical and gene expression traits in tolerant guar varieties enabled them to maintain steady nutrient transport while reducing the risk of embolisms and increasing water-flow resistance for better survival in water stressed conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv Narayan
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, CSIR(#) - National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Sharma
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, CSIR(#) - National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Varun Kumar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India; CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India
| | - Indraneel Sanyal
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India; CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India
| | - Pramod Arvind Shirke
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, CSIR(#) - National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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50
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Robertson BC, Han Y, Li C. A Comparison of Different Stomatal Density Phenotypes of Hordeum vulgare under Varied Watering Regimes Reveals Superior Genotypes with Enhanced Drought Tolerance. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2840. [PMID: 37570994 PMCID: PMC10420674 DOI: 10.3390/plants12152840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Enhancing the water-use efficiency (WUE) of barley cultivars may safeguard yield deficits during periods of low rainfall. Reduced stomatal density is linked to enhanced WUE, leading to improved drought resistance across plant genera. In this study, 10 barley varieties exhibiting a range of stomatal density phenotypes were grown under differing soil water contents to determine whether stomatal density influences the capacity of genotypes to resist low water availability. The low-stomatal-density genotype Hindmarsh showed the least impact on biomass production during early development, with a 37.13% decrease in dry biomass during drought treatment. Low-stomatal-density genotypes additionally outcompeted high-stomatal-density genotypes under water-deprivation conditions during the reproductive phase of development, exhibiting 19.35% greater wilting resistance and generating 54.62% more heads relative to high-stomatal-density genotypes (p < 0.05). Finally, a correlation analysis revealed a strong negative linear relationship between stomatal density and the traits of head number (r = -0.71) and the number of days until wilting symptoms (r = -0.67) (p < 0.05). The combined results indicate that low-stomatal-density genotypes show promising attributes for high WUE, revealing novel barley varieties that may be useful to future breed improvement for drought tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Clare Robertson
- Western Crop Genetics Alliance, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia; (B.C.R.); (Y.H.)
- Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Yong Han
- Western Crop Genetics Alliance, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia; (B.C.R.); (Y.H.)
- Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, 3-Baron-Hay Court, South Perth, WA 6151, Australia
| | - Chengdao Li
- Western Crop Genetics Alliance, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia; (B.C.R.); (Y.H.)
- Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, 3-Baron-Hay Court, South Perth, WA 6151, Australia
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