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Nigro E, D’Arco D, Moscatelli F, Pisani A, Amicone M, Riccio E, Capuano I, Argentino F, Monda M, Messina G, Daniele A, Polito R. Increased Expression of Orexin-A in Patients Affected by Polycystic Kidney Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6243. [PMID: 38892431 PMCID: PMC11172798 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Orexin-A is a neuropeptide product of the lateral hypothalamus that acts on two receptors, OX1R and OX2R. The orexinergic system is involved in feeding, sleep, and pressure regulation. Recently, orexin-A levels have been found to be negatively correlated with renal function. Here, we analyzed orexin-A levels as well as the incidence of SNPs in the hypocretin neuropeptide precursor (HCRT) and its receptors, HCRTR1 and HCRTR2, in 64 patients affected by autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) bearing truncating mutations in the PKD1 or PKD2 genes. Twenty-four healthy volunteers constituted the control group. Serum orexin-A was assessed by ELISA, while the SNPs were investigated through Sanger sequencing. Correlations with the main clinical features of PKD patients were assessed. PKD patients showed impaired renal function (mean eGFR 67.8 ± 34.53) and a statistically higher systolic blood pressure compared with the control group (p < 0.001). Additionally, orexin-A levels in PKD patients were statistically higher than those in healthy controls (477.07 ± 69.42 pg/mL vs. 321.49 ± 78.01 pg/mL; p < 0.001). Furthermore, orexin-A inversely correlated with blood pressure (p = 0.0085), while a direct correlation with eGFR in PKD patients was found. None of the analyzed SNPs showed any association with orexin-A levels in PKD. In conclusion, our data highlights the emerging role of orexin-A in renal physiology and its potential relevance to PKD. Further research is essential to elucidate the intricate mechanisms underlying orexin-A signaling in renal function and its therapeutic implications for PKD and associated cardiovascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ersilia Nigro
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche, Università della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy;
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Scarl “Franco Salvatore”, Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy; (D.D.); (F.A.)
| | - Daniela D’Arco
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Scarl “Franco Salvatore”, Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy; (D.D.); (F.A.)
| | - Fiorenzo Moscatelli
- Department of Human Sciences, Telematic University Pegaso, 80100 Naples, Italy;
| | - Antonio Pisani
- Unità di Nefrologia, Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (A.P.); (M.A.); (E.R.); (I.C.)
| | - Maria Amicone
- Unità di Nefrologia, Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (A.P.); (M.A.); (E.R.); (I.C.)
| | - Eleonora Riccio
- Unità di Nefrologia, Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (A.P.); (M.A.); (E.R.); (I.C.)
| | - Ivana Capuano
- Unità di Nefrologia, Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (A.P.); (M.A.); (E.R.); (I.C.)
| | - Francesca Argentino
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Scarl “Franco Salvatore”, Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy; (D.D.); (F.A.)
| | - Marcellino Monda
- Sezione di Fisiologia Umana e Unità di Dietetica e Medicina dello Sport, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.M.); (G.M.)
| | - Giovanni Messina
- Sezione di Fisiologia Umana e Unità di Dietetica e Medicina dello Sport, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.M.); (G.M.)
| | - Aurora Daniele
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Scarl “Franco Salvatore”, Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy; (D.D.); (F.A.)
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi “Federico II”, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Rita Polito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
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Carpi M, Palagini L, Fernandes M, Calvello C, Geoffroy PA, Miniati M, Pini S, Gemignani A, Mercuri NB, Liguori C. Clinical usefulness of dual orexin receptor antagonism beyond insomnia: Neurological and psychiatric comorbidities. Neuropharmacology 2024; 245:109815. [PMID: 38114045 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Orexin is a neurotransmitter produced by a small group of hypothalamic neurons. Besides its well-known role in the regulation of the sleep-wake cycle, the orexin system was shown to be relevant in several physiological functions including cognition, mood and emotion modulation, and energy homeostasis. Indeed, the implication of orexin neurotransmission in neurological and psychiatric diseases has been hypothesized via a direct effect exerted by the projections of orexin neurons to several brain areas, and via an indirect effect through orexin-mediated modulation of sleep and wake. Along with the growing evidence concerning the use of dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs) in the treatment of insomnia, studies assessing their efficacy in insomnia comorbid with psychiatric and neurological diseases have been set in order to investigate the potential impact of DORAs on both sleep-related symptoms and disease-specific manifestations. This narrative review aimed at summarizing the current evidence on the use of DORAs in neurological and psychiatric conditions comorbid with insomnia, also discussing the possible implication of modulating the orexin system for improving the burden of symptoms and the pathological mechanisms of these disorders. Target searches were performed on PubMed/MEDLINE and Scopus databases and ongoing studies registered on Clinicaltrials.gov were reviewed. Despite some contradictory findings, preclinical studies seemingly support the possible beneficial role of orexin antagonism in the management of the most common neurological and psychiatric diseases with sleep-related comorbidities. However, clinical research is still limited and further studies are needed for corroborating these promising preliminary results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Carpi
- Sleep and Epilepsy Centre, Neurology Unit, University Hospital Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
| | - Laura Palagini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana AUOP, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Mariana Fernandes
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
| | - Carmen Calvello
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
| | - Pierre Alexis Geoffroy
- Département de Psychiatrie et D'addictologie, AP-HP, GHU Paris Nord, DMU Neurosciences, Hopital Bichat - Claude Bernard, F-75018, Paris, France; GHU Paris - Psychiatry & Neurosciences, Paris, France; Université de Paris, NeuroDiderot, Inserm, FHU I2-D2, F-75019, Paris, France.
| | - Mario Miniati
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana AUOP, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Stefano Pini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana AUOP, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Angelo Gemignani
- Unit of Psychology, Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana AUOP, Pisa, Italy.
| | | | - Claudio Liguori
- Sleep and Epilepsy Centre, Neurology Unit, University Hospital Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
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Woodson J, Bergan JF. Uncovering the brain-wide pattern of synaptic input to vasopressin-expressing neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. J Comp Neurol 2023; 531:1017-1031. [PMID: 37121600 PMCID: PMC10566340 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Arginine vasopressin (AVP) is a neuropeptide critical for the mammalian stress response and social behavior. AVP produced in the hypothalamus regulates water osmolality and vasoconstriction in the body, and in the brain, it regulates social behavior, aggression, and anxiety. However, the circuit mechanisms that link AVP to social behavior, homeostatic function, and disease are not well understood. This study investigates the circuit configurations of AVP-expressing neurons in the rodent hypothalamus and characterizes synaptic input from the entire brain. We targeted the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) using retrograde viral tracing techniques to identify direct afferent synaptic connections made onto AVP-expressing neurons. AVP neurons in the PVN display region-specific anatomical configurations that reflect their unique contributions to homeostatic function, motor behaviors, feeding, and affiliative behavior. The afferent connections identified were similar in both sexes and subsequent molecular investigation of these inputs shows that those local hypothalamic inputs are overwhelmingly nonpeptidergic cells indicating a potential interneuron nexus between hormone cell activation and broader cortical connection. This proposed work reveals new insights into the organization of social behavior circuits in the brain, and how neuropeptides act centrally to modulate social behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Woodson
- Neuroscience and Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joseph F Bergan
- Neuroscience and Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
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Kourosh-Arami M, Gholami M, Alavi-Kakhki SS, Komaki A. Neural correlates and potential targets for the contribution of orexin to addiction in cortical and subcortical areas. Neuropeptides 2022; 95:102259. [PMID: 35714437 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2022.102259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The orexin (hypocretin) is one of the hypothalamic neuropeptides that plays a critical role in some behaviors including feeding, sleep, arousal, reward processing, and drug addiction. This variety of functions can be described by a united function for orexins in translating states of heightened motivation, for example during physiological requirement states or following exposure to reward opportunities, into planned goal-directed behaviors. An addicted state is characterized by robust activation of orexin neurons from the environment, which triggers downstream circuits to facilitate behavior directed towards obtaining the drug. Two orexin receptors 1 (OX1R) and 2 (OX2R) are widely distributed in the brain. Here, we will introduce and describe the cortical and subcortical brain areas involved in addictive-like behaviors and the impact of orexin on addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Kourosh-Arami
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Masoumeh Gholami
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.
| | - Seyed Sajjad Alavi-Kakhki
- Student Research Committee, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Alireza Komaki
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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Association of fasting Orexin-A levels with energy intake at breakfast and subsequent snack in Chilean adolescents. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2022; 140:105718. [PMID: 35286991 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Orexin-A, a hormone secreted by orexin neurons, is involved in caloric-intake regulation. Current understanding is based primarily on animal studies. Studies of orexin in humans are scarce, and to our knowledge there are no prior studies in adolescents. We studied fasting Orexin-A levels related to energy intake at breakfast and a subsequent snack in adolescents (n = 668) from a longitudinal study in Chile. Body-Mass Index (BMI), components of the metabolic syndrome and fasting blood levels of leptin, insulin, ghrelin, and orexin-A were measured. Energy intake was calculated based on food weights before and after the standardized breakfast and subsequent snack. High energy intake was defined as ≥ 75th percentile. We assessed the relationship between orexin-A and high energy intake, adjusting for confounders. Higher orexin levels were associated with high breakfast energy intake (OR: 1.21; 95%CI: 0.98-1.49). Conversely, those with higher orexin levels showed a non-significant trend for lower odds of high energy intake for the snack (OR: 0.87; 95%CI: 0.70-1.07). There was a significant interaction between high breakfast energy intake and orexin levels. Those who ate more calories at breakfast displayed a lower inhibitory effect of orexin on eating at the snack (p < 0.05). There was no significant interaction between weight status and orexin. In conclusion, orexin-A levels were associated with breakfast energy intake and inversely related with subsequent snack energy intake in participants whose caloric intake at breakfast was within the normal range. Based on these findings, it appears that the association of orexin-A with energy intake depends on eating behavior.
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Wang Y, Deboer T. Long-Term Effect of a Single Dose of Caffeine on Sleep, the Sleep EEG and Neuronal Activity in the Peduncular Part of the Lateral Hypothalamus under Constant Dark Conditions. Clocks Sleep 2022; 4:260-276. [PMID: 35735603 PMCID: PMC9222093 DOI: 10.3390/clockssleep4020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Caffeine is a central nervous system stimulant that influences both the sleep–wake cycle and the circadian clock and is known to influence neuronal activity in the lateral hypothalamus, an important area involved in sleep–wake regulation. Light is a strong zeitgeber and it is known to interact with the effect of caffeine on the sleep–wake cycle. We therefore wanted to investigate the long-term effects of a single dose of caffeine under constant dark conditions. Methods: We performed long-term (2 days) electroencephalogram (EEG)/electromyogram recordings combined with multi-unit neuronal activity recordings in the peduncular part of the lateral hypothalamus (PLH) under constant darkness in Brown Norway rats, and investigated the effect of a single caffeine treatment (15 mg/kg) or saline control given 1 h after the onset of the endogenous rest phase. Results: After a reduction in sleep and an increase in waking and activity in the first hours after administration, also on the second recording day after caffeine administration, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep was still reduced. Analysis of the EEG showed that power density in the theta range during waking and REM sleep was increased for at least two days. Neuronal activity in PLH was also increased for two days after the treatment, particularly during non-rapid eye movement sleep. Conclusion: Surprisingly, the data reveal long-term effects of a single dose of caffeine on vigilance states, EEG, and neuronal activity in the PLH. The absence of a light–dark cycle may have enabled the expression of these long-term changes. It therefore may be that caffeine, or its metabolites, have a stronger and longer lasting influence, particularly on the expression of REM sleep, than acknowledged until now.
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Orexin-a elevation in antipsychotic-treated compared to drug-free patients with schizophrenia: A medication effect independent of metabolic syndrome. J Formos Med Assoc 2022; 121:2172-2181. [PMID: 35396156 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2022.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Orexin-A levels are reportedly increased in antipsychotic (APD)-treated patients with schizophrenia compared to healthy controls and have been associated with metabolic abnormalities. It is not clear whether the orexin-A elevation is related specifically to the drug (APDs) effect, which should be clarified by including a drug-free group for comparison, or related to drug-induced metabolic abnormalities. METHODS Blood orexin-A levels and metabolic profiles were compared between 37 drug-free, 45 aripiprazole-treated, and 156 clozapine-treated patients with schizophrenia. The association between orexin-A and metabolic outcomes were examined. We explored the effects of APDs treatment and metabolic status on orexin-A levels by linear regression. RESULTS Patients under APDs treatment had increased orexin-A levels compared to drug-free patients, with aripiprazole-treated group having higher orexin-A levels than clozapine-treated group. Higher orexin-A levels reduced the risks of metabolic syndrome (MS) and type 2 diabetes mellitus, indicating a relationship between orexin-A levels and metabolic problems. After adjusting the effect from metabolic problems, we found APD treatment is still associated with orexin-A regulation, with aripiprazole more significantly than clozapine. CONCLUSION With the inclusion of drug-free patients rather than healthy controls for comparison, we demonstrated that orexin-A is upregulated following APD treatment even after we controlled the potential effect from MS, suggesting an independent effect of APDs on orexin-A levels. Furthermore, the effect differed between APDs with dissimilar obesogenicity, i.e. less obesogenicity likely associated with higher orexin-A levels. Future prospective studies exploring the causal relationship between APDs treatment and orexin-A elevation as well as the underlying mechanisms are warranted.
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Lanuza F, Reyes M, Blanco E, Burrows R, Peirano P, Algarín C, Meroño T, Gahagan S. Association of fasting orexin-A levels with energy intake at breakfast and subsequent snack in Chilean adolescents. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2022; 138:105679. [PMID: 35182924 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Orexin-A, a hormone secreted by orexin neurons, is involved in caloric-intake regulation. Current understanding is based primarily on animal studies. Studies of orexin in humans are scarce, and to our knowledge there are no prior studies in adolescents. We studied fasting Orexin-A levels related to energy intake at breakfast and a subsequent snack in adolescents (n = 668) from a longitudinal study in Chile. Body-Mass Index (BMI), components of the metabolic syndrome and fasting blood levels of leptin, insulin, ghrelin, and orexin-A were measured. Energy intake was calculated based on food weights before and after the standardized breakfast and subsequent snack. High energy intake was defined as ≥ 75th percentile. We assessed the relationship between orexin-A and high energy intake, adjusting for confounders. Higher orexin levels were associated with high breakfast energy intake (OR: 1.21; 95%CI: 0.98-1.49). Conversely, those with higher orexin levels showed a non-significant trend for lower odds of high energy intake for the snack (OR: 0.87; 95%CI: 0.70-1.07). There was a significant interaction between high breakfast energy intake and orexin levels. Those who ate more calories at breakfast displayed a lower inhibitory effect of orexin on eating at the snack (p < 0.05). There was no significant interaction between weight status and orexin. In conclusion, orexin-A levels were associated with breakfast energy intake and inversely related with subsequent snack energy intake in participants whose caloric intake at breakfast was within the normal range. Based on these findings, it appears that the association of orexin-A with energy intake depends on eating behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Lanuza
- Biomarkers and Nutrimetabolomics Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, Food Technology Reference Net (XIA), Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA), Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Epidemiología Cardiovascular y Nutricional (EPICYN), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, 4781218 Temuco, Chile
| | - Marcela Reyes
- Department of Public Health Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, 7830489 Santiago, Chile
| | - Estela Blanco
- Child Development and Community Health Division, University of California San Diego, 92093-0927 La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica, Santiago, Chile
| | - Raquel Burrows
- Department of Public Health Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, 7830489 Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricio Peirano
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, 7830489 Santiago, Chile
| | - Cecilia Algarín
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, 7830489 Santiago, Chile
| | - Tomás Meroño
- Biomarkers and Nutrimetabolomics Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, Food Technology Reference Net (XIA), Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA), Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sheila Gahagan
- Child Development and Community Health Division, University of California San Diego, 92093-0927 La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Boushra AF, Mahmoud RH, Ayoub SE, Mohammed RA, Shamardl HA, El Amin Ali AM. The Potential Therapeutic Effect of Orexin-Treated versus Orexin-Untreated Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy on Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetic Rats. J Diabetes Res 2022; 2022:9832212. [PMID: 35083338 PMCID: PMC8786498 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9832212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by resistance to peripheral insulin actions. Mesenchymal stem cells have been studied for years in T2DM therapy, including adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs). Orexin neuropeptides (A and B) are well-known regulators of appetite and physical activity. The aim of this work was to elucidate the possible therapeutic effect of AD-MSC preconditioning with orexin A (OXA) on insulin resistance in rats. Twenty-eight adult male albino rats were divided into 4 equal groups: a normal control group and 3 diabetic groups (a control T2DM group, diabetic rats treated by an AD-MSCs group, and diabetic rats treated by AD-MSCs preconditioned with OXA). We noticed that the treated groups showed a significant alleviation of insulin resistance parameters as shown in lowering the serum levels of glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, inflammatory markers, and HOMA-IR as compared to the control diabetic group with more significant reduction observed in the OXA-pretreated AD-MSCs-administrated group. More improvement was also noted in the glucose uptake and GLUT-4 gene expression in the skeletal muscle and adipose tissue in the OXA-pretreated AD-MSCs-administrated group compared to the untreated diabetic group. Conclusion. Preconditioning of AD-MSCs with OXA can significantly increase their potential to reduce the insulin resistance in the rat model of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy F. Boushra
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Egypt
| | - Rania H. Mahmoud
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Egypt
| | - Shymaa E. Ayoub
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Egypt
| | - Rehab A. Mohammed
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Egypt
| | - Hanan A. Shamardl
- Department of Medical Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Egypt
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Vaseghi S, Zarrabian S, Haghparast A. Reviewing the role of the orexinergic system and stressors in modulating mood and reward-related behaviors. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 133:104516. [PMID: 34973302 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.104516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In this review study, we aimed to introduce the orexinergic system as an important signaling pathway involved in a variety of cognitive functions such as memory, motivation, and reward-related behaviors. This study focused on the role of orexinergic system in modulating reward-related behavior, with or without the presence of stressors. Cross-talk between the reward system and orexinergic signaling was also investigated, especially orexinergic signaling in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), the nucleus accumbens (NAc), and the hippocampus. Furthermore, we discussed the role of the orexinergic system in modulating mood states and mental illnesses such as depression, anxiety, panic, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Here, we narrowed down our focus on the orexinergic signaling in three brain regions: the VTA, NAc, and the hippocampus (CA1 region and dentate gyrus) for their prominent role in reward-related behaviors and memory. It was concluded that the orexinergic system is critically involved in reward-related behavior and significantly alters stress responses and stress-related psychiatric and mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salar Vaseghi
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Karaj, Iran
| | - Shahram Zarrabian
- Department of Anatomical Sciences & Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Haghparast
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 19615-1178, Tehran, Iran.
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Early Postnatal Genistein Administration Affects Mice Metabolism and Reproduction in a Sexually Dimorphic Way. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11070449. [PMID: 34357343 PMCID: PMC8303179 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11070449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The phytoestrogen genistein (GEN) may interfere with permanent morphological changes in the brain circuits sensitive to estrogen. Due to the frequent use of soy milk in the neonatal diet, we aimed to study the effects of early GEN exposure on some physiological and reproductive parameters. Mice of both sexes from PND1 to PND8 were treated with GEN (50 mg/kg body weight, comparable to the exposure level in babies fed with soy-based formulas). When adult, we observed, in GEN-treated females, an advanced pubertal onset and an altered estrous cycle, and, in males, a decrease of testicle weight and fecal testosterone concentration. Furthermore, we observed an increase in body weight and altered plasma concentrations of metabolic hormones (leptin, ghrelin, triiodothyronine) limited to adult females. Exposure to GEN significantly altered kisspeptin and POMC immunoreactivity only in females and orexin immunoreactivity in both sexes. In conclusion, early postnatal exposure of mice to GEN determines long-term sex-specific organizational effects. It impairs the reproductive system and has an obesogenic effect only in females, which is probably due to the alterations of neuroendocrine circuits controlling metabolism; thus GEN, should be classified as a metabolism disrupting chemical.
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Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation as a Tool to Investigate Motor Cortex Excitability in Sport. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11040432. [PMID: 33800662 PMCID: PMC8065474 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11040432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation, since its introduction in 1985, has brought important innovations to the study of cortical excitability as it is a non-invasive method and, therefore, can be used both in healthy and sick subjects. Since the introduction of this cortical stimulation technique, it has been possible to deepen the neurophysiological aspects of motor activation and control. In this narrative review, we want to provide a brief overview regarding TMS as a tool to investigate changes in cortex excitability in athletes and highlight how this tool can be used to investigate the acute and chronic responses of the motor cortex in sport science. The parameters that could be used for the evaluation of cortical excitability and the relative relationship with motor coordination and muscle fatigue, will be also analyzed. Repetitive physical training is generally considered as a principal strategy for acquiring a motor skill, and this process can elicit cortical motor representational changes referred to as use-dependent plasticity. In training settings, physical practice combined with the observation of target movements can enhance cortical excitability and facilitate the process of learning. The data to date suggest that TMS is a valid technique to investigate the changes in motor cortex excitability in trained and untrained subjects. Recently, interest in the possible ergogenic effect of non-invasive brain stimulation in sport is growing and therefore in the future it could be useful to conduct new experiments to evaluate the impact on learning and motor performance of these techniques.
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13
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Mohammadi S, Moosaie F, Saghazadeh A, Mahmoudi M, Rezaei N. Metabolic profile in patients with narcolepsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med 2021; 81:268-284. [PMID: 33740593 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2021.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Narcolepsy, a sleep disorder characterized by loss of hypocretin neurons, has been associated with metabolic disturbances. Although the metabolic alterations in narcolepsy patients are widely investigated in the literature, the results are controversial. We performed a systematic search of literature to identify metabolic profiling studies in narcolepsy patients. A total of 48 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Narcolepsy patients exhibited higher prevalence of obesity (log OR = 0.93 [0.73-1.13], P < 0.001), diabetes mellitus (log OR = 0.64 [0.34, 0.94], P < 0.001), hypertension (log OR = 0.33 [0.11, 0.55], P < 0.001), and dyslipidemia (log OR = 1.19 [0.60, 1.77], P < 0.001) compared with non-narcoleptic controls. Narcolepsy was associated with higher BMI (SMD = 0.50 [0.32-0.68], P < 0.001), waist circumference (MD = 8.61 [2.03-15.19], P = 0.01), and plasma insulin (SMD = 0.61 [0.14-1.09], P = 0.01). Levels of fasting blood glucose (SMD = -0.25 [-0.61,0.10], P = 0.15), BMR-RMR (SMD = -0.17 [-0.52-0.18], P = 0.34), systolic blood pressure (SMD = 0.29 [-0.39-0.97], P = 0.40), diastolic blood pressure (SMD = 0.39 [-0.62, 1.40], P = 0.45), CSF melanin-concentrating hormone (MD = 5.56 [-30.79-41.91], P = 0.76), serum growth hormone (SMD = 7.84 [-7.90-23.57], P = 0.33), as well as plasma and CSF leptin (SMD = 0.10 [-1.32-1.51], P = 0.89 and MD = 0.01 [-0.02-0.04], P = 0.56, respectively) did not significantly differ between narcolepsy patients and controls. These findings necessitate early screening of metabolic alterations and cardiovascular risk factors in narcolepsy patients to reduce the morbidity and mortality rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheil Mohammadi
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; NeuroImaging Network (NIN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Moosaie
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; NeuroImaging Network (NIN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amene Saghazadeh
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; MetaCognition Interest Group (MCIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Mahmoudi
- Department of Cellular Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Dietitians and Nutrition Experts Team (DiNET), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
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14
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Van Schaik L, Kettle C, Green R, Irving HR, Rathner JA. Effects of Caffeine on Brown Adipose Tissue Thermogenesis and Metabolic Homeostasis: A Review. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:621356. [PMID: 33613184 PMCID: PMC7889509 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.621356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of brown adipose tissue (BAT) metabolism on understanding energy balance in humans is a relatively new and exciting field of research. The pathogenesis of obesity can be largely explained by an imbalance between caloric intake and energy expenditure, but the underlying mechanisms are far more complex. Traditional non-selective sympathetic activators have been used to artificially elevate energy utilization, or suppress appetite, however undesirable side effects are apparent with the use of these pharmacological interventions. Understanding the role of BAT, in relation to human energy homeostasis has the potential to dramatically offset the energy imbalance associated with obesity. This review discusses paradoxical effects of caffeine on peripheral adenosine receptors and the possible role of adenosine in increasing metabolism is highlighted, with consideration to the potential of central rather than peripheral mechanisms for caffeine mediated BAT thermogenesis and energy expenditure. Research on the complex physiology of adipose tissue, the embryonic lineage and function of the different types of adipocytes is summarized. In addition, the effect of BAT on overall human metabolism and the extent of the associated increase in energy expenditure are discussed. The controversy surrounding the primary β-adrenoceptor involved in human BAT activation is examined, and suggestions as to the lack of translational findings from animal to human physiology and human in vitro to in vivo models are provided. This review compares and distinguishes human and rodent BAT effects, thus developing an understanding of human BAT thermogenesis to aid lifestyle interventions targeting obesity and metabolic syndrome. The focus of this review is on the effect of BAT thermogenesis on overall metabolism, and the potential therapeutic effects of caffeine in increasing metabolism via its effects on BAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan Van Schaik
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - Christine Kettle
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - Rodney Green
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - Helen R. Irving
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - Joseph A. Rathner
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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15
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Stimulatory, but not anxiogenic, doses of caffeine act centrally to activate interscapular brown adipose tissue thermogenesis in anesthetized male rats. Sci Rep 2021; 11:113. [PMID: 33420284 PMCID: PMC7794454 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80505-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of central orexin in the sympathetic control of interscapular brown adipose tissue (iBAT) thermogenesis has been established in rodents. Stimulatory doses of caffeine activate orexin positive neurons in the lateral hypothalamus, a region of the brain implicated in stimulating BAT thermogenesis. This study tests the hypothesis that central administration of caffeine is sufficient to activate BAT. Low doses of caffeine administered either systemically (intravenous [IV]; 10 mg/kg) and centrally (intracerebroventricular [ICV]; 5-10 μg) increases BAT thermogenesis, in anaesthetised (1.5 g/kg urethane, IV) free breathing male rats. Cardiovascular function was monitored via an indwelling intra-arterial cannula and exhibited no response to the caffeine. Core temperature did not significantly differ after administration of caffeine via either route of administration. Caffeine administered both IV and ICV increased neuronal activity, as measured by c-Fos-immunoreactivity within subregions of the hypothalamic area, previously implicated in regulating BAT thermogenesis. Significantly, there appears to be no neural anxiety response to the low dose of caffeine as indicated by no change in activity in the basolateral amygdala. Having measured the physiological correlate of thermogenesis (heat production) we have not measured indirect molecular correlates of BAT activation. Nevertheless, our results demonstrate that caffeine, at stimulatory doses, acting via the central nervous system can increase thermogenesis, without adverse cardio-dynamic impact.
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16
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Gool JK, Cross N, Fronczek R, Lammers GJ, van der Werf YD, Dang-Vu TT. Neuroimaging in Narcolepsy and Idiopathic Hypersomnia: from Neural Correlates to Clinical Practice. CURRENT SLEEP MEDICINE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40675-020-00185-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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17
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Valenzano A, Tartaglia N, Ambrosi A, Tafuri D, Monda M, Messina A, Sessa F, Campanozzi A, Monda V, Cibelli G, Messina G, Polito R. The Metabolic Rearrangements of Bariatric Surgery: Focus on Orexin-A and the Adiponectin System. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9103327. [PMID: 33081283 PMCID: PMC7602946 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9103327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of adipose tissue represents one of the characteristics of obesity, increasing the risk of developing correlated obesity diseases such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, cancer, and immune diseases. Visceral adipose tissue accumulation leads to chronic low inflammation inducing an imbalanced adipokine secretion. Among these adipokines, Adiponectin is an important metabolic and inflammatory mediator. It is also known that adipose tissue is influenced by Orexin-A levels, a neuropeptide produced in the lateral hypothalamus. Adiponectin and Orexin-A are strongly decreased in obesity and are associated with metabolic and inflammatory pathways. The aim of this review was to investigate the involvement of the autonomic nervous system focusing on Adiponectin and Orexin-A after bariatric surgery. After bariatric surgery, Adiponectin and Orexin-A levels are strongly increased independently of weight loss showing that hormone increases are also attributable to a rearrangement of metabolic and inflammatory mediators. The restriction of food intake and malabsorption are not sufficient to clarify the clinical effects of bariatric surgery suggesting the involvement of neuro-hormonal feedback loops and also of mediators such as Adiponectin and Orexin-A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Valenzano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (A.V.); (F.S.); (G.C.)
| | - Nicola Tartaglia
- General Surgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (N.T.); (A.A.)
| | - Antonio Ambrosi
- General Surgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (N.T.); (A.A.)
| | - Domenico Tafuri
- Department of Motor Sciences and Wellness, University of Naples “Parthenope”, 80133 Naples, Italy;
| | - Marcellino Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetic and Sport Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.M.); (A.M.); (V.M.)
| | - Antonietta Messina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetic and Sport Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.M.); (A.M.); (V.M.)
| | - Francesco Sessa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (A.V.); (F.S.); (G.C.)
| | - Angelo Campanozzi
- Pediatrics, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Vincenzo Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetic and Sport Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.M.); (A.M.); (V.M.)
| | - Giuseppe Cibelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (A.V.); (F.S.); (G.C.)
| | - Giovanni Messina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (A.V.); (F.S.); (G.C.)
- Correspondence: (G.M.); (R.P.); Tel.: +39-0881588095 (G.M.)
| | - Rita Polito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (A.V.); (F.S.); (G.C.)
- Correspondence: (G.M.); (R.P.); Tel.: +39-0881588095 (G.M.)
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18
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Liu Z, Zhang Y, Zhao T, Wang J, Xia L, Zhong Y, Yang Y, Ning X, Zhang Y, Ren Z, Liu H. A higher body mass index in Chinese inpatients with chronic schizophrenia is associated with elevated plasma orexin-A levels and fewer negative symptoms. Nord J Psychiatry 2020; 74:525-532. [PMID: 32363986 DOI: 10.1080/08039488.2020.1755995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Orexin-A is involved in numerous physiological functions, such as feeding behavior and energy balance. Yet, the associations among the orexin system, weight changes and the clinical symptoms of schizophrenia patients remain uncertain, especially in inpatients with chronic schizophrenia (CS). The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the orexin-A levels, body mass index (BMI) and clinical symptoms of CS inpatients.Methods: Altogether, 324 inpatients were enrolled in our study. The clinical symptoms of all inpatients were measured using a 30-item Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), and then we calculated the BMI of each subject and tested the orexin-A levels by ELISA methods.Results: The orexin-A levels of the CS inpatients in the obesity group (1.24 ± 1.45 ng/ml, n = 52) were significantly higher than those in the non-overweight group (0.85 ± 1.18 ng/ml, n = 176) and the overweight group (0.97 ± 1.15 ng/ml, n = 96). Spearman's correlation analysis showed that higher BMIs were associated with higher plasma orexin-A levels and fewer negative symptoms. Furthermore, the multiple regression analysis indicated that the orexin-A level could be a contributor to BMI (F = 30.21, p < 0.001). However, there was no correlation between plasma orexin-A concentrations and clinical symptoms in our research.Conclusion: A higher plasma orexin-A level may be a factor influencing the BMI of inpatients with CS, and fewer negative symptoms seem to be correlated with higher BMI, but the causality among BMI, orexin-A and clinical symptoms of schizophrenia requires further clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China.,Anhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yulong Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China.,Anhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Tongtong Zhao
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China.,Anhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China.,Anhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Lei Xia
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China.,Anhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yi Zhong
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China.,Anhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yating Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China.,Anhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xiaoshuai Ning
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China.,Anhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yelei Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China.,Anhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Zhenhua Ren
- Department of Anatomy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Huanzhong Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China.,Anhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
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19
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Polito R, Monda V, Nigro E, Messina A, Di Maio G, Giuliano MT, Orrù S, Imperlini E, Calcagno G, Mosca L, Mollica MP, Trinchese G, Scarinci A, Sessa F, Salerno M, Marsala G, Buono P, Mancini A, Monda M, Daniele A, Messina G. The Important Role of Adiponectin and Orexin-A, Two Key Proteins Improving Healthy Status: Focus on Physical Activity. Front Physiol 2020; 11:356. [PMID: 32390865 PMCID: PMC7188914 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise represents the most important integrative therapy in metabolic, immunologic and chronic diseases; it represents a valid strategy in the non-pharmacological intervention of lifestyle linked diseases. A large body of evidence indicates physical exercise as an effective measure against chronic non-communicable diseases. The worldwide general evidence for health benefits are both for all ages and skill levels. In a dysregulated lifestyle such as in the obesity, there is an imbalance in the production of different cytokines. In particular, we focused on Adiponectin, an adipokine producted by adipose tissue, and on Orexin-A, a neuropeptide synthesized in the lateral hypothalamus. The production of both Adiponectin and Orexin-A increases following regular and structured physical activity and both these hormones have similar actions. Indeed, they improve energy and glucose metabolism, and also modulate energy expenditure and thermogenesis. In addition, a relevant biological role of Adiponectin and Orexin A has been recently highlighted in the immune system, where they function as immune-suppressor factors. The strong connection between these two cytokines and healthy status is mediated by physical activity and candidates these hormones as potential biomarkers of the beneficial effects induced by physical activity. For these reasons, this review aims to underly the interconnections among Adiponectin, Orexin-A, physical activity and healthy status. Furthermore, it is analyzed the involvement of Adiponectin and Orexin-A in physical activity as physiological factors improving healthy status through physical exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Polito
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Monda
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Fisiologia Umana e Unità di Dietetica e Medicina dello Sport, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Ersilia Nigro
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy.,Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate S. C. a R. L., Naples, Italy
| | - Antonietta Messina
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Fisiologia Umana e Unità di Dietetica e Medicina dello Sport, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Girolamo Di Maio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Fisiologia Umana e Unità di Dietetica e Medicina dello Sport, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Giuliano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Fisiologia Umana e Unità di Dietetica e Medicina dello Sport, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Orrù
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Parthenope", Naples, Italy.,IRCCS SDN, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Calcagno
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Scienze della Salute "Vincenzo Tiberio", Università degli Studi del Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Laura Mosca
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Universitá degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Pina Mollica
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Universitá degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Trinchese
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Universitá degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessia Scarinci
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Formazione, Psicologia, Comunicazione, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Sessa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Monica Salerno
- Department of Medical, Surgery Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Gabriella Marsala
- Struttura Complessa di Farmacia, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria - Ospedali Riuniti, Foggia, Italy
| | - Pasqualina Buono
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate S. C. a R. L., Naples, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Parthenope", Naples, Italy.,IRCCS SDN, Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Mancini
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate S. C. a R. L., Naples, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Parthenope", Naples, Italy
| | - Marcellino Monda
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Fisiologia Umana e Unità di Dietetica e Medicina dello Sport, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Aurora Daniele
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy.,Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate S. C. a R. L., Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Messina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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20
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Adeghate E, Lotfy M, D'Souza C, Alseiari SM, Alsaadi AA, Qahtan SA. Hypocretin/orexin modulates body weight and the metabolism of glucose and insulin. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2020; 36:e3229. [PMID: 31655012 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The hypocretin/orexin (Hcrt/orexin) unit affects the functions of the nervous, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and reproductive systems. Hcrt/orexin ligands and receptors have been localized to different parts of the central and peripheral nervous systems, cerebrospinal fluid and blood, exocrine (pancreas, salivary, lacrimal) as well as endocrine (pancreatic islets, pituitary, adrenal) glands. Several factors including stress, glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists, glutamate, nicotine, glucose, and hypoglycaemia stimulate the expression of Hcrt/orexin system, but it is inhibited by ageing, bone morphogenetic protein, hypoxia/hypercapnia, melanocortin receptor accessory protein 2, and glucagon. Literature reports show that Hcrt/orexin can significantly increase insulin secretion from normal and diabetic rat pancreata. Hcrt/orexin decreases blood glucose concentration and reduces insulin resistance partly via increased tissue expression of glucose transporter type 4. It reduces obesity by increasing browning of fat cells and energy expenditure. Taken together, Hcrt/orexin modulates obesity and the metabolism of glucose and insulin. The Hcrt/orexin system may thus be a target in the development of new therapies for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Adeghate
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamed Lotfy
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Crystal D'Souza
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Saleh Meqbel Alseiari
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abdulla Ali Alsaadi
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Saif Abdo Qahtan
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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21
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Assadi MH, Segev Y, Tarasiuk A. Upper Airway Obstruction Elicited Energy Imbalance Leads to Growth Retardation that Persists after the Obstruction Removal. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3206. [PMID: 32081973 PMCID: PMC7035324 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60226-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Upper airway obstruction can lead to growth retardation by unclear mechanisms. We explored the effect of upper airway obstruction in juvenile rats on whole-body energy balance, growth plate metabolism, and growth. We show that after seven weeks, obstructed animals’ ventilation during room air breathing increased, and animals grew less due to abnormal growth plate metabolism. Increased caloric intake in upper airway-obstructed animals did not meet increased energy expenditure associated with increased work of breathing. Decreased whole-body energy balance induced hindrance of bone elongation following obstruction removal, and array pathways regulating growth plate development and marrow adiposity. This is the first study to show that rapidly growing animals cannot consume enough calories to maintain their energy homeostasis, leading to an impediment in growth in the effort to save energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad H Assadi
- Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit, Soroka University Medical Center, P.O. Box 151, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel.,Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 105, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Yael Segev
- Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 105, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Ariel Tarasiuk
- Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit, Soroka University Medical Center, P.O. Box 151, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel. .,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 105, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel.
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Orexin-1 receptor blockade differentially affects spatial and visual discrimination memory facilitation by intracranial self-stimulation. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2020; 169:107188. [PMID: 32061874 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2020.107188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) of the medial forebrain bundle is an effective treatment to facilitate memory. Performance in both explicit and implicit memory tasks has been improved by ICSS, and this treatment has even been capable of recovering loss of memory function due to lesions or old age. Several neurochemical systems have been studied in regard to their role in ICSS effects on memory, however the possible involvement of the orexinergic system in this facilitation has yet to be explored. The present study aims to examine the relationship between the OX1R and the facilitative effects of ICSS on two different types of memory tasks, both carried out in the Morris Water Maze: spatial and visual discrimination. Results show that the OX1R blockade, by intraventricular administration of SB-334867, partially negates the facilitating effect of ICSS on spatial memory, whereas it hinders ICSS facilitation of the discrimination task. However, ICSS treatment was capable of compensating for the severe detrimental effects of OX1R blockade on both memory paradigms. These results suggest different levels of involvement of the orexinergic system in the facilitation of memory by ICSS, depending on the memory task.
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23
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Assadi MH, Segev Y, Tarasiuk A. Irreversible metabolic abnormalities following chronic upper airway loading. Sleep 2019; 42:5540153. [PMID: 31353408 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsz176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Treatment of obstructive sleep apnea increases obesity risk by an unclear mechanism. Here, we explored the effects of upper airway obstruction and its removal on respiratory homeostasis, energy expenditure, and feeding hormones during the sleep/wake cycle from weaning to adulthood. METHODS The tracheas of 22-day-old rats were narrowed, and obstruction removal was performed on post-surgery day 14. Energy expenditure, ventilation, and hormone-regulated feeding were analyzed during 49 days before and after obstruction. RESULTS Energy expenditure increased and body temperature decreased in upper airway obstruction and was only partially recovered in obstruction removal despite normalization of airway resistance. Increased energy expenditure was associated with upregulation of ventilation. Decreased body temperature was associated with decreased brown adipose tissue uncoupling protein 1 level, suppressed energy expenditure response to norepinephrine, and decreased leptin level. Upper airway obstructed animals added less body weight, in spite of an increase in food intake, due to elevated hypothalamic orexin and neuropeptide Y and plasma ghrelin. Animals who underwent obstruction removal fed more due to an increase in hypothalamic neuropeptide Y and plasma ghrelin. CONCLUSIONS The need to maintain respiratory homeostasis is associated with persistent abnormal energy metabolism and hormonal regulation of feeding. Surgical treatment per se may not be sufficient to correct energy homeostasis, and endocrine regulation of feeding may have a larger effect on weight change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad H Assadi
- Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel.,Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Yael Segev
- Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Ariel Tarasiuk
- Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel.,Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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Effects of Very Low Calorie Ketogenic Diet on the Orexinergic System, Visceral Adipose Tissue, and ROS Production. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8120643. [PMID: 31847149 PMCID: PMC6943716 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8120643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Caloric restriction is a valid strategy to reduce the visceral adipose tissue (VAT) content in obese persons. Hypocretin-1 (orexin-A) is a neuropeptide synthesized in the lateral hypothalamus that strongly modulates food intake, thus influencing adipose tissue accumulation. Therapeutic diets in obesity treatment may combine the advantages of caloric restriction and dietary ketosis. The current study aimed to evaluate the effect of a very low calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) in a population of obese patients. Methods: Adiposity parameters and orexin-A serum profiling were quantified over an 8 week period. The effect of the VLCKD on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and cell viability was evaluated, in vitro, by culturing Hep-G2 cells in the presence of VLCKD sera. Results: Dietary intervention induced significant effects on body weight, adiposity, and blood chemistry parameters. Moreover, a selective reduction in VAT was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Orexin-A levels significantly increased after dietary treatment. Hep-G2 cell viability was not affected after 24, 48, and 72 h incubation with patients’ sera, before and after the VLCKD. In the same model system, ROS production was not significantly influenced by dietary treatment. Conclusion: The VLCKD exerts a positive effect on VAT decrease, ameliorating adiposity and blood chemistry parameters. Furthermore, short-term mild dietary ketosis does not appear to have a cytotoxic effect, nor does it represent a factor capable of increasing oxidative stress. Finally, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that shows an effect of the VLCKD upon the orexinergic system, supporting the usefulness of such a therapeutic intervention in promoting obesity reduction in the individual burden of this disease.
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25
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Untangling narcolepsy and diabetes: Pathomechanisms with eyes on therapeutic options. Brain Res 2019; 1718:212-222. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Grafe LA, Geng E, Corbett B, Urban K, Bhatnagar S. Sex- and Stress-Dependent Effects on Dendritic Morphology and Spine Densities in Putative Orexin Neurons. Neuroscience 2019; 418:266-278. [PMID: 31442567 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We recently found that non-stressed female rats have higher basal prepro-orexin expression and activation of orexinergic neurons compared to non-stressed males, which lead to impaired habituation to repeated restraint stress at the behavioral, neural, and endocrine level. Here, we extended our study of sex differences in the orexin system by examining spine densities and dendritic morphology in putative orexin neurons in adult male and female rats that were exposed to 5 consecutive days of 30-min restraint. Analysis of spine distribution and density indicated that putative orexinergic neurons in control non-stressed females had significantly more dendritic spines than those in control males, and the majority of these were mushroom spines. This morphological finding may suggest more excitatory input onto orexin neurons in female rats. As orexin neurons are known to promote the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal response, this morphological change in orexin neurons could underlie the impaired habituation to repeated stress in female rats. Dendritic complexity did not differ between non-stressed males and females, however repeated restraint stress decreased total dendritic length, nodes, and branching primarily in males. Thus, reduced dendritic complexity of putative orexinergic neurons is observed in males but not in females after 5days of repeated restraint stress. This morphological change might be reflective of decreased orexin system function, which may allow males to habituate more fully to repeated restraint than females. These results extend our understanding of the role of orexin neurons in regulating habituation and demonstrate changes in putative orexin cell morphology and spines that may underlie sex differences in habituation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Grafe
- Department of Psychology, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, PA 19010, USA
| | - Eric Geng
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Brian Corbett
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kimberly Urban
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Seema Bhatnagar
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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The role of hormonal, metabolic and inflammatory biomarkers on sleep and appetite in drug free patients with major depression: A systematic review. J Affect Disord 2019; 250:249-259. [PMID: 30870775 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a complex and heterogeneous disorder in which clinical symptoms can widely differ among patients. Neurovegetative symptoms, i.e. decreased or increased appetite, changes in body weight and sleep disturbances, described as 'melancholic' or 'atypical' features of a depressive episode, are the most variable symptoms among patients with MDD. We hypothesized biomarkers differences underlying this neurovegetative variability in major depression. METHODS We systematically reviewed, according to the PRISMA guidelines, the role of specific metabolic, hormonal and inflammatory biomarkers in drug-free MDD patients, that could have neurobiological effects on appetite, weight regulation and circadian rhythms, influencing eating behaviour and sleep patterns. All studies regarding the co-occurrence of disturbed sleep and appetite were examined. RESULTS Besides the well-known leptin and ghrelin, other biomarkers such as BDNF, VEGF, NPY, orexin, and the recent discovered nesfatin-1 seem to be involved in neurovegetative changes in depressive disorders playing a role in the regulation of affective states, stress reactions and sleep patterns. Interestingly, based on the existing evidence, ghrelin, orexin and nesfatin-1 could be linked both to sleep and appetite regulation in depressed patients. LIMITATIONS Heterogeneous studies with low sample size. CONCLUSIONS Despite the wide heterogeneity of results, studies on biomarkers of appetite and sleep in MDD are an interesting field of research to explain the neurobiological substrates of depressive symptoms that deserve further investigation.
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Montesano A, Baumgart M, Avallone L, Castaldo L, Lucini C, Tozzini ET, Cellerino A, D'Angelo L, de Girolamo P. Age-related central regulation of orexin and NPY in the short-lived African killifish Nothobranchius furzeri. J Comp Neurol 2019; 527:1508-1526. [PMID: 30666646 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Orexin A (OXA) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) are two hypothalamic neuropeptides involved in the regulation of feeding behavior and food intake in all vertebrates. Accumulating evidences document that they undergo age-related modifications, with consequences on metabolism, sleep/wake disorders and progression of neurodegenerations. The present study addressed the age related changes in expression and distribution of orexin A (its precursor is also known as hypocretin-HCRT) and NPY, and their regulation by food intake in the short-lived vertebrate model Nothobranchius furzeri. Our experiments, conducted on male specimens, show that: (a) HCRT and OXA and NPY mRNA and protein are localized in neurons of diencephalon and optic tectum, as well as in numerous fibers projecting through the entire neuroaxis, and are colocalized in specific nuclei; (b) in course of aging, HCRT and NPY expressing neurons are localized also in telencephalon and rhombencephalon; (c) HCRT expressing neurons increased slightly in the diencephalic area of old animals and in fasted animals, whereas NPY increased sharply; (d) central HCRT levels are not regulated neither in course of aging nor by food intake; and (e) central NPY levels are augmented in course of aging, and regulated by food intake only in young. These findings represent a great novelty in the study of central orexinergic and NPY-ergic systems in vertebrates', demonstrating an uncommon and unprecedented described regulation of these two orexigenic neuropeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Montesano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Leibniz-Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Lab. Biology of Aging, Jena, Germany
| | - Mario Baumgart
- Leibniz-Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Lab. Biology of Aging, Jena, Germany
| | - Luigi Avallone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Luciana Castaldo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Carla Lucini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Cellerino
- Leibniz-Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Lab. Biology of Aging, Jena, Germany.,Scuola Normale Superiore, Bio@SNS, c/o Istituto di Biofisica del CNR, Pisa, Italy
| | - Livia D'Angelo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo de Girolamo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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29
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Chen PY, Chen CH, Chang CK, Kao CF, Lu ML, Lin SK, Huang MC, Hwang LL, Mondelli V. Orexin-A Levels in Relation to the Risk of Metabolic Syndrome in Patients with Schizophrenia Taking Antipsychotics. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2018; 22:28-36. [PMID: 30204875 PMCID: PMC6313111 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyy075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of orexin-A in regulating metabolic homeostasis has been recognized, but its association with antipsychotic-induced metabolic abnormalities remains unclear. We investigated the association between orexin-A levels and metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia treated with clozapine or less obesogenic antipsychotics compared with nonpsychiatric controls. METHODS Plasma orexin-A levels and metabolic parameters were determined in 159 patients with schizophrenia: 109 taking clozapine; 50 taking aripiprazole, amisulpride, ziprasidone, or haloperidol; and 60 nonpsychiatric controls. RESULTS Orexin-A levels were significantly higher in the group taking less obesogenic antipsychotics, followed by the clozapine group and the controls (F=104.6, P<.01). Higher orexin-A levels were correlated with better metabolic profiles in the patient groups but not in the controls. Regression analyses revealed that the patients with higher orexin-A levels had significantly lower risk of metabolic syndrome (adjusted odds ratio [OR]=0.04, 95% CI: 0.01-0.38 for the 2nd tertile; OR=0.04, 95% CI: 0.01-0.36 for the 3rd tertile, compared with the first tertile), after adjustment for age, sex, smoking history, types of antipsychotics (clozapine vs less obesogenic antipsychotics), duration of antipsychotic treatment, and disease severity. CONCLUSIONS Our results revealed that the orexin-A level was upregulated in patients with schizophrenia treated with antipsychotics, especially for the group taking less obesogenic antipsychotics. Furthermore, higher orexin-A levels were independently associated with better metabolic profiles. These observations suggest that an upregulation of orexin-A has a protective effect against the development of metabolic abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia receiving antipsychotic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yu Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan,Department of Psychiatry, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan,Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chun-Hsin Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan,Department of Psychiatry, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Kuo Chang
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom,Department of Health and Welfare, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Feng Kao
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Mong-Liang Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan,Department of Psychiatry, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ku Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chyi Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan,Psychiatric Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital,Correspondence: Ming-Chyi Huang, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, 309 Song-de Road, Taipei 110, Taiwan (); and Ling-Ling Hwang, PhD, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 110, Taiwan ()
| | - Ling-Ling Hwang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan,Correspondence: Ming-Chyi Huang, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, 309 Song-de Road, Taipei 110, Taiwan (); and Ling-Ling Hwang, PhD, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 110, Taiwan ()
| | - Valeria Mondelli
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
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30
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Barson JR. Orexin/hypocretin and dysregulated eating: Promotion of foraging behavior. Brain Res 2018; 1731:145915. [PMID: 30125533 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
At its discovery, orexin/hypocretin (OX) was hypothesized to promote food intake. Subsequently, with the identification of the participation of OX in numerous other phenomena, including arousal and drug seeking, this neuropeptide was proposed to be involved in highly motivated behaviors. The present review develops the hypothesis that the primary evolutionary function of OX is to promote foraging behavior, seeking for food under conditions of limited availability. Thus, it will first describe published literature on OX and homeostatic food intake, which shows that OX neurons are activated by conditions of food deprivation and in turn stimulate food intake. Next, it will present literature on excessive and binge-like food intake, which demonstrates that OX stimulates both intake and willingness to work for palatable food. Importantly, studies show that binge-like eating can be inhibited by OX antagonists at doses far lower than those required to suppress homeostatic intake (3 mg/kg vs. 30 mg/kg), suggesting that an OX-based pharmacotherapy, at the right dose, could specifically control dysregulated eating. Finally, the review will discuss the role of OX in foraging behavior, citing literature which shows that OX neurons, which are activated during the anticipation of food reward, can promote a number of phenomena involved in successful foraging, including food-anticipatory locomotor behavior, olfactory sensitivity, visual attention, spatial memory, and mastication. Thus, OX may promote homeostatic eating, as well as binge eating of palatable food, due to its ability to stimulate and coordinate the activities involved in foraging behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Barson
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA.
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31
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Kirsch M, Mertens W. On the Drive Specificity of Freudian Drives for the Generation of SEEKING Activities: The Importance of the Underestimated Imperative Motor Factor. Front Psychol 2018; 9:616. [PMID: 29774002 PMCID: PMC5943553 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Doubters of Freud's theory of drives frequently mentioned that his approach is outdated and therefore cannot be useful for solving current problems in patients with mental disorders. At present, many scientists believe that affects rather than drives are of utmost importance for the emotional life and the theoretical framework of affective neuroscience, developed by Panksepp, strongly underpinned this view. Panksepp evaluated seven so-called command systems and the SEEKING system is therein of central importance. Panksepp used Pankseppian drives as inputs for the SEEKING system but noted the missing explanation of drive-specific generation of SEEKING activities in his description. Drive specificity requires dual action of the drive: the activation of a drive-specific brain area and the release of the neurotransmitter dopamine. Noticeably, as Freud claimed drive specificity too, it was here analyzed whether a Freudian drive can evoke the generation of drive-specific SEEKING activities. Special importance was addressed to the imperative motor factor in Freud's drive theory because Panksepp's formulations focused on neural pathways without specifying underlying neurotransmitter/endocrine factors impelling motor activity. As Panksepp claimed sleep as a Pankseppian drive, we firstly had to classified sleep as a Freudian drive by using three evaluated criteria for a Freudian drive. After that it was possible to identify the imperative motor factors of hunger, thirst, sex, and sleep. Most importantly, all of these imperative motor factors can both activate a drive-specific brain area and release dopamine from dopaminergic neurons, i.e., they can achieve the so-called drive specificity. Surprisingly, an impaired Freudian drive can alter via endocrinological pathways the concentration of the imperative motor factor of a second Freudian drive, obviously in some independence to the level of the metabolic deficit, thereby offering the possibility to modulate the generation of SEEKING activities of this second Freudian drive. This novel possibility might help to refine the general understanding of the action of Freudian drives. As only imperative motor factors of Freudian drives can guarantee drive specificity for the generation of SEEKING activities, the impact of Freud's construct Eros (with its constituents hunger, thirst, sex, and sleep) should be revisited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kirsch
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Mertens
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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32
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Messina A, Monda V, Sessa F, Valenzano A, Salerno M, Bitetti I, Precenzano F, Marotta R, Lavano F, Lavano SM, Salerno M, Maltese A, Roccella M, Parisi L, Ferrentino RI, Tripi G, Gallai B, Cibelli G, Monda M, Messina G, Carotenuto M. Sympathetic, Metabolic Adaptations, and Oxidative Stress in Autism Spectrum Disorders: How Far From Physiology? Front Physiol 2018; 9:261. [PMID: 29623047 PMCID: PMC5874307 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is a complex and multifaceted neurobehavioral syndrome with no specific cause still identified, despite the worldwide increasing (prevalence for 1,000 children from 6.7 to 14.6, between 2000 and 2012). Many biological and instrumental markers have been suggested as potential predictive factors for the precocious diagnosis during infancy and/or pediatric age. Many studies reported structural and functional abnormalities in the autonomic system in subjects with ASD. Sleep problems in ASD are a prominent feature, having an impact on the social interaction of the patient. Considering the role of orexins (A and B) in wake-sleep circadian rhythm, we could speculate that ASD subjects may present a dysregulation in orexinergic neurotransmission. Conversely, oxidative stress is implicated in the pathophysiology of many neurological disorders. Nonetheless, little is known about the linkage between oxidative stress and the occurrence or the progress of autism and autonomic functioning; some markers, such as heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV), body temperature, and galvanic skin response (GSR), may be altered in the patient with this so complex disorder. In the present paper, we analyzed an autism case report, focusing on the rule of the sympathetic activity with the aim to suggest that it may be considered an important tool in ASD evaluation. The results of this case confirm our hypothesis even if further studies needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Messina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetics and Sports Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetics and Sports Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Sessa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Anna Valenzano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Monica Salerno
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Bitetti
- Clinic of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Department of Mental Health, Physical and Preventive Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Precenzano
- Clinic of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Department of Mental Health, Physical and Preventive Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Rosa Marotta
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Francesco Lavano
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Serena M Lavano
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Margherita Salerno
- Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychology and Pedagogical Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Agata Maltese
- Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychology and Pedagogical Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Michele Roccella
- Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychology and Pedagogical Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Lucia Parisi
- Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychology and Pedagogical Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Roberta I Ferrentino
- Clinic of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Department of Mental Health, Physical and Preventive Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriele Tripi
- Childhood Psychiatric Service for Neurodevelopmentals Disorders, Chinon, France
| | - Beatrice Gallai
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cibelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Marcellino Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetics and Sports Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Messina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Marco Carotenuto
- Clinic of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Department of Mental Health, Physical and Preventive Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
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Messina A, Monda M, Valenzano A, Messina G, Villano I, Moscatelli F, Cibelli G, Marsala G, Polito R, Ruberto M, Carotenuto M, Monda V, Viggiano A, Daniele A, Nigro E. Functional Changes Induced by Orexin A and Adiponectin on the Sympathetic/Parasympathetic Balance. Front Physiol 2018; 9:259. [PMID: 29623046 PMCID: PMC5874516 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and lifestyle-related diseases are major problems faced by people in developed nations. Although exercise training prevents the progression of diabetes and obesity, the motivation for exercise is generally low in obese animals and humans. The autonomic nervous system (SNA) plays a crucial role in the regulation of eating behavior. Moreover, the SNA is involved in the body temperature regulation that is strictly related to body weight control, in accordance with the “thermoregulatory hypothesis” of food intake. Some neuronal peptides and hormones, like orexins and adiponectin, are also involved in the regulation of locomotion activity as well as food intake and metabolic rate. Furthermore, adiponectin as well as orexin A are involved in the control of body temperature, food intake and therefore in obesity-related diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in body temperature (Tc), and heart rate (HR) after an intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of orexin A and adiponectin in animal model. The results of this study show that the orexin A levels are likely involved in the increase of Tc and HR. It is also clear that there is not a correlation between these parameters and adiponectin levels. Further studies are needed to assess adiponectin actions and outcome in the central nervous system in terms of energy expenditure, body temperature, heart rate and physical activity performance regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Messina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli,"Naples, Italy
| | - Marcellino Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli,"Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Valenzano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Messina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Ines Villano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli,"Naples, Italy
| | - Fiorenzo Moscatelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cibelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Gabriella Marsala
- Struttura Complessa di Farmacia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Foggia, Italy
| | - Rita Polito
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Scarl, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Ruberto
- Department of Mental Health, Physical and Preventive Medicine, Clinic of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli,"Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Carotenuto
- Clinic of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Center for Childhood Headache, Department of Mental Health, Physical and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli,"Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli,"Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Viggiano
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
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Katayama A, Kanada Y, Tsukada M, Akanuma Y, Takemura H, Ono T, Suga H, Mera H, Hisamitsu T, Sunagawa M. Yokukansan (Kampo medicinal formula) prevents the development of morphine tolerance by inhibiting the secretion of orexin A. Integr Med Res 2018; 7:141-148. [PMID: 29989049 PMCID: PMC6035380 DOI: 10.1016/j.imr.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Yokukansan (YKS), a traditional herbal (Kampo) medicine consisting of seven herbs, is effective in the treatment of pain disorders, such as headache, postherpetic neuralgia, fibromyalgia, and trigeminal neuralgia, and we have previously shown it to be effective against morphine analgesic tolerance in rats. It has been reported that orexin receptor antagonists prevent the development of morphine tolerance and that YKS inhibits the secretion of orexin A in the hypothalamus. This study examined whether the inhibition of the secretion of orexin A by YKS is one mechanism underlying its effect against morphine analgesic tolerance. Methods Male Wistar rats were administered a subcutaneous injection of morphine hydrochloride (10 mg/kg/day) for 5 days. One group was preadministered YKS, starting 3 days before the morphine. The withdrawal latency following thermal stimulation was measured daily using a hot plate test. On day 5, the levels of orexin A in the plasma and the midbrain were measured, and the appearance of activated astrocytes in the midbrain was examined by immunofluorescence staining. Results The preadministration of YKS prevented the development of morphine tolerance. The repeated administration of morphine significantly increased the plasma and midbrain levels of orexin A and the activation of astrocytes. These increases were significantly inhibited by the preadministration of YKS. Conclusion These results suggest that the preadministration of YKS attenuated the development of antinociceptive morphine tolerance and that the inhibition of orexin A secretion may be one mechanism underlying this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayami Katayama
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Kanada
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mana Tsukada
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Akanuma
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruka Takemura
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ono
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Suga
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Health and Medical Corporation Ebara Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Mera
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Health and Medical Corporation Ebara Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Hisamitsu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masataka Sunagawa
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
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Grafe LA, Eacret D, Dobkin J, Bhatnagar S. Reduced Orexin System Function Contributes to Resilience to Repeated Social Stress. eNeuro 2018; 5:ENEURO.0273-17.2018. [PMID: 29662948 PMCID: PMC5900465 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0273-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to stress increases the risk of developing affective disorders such as depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, these disorders occur in only a subset of individuals, those that are more vulnerable to the effects of stress, whereas others remain resilient. The coping style adopted to deal with the stressor, either passive or active coping, is related to vulnerability or resilience, respectively. Important neural substrates that mediate responses to a stressor are the orexins. These neuropeptides are altered in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with stress-related illnesses such as depression and PTSD. The present experiments used a rodent social defeat model that generates actively coping rats and passively coping rats, which we have previously shown exhibit resilient and vulnerable profiles, respectively, to examine if orexins play a role in these stress-induced phenotypes. In situ radiolabeling and qPCR revealed that actively coping rats expressed significantly lower prepro-orexin mRNA compared with passively coping rats. This led to the hypothesis that lower levels of orexins contribute to resilience to repeated social stress. To test this hypothesis, rats first underwent 5 d of social defeat to establish active and passive coping phenotypes. Then, orexin neurons were inhibited before each social defeat for three additional days using designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs). Inhibition of orexins increased social interaction behavior and decreased depressive-like behavior in the vulnerable population of rats. Indeed, these data suggest that lowering orexins promoted resilience to social defeat and may be an important target for treatment of stress-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A. Grafe
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Darrell Eacret
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Jane Dobkin
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Seema Bhatnagar
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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Monda V, Salerno M, Sessa F, Bernardini R, Valenzano A, Marsala G, Zammit C, Avola R, Carotenuto M, Messina G, Messina A. Functional Changes of Orexinergic Reaction to Psychoactive Substances. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:6362-6368. [PMID: 29307079 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0865-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly apparent the importance of the central nervous system (CNS) as the major contributor to the regulation of systemic metabolism. Antipsychotic drugs are used often to treat several psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder However, antipsychotic drugs prescription, particularly the second-generation ones (SGAs), such as clozapine and olanzapine, is related to a considerable weight gain which usually leads to obesity. The aim of this paper is to assess the influence of orexin A on sympathetic and hyperthermic reactions to several neuroleptic drugs. Orexin A is a neuropeptide which effects both body temperature and food intake by increasing sympathetic activity. Orexin A-mediated hyperthermia is reduced by haloperidol and is blocked by clozapine and olanzapine. Orexin A-mediated body temperature elevation is increased by risperidone. These hyperthermic effects are delayed by quietapine. In this paper, it is discussed the orexinergic pathway activation by neuroleptic drugs and its influence on human therapeutic strategies. With the aim to determine that neuroleptic drugs mediate body temperature control through to the orexinergic system, we summarized our previously published data. Psychiatric disorders increase the risk of developing metabolic disorders (e.g., weight gain, increased blood pressure, and glucose or lipid levels). Therefore, the choice of antipsychotic drug to be prescribed, based on the relevant risks and benefits of each individual drug, has an essential role in human health prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Monica Salerno
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto, 1, 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Francesco Sessa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto, 1, 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Renato Bernardini
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Anna Valenzano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto, 1, 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Gabriella Marsala
- Struttura Complessa di Farmacia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Ospedali Riuniti di Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Christian Zammit
- Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Roberto Avola
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Marco Carotenuto
- Clinic of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Department of Mental Health, Physical and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Messina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto, 1, 71122, Foggia, Italy.
| | - Antonietta Messina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
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Tarasiuk A, Segev Y. Abnormal Growth and Feeding Behavior in Upper Airway Obstruction in Rats. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:298. [PMID: 29915561 PMCID: PMC5994397 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a syndrome manifesting with snoring and increased respiratory effort due to increased upper airway resistance. In addition to cause the abnormal sleep, this syndrome has been shown to elicit either growth retardation or metabolic syndrome and obesity. Treating OSA by adenotonsillectomy is usually associated with increased risk for obesity, despite near complete restoration of breathing and sleep. However, the underlying mechanism linking upper airways obstruction (AO) to persistent change in food intake, metabolism, and growth remains unclear. Rodent models have examined the impact of intermittent hypoxia on metabolism. However, an additional defining feature of OSA that is not related to intermittent hypoxia is enhanced respiratory loading leading to increased respiratory effort and abnormal sleep. The focus of this mini review is on recent evidence indicating the persistent abnormalities in endocrine regulation of feeding and growth that are not fully restored by the chronic upper AO removal in rats. Here, we highlight important aspects related to abnormal regulation of metabolism that are not related to intermittent hypoxia per se, in an animal model that mimics many of the clinical features of pediatric OSA. Our evidence from the AO model indicates that obstruction removal may not be sufficient to prevent the post-removal tendency for abnormal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Tarasiuk
- Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- *Correspondence: Ariel Tarasiuk,
| | - Yael Segev
- Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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Wang CM, Pan YY, Liu MH, Cheng BH, Bai B, Chen J. RNA-seq expression profiling of rat MCAO model following reperfusion Orexin-A. Oncotarget 2017; 8:113066-113081. [PMID: 29348887 PMCID: PMC5762572 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Orexin-A is a neuropeptide with potent neuroprotective activity towards cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, but few studies have attempted to elucidate the mechanism. Herein, we performed global gene expression profiling of the hippocampus following reperfusion with Orexin-A using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). RNA-seq identified 649 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the Orexin-A group compared with saline controls (I/R group), of which 149 were up-regulated and 500 were down-regulated. DEGs were confirmed using qRT-PCR, their molecular functions, biological processes and molecular components were explored using Gene Ontology (GO) analysis and 206 KEGG pathways were associated with Orexin-A treatment. MAPK, chemokine and calcium signalling pathways were mainly responsible for the neuroprotective effects of Orexin-A. Hspb1, Igf2 and Ptk2b were selected for functional interaction analysis by GeneMANIA. The results suggest that Orexin-A modifies gene expression in the hippocampus, leading to neuroprotection from I/R injury. The study provides a basis for future elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying Orexin-A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Mei Wang
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, P.R. China
| | - Yan-You Pan
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Hui Liu
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, P.R. China
| | - Bao-Hua Cheng
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, P.R. China
| | - Bo Bai
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, P.R. China
| | - Jing Chen
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, P.R. China.,Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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Monda V, Salerno M, Fiorenzo M, Villano I, Viggiano A, Sessa F, Triggiani AI, Cibelli G, Valenzano A, Marsala G, Zammit C, Ruberto M, Messina G, Monda M, De Luca V, Messina A. Role of Sex Hormones in the Control of Vegetative and Metabolic Functions of Middle-Aged Women. Front Physiol 2017; 8:773. [PMID: 29046646 PMCID: PMC5632804 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: In women's life, menopause is characterized by significant physiological changes often associated with an increase in body mass and obesity-associated sicknesses. Numerous researches described interdependencies of estrogen deficiency, aging, and resting energy expenditure (REE) downfall in the obesity correlated with the menopause. The aim of this study was to determining whether healthy, obese menopausal women underwent HRT treatment, showed changes in their REE, autonomic asset, and assessment of oxidative stress in comparison with obese pre- and post-menopausal women. Methodology: In this study, we measured the body composition, the REE, the oxidative stress, the diet assimilation, and the autonomic nervous system activity in three groups: pre-menopause women (n = 50), post-menopause women following hormone-replacement therapy (HRT; n = 50), and post-menopause women not following HRT (n = 50). Results: In the group with HRT a significant increase of the sympathetic activity and REE was described. Finally this group showed a notable increment of oxidative stress compared with the others, and utilizing BIA instrument, the free fat mass was increased respect to the fat mass of obese women. Conclusion: The study highlights the importance of the HRT-related physiological changes that influence body weight in menopause women. This results are important because have a practical implications for prevention and/or treatment of the obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Monica Salerno
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Moscatelli Fiorenzo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Ines Villano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Viggiano
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Francesco Sessa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Antonio I Triggiani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cibelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Anna Valenzano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Gabriella Marsala
- Struttura Complessa di Farmacia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Foggia, Italy
| | - Christian Zammit
- Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Maria Ruberto
- Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Messina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Marcellino Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo De Luca
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Antonietta Messina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
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Song G, Liu H. Effect of Hospital to Home nutrition management model on postoperative clinical outcomes of patients with laryngeal carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:4059-4064. [PMID: 28943912 PMCID: PMC5604143 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effectiveness of a Hospital to Home (H2H) nutrition management model on the postoperative clinical outcomes of patients with laryngeal carcinoma. Eighty-six patients with laryngeal carcinoma were randomly divided into an observation (H2H nutrition management) or control group (routine nutrition management). The ratios of urine lactulose to mannitol (L/M) in serum orexin-A levels of patients in both groups on the 1st postoperative day were significantly higher than before surgery; these levels decreased from the 7th and 14th postoperative day, but remained higher than before surgery (p<0.05). There was no statistical difference in the L/M and orexin-A levels between the two groups before surgery and on the 1st postoperative day; those indexes were statistically decreased in the observation as compared to the control group on the 7th and 14th postoperative days. The nutritional status grades were evaluated using a Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA) quantitative scoring at 3 months after surgery and showed that malnutrition rates were significantly lower in the observation as compared to the control group. Serum levels of hemoglobin (Hb), albumin (Alb), prealbumin (PAB) and transferrin (TRF), 3 months after surgery showed significantly lower Hb and Alb and significantly higher PAB and TRF levels in the observation compared to the control group. After one year follow-up, there were no significant differences in hospitalization time and cost between the two groups, but the postoperative complication, readmission and mortality rates in the observation group were significantly lower than that the control group. Each dimension score of quality of life in the observation group was significantly higher than the control group. In conclusion, the H2H nutrition management model can effectively improve the postoperative nutritional level of patients with laryngeal carcinoma, resulting in a lower rate of complication, readmission and mortality resulting in an improved patient's quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guihua Song
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261041, P.R. China
| | - Haizhen Liu
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261041, P.R. China
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Freitas HR, Isaac AR, Malcher-Lopes R, Diaz BL, Trevenzoli IH, De Melo Reis RA. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and endocannabinoids in health and disease. Nutr Neurosci 2017; 21:695-714. [PMID: 28686542 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2017.1347373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are lipid derivatives of omega-3 (docosahexaenoic acid, DHA, and eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA) or of omega-6 (arachidonic acid, ARA) synthesized from membrane phospholipids and used as a precursor for endocannabinoids (ECs). They mediate significant effects in the fine-tune adjustment of body homeostasis. Phyto- and synthetic cannabinoids also rule the daily life of billions worldwide, as they are involved in obesity, depression and drug addiction. Consequently, there is growing interest to reveal novel active compounds in this field. Cloning of cannabinoid receptors in the 90s and the identification of the endogenous mediators arachidonylethanolamide (anandamide, AEA) and 2-arachidonyglycerol (2-AG), led to the characterization of the endocannabinoid system (ECS), together with their metabolizing enzymes and membrane transporters. Today, the ECS is known to be involved in diverse functions such as appetite control, food intake, energy balance, neuroprotection, neurodegenerative diseases, stroke, mood disorders, emesis, modulation of pain, inflammatory responses, as well as in cancer therapy. Western diet as well as restriction of micronutrients and fatty acids, such as DHA, could be related to altered production of pro-inflammatory mediators (e.g. eicosanoids) and ECs, contributing to the progression of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, obesity, depression or impairing conditions, such as Alzheimer' s disease. Here we review how diets based in PUFAs might be linked to ECS and to the maintenance of central and peripheral metabolism, brain plasticity, memory and learning, blood flow, and genesis of neural cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hércules Rezende Freitas
- a Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho , Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária , Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro , RJ 21941-902 , Brazil
| | - Alinny Rosendo Isaac
- a Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho , Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária , Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro , RJ 21941-902 , Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Lourenço Diaz
- c Laboratory of Inflammation, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho , Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária , Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro , RJ 21941-902 , Brazil
| | - Isis Hara Trevenzoli
- d Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho , Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária , Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro , RJ 21941-902 , Brazil
| | - Ricardo Augusto De Melo Reis
- a Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho , Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária , Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro , RJ 21941-902 , Brazil
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Chieffi S, Carotenuto M, Monda V, Valenzano A, Villano I, Precenzano F, Tafuri D, Salerno M, Filippi N, Nuccio F, Ruberto M, De Luca V, Cipolloni L, Cibelli G, Mollica MP, Iacono D, Nigro E, Monda M, Messina G, Messina A. Orexin System: The Key for a Healthy Life. Front Physiol 2017; 8:357. [PMID: 28620314 PMCID: PMC5450021 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The orexin-A/hypocretin-1 and orexin-B/hypocretin-2 are neuropeptides synthesized by a cluster of neurons in the lateral hypothalamus and perifornical area. Orexin neurons receive a variety of signals related to environmental, physiological and emotional stimuli, and project broadly to the entire CNS. Orexin neurons are “multi-tasking” neurons regulating a set of vital body functions, including sleep/wake states, feeding behavior, energy homeostasis, reward systems, cognition and mood. Furthermore, a dysfunction of orexinergic system may underlie different pathological conditions. A selective loss orexin neurons was found in narcolepsia, supporting the crucial role of orexins in maintaining wakefulness. In animal models, orexin deficiency lead to obesity even if the consume of calories is lower than wildtype counterpart. Reduced physical activity appears the main cause of weight gain in these models resulting in energy imbalance. Orexin signaling promotes obesity resistance via enhanced spontaneous physical activity and energy expenditure regulation and the deficiency/dysfunction in orexins system lead to obesity in animal models despite of lower calories intake than wildtype associated with reduced physical activity. Interestingly, orexinergic neurons show connections to regions involved in cognition and mood regulation, including hippocampus. Orexins enhance hippocampal neurogenesis and improve spatial learning and memory abilities, and mood. Conversely, orexin deficiency results in learning and memory deficits, and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Chieffi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetic and Sport Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Carotenuto
- Department of Mental Health, Physical and Preventive Medicine, Clinic of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetic and Sport Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Valenzano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of FoggiaFoggia, Italy
| | - Ines Villano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetic and Sport Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Precenzano
- Department of Mental Health, Physical and Preventive Medicine, Clinic of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"Naples, Italy
| | - Domenico Tafuri
- Department of Motor Sciences and Wellness, University of Naples "Parthenope"Naples, Italy
| | - Monica Salerno
- Department of Mental Health, Physical and Preventive Medicine, Clinic of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola Filippi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetic and Sport Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Nuccio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetic and Sport Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Ruberto
- Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo De Luca
- Department of Psychiatry, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada
| | - Luigi Cipolloni
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Università degli Studi di Roma La SapienzaRome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cibelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of FoggiaFoggia, Italy
| | - Maria P Mollica
- Department of Biology Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico IINaples, Italy
| | - Diego Iacono
- Neurodevelopmental Research Lab, Biomedical Research Institute of New JerseyMorristown, NJ, United States.,Neuroscience Research, MidAtlantic Neonatology Associates, Atlantic Health SystemMorristown, NJ, United States.,Neuropathology Research, MANA/Biomedical Research Institute of New JerseyMorristown, NJ, United States
| | | | - Marcellino Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetic and Sport Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Messina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetic and Sport Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"Naples, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of FoggiaFoggia, Italy
| | - Antonietta Messina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetic and Sport Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"Naples, Italy
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Messina G, Valenzano A, Moscatelli F, Salerno M, Lonigro A, Esposito T, Monda V, Corso G, Messina A, Viggiano A, Triggiani AI, Chieffi S, Guglielmi G, Monda M, Cibelli G. Role of Autonomic Nervous System and Orexinergic System on Adipose Tissue. Front Physiol 2017; 8:137. [PMID: 28344558 PMCID: PMC5344930 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue, defined as white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT), is a biological caloric reservoir; in response to over-nutrition it expands and, in response to energy deficit, it releases lipids. The WAT primarily stores energy as triglycerides, whereas BAT dissipates chemical energy as heat. In mammals, the BAT is a key site for heat production and an attractive target to promote weight loss. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) exerts a direct control at the cellular and molecular levels in adiposity. The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) provides a complex homeostatic control to specifically coordinate function and crosstalk of both fat pads, as indicated by the increase of the sympathetic outflow to BAT, in response to cold and high-fat diet, but also by the increase or decrease of the sympathetic outflow to selected WAT depots, in response to different lipolytic requirements of these two conditions. More recently, a role has been attributed to the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) in modulating both adipose tissue insulin-mediated glucose uptake and fatty free acid (FFA) metabolism in an anabolic way and its endocrine function. The regulation of adipose tissue is unlikely to be limited to the autonomic control, since a number of signaling cytokines and neuropeptides play an important role, as well. In this review, we report some experimental evidences about the role played by both the ANS and orexins into different fat pads, related to food intake and energy expenditure, with a special emphasis on body weight status and fat mass (FM) content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Messina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of FoggiaFoggia, Italy; Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of NaplesNaples, Italy
| | - Anna Valenzano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia Foggia, Italy
| | - Fiorenzo Moscatelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia Foggia, Italy
| | - Monica Salerno
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia Foggia, Italy
| | - Antonio Lonigro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia Foggia, Italy
| | - Teresa Esposito
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples Naples, Italy
| | - Gaetano Corso
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia Foggia, Italy
| | - Antonietta Messina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Viggiano
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno Salerno, Italy
| | - Antonio I Triggiani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia Foggia, Italy
| | - Sergio Chieffi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia Foggia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Guglielmi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia Foggia, Italy
| | - Marcellino Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cibelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia Foggia, Italy
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Exercise Modifies the Gut Microbiota with Positive Health Effects. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:3831972. [PMID: 28357027 PMCID: PMC5357536 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3831972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is inhabited by a wide cluster of microorganisms that play protective, structural, and metabolic functions for the intestinal mucosa. Gut microbiota is involved in the barrier functions and in the maintenance of its homeostasis. It provides nutrients, participates in the signaling network, regulates the epithelial development, and affects the immune system. Considering the microbiota ability to respond to homeostatic and physiological changes, some researchers proposed that it can be seen as an endocrine organ. Evidence suggests that different factors can determine changes in the gut microbiota. These changes can be both quantitative and qualitative resulting in variations of the composition and metabolic activity of the gut microbiota which, in turn, can affect health and different disease processes. Recent studies suggest that exercise can enhance the number of beneficial microbial species, enrich the microflora diversity, and improve the development of commensal bacteria. All these effects are beneficial for the host, improving its health status. In this paper, we intend to shed some light over the recent knowledge of the role played by exercise as an environmental factor in determining changes in microbial composition and how these effects could provide benefits to health and disease prevention.
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Villano I, Messina A, Valenzano A, Moscatelli F, Esposito T, Monda V, Esposito M, Precenzano F, Carotenuto M, Viggiano A, Chieffi S, Cibelli G, Monda M, Messina G. Basal Forebrain Cholinergic System and Orexin Neurons: Effects on Attention. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:10. [PMID: 28197081 PMCID: PMC5281635 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The basal forebrain (BF) cholinergic system has an important role in attentive functions. The cholinergic system can be activated by different inputs, and in particular, by orexin neurons, whose cell bodies are located within the postero-lateral hypothalamus. Recently the orexin-producing neurons have been proved to promote arousal and attention through their projections to the BF. The aim of this review article is to summarize the evidence showing that the orexin system contributes to attentional processing by an increase in cortical acetylcholine release and in cortical neurons activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Villano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples Naples, Italy
| | - Antonietta Messina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Valenzano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia Foggia, Italy
| | - Fiorenzo Moscatelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of FoggiaFoggia, Italy; Department of Motor, Human and Health Science, University of Rome, "Foro Italico"Rome, Italy
| | - Teresa Esposito
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Esposito
- Department of Mental Health, Physical and Preventive Medicine, Second University of Naples Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Precenzano
- Department of Mental Health, Physical and Preventive Medicine, Second University of Naples Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Carotenuto
- Department of Mental Health, Physical and Preventive Medicine, Second University of NaplesNaples, Italy; Neapolitan Brain Group (NBG), Clinic of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Department of Mental, Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, Second University of NaplesNaples, Italy
| | - Andrea Viggiano
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno Salerno, Italy
| | - Sergio Chieffi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia Foggia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cibelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia Foggia, Italy
| | - Marcellino Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Messina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of NaplesNaples, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of FoggiaFoggia, Italy
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Gong Y, Liu Y, Liu F, Wang S, Jin H, Guo F, Xu L. Ghrelin fibers from lateral hypothalamus project to nucleus tractus solitaries and are involved in gastric motility regulation in cisplatin-treated rats. Brain Res 2017; 1659:29-40. [PMID: 28093190 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin can alleviate cancer chemotherapy-induced dyspepsia in rodents, though the neural mechanisms involved are not known. Therefore, ghrelin projections from the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and its involvement in the regulation of gastric motility in cisplatin-treated rats were investigated with a multi-disciplined approach. Retrograde tracing combined with fluoro-immunohistochemical staining were used to investigate ghrelin fiber projections arising from LH and projecting to nucleus tractus solitaries (NTS). Results revealed that ghrelin fibers originating in LH project to NTS. Expression of ghrelin and its receptor growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a) in LH and NTS were detected by Western Blot. 2days after cisplatin dosing, expression of ghrelin in LH decreased while GHS-R1a in both LH and NTS increased. In electrophysiological experiments, the effects of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) microinjection in LH on neuronal discharge of gastric distension-responsive neurons in NTS and gastric motility were assessed. NMDA in LH excited most of ghrelin-responsive gastric distension (GD)-sensitive neurons in NTS and promoted gastric motility. This effect was partially blocked by ghrelin antibody in NTS. Furthermore, the excitatory effects of NMDA in cisplatin-treated rats were weaker than those in saline-treated rats. Behaviorally, cisplatin induced a significant increase of kaolin consumption and decrease of food intake. These studies reveal a decreased expression of ghrelin in LH and up-regulation of GHS-R1a in LH and NTS, which are involved in the regulation of GD neuronal discharge in NTS and gastric motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Gong
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Shasha Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Hong Jin
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Feifei Guo
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Luo Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
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Katahira H, Sunagawa M, Watanabe D, Kanada Y, Katayama A, Yamauchi R, Takashima M, Ishikawa S, Hisamitsu T. Antistress effects of Kampo medicine "Yokukansan" via regulation of orexin secretion. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2017; 13:863-872. [PMID: 28360524 PMCID: PMC5365329 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s129418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Various stressors induce stress responses through the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and the sympathetic-adrenal-medullary axes, which are regulated, in part, by orexin. For example, secretion of orexin in the hypothalamus is increased in rats exposed to the stress of social isolation for 1 week. In this study, the antistress effects of Kampo medicine Yokukansan (YKS) via the regulation of orexin secretion were investigated using a rat model. METHODS AND RESULTS The administration of 300 mg/kg per day of YKS to rats for 1 week significantly decreased the plasma orexin levels compared with non-treated rats, whereas the administration of 1,000 mg/kg of YKS had no effect on orexin levels. Therefore, 300 mg/kg of YKS was an effective dose for controlling orexin secretion. Subsequently, rats were divided into group-housed control (Con), individually housed stress (Stress), and individually housed YKS (300 mg/kg)-treated stress (Stress + YKS) groups. After 1 week, a resident-intruder aggression test was performed, and the plasma levels of orexin and corticosterone were measured. In the Stress group, aggressive behavior and the levels of corticosterone and orexin significantly increased compared with the Con group; however, these effects were inhibited in the Stress + YKS group. Further, an orexin receptor antagonist (TCS 1102; 10 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally administered to rats exposed to isolation stress to determine whether orexin was involved in stress responses. Under these conditions, aggressive behavior and the level of corticosterone significantly decreased compared with the Stress group. CONCLUSION These results suggest that orexin is involved in the control of stress response and that YKS exerts an antistress effect via the regulation of orexin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daishi Watanabe
- Department of Physiology; Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Showa University
| | - Yasuaki Kanada
- Department of Physiology; Department of Surgery, Showa University Koto Toyosu Hospital, Tokyo
| | | | | | - Masashi Takashima
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
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Panico A, Messina G, Lupoli GA, Lupoli R, Cacciapuoti M, Moscatelli F, Esposito T, Villano I, Valenzano A, Monda V, Messina A, Precenzano F, Cibelli G, Monda M, Lupoli G. Quality of life in overweight (obese) and normal-weight women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Patient Prefer Adherence 2017; 11:423-429. [PMID: 28280314 PMCID: PMC5338969 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s119180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is characterized by phenotypic heterogeneity and has a wide variety of consequences. Approximately half of women with PCOS are overweight or obese, and their obesity may be a contributing factor to PCOS pathogenesis through different mechanisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate if PCOS alone affects the patients' quality of life and to what extent obesity contributes to worsen this disease. DESIGN To evaluate the impact of PCOS on health-related quality-of-life (HRQoL), 100 Mediterranean women with PCOS (group A), 50 with a body mass index (BMI) >25 kg/m2 (group A1) and 50 with BMI <25 kg/m2 (group A2), were recruited. They were evaluated with a specific combination of standardized psychometric questionnaires: the Symptom Checklist-90 Revised, the 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey, and the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Questionnaire. The patients were compared with a normal-weight healthy control group of 40 subjects (group B). Another control group of 40 obese healthy women (group C) was used to make a comparison with PCOS obese patients (A1). RESULTS Our results showed a considerable worsening of HRQoL in PCOS patients (A) compared with controls (B). In addition, patients with PCOS and BMI >25 (A1) showed a significant and more marked reduction in scores, suggesting a lower quality of life, compared with controls (B) and with normal-weight PCOS patients (A2). CONCLUSION PCOS is a complex disease that alone determines a deterioration of HRQoL. The innovative use of these psychometric questionnaires in this study, in particular the PCOS questionnaire, has highlighted that obesity has a negative effect on HRQoL. It follows that a weight decrease is associated to phenotypic spectrum improvement and relative decrement in psychological distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Panico
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Messina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: Giovanni Messina, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via L Pinto, 71122 Foggia, Italy, Tel +39 81 566 5804, Fax +39 81 566 5844, Email
| | - Gelsy Arianna Lupoli
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Lupoli
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Marianna Cacciapuoti
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Fiorenzo Moscatelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Teresa Esposito
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Ines Villano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Valenzano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonietta Messina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Precenzano
- Department of Mental and Physical Health, and Preventive Medicine, Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cibelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Marcellino Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Lupoli
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Orexin-A promotes Glu uptake by OX1R/PKCα/ERK1/2/GLT-1 pathway in astrocytes and protects co-cultured astrocytes and neurons against apoptosis in anoxia/hypoglycemic injury in vitro. Mol Cell Biochem 2016; 425:103-112. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-016-2866-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Esposito T, Lobaccaro JM, Esposito MG, Monda V, Messina A, Paolisso G, Varriale B, Monda M, Messina G. Effects of low-carbohydrate diet therapy in overweight subjects with autoimmune thyroiditis: possible synergism with ChREBP. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2016; 10:2939-2946. [PMID: 27695291 PMCID: PMC5028075 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s106440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The thyroid is one of the metabolism regulating glands. Its function is to determine the amount of calories that the body has to burn to maintain normal weight. Thyroiditides are inflammatory processes that mainly result in autoimmune diseases. We have conducted the present study in order to have a clear picture of both autoimmune status and the control of body weight. We have evaluated the amount of either thyroid hormones, or antithyroid, or anti-microsomal, or anti-peroxidase antibodies (Abs) in patients with high amounts of Abs. In a diet devoid of carbohydrates (bread, pasta, fruit, and rice), free from goitrogenic food, and based on body mass index, the distribution of body mass and intracellular and extracellular water conducted for 3 weeks gives the following results: patients treated as above showed a significant reduction of antithyroid (−40%, P<0.013), anti-microsomal (−57%, P<0.003), and anti-peroxidase (−44%, P<0,029) Abs. Untreated patients had a significant increase in antithyroid (+9%, P<0.017) and anti-microsomal (+30%, P<0.028) Abs. Even the level of anti-peroxidase Abs increased without reaching statistical significance (+16%, P>0064). With regard to the body parameters measured in patients who followed this diet, reduction in body weight (−5%, P<0.000) and body mass index (−4%, P<0.000) were observed. Since 83% of patients with high levels of autoantibodies are breath test positive to lactase with a lactase deficit higher than 50%, this fact led us to hypothesize a correlation with carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein and therefore a possible role of carbohydrate metabolism in the development and maintenance of autoimmune thyroiditis associated with body weight increase and slower basic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Esposito
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetics and Sports Medicine; Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Jean Marc Lobaccaro
- UMR, Clermont Université, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, Aubière Cedex, France
| | | | - Vincenzo Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetics and Sports Medicine
| | - Antonietta Messina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetics and Sports Medicine
| | - Giuseppe Paolisso
- Department of Scienze Mediche, Chirurgiche, Neurologiche, Metaboliche e dell'Invecchiamento, Second University of Naples, Naples
| | - Bruno Varriale
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Marcellino Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetics and Sports Medicine
| | - Giovanni Messina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetics and Sports Medicine; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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