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Akbari M, Hossein Bahadori M, Khanbabaei S, Boruki Milan B, Jamshidi S, Potenza MN. Potential risk and protective factors related to problematic social media use among adolescents in Iran: A latent profile analysis. Addict Behav 2023; 146:107802. [PMID: 37442018 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess Problematic Social Media Use (PSMU) among Iranian adolescents and explore potential risk and protective factors. In the present cross-sectional study, 3375 Iranian adolescents were recruited online and completed questionnaires. Latent profile analysis (LPA) was performed to identify groups with various levels of PSMU. Indicator variables included standardized factor scores for PSMU, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, sensation-seeking, internet addiction, loneliness, social anxiety, internalizing symptoms, social support and self-esteem. Five groups were identified relating to severities of PSMU and other factors: low-risk: n = 823 (24.4 %); low-to-moderate-risk: n = 835 (24.7 %); moderate-risk: n = 630 (18.7 %); moderate-to-high-risk: n = 584 (17.3 %); high-risk: n = 503 (14.9 %). Multiple factors, including sensation-seeking, internalizing symptoms, social anxiety, loneliness, internet addiction, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, low self-esteem and low perceived social support, statistically predicted PSMU. The current findings may help identify Iranian adolescents who are particularly vulnerable to PSMU and assist in intervention development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Akbari
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Hossein Bahadori
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Salar Khanbabaei
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahman Boruki Milan
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shiva Jamshidi
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marc N Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry and Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, United States; Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT, United States; Department of Neuroscience and Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
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2
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Vieira C, Kuss DJ, Griffiths MD. Early maladaptive schemas and behavioural addictions: A systematic literature review. Clin Psychol Rev 2023; 105:102340. [PMID: 37776578 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2023.102340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
As observed in other mental health difficulties, behavioural addiction is a complex construct with several potential predisposing factors, which include biological factors (e.g., genetic predispositions), psychological factors (e.g., personality traits), and social factors (e.g., family, and social history). One factor that may play a significant role in both developing and perpetuating behavioural addiction is the activation of early maladaptive schemas (EMSs). The aim of the present review was to synthesize the evidence concerning the relationship between behavioural addiction and EMSs. A comprehensive literature search using keywords and subject headings was performed with three electronic databases, resulting in 20 studies that met the inclusion criteria. In relation to specific behavioural addiction, the 20 studies examined: binge-eating/food addiction (n = 6), sexual addiction/compulsive sexual behaviours (n = 3), multiple addictive behaviours (n = 2), internet addiction (n = 2), smartphone addiction (n = 2), social networking/Facebook addiction (n = 2), exercise dependence (n = 1), gambling (n = 1), and videogame addiction (n = 1). The patterns of association between EMS and behavioural addiction were examined in both clinical and non-clinical population. The 'Disconnection and Rejection' domain was the most strongly related schema domain across all addictive behaviours, followed by 'Impaired Limits'. The present review suggests a positive relationship between schema activation and several addictive behaviours, including addictions to gambling, gaming, social media use sex, exercise, and food. The clinical implications of the findings are discussed, but further research is needed to inform treatment plans and interventions for those who struggle with behavioural addictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Vieira
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, 50 Shakespeare Street, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK.
| | - Daria J Kuss
- Psychology, Cyberpsychology Research Group, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, 50 Shakespeare Street, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK.
| | - Mark D Griffiths
- Behavioural Addiction, International Gaming Research Unit Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, 50 Shakespeare Street, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK.
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Starcevic V, Eslick GD, Viswasam K, Billieux J, Gainsbury SM, King DL, Berle D. Problematic online behaviors and psychopathology in Australia. Psychiatry Res 2023; 327:115405. [PMID: 37557057 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to ascertain frequency rates and predictors of six problematic online behaviors (POBs) in an Australian sample. Participants (N = 1626) completed instruments measuring problematic online gaming, cyberchondria, problematic cybersex, problematic online shopping, problematic use of social networking sites, problematic online gambling, anxiety, depression and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Each POB was presumed to be present based on the cut-off score on the corresponding instrument and at least one indicator of interference with functioning. Generalized linear model analyses were used to determine socio-demographic and psychopathological predictors of each POB. The most common POB was problematic online shopping (12.2%), followed by problematic online gambling (11.4%), problematic use of social networking sites (6.0%), problematic cybersex (5.3%), problematic online gaming (5.2%) and cyberchondria (4.6%). Age group 27-36 had the highest rates of POBs. The intensity of ADHD symptoms predicted all POBs, whereas younger age predicted all POBs except for problematic cybersex and online gambling. Female gender predicted lower scores on the measures of problematic online gaming and cybersex. These findings have implications for age- and gender-adapted education, prevention and treatment efforts and suggest that specific POBs should be investigated separately instead of lumping them together under the umbrella terms such as "Internet addiction".
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladan Starcevic
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, Nepean Clinical School, Specialty of Psychiatry, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Nepean Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, PO Box 63, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
| | - Guy D Eslick
- NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Digestive Health, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Kirupamani Viswasam
- Nepean Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, PO Box 63, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Joël Billieux
- Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland; Centre for Excessive Gambling, Addiction Medicine, Lausanne University Hospitals (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sally M Gainsbury
- Faculty of Science, School of Psychology, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Daniel L King
- College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - David Berle
- School of Medicine and Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Péter L, Paksi B, Magi A, Eisinger A, Kótyuk E, Czakó A, Griffiths MD, Demetrovics Z, Andó B. Severity of behavioral addiction symptoms among young adults using non-prescribed sedatives/hypnotics. Addict Behav Rep 2023; 17:100485. [PMID: 36941849 PMCID: PMC10024082 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2023.100485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Young adulthood is considered a critical period in terms of non-medical use of sedatives/hypnotics (NMUSH) as well as different types of behavioral addictions (BAs). However, the relationship between these behaviors has received scarce attention among young adult samples. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the association between NMUSH and symptoms of distinct BAs among young adults. Materials and methods Analyses were conducted based on the data of two large sample studies (including a representative sample) carried out with young adult samples. The following BAs were assessed: problematic internet use, problematic video gaming, problematic social media use, problem gambling, exercise addiction, eating disorders, compulsive buying behavior, problematic mobile phone use, work addiction, and hair pulling. Symptoms of distinct BAs were analyzed in three groups formed based on the NMUSH: non-users, lifetime users, and current users. Results The symptoms of problematic internet use, problematic social media use, problem gambling, exercise addiction, eating disorders, compulsive buying behavior and work addiction were significantly more severe among lifetime and/or current non-medical sedative and hypnotic users, compared to the non-user participants. The symptoms of problematic mobile phone use were the most severe in the non-user group. Conclusions The results suggest co-occurrence between NMUSH and distinct BAs among young adults. These findings draw attention to the need for preventive interventions for this high-risk population.
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Key Words
- BA, behavioral addiction
- BLS, Budapest Longitudinal Study
- BWAS, Bergen Work Addiction Scale
- Behavioral addictions
- CUs, current users
- DSM‐IV‐MR‐J, Diagnostic Statistical Manual‐IV‐Adapted for Juveniles
- EAI, Exercise Addiction Inventory
- Hypnotics
- IGD, internet gaming disorder
- IGDT-10, Ten-Item Internet Gaming Disorder Test
- LUs, lifetime users
- MGH-HPS, Massachusetts General Hospital Hairpulling Scale
- NMUSH, non-medical use of sedatives/hypnotics
- NUs, non-users
- Non-medical prescription drug use
- PGA, Psychological and Genetic Factors of Addictive Behaviors Study
- PGSI, Problem Gambling Severity Index
- PIUQ, Problematic Internet Use Questionnaire
- PMPUQ-SV, Problematic Mobile Phone Use Questionnaire
- POGQ, Problematic Online Gaming Questionnaire
- RCBS, Richmond Compulsive Buying Scale
- Sedatives
- Young adults
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Péter
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Szeged, 8-10 Korányi fasor, Szeged H-6720, Hungary
| | - Borbála Paksi
- Institute of Education, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 23-27 Kazinczy Street, Budapest H-1075, Hungary
| | - Anna Magi
- Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 46 Izabella Street, Budapest H-1064, Hungary
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 46 Izabella Street, Budapest H-1064, Hungary
| | - Andrea Eisinger
- Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 46 Izabella Street, Budapest H-1064, Hungary
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 46 Izabella Street, Budapest H-1064, Hungary
| | - Eszter Kótyuk
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 46 Izabella Street, Budapest H-1064, Hungary
| | - Andrea Czakó
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 46 Izabella Street, Budapest H-1064, Hungary
- Centre of Excellence in Responsible Gaming, University of Gibraltar, Europa Point Campus, Gibraltar GX11 1AA, Gibraltar
| | - Mark D Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, 50 Shakespeare Street, NG1 4FQ Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Zsolt Demetrovics
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 46 Izabella Street, Budapest H-1064, Hungary
- Centre of Excellence in Responsible Gaming, University of Gibraltar, Europa Point Campus, Gibraltar GX11 1AA, Gibraltar
| | - Bálint Andó
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Szeged, 8-10 Korányi fasor, Szeged H-6720, Hungary
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Tschopp A, Meyer M, Sattler I, Walter M, Colledge F. Exercise Addiction and Major Depressive Disorder - Clinical Diagnoses and Longitudinal Course. ADDICTION & HEALTH 2023; 15:144-148. [PMID: 37560399 PMCID: PMC10408762 DOI: 10.34172/ahj.2023.1404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People at risk of exercise addiction report increased symptoms of psychopathology. The aim of this study was to clinically assess the lifetime prevalence of depressive disorders in individuals at risk of exercise addiction and to determine whether depressive symptoms tend to precede or follow excessive exercising. METHODS Based on the Exercise Dependence Scale-21, a total of 31 individuals categorized at risk of exercise addiction underwent the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 to assess major depressive disorder (MDD). FINDINGS The results showed 16 of the 31 participants suffered from MDD. The onset of MMD occurred in 10 participants after excessive exercising and in 5 before excessive exercising. In one participant, the symptom onset was unclear. CONCLUSION MDD is far more prevalent in patients with exercise addiction compared to the general population and develops more often after the beginning of exercise addiction. Caution in the use of exercise to treat depression may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos Tschopp
- Medizinische Fakultät, Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 61, 4052 Basel
| | - Maximillian Meyer
- Universitären Psychiatrischen Kliniken, Universität Basel, Wilhelm Klein Strasse 27, 4002 Basel
| | - Isabel Sattler
- Institut für Psychologie, Universität Bern, Fabrikstrasse 8, 3012 Bern
| | - Marc Walter
- Universitären Psychiatrischen Kliniken, Universität Basel, Wilhelm Klein Strasse 27, 4002 Basel
| | - Flora Colledge
- Departement Gesundheitswissenschaften und Medizin, Universität Luzern, Forhburgstrasse 3, 6002 Luzern
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Nagata JM, Chu J, Zamora G, Ganson KT, Testa A, Jackson DB, Costello CR, Murray SB, Baker FC. Screen Time and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Among Children 9-10 Years Old: A Prospective Cohort Study. J Adolesc Health 2023; 72:390-396. [PMID: 36517380 PMCID: PMC9975071 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study is to determine the prospective associations between baseline screen time and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) at 2-year follow-up in a national (United States) cohort of 9- to 10-year-old children. METHODS We analyzed prospective cohort data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study (n = 9,208). Logistic regression analyses were used to determine the associations between baseline self-reported screen time (exposure) and OCD, based on the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (outcome), at 2-year-follow-up, adjusting for race/ethnicity, sex, household income, parent education, family history of psychopathology, and study site, excluding participants with baseline OCD. RESULTS The sample was 48.9% female and racially and ethnically diverse (43.5% non-White). Each additional hour of total screen time was prospectively associated with 1.05 higher odds of OCD at 2-year follow-up (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01-1.09). For specific screen time modalities, each additional hour of playing video games (adjusted odds ratio 1.15, 95% CI 1.03-1.28) and watching videos (adjusted odds ratio 1.11, 95% CI 1.01-1.23) was associated with a subsequent OCD diagnosis. CONCLUSION Video games and watching videos are prospectively associated with new-onset OCD in early adolescents. Future research should examine mechanisms linking these specific screen modalities to OCD development to inform future prevention and intervention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
| | - Jonathan Chu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Gabriel Zamora
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Kyle T Ganson
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexander Testa
- Department of Management, Policy and Community Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Dylan B Jackson
- Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Caitlin R Costello
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Stuart B Murray
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Fiona C Baker
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, California; School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Somma A, Krueger RF, Markon KE, Gialdi G, Di Leva N, Falcone E, Villa M, Frau C, Fossati A. Are problem buying and problem gambling addictive, impulsive, or compulsive in nature? A network analysis and latent dimension analysis study in Italian community-dwelling adults. Psychiatry Res 2023; 321:115100. [PMID: 36774751 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Prominent scholars suggested that the impulsive-obsessive compulsive continuum may represent a framework to understand both substance and behavioral addictions. However, the characterization of pathological buying (PB) and problem gambling (PG) within the compulsive-impulsive spectrum has not been extensively investigated. To explore the relationships among PB, PG, alcohol and substance abuse, DSM-5 obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, and impulsive dimensions, a sample of 1,005 Italian community-dwelling adult participants (55.5% female), was administered self-reported measures of PB, PG, and other theoretically-relevant constructs. We expected to observe a multidimensional structure in our data; moreover, DSM-5 obsessive compulsive and related disorders were hypothesized to be accounted for by a common dimension. Three dimensions were identified and replicated across two different, non-redundant methods (i.e., exploratory graph analysis and exploratory factor analysis), namely, substance use and gambling, obsessive and compulsive phenomena, and impulsivity dimensions. Specifically, PG seemed to represent a behavioral variant of addiction vulnerability, PB seemed more akin to obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders, and disinhibition dimension represented the common core of negative urgency, lack of premeditation, lack of perseverance, sensation seeking (SS), and positive urgency. Our findings may be helpful in improving our knowledge on the similarities and differences between PB and PG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Somma
- School of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Giulia Gialdi
- School of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicole Di Leva
- School of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Elena Falcone
- School of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Marisole Villa
- School of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Frau
- Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerlande: ISIPSÉ Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Fossati
- School of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
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Macía L, Momeñe López J, Macía P, Herrero M, Jauregui P, Iruarrizaga I, Estévez A. Latent classes of eating disorders and addictions by sex: Implication of alexithymia and stressful life events in youths. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1088595. [PMID: 36844334 PMCID: PMC9950640 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1088595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Eating disorders (EDs) and behavioural addictions show common psychological vulnerability factors such as alexithymia and stressful life events (SLE). This study aims, firstly, to explore the prevalence and latent profiles of participants based on their risk of suffering EDs, gambling disorder (GD), alcohol and/or drug abuse, and compulsive buying (CB) by sex. Secondly, it aimed to test whether alexithymia and having experienced SLE are associated with group membership. Methods The sample was predominantly drawn from university students and social networks. It was composed of 352 young adults between 18 and 35 years old, of whom 77.8% were women and 22.2% men. Results The results showed that the most prevalent disorders of the sample were alcohol, EDs, CB, drugs and GD, respectively. Moreover, latent class analyses were conducted based on the risk of suffering EDs or addictions by sex. Three main profiles were found: 'Men with addictions', 'Healthy women' and 'Women with EDs'. Finally, differences in SLE and alexithymia levels were tested by latent classes. "Men with addictions" and "Women with EDs" had higher scores on alexithymia and SLE than the group of "Healthy women". However, the group of "Women with EDs" (class 3) reported significantly higher levels of SLE and alexithymia than the other two groups. Discussion and conclusion In conclusion, we discuss the possibility that some vulnerability factors operate generally and transdiagnostically in EDs and addictive disorders. The identification of clinical phenotypes could complement and deepen prediction, prevention and treatment research in clinical settings. The need to take sex and gender differences into account is reinforced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Macía
- Psychology Department, School of Health Sciences, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Janire Momeñe López
- Psychology Department, School of Health Sciences, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Patricia Macía
- Department of Basic Psychological Processes and their Development, University of the Basque Country/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Marta Herrero
- Psychology Department, School of Health Sciences, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Paula Jauregui
- Psychology Department, School of Health Sciences, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Iciar Iruarrizaga
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Cognitive Processes and Speech Therapy, Faculty of Social Work, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Estévez
- Psychology Department, School of Health Sciences, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain,*Correspondence: Ana Estévez, ✉
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Akbari M, Bahadori MH, Khanbabaei S, Milan BB, Horvath Z, Griffiths MD, Demetrovics Z. Psychological predictors of the co-occurrence of problematic gaming, gambling, and social media use among adolescents. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2022.107589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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10
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Yu F, Li J, Xu L, Zheng X, Fu M, Li K, Yao S, Kendrick KM, Montag C, Becker B. Opposing associations of Internet Use Disorder symptom domains with structural and functional organization of the striatum: A dimensional neuroimaging approach. J Behav Addict 2022; 11:1068-1079. [PMID: 36422683 PMCID: PMC9881660 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2022.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence suggests brain structural and functional alterations in Internet Use Disorder (IUD). However, conclusions are strongly limited due to the retrospective case-control design of the studies, small samples, and the focus on general rather than symptom-specific approaches. METHODS We here employed a dimensional multi-methodical MRI-neuroimaging design in a final sample of n = 203 subjects to examine associations between levels of IUD and its symptom-dimensions (loss of control/time management, craving/social problems) with brain structure, resting state and task-based (pain empathy, affective go/no-go) brain function. RESULTS Although the present sample covered the entire range of IUD, including normal, problematic as well as pathological levels, general IUD symptom load was not associated with brain structural or functional alterations. However, the symptom-dimensions exhibited opposing associations with the intrinsic and structural organization of the brain, such that loss of control/time management exhibited negative associations with intrinsic striatal networks and hippocampal volume, while craving/social problems exhibited a positive association with intrinsic striatal networks and caudate volume. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provided the first evidence for IUD symptom-domain specific associations with progressive alterations in the intrinsic structural and functional organization of the brain, particularly of striatal systems involved in reward, habitual and cognitive control processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangwen Yu
- The Center of Psychosomatic Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jialin Li
- The Center of Psychosomatic Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Xu
- The Center of Psychosomatic Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China,Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zheng
- The Center of Psychosomatic Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China,Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Meina Fu
- The Center of Psychosomatic Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Keshuang Li
- The Center of Psychosomatic Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuxia Yao
- The Center of Psychosomatic Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Keith M. Kendrick
- The Center of Psychosomatic Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Christian Montag
- The Center of Psychosomatic Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China,Department of Molecular Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Benjamin Becker
- The Center of Psychosomatic Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China,Corresponding author. E-mail:
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Measurement Invariance of the Exercise Addiction Inventory According to Eating Disorder Risk Status. Int J Ment Health Addict 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-022-00936-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Khazaal Y, El Abiddine FZ, Penzenstadler L, Berbiche D, Bteich G, Valizadeh-Haghi S, Rochat L, Achab S, Khan R, Chatton A. Evaluation of the Psychometric Properties of the Arab Compulsive Internet Use Scale (CIUS) by Item Response Theory Modeling (IRT). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12099. [PMID: 36231401 PMCID: PMC9566183 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The psychometric properties of the Arab translation of the Compulsive Internet Use Scale (CIUS) have been previously studied by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with AMOS software using the asymptotically distribution-free (ADF) estimator. Unidimensionality has been achieved at the cost of correlating several item variance errors. However, several reviews of SEM software packages and estimation methods indicate that the option of robust standard errors is not present in the AMOS package and that ADF estimation may yield biased parameter estimates. We therefore explored a second analysis through item response theory (IRT) using the parametric graded response model (GRM) and the marginal maximum likelihood (MML) estimation method embedded in the LTM package of R software. Differential item functioning (DIF) or item bias across subpopulations was also explored within IRT framework as different samples were investigated. The objective of the current study is to (1) analyze the Arab CIUS scale with IRT, (2) investigate DIF in three samples, and (3) contribute to the ongoing debate on Internet-use-related addictive behaviors using the CIUS items as a proxy. METHODS We assessed three samples of people, one in Algeria and two in Lebanon, with a total of 1520 participants. RESULTS Almost three out of every five items were highly related to the latent construct. However, the unidimensionality hypothesis was not supported. Furthermore, besides being locally dependent, the scale may be weakened by DIF across geographic regions. Some of the CIUS items related to increasing priority, impaired control, continued use despite harm, and functional impairment as well as withdrawal and coping showed good discriminative capabilities. Those items were endorsed more frequently than other CIUS items in people with higher levels of addictive Internet use. CONCLUSIONS Contrary to earlier ADF estimation findings, unidimensionality of the CIUS scale was not supported by IRT parametric GRM in a large sample of Arab speaking participants. The results may be helpful for scale revision. By proxy, the study contributes to testing the validity of addiction criteria applied to Internet use related-addictive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser Khazaal
- Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital and Lausanne University, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Montréal University, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Fares Zine El Abiddine
- Laboratory Psychological and Educational Research, Department of Psychology, University Djillali Liabes of Sidi Bel Abbes, Sidi Bel Abbes 22000, Algeria
| | - Louise Penzenstadler
- Addiction Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Djamal Berbiche
- Charles-LeMoyne Hospital Research Centre, Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Ghada Bteich
- Faculty of Public Health, Lebanon University, Tripoli P.O. Box 6573/14, Lebanon
| | - Saeideh Valizadeh-Haghi
- Department of Medical Library and Information Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Lucien Rochat
- Addiction Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sophia Achab
- Addiction Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Riaz Khan
- Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, Frontier Medical College Affiliated to Bahria University Islamabad, Abbottabad 22010, Pakistan
| | - Anne Chatton
- Department of Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
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Habelt L, Kemmler G, Defrancesco M, Spanier B, Henningsen P, Halle M, Sperner-Unterweger B, Hüfner K. Why do we climb mountains? An exploration of features of behavioural addiction in mountaineering and the association with stress-related psychiatric disorders. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2022; 273:639-647. [PMID: 35980451 PMCID: PMC10085896 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-022-01476-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Common knowledge implies that individuals engaging in outdoor sports and especially in regular and extreme mountaineering are exceptionally healthy and hardened. Physical activity in outdoor environments has a positive effect on physical and mental health. However, regular and/or extreme mountaineering might share similarities with behavioural addictions and could thus also have a negative impact on health. In this cross-sectional web-based questionnaire study, we collected data on exercise and mountaineering addiction (Exercise Addiction Inventory; original and adapted version for mountaineering; Exercise Dependence Scale adapted version for mountaineering). Further surveyed parameters included mountaineering habits, Risk-Taking Inventory, Sensation-Seeking/Emotion Regulation/Agency Scale (SEAS), resilience, self-perceived stress, physical activity in metabolic units and mental health. Comparisons were performed between individuals with symptoms of addiction to mountaineering (MA) and individuals without symptoms of addiction to mountaineering or sports in general (CO) using non-parametric analyses. We analysed data from 335 participants, n = 88 thereof with addiction to mountaineering (MA) and n = 247 control participants (CO). The MA group scored significantly higher with regards to self-perceived stress (p < 0.001) and included a significantly higher number of individuals affected by symptoms of depression (p < 0.001), symptoms of anxiety (p < 0.001), symptoms of eating disorders (p < 0.001), alcohol abuse or dependence (p < 0.001), illicit drug abuse (p = 0.050), or current and history of psychiatric disorders (p < 0.001). Individuals with MA showed higher values in all SEAS subscales as well as increased risk-taking (p < 0.001). Regular and extreme mountaineering can display features of a behavioural addiction and is associated with psychiatric disorders. Behavioural addiction in mountaineering is associated with higher levels of sensation-seeking, emotion regulation, and agency, as well as increased risk-taking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Habelt
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics, and Medical Psychology, University Hospital of Psychiatry II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Georg Kemmler
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics, and Medical Psychology, University Hospital of Psychiatry I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michaela Defrancesco
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics, and Medical Psychology, University Hospital of Psychiatry I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bianca Spanier
- Department of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Henningsen
- Department of Psychosomatics, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Halle
- Department of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Barbara Sperner-Unterweger
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics, and Medical Psychology, University Hospital of Psychiatry II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Katharina Hüfner
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics, and Medical Psychology, University Hospital of Psychiatry II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, Innsbruck, Austria.
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14
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Dowd B, Hein K, Diez SL, Prokofieva M, Kannis-Dymand L, Stavropoulos V. Cross-Addiction Risk Profile Associations with COVID-19 Anxiety: a Preliminary Exploratory Study. Int J Ment Health Addict 2022:1-24. [PMID: 35818622 PMCID: PMC9261223 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-022-00862-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
"Cross-addiction" involves a person substituting one form of addictive behaviour for another. Indeed, cross-additive presentations have been frequently described (e.g. from drugs to alcohol, gambling to sex), and risk profiles have been assumed. Nevertheless, there has been a dearth of evidence considering the occurrence of cross-addiction risk profiles in the community. This research is imperative for informing effective prevention/intervention policies, especially under anxiety-provoking conditions, such as the current coronavirus pandemic. To address this need, a cross-sectional exploratory research design was utilized, with quantitative survey data obtained from 968 respondents (18-64; M age = 29.5 years, SD = 9.36), who completed an online survey regarding a range of addictive behaviours (i.e. abuse of alcohol, drug, smoking, online gaming, shopping, internet, exercise, online gambling, sex, and social media) and their anxiety about the coronavirus. Latent class/profiling analyses were implemented to (a) explore profiles of cross-addiction risk, (b) describe the characteristics and the proportions of these profiles, and (c) identify their differential associations with the pandemic precipitated anxiety. Findings revealed two distinct profiles/types, the "cross-addiction low risk" (57.4%) and the "cross-addiction high risk" (42.6%). Those in the latter scored consistently higher across all behaviours assessed, were more likely to suffer from concurrent addictive problems, and reported significantly higher levels of pandemic-related anxiety. Implications for prevention, assessment, and treatment and future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Dowd
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Footscray, Australia
| | - Kaiden Hein
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Footscray, Australia
| | | | - Maria Prokofieva
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Footscray, Australia
| | - Lee Kannis-Dymand
- University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, Queensland Australia
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15
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Colledge F, Buchner U, Schmidt A, Wiesbeck G, Lang U, Pühse U, Gerber M, Walter M. Individuals at Risk of Exercise Addiction Have Higher Scores for Depression, ADHD, and Childhood Trauma. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 3:761844. [PMID: 35156014 PMCID: PMC8825800 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.761844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exercise addiction is increasingly being recognized as a psychologically and physically burdensome set of symptoms. However, little is known about the psychiatric profiles of individuals who are at risk. It is well-established that individuals affected by substance use disorders frequently suffer from depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and experiences of childhood trauma. The aim of this study is to determine whether this pattern of psychiatric disturbance is also present in individuals at risk for exercise addiction. Methods Individuals exercising for 10+ h/week were divided into those at risk and not at risk for exercise addiction based on their scores on the Exercise Dependence Scale (EDS). Demographic data and scores on the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), a measure for ADHD in adults and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) were also gathered. Results One hundred and twenty-three individuals agreed to participate in the study, and completed the questionnaires. Twenty-nine (23.6%) of these individuals were classed as at risk for exercise addiction. There was a statistically significant difference between the at-risk and not at-risk groups on the combined dependent variable after controlling for hours of exercise per week, F(3, 95)= 10.198, p = 0.00, Wilk's Λ = 0.756, partial η2 = 0.244. Compared to those not at risk, individuals at risk for exercise addiction had significantly higher scores for symptoms of depression [t(121) = 4.944, p = 0.000], ADHD [t(121) = 2.915, p = 0.004], and childhood trauma [t(121) = 2.297, p = 0.024]. Conclusion Our results suggest that exercise addiction may be accompanied by a disturbed psychiatric profile consistent with other addictive disorders. Clinical interviewing in individuals at risk for exercise addiction is a valuable and worthwhile next step in characterizing this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Colledge
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Flora Colledge
| | - Ursula Buchner
- Deutsche Hochschule für Gesundheit und Sport GmbH, Ismaning, Germany
| | - André Schmidt
- University Psychiatric Clinics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Wiesbeck
- University Psychiatric Clinics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Undine Lang
- University Psychiatric Clinics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Uwe Pühse
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Gerber
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marc Walter
- University Psychiatric Clinics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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16
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Kemp C, Pienaar PR, Rosslee DT, Lipinska G, Roden LC, Rae DE. Sleep in Habitual Adult Video Gamers: A Systematic Review. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:781351. [PMID: 35095395 PMCID: PMC8797142 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.781351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Video gaming is a popular, globally recognized phenomenon, played recreationally or competitively as esports. Gaming is a typically sedentary nighttime activity; therefore, the potential to impact sleep and health is high. Furthermore, there are limited studies on adult gamers, who represent the majority demographic in esports. This review examines evidence describing sleep in habitual adult gamers to understand the associated risk for cardiometabolic disease or the benefits to gaming performance. Three electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Science) were searched for peer-reviewed articles published between January 2000 - April 2020. Twelve studies reporting on sleep in habitual adult gamers were included. A narrative synthesis was employed to report results, owing to high levels of heterogeneity across the included studies. Gamers with higher gaming addiction scores were more likely to have shorter, poorer quality sleep and greater daytime sleepiness and insomnia scores than gamers with lower gaming addiction scores and non-gamers. In addition, high-volume gamers were more likely to have worsened sleep quantity and quality, with delayed sleep timing and increased prevalence of insomnia. Despite limitations in the design of the included studies, excessive gaming is broadly associated with worsened sleep parameters. Noteworthy is the lack of studies investigating cardiometabolic health in gamers. Future work should explore the relative contribution and associated risk that various games, genres, and timing of gaming activities have on sleep, physical and mental health, particularly in vulnerable gaming cohorts engaged with contemporary forms of gaming and esports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chadley Kemp
- Health Through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport Research Centre & Division of Physiological Sciences, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Paula R. Pienaar
- Health Through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport Research Centre & Division of Physiological Sciences, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dominique T. Rosslee
- Health Through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport Research Centre & Division of Physiological Sciences, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gosia Lipinska
- Clinical Neuropsychology and Sleep Sciences, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Laura C. Roden
- Health Through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport Research Centre & Division of Physiological Sciences, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Dale E. Rae
- Health Through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport Research Centre & Division of Physiological Sciences, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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17
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Wölfling K, Zeeck A, Te Wildt B, Resmark G, Morawa E, Kersting A, von Wietersheim J, Müller A. [Behavioral Addictions in Psychosomatic Care]. Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol 2021; 72:139-147. [PMID: 34781382 DOI: 10.1055/a-1647-3280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It is commonly agreed, that Behavioral Addictions are accompanied by mental disorders and are still underdiagnosed. The multicenter cross-sectional study aimed at estimating the prevalence of Behavioral Addictions in a consecutive sample of patients seeking treatment for mental disorders other than Behavioral Addiction. METHODS The study included 801 patients from eight psychosomatic university hospitals. Behavioral Addictions were assessed via standardized questionnaires. RESULTS 24.1% of the sample reported at least one Behavioral Addiction. The majority of those patients reported symptoms of a single Behavioral Addiction. Questionnaire-based prevalence rates were 3.4% for Pathological Gambling, 1.9% for Pathological Internet Use, 16.7% for Pathological Buying, 5.4% for Hypersexual Disorder, and 3.5% for pathological exercising (exercise dependence). Neither center nor setting (outpatient, inpatient, day clinic) effects were observable. DISCUSSION Within this clinical sample, symptoms of shopping addiction are highly common in patients undergoing psychosomatic-psychotherapeutic treatment. These are rather women. Men are more likely to suffer from gambling and sex addiction. Generally, symptoms of Behavioral Addictions are commonly reported. Till today, Behavioral Addictions are often still underdiagnosed. CONCLUSION Patients within psychosomatic treatment commonly suffer from symptoms of Behavioral Addictions, which should be considered for treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Wölfling
- Klinik für Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie, Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Mainz, Deutschland
| | - Almut Zeeck
- Abteilung für Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Deutschland
| | - Bert Te Wildt
- Klinik für Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie, LWL-Universitätsklinikum der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Psychosomatische Klinik Kloster Dießen, Dießen, Deutschland
| | - Gaby Resmark
- Abteilung für Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Deutschland
| | - Eva Morawa
- Psychosomatische und Psychotherapeutische Abteilung, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Deutschland
| | - Anette Kersting
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Leipzig, Deutschland
| | - Jörn von Wietersheim
- Klinik für Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Ulm, Deutschland
| | - Astrid Müller
- Abteilung für Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Deutschland
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18
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Investigating the Relationship Between Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Obligatory Exercise and Exercise Addiction. Int J Ment Health Addict 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-021-00662-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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19
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Leyrer-Jackson JM, Hood LE, Olive MF. Drugs of Abuse Differentially Alter the Neuronal Excitability of Prefrontal Layer V Pyramidal Cell Subtypes. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:703655. [PMID: 34421542 PMCID: PMC8374073 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.703655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) plays an important role in regulating executive functions including reward seeking, task flexibility, and compulsivity. Studies in humans have demonstrated that drugs of abuse, including heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine, and alcohol, alter prefrontal function resulting in the consequential loss of inhibitory control and increased compulsive behaviors, including drug seeking. Within the mPFC, layer V pyramidal cells, which are delineated into two major subtypes (type I and type II, which project to subcortical or commissurally to other cortical regions, respectively), serve as the major output cells which integrate information from other cortical and subcortical regions and mediate executive control. Preclinical studies examining changes in cellular physiology in the mPFC in response to drugs of abuse, especially in regard to layer V pyramidal subtypes, are relatively sparse. In the present study, we aimed to explore how heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine, ethanol, and 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) alter the baseline cellular physiology and excitability properties of layer V pyramidal cell subtypes. Specifically, animals were exposed to experimenter delivered [intraperitoneal (i.p.)] heroin, cocaine, the cocaine-like synthetic cathinone MDPV, methamphetamine, ethanol, or saline as a control once daily for five consecutive days. On the fifth day, whole-cell physiology recordings were conducted from type I and type II layer V pyramidal cells in the mPFC. Changes in cellular excitability, including rheobase (i.e., the amount of injected current required to elicit action potentials), changes in input/output curves, as well as spiking characteristics induced by each substance, were assessed. We found that heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine, and MDPV decreased the excitability of type II cells, whereas ethanol increased the excitability of type I pyramidal cells. Together, these results suggest that heroin, cocaine, MDPV, and methamphetamine reduce mPFC commissural output by reducing type II excitability, while ethanol increases the excitability of type I cells targeting subcortical structures. Thus, separate classes of abused drugs differentially affect layer V pyramidal subtypes in the mPFC, which may ultimately give rise to compulsivity and inappropriate synaptic plasticity underlying substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lauren E Hood
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - M Foster Olive
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
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Zhang T, Gong N, Jia R, Li H, Ni X. Stroop effect in smartphone addiction among college students. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e26741. [PMID: 34397714 PMCID: PMC8322516 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000026741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Smartphone addiction (SPA) affects an increasing number of college students, but it remains poorly understood. This study aimed to explore the psychological mechanism of the decrease in cognitive control ability from cognitive psychology in students with SPA.The smartphone addition tendency scale (MPATS) was used to identify 64 undergraduates with SPA (MPATS > 45) and 64 sex- and age-matched controls (MPATS < 30).The 2 groups were well matched for age and sex distribution. The RT of the SPA group under the conflict state was 628.2±59.2 ms vs 549.4 ± 44.2 ms under the consistent state (P < .005). The RT of the control group under the conflict state was 707.5 ± 66.4 vs 582.0 ± 39.4 ms under the consistent state (P < .005). Under the conflict state, errors made by the SPA group were 8.7 ± 5.4, and that of the control group was 6.6 ± 3.7 (P < .05). The reaction delay of the SPA group was 25.6 ± 49.2 vs 110.0 ± 41.8 ms (P < .05).Correlation analysis showed a clear positive correlation between SPA and the number of mistakes in the conflict state of the Stroop task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an
- College of Tourism & Landscape Architecture, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin
| | - Na Gong
- Department of Radiology, Ankang People’ Hospital, Ankang
| | - Rui Jia
- College Students Mental Health Education Center, Xi’an University of Technologh, Xi’an, China
| | - Huian Li
- Department of Radiology, Ankang People’ Hospital, Ankang
| | - Xiaoli Ni
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an
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21
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Kuru T, Çelenk S. The Relationship Among Anxiety, Depression, and Problematic Smartphone Use in University Students: The Mediating Effect of Psychological Inflexibility. ALPHA PSYCHIATRY 2021; 22:159-164. [PMID: 36425443 PMCID: PMC9590678 DOI: 10.5455/apd.136695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The number of studies that reveal the relationship between problematic smartphone use (PSU) and various health problems is increasing. In this study, we aimed to examine the relationship among PSU, depression, and anxiety and the mediating effect of psychological inflexibility (PI) in this relationship in university students. METHODS This study was conducted with 412 university students aged between 18-35 years studying at a state university. All participants completed the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II, Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, and Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version. PROCESS macro in SPSS was used for mediation analysis. RESULTS Our analyses showed that both depression and anxiety were independent predictors of PSU even after controlling for each other. Our findings show that PI is the mediator variable in the effect of depression and anxiety on PSU. CONCLUSION Mental health professionals working with problematic smartphone use among university students should consider psychological inflexibility as well as depression and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tacettin Kuru
- Department of Psychiatry, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University Alanya Training and Research Hospital,
Antalya,
Turkey
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22
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Bányai F, Zsila Á, Kökönyei G, Griffiths MD, Demetrovics Z, Király O. The Moderating Role of Coping Mechanisms and Being an e-Sport Player Between Psychiatric Symptoms and Gaming Disorder: Online Survey. JMIR Ment Health 2021; 8:e21115. [PMID: 33755024 PMCID: PMC8077919 DOI: 10.2196/21115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The emerging popularity of playing video games (gaming) as a hobby and as a professional sport raises awareness about both the benefits and possible downsides of the activity. Although a healthy and passionate hobby for most, a minority of gamers experience addiction-like symptoms and are considered to have gaming disorder (GD). GD has previously been found to be related to aversive conditions, such as depression or anxiety, as well as putatively maladaptive coping strategies. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is twofold: to explore the moderating effect of different coping strategies and type of video game usage (professional [e-sport] or recreational) on the relationship between psychiatric symptoms and GD. METHODS A sample of 3476 gamers (n=3133, 90.13% males; mean age 23.20, SD 6.48 years) was recruited via the website and social networking site of the most popular gaming magazine in Hungary (GameStar). RESULTS The main effect of psychiatric symptoms was moderate to large in all models, whereas the moderation effects were significant (P<.001) for 4 out of 8 coping strategies (ie, self-blame/self-distraction, denial, emotional/social support, and active coping). However, the explained variance of the models only increased negligibly (from 0.3% to 0.5%) owing to the moderation effect. The direction of the moderations was as expected (ie, putatively maladaptive strategies were associated with more GD symptoms when the level of psychiatric symptoms was high, while putatively adaptive strategies were associated with less). Furthermore, no considerable moderation effect of the player type (recreational vs professional players) was found on the association between psychiatric symptoms and GD (β=.04; P=.02; 0.1% change in the explained variance). CONCLUSIONS Future studies should be designed to better understand coping-related mechanisms in the context of video gaming and GD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanni Bányai
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Zsila
- Institute of Psychology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gyöngyi Kökönyei
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,SE-NAP2 Genetic Brain Imaging Migraine Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mark D Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Zsolt Demetrovics
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Centre of Excellence in Responsible Gaming, University of Gibraltar, Gibraltar, Gibraltar
| | - Orsolya Király
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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A Qualitative Study of Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Lives in Adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder in Japan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18042090. [PMID: 33669970 PMCID: PMC7924857 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18042090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: COVID-19 may deteriorate some aspects among individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Although some positive aspects were reported during the pandemic, it remains unclear how COVID-19 qualitatively influences their living context; (2) Methods: this study employed interviews with four participants with ADHD during the declaration of emergency issued in Japan. The study was a part of ongoing coaching as a psychosocial intervention for ADHD, which was initiated long before the pandemic. The data were the answers to the question: “how are things going with participants during this pandemic?”. In a qualitative analysis, the researchers coded the data to identify different themes and sub-themes; (3) Results and Discussion: the qualitative data analysis yielded five themes: (1) Terrible feeling caused by frustration, stress, and anger; (2) Closeness due to the internal difficulties and conflict; (3) Deteriorating ADHD symptoms and executive function related matters; (4) Condition is the same as usual; and (5) Positive aspects associated with the self-lockdown. As a whole, these results show that the COVID-19 pandemic could be a factor in inducing psychological distress in the participants who adjust relatively better at work/school but did not do well at home before the pandemic; (4) Conclusions: this study indicates the need for special support for individuals with ADHD, especially those who originally had difficulties at home.
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24
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Gioia F, Rega V, Boursier V. Problematic Internet Use and Emotional Dysregulation Among Young People: A Literature Review. CLINICAL NEUROPSYCHIATRY 2021; 18:41-54. [PMID: 34909019 PMCID: PMC8629046 DOI: 10.36131/cnfioritieditore20210104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In recent years scientific interest in Internet use disorders, especially among young people, has grown dramatically. Within this contemporary research field, difficulties in regulating emotions have been increasingly explored in association with problematic Internet use (PIU). Indeed, individuals who experience difficulties in emotion regulation might be more exposed to the risk of developing PIU. Therefore, the present study aimed to review the literature from the last ten years focused on the relationship between young people's emotional dysregulation and PIU, taking into account the main variables involved in this relationship and possible gender-related differences. METHOD This review included studies published between 2010 and 2020 that were indexed in major databases with the following keywords: emotion regulation, problematic Internet use, Internet addiction, social network addiction, and social media addiction. In the selection process of the studies, close attention was paid for the mean age of the involved samples that had to range between 13 and 25 years. RESULTS A total of 23 studies satisfied the initial inclusion criteria and were included in the present literature review. Several reviewed studies found a strong association between emotion dysregulation and both PIU and problematic social networking with controversial gender-based findings. Furthermore, the relationships among emotional dysregulation, PIU, attachment styles, and metacognitions were largely explored. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the present review showed that problematic Internet use might represent a coping strategy to compensate for emotional regulation deficits. The lack of social support and the lack of a good parent-adolescent relationship seem to negatively affect emotional regulation abilities, which in turn increase the risk of developing PIU. Moreover, good metacognitive abilities might represent a protective factor towards emotional dysregulation and PIU. Finally, males with emotional dysregulation are likely to be more problematically engaged in Internet use than females. These results might have important practical implications to implement health prevention/promotion programs, emotion regulation-based training programmes and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Gioia
- Department of Humanities, University of Naples “Federico II” Via Porta di Massa, 1 - 80133 Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria Rega
- Department of Humanities, University of Naples “Federico II” Via Porta di Massa, 1 - 80133 Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina Boursier
- Department of Humanities, University of Naples “Federico II” Via Porta di Massa, 1 - 80133 Naples, Italy
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25
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An Exploratory Examination of the Relationship Between Symptoms of Depression and Exercise Addiction Among Undergraduate Recreational Exercisers. Int J Ment Health Addict 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-020-00450-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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26
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Redcay A, McMahon S. Assessment of relationship addiction. SEXUAL AND RELATIONSHIP THERAPY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/14681994.2019.1602258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Redcay
- Department of Social Work, Millersville University, Millersville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sheila McMahon
- School of Social Work, Barry University, Miami Shores, Florida, USA
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27
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Carmassi C, Bertelloni CA, Cordone A, Dell'Oste V, Pedrinelli V, Barberi FM, Massimetti E, Bui E, Dell'Osso L. Problematic Use of the Internet in Subjects With Bipolar Disorder: Relationship With Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:646385. [PMID: 33981258 PMCID: PMC8107280 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.646385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Literature shows a high risk for problematic use of the Internet (PUI) in mood disorders, especially in bipolar disorder (BD). In subjects with BD, traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are related to alcohol or substance use disorder, as well as to gambling disorder. However, little is known about the possible association between traumatic exposure and PUI. The present study was aimed at examining the relationship between PUI and trauma exposure, besides PTSD symptoms, in subjects with BD. Methods: A sample of 113 subjects with BD was screened to putative PUI. Furthermore, they completed the Trauma and Loss Spectrum Self-Report (TALS-SR) to assess traumatic events and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Results: Twenty-four subjects (21.2%) reported putative PUI. Subjects with putative PUI presented significantly higher scores in the TALS-SR domains Potentially Traumatic Events, Re-experiencing, Maladaptive coping, and Arousal, as well as in the TALS-SR total score. In a logistic regression model, a positive association emerged between Potentially Traumatic Events and Arousal TALS-SR domains and putative PUI. Conclusion: One in five patients with BD screened positive for PUI. A significant association between PUI and lifetime traumatic events as well as PTSD symptoms emerged, highlighting the relevance of the comorbidity between PTSD and PUI in subjects with BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Carmassi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Annalisa Cordone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Valerio Dell'Oste
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Virginia Pedrinelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Enrico Massimetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Eric Bui
- Caen University Hospital, University of Caen Normandy, Caen, France
| | - Lliliana Dell'Osso
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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28
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Devoe DJ, Anderson A, Bahji A, Singh M, Patten SB, Soumbasis A, Ramirez Pineda A, Flanagan J, Richardson C, Lange T, Dimitropoulos G, Paslakis G. The Prevalence of Impulse Control Disorders and Behavioral Addictions in Eating Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:724034. [PMID: 35069274 PMCID: PMC8770943 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.724034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Individuals with eating disorders (EDs) may present with impulse control disorders (ICDs) and behavioral addictions (BAs), which may result in additional suffering and treatment resistance. However, the prevalence of ICDs and BAs in EDs has not been systematically examined. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the prevalence of ICDs and BAs in ED samples. Methods: A comprehensive electronic database search of the peer-reviewed literature was conducted in the following online databases: MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Embase, and CINAHL from their inception to May 2021. We restricted review eligibility to research studies reporting prevalence for ICDs or BAs in individuals with diagnosed EDs. The outcome for this review was the prevalence of ICDs or BAs in individuals with EDs. A series of random-effects meta-analyses were performed on eligible studies to estimate the pooled proportions and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Thirty-five studies met the inclusion criteria, including a total of 9,646 individuals identified as having an ED, 18 of these studies specifically examined ICDs/BAs in AN, BN, and BED. Random-effects pooled estimates demonstrated that the comorbid prevalence of any ICD was 22%. The prevalence of comorbid pathological/compulsive buying was highest (19%), followed by kleptomania (18%), pathological internet use (12%), intermittent explosive disorder (4%), trichotillomania (3%), and gambling disorder (2%). In addition, the prevalence of stealing/shoplifting behaviors was 30% in those with EDs. Conclusion: This is the first meta-analysis on the comorbid prevalence of EDs and ICDs/BAs. We found a moderate prevalence for these comorbid conditions, with approximately one out of five individuals with an ED also displaying a comorbid ICD/BA. Although causal inferences cannot be drawn, the numbers strongly suggest that clinical screening/monitoring of ICDs/BAs should be part of the clinical routine in cohorts with EDs. ED settings need either the capacity to manage these disorders or adequate access to relevant services. Further investigations are needed to reveal common underlying pathomechanisms. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier: CRD42020202044.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Devoe
- Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Alida Anderson
- Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Anees Bahji
- Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Manya Singh
- Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Scott B Patten
- Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Andrea Soumbasis
- Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Ana Ramirez Pineda
- Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jordyn Flanagan
- Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - Tom Lange
- Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Gina Dimitropoulos
- Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Faculty of Social Work, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Georgios Paslakis
- Ruhr-University Bochum, University Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Lübbecke, Germany
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29
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Psychiatric comorbidity in compulsive sexual behavior disorder (CSBD). Addict Behav 2020; 107:106384. [PMID: 32244085 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder (CSBD) is characterized by a persistent failure to control intense and recurrent sexual impulses, urges, and/or thoughts, resulting in repetitive sexual behavior that causes a marked impairment in important areas of functioning. Data collected from clinical populations suggest that CSBD frequently co-occurs with other Axis I and II psychiatric disorders; however, studies conducted so far suffer from methodological shortcomings that prevent the determination of accurate psychiatric comorbidity rates (e.g., small sample sizes, reliance on non-reliable assessment methods in the estimation of comorbidity or the non-inclusion of healthy individuals to compare prevalence rates). The purpose of this study was to explore psychiatric comorbidity in a sample of individuals with and without CSBD. The study sample comprised 383 participants distributed into two groups through a cluster analyses: 315 participants without CSBD (non-CSBD) and 68 qualifying as sexually compulsives (CSBD). Participants were assessed for co-occurring Axis I and II clinical conditions using structured clinical interviews for the DSM-IV (SCID-I and II). The majority of CSBD participants (91.2%) met the criteria for at least one Axis I disorder, compared to 66% in non-CSBD participants. CSBD participants were more likely to report an increased prevalence of alcohol dependence (16.2%), alcohol abuse (44%), major depressive disorder (39.7%), bulimia nervosa (5.9%), adjustment disorders (20.6%), and other substances -mainly cannabis and cocaine- abuse or dependence (22.1%). Concerning Axis II, prevalence of borderline personality disorder was significantly higher in CSBD participants (5.9%). As expected, prevalence of different psychiatric conditions was significantly increased among sexually compulsive participants, revealing comorbidity patterns with important implications in the conceptualization, assessment, and treatment of patients with CSBD.
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30
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Alcaraz-Ibáñez M, Paterna A, Sicilia Á, Griffiths MD. Morbid exercise behaviour and eating disorders: A meta-analysis. J Behav Addict 2020; 9:206-224. [PMID: 32644935 PMCID: PMC8939419 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2020.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS This study examined the relationship between self-reported symptoms of morbid exercise behaviour (MEB) and eating disorders (ED) using meta-analytic techniques. METHODS We systematically searched MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Web of Science, SciELO and Scopus. Random effects models were used to compute pooled effect sizes estimates (r). The robustness of the summarized estimates was examined through sensitivity analyses by removing studies one at a time. RESULTS Sixty-six studies comprising 135 effect-sizes (N = 21,816) were included. The results revealed: (a) small-sized relationship in the case of bulimic symptoms (r = 0.19), (b) small- (r = 0.28) to medium-sized relationships (r = 0.41) in the case of body/eating concerns, and (c) medium-sized relationships in the case of overall ED symptoms (r = 0.35) and dietary restraint (r = 0.42). Larger effect sizes were observed in the case of overall ED symptoms in clinical, younger, and thinner populations, as well as when employing a continuously-scored instrument for assessing ED or the Compulsive Exercise Test for assessing MEB. Larger effect sizes were also found in female samples when the ED outcome was dietary restraint. CONCLUSIONS The identified gaps in the literature suggest that future research on the topic may benefit from: (a) considering a range of clinical (in terms of diagnosed ED) and non-clinical populations from diverse exercise modalities, (b) addressing a wide range of ED symptomatology, and (c) employing longitudinal designs that clarify the temporal direction of the relationship under consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Alcaraz-Ibáñez
- Department of Education, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
- Health Research Centre, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Adrian Paterna
- Department of Education, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
- Health Research Centre, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Álvaro Sicilia
- Department of Education, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
- Health Research Centre, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
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31
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Brakoulias V, Starcevic V, Albert U, Arumugham SS, Bailey BE, Belloch A, Borda T, Dell'Osso L, Elias JA, Falkenstein MJ, Ferrao YA, Fontenelle LF, Jelinek L, Kay B, Lochner C, Maina G, Marazziti D, Matsunaga H, Miguel EC, Morgado P, Pasquini M, Perez-Rivera R, Potluri S, Reddy JYC, Riemann BC, do Rosario MC, Shavitt RG, Stein DJ, Viswasam K, Fineberg NA. The rates of co-occurring behavioural addictions in treatment-seeking individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder: a preliminary report. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 2020; 24:173-175. [PMID: 31916881 DOI: 10.1080/13651501.2019.1711424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: To assess the rates of co-occurring putative 'behavioural addictions' in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).Methods: Twenty-three international centres specialising in the treatment of OCD were invited to participate in a survey of the rates of behavioural addictions and other relevant comorbidity within their samples.Results: Sixteen of 23 (69.6%) invited centres from 13 countries had sufficient data to participate in the survey. The use of validated diagnostic tools was discrepant, with most centres relying on a 'clinical diagnosis' to diagnose behavioural addictions. The final sample comprised of 6916 patients with a primary diagnosis of OCD. The reported rates of behavioural addictions were as follows: 8.7% for problematic internet use, 6.8% for compulsive sexual behaviour disorder, 6.4% for compulsive buying, 4.1% for gambling disorder and 3.4% for internet gaming disorder.Conclusions: Behavioural addictions should be better assessed for patients with OCD. The absence of diagnostic scales developed specifically for behavioural addictions and overlapping obsessive-compulsive phenomena such as compulsive checking of information on the internet may explain the relatively high rate of problematic internet use in this sample. The study encourages better efforts to assess and to conceptualise the relatedness of behavioural addictions to obsessive-compulsive 'spectrum' disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlasios Brakoulias
- Department of Psychiatry, Sydney Medical School - Nepean, The University of Sydney and Nepean Hospital, Sydney/Penrith, Australia.,School of Medicine, Blacktown Hospital, Western Sydney University, Sydney/Blacktown, Australia
| | - Vladan Starcevic
- Department of Psychiatry, Sydney Medical School - Nepean, The University of Sydney and Nepean Hospital, Sydney/Penrith, Australia
| | - Umberto Albert
- Department of Neuroscience, Rita Levi Montalcini, University of Turin, Torino, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Shyam S Arumugham
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India
| | | | - Amparo Belloch
- Department of Personality Psychology, Research Unit for Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, I'TOC, Universidad de Valencia, Spain
| | - Tania Borda
- Bio-Behavioral Institute, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Department of Psychology, Argentinian Catholic University (UCA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Liliana Dell'Osso
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Section of Psychiatry, Univeristy of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Dipartmento di Farmacia, Univeristy of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Jason A Elias
- McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | | | - Ygor A Ferrao
- Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Leonardo F Fontenelle
- Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, D'Or Institute for Research and Education, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro.,Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Lena Jelinek
- Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Brian Kay
- Rogers Memorial Hospital, Oconomowoc, WI, USA
| | - Christine Lochner
- Department of Psychiatry, MRC Unit on Anxiety Disorders, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Giuseppe Maina
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Donatella Marazziti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Section of Psychiatry, Univeristy of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Hisato Matsunaga
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Euripedes C Miguel
- Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro Morgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS-3Bs PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,Hospital de Braga, Braga, Portugal
| | - Massimo Pasquini
- Department of Human Neurosciences, University of Rome, Sapienza, Italy
| | | | | | - Janardhan Y C Reddy
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India
| | | | - Maria C do Rosario
- Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roseli G Shavitt
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Dan J Stein
- Department of Psychiatry, MRC Unit on Anxiety Disorders, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kirupamani Viswasam
- Department of Psychiatry, Sydney Medical School - Nepean, The University of Sydney and Nepean Hospital, Sydney/Penrith, Australia
| | - Naomi A Fineberg
- Hertfordshire Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
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Goslar M, Leibetseder M, Muench HM, Hofmann SG, Laireiter AR. Treatments for internet addiction, sex addiction and compulsive buying: A meta-analysis. J Behav Addict 2020; 9:14-43. [PMID: 32359229 PMCID: PMC8935188 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2020.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Internet addiction, sex addiction and compulsive buying are common behavioral problems, which share similarities with gambling disorder and substance use disorders. However, little is known about the efficacy of their treatments. The objective of this meta-analysis was to examine the efficacy of the treatments of such problem behaviors, and to draw parallels to gambling disorder and substance use disorders in terms of treatment response. METHODS Literature search yielded 91 studies totaling 3,531 participants to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the short-term and long-term efficacy of psychological, pharmacological and combined treatments for internet addiction, sex addiction, and compulsive buying. RESULTS Psychological, pharmacological, and combined treatments were associated with robust pre-post improvements in the global severity of internet addiction (Hedges's g: 1.51, 1.13, and 2.51, respectively) and sex addiction (Hedges's g: 1.09, 1.21, and 1.91, respectively). For compulsive buying, psychological and pharmacological treatments were also associated with a large-sized pre-post reduction in global severity (Hedges's g: 1.00 and 1.52, respectively). The controlled pre-post and within-group pre-follow-up effect sizes were in the similar range, with few exceptions. Moderator analyses suggest that psychological interventions are effective for reducing compulsive behaviors, especially when delivered face-to-face and conducted over extended periods of time. Combinations of cognitive-behavioral approaches with medications showed an advantage over monotherapies. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that treatments for common behavioral addictions are effective in the short term, similar to those implemented for gambling disorder and substance use disorders, but more rigorous clinical trials are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Goslar
- Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria,Corresponding author. Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria. Fax: +43/(0)662/8044 5126. E-mail:
| | - Max Leibetseder
- Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Hannah M. Muench
- Psychosomatisches Zentrum Waldviertel (PSZW), Universitätsklinik für Psychosomatische Medizin der Karl Landsteiner Privat-Universität, Grafenbergerstraße 2, 3730, Eggenburg, Austria
| | - Stefan G. Hofmann
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, 900 Commonwealth Avenue, 2nd Fl., Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Anton-Rupert Laireiter
- Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria,Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Liebiggasse 5, 1010, Wien, Austria
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Balhara YPS, Singh S, Bhargava R. The pattern of problematic internet use and mental health-related internet use among psychiatric outpatients at a tertiary care center. Tzu Chi Med J 2020; 32:198-204. [PMID: 32269955 PMCID: PMC7137367 DOI: 10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_50_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective There is scarce literature available on the pattern of problematic internet use (PIU) and use of internet for mental health help-seeking among adult patients with psychiatric disorders in South-East Asian countries. The present study aimed to understand the pattern of PIU among adult patients attending the outpatient psychiatry services at a tertiary care center in India. Further, it aimed to explore the use of internet for seeking mental health-related information or services among them. Materials and Methods This cross-sectional study recruited adult outpatients attending the outpatient psychiatry services following purposive sampling between June 2018 and December 2018. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect information regarding sociodemographic characteristics and internet use pattern of participants, including use of internet for various mental health-related purposes. The Generalized Problematic Internet Use Scale 2 (GPIUS-2) was used to assess the PIU. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 23.0 software. Results Among 155 study participants, 45 (29.03%) scored above 60 on GPIUS-2. Those with PIU were significantly younger, reported higher duration of daily internet use, and spent greater proportion of time online on activities related to social networking or social media than those with and without PIU. More than half of the participants reported internet use for seeking mental health-related information at least once in the past 1 month. There was no significant difference in the mental health-related internet use among adult patients with different psychiatric diagnoses, except for two situations. There was lesser use of internet for seeking information related to the symptoms of illness and various treatment modalities available among participants diagnosed with psychotic disorder. On the other hand, a greater use of internet for seeking information related to the symptoms of illness was reported by participants diagnosed with anxiety disorder. Conclusion This study suggested that PIU is a frequently cooccurring condition among adult patients with primary psychiatric disorder. The importance of internet as a medium for seeking mental health information and services was observed among most of the study participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yatan Pal Singh Balhara
- Department of Psychiatry, National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Swarndeep Singh
- Department of Psychiatry, National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rachna Bhargava
- Department of Psychiatry, National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Hussain Z, Wegmann E, Yang H, Montag C. Social Networks Use Disorder and Associations With Depression and Anxiety Symptoms: A Systematic Review of Recent Research in China. Front Psychol 2020; 11:211. [PMID: 32153455 PMCID: PMC7046800 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: An increasing number of studies have investigated Social Networks Use Disorder (SNUD) among Western samples. In this context, the investigation of SNUD in Asia and especially in China has been much neglected. This poses a gap in the literature; it has been estimated that more than one billion Chinese people are using Chinese social networking sites (SNSs). Of note, many of these Chinese SNSs are rather unknown to researchers in Western countries. Aims: The primary objective of the present systematic review was to identify and evaluate studies that investigated Chinese SNS use and associations between SNUD and depression and anxiety symptoms. Method: A comprehensive search strategy identified relevant studies in PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, MEDLINE, ProQuest, Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar, and the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure database (CNKI). Results: The search strategy identified 35 potential studies, 13 studies were identified after shortlisting and full-text reviews of the studies, and finally 10 studies were included in the full review. Associations between SNUD, depression, and anxiety were reported in 10 studies. In eight (of the 10) studies, symptom severity of SNUD was associated with depression. Four studies reported associations between SNUD and anxiety. Most studies had utilized cross-sectional survey designs. Conclusions: Most associations were found between SNUD and depression symptoms, but effect sizes were higher between SNUD and anxiety symptoms. The results have the potential to inform prevention and interventions on SNUD in Eastern cultures, although we explicitly state that our work focuses on China, the transfer of the present observations to other Asian countries (and their cultures) still needs to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaheer Hussain
- School of Social Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Elisa Wegmann
- General Psychology: Cognition and Center for Behavioral Addiction Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Haibo Yang
- Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
| | - Christian Montag
- Molecular Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- neuSCAN Laboratory, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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35
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The Examination of the Relationship Between Exercise Addiction and Performance Enhancement in Elite Athletes. Int J Ment Health Addict 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-019-00208-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Asaoka Y, Won M, Morita T, Ishikawa E, Goto Y. Heightened Negative Affects Associated With Neurotic Personality in Behavioral Addiction. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:561713. [PMID: 33101082 PMCID: PMC7495191 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.561713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although studies have demonstrated that negative affects are critical attributes of drug addiction, this has remained less clear in behavioral addiction. In this preliminary study with a relatively small number of samples, we investigated negative affects in patients diagnosed with behavioral addiction, particularly paraphilia and kleptomania. Negative affects were examined using self-rating questionnaire and further evaluated by objective assessments in behavioral addicts and normal subjects. Explicit, self-referential negative affects, such as anxiety, stress, and depression, were higher in behavioral addicts than control subjects. Such self-referential negative affects were, although not entirely, consistent with objective evaluations by others and blood stress hormone concentrations. Further investigation of personality traits in behavioral addicts unveiled that heightened negative affects were associated with stronger neurotic personality in behavioral addicts than normal subjects. These results suggest that behavioral addiction, such as paraphilia and kleptomania, may be characterized by heightened negative affects attributable to stronger neurotic personality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yui Asaoka
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Yukiori Goto
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
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Granero R, Jiménez-Murcia S, Del Pino-Gutiérrez A, Mora B, Mendoza-Valenciano E, Baenas-Soto I, Gómez-Peña M, Moragas L, Codina E, López-González H, Mena-Moreno T, Mestre-Bach G, Valero-Solís S, Rivas S, Agüera Z, Vintró-Alcaraz C, Lozano-Madrid M, Menchón JM, Fernández-Aranda F. Gambling Phenotypes in Online Sports Betting. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:482. [PMID: 32547432 PMCID: PMC7270333 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The Internet provides easy access to multiple types of gambling and has led to changes in betting habits. A severe rise in problematic gambling has been predicted among all sectors of the population, and studies are required to assess the emerging phenotypes related to the new structures of gambling activities. This study aimed to explore the existence of latent classes associated with gambling habits among treatment-seeking gamblers due to Online Sports Betting (OSB). METHOD Initial sample included n = 4,516 patients consecutively admitted for treatment in a hospital unit specialized in behavioral addictions. Two-step clustering analysis was used within the subsample of n = 323 patients who reported problems related with OSB, within a set of indicators including sociodemographics, psychopathological distress, personality, and severity of the gambling activity. RESULTS The prevalence of OSB as a main type of gambling problem in the study was 7.2% (95% confidence interval: 6.4 to 7.9%). Two latent clusters were identified, with differences in sociodemographics and clinical status. Cluster 1 (n = 247, 76.5%) grouped patients that were more affected due to the OSB behaviors, and it was characterized by non-married patients, lower socioeconomic position index, higher comorbidity with other substance related addictions, younger age, and early onset of the gambling activity, as well as higher debts due to the OSB, higher psychopathological distress, and a more dysfunctional personality profile. Cluster 2 (n = 76, 23.5%) grouped patients that were less affected by OSB, mostly married (or living with a stable partner), with higher social position levels, older age and older onset of the gambling activity, as well as a more functional psychopathological and personality profile. CONCLUSION The increasing understanding of latent classes underlying OSB phenotypes is essential in guiding the development of reliable screening tools to identify individuals highly vulnerable to addictive behaviors among Internet gamblers, as well as in planning prevention and treatment initiatives focused on the precise profiles of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roser Granero
- Department of Psychobiology and Methodology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona-UAB, Barcelona, Spain.,Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Psychiatry and Mental Health Group, Neuroscience Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona-UB, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amparo Del Pino-Gutiérrez
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Public Health, Mental Health and Perinatal Nursing, School of Nursing, Universitat de Barcelona-UB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bernat Mora
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduardo Mendoza-Valenciano
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Ciber Salut Mental (CIBERsam), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Baenas-Soto
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mónica Gómez-Peña
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Moragas
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ester Codina
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Public Health, Mental Health and Perinatal Nursing, School of Nursing, Universitat de Barcelona-UB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hibai López-González
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Mena-Moreno
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Mestre-Bach
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Valero-Solís
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Rivas
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zaida Agüera
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Vintró-Alcaraz
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Lozano-Madrid
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José M Menchón
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Ciber Salut Mental (CIBERsam), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Psychiatry and Mental Health Group, Neuroscience Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona-UB, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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Nogueira A, Tovar-Gálvez M, González-Hernández J. Do It, Don't Feel It, and Be Invincible: A Prolog of Exercise Addiction in Endurance Sports. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2692. [PMID: 31920780 PMCID: PMC6934061 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The social relevance of endurance sports has increased people's motivation to engage in these particular physical activities, associating their practice with a particular lifestyle (e.g., feeling victorious and a feeling of self-improvement). Therefore, the dark personality traits (not because they are negative but because they are more hidden), understood as a personal and adaptive response to the psychosocial relationships that athletes establish while practicing these sports. Following these arguments, Grit has been used to trace the response of athletes in their quest to improve performance and endurance in the face of common setbacks suffered as a result of long hours of training. Empirical studies should help to discover how these personality traits can pose real challenges to their adaptation, and what the impact of their psychological response may be in a functional or dysfunctional way [e.g., exercise addiction (EA)], in order to classify them as risk or protective factors. Through transversal design, the present study sought to explore the relationship between Grit and Dark Traits of Personality regarding the appearance of EA in a sample (N = 241) of amateur endurance sport athletes (M age = 31.80; SD = 9.87). The results show that men not only score higher for addiction levels but also for narcissism (grandiosity feelings) and psychopathy (coldness) factors. If signs of narcissism and Machiavellianism increase, perseverance efforts grow too, and the likelihood of EA increases considerably. The conclusions drawn on the basis of the results allow us to place consistency of interest as a protective factor for the EA, whereas Dark Traits of personality - especially Machiavellianism - constitute a risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel Nogueira
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, University of León, León, Spain
| | - Maribel Tovar-Gálvez
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Juan González-Hernández
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment, Faculty of Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Marmet S, Studer J, Wicki M, Bertholet N, Khazaal Y, Gmel G. Unique versus shared associations between self-reported behavioral addictions and substance use disorders and mental health problems: A commonality analysis in a large sample of young Swiss men. J Behav Addict 2019; 8:664-677. [PMID: 31891314 PMCID: PMC7044575 DOI: 10.1556/2006.8.2019.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Behavioral addictions (BAs) and substance use disorders (SUDs) tend to co-occur; both are associated with mental health problems (MHPs). This study aimed to estimate the proportion of variance in the severity of MHPs explained by BAs and SUDs, individually and shared between addictions. METHODS A sample of 5,516 young Swiss men (mean = 25.47 years old; SD = 1.26) completed a self-reporting questionnaire assessing alcohol, cannabis, and tobacco use disorders, illicit drug use other than cannabis, six BAs (Internet, gaming, smartphone, Internet sex, gambling, and work) and four MHPs (major depression, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, social anxiety disorder, and borderline personality disorder). Commonality analysis was used to decompose the variance in the severity of MHPs explained (R2) by BAs and SUDs into independent commonality coefficients. These were calculated for unique BA and SUD contributions and for all types of shared contributions. RESULTS BAs and SUDs explained between a fifth and a quarter of the variance in severity of MHPs, but individual addictions explained only about half of this explained variance uniquely; the other half was shared between addictions. A greater proportion of variance was explained uniquely or shared within BAs compared to SUDs, especially for social anxiety disorder. CONCLUSIONS The interactions of a broad range of addictions should be considered when investigating their associations with MHPs. BAs explain a larger part of the variance in MHPs than do SUDs and therefore play an important role in their interaction with MHPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Marmet
- Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland,Corresponding author: Simon Marmet; Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 23, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; Phone: +41 21 314 18 97; Fax: +41 21 314 05 62; E-mail:
| | - Joseph Studer
- Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Wicki
- Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Bertholet
- Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yasser Khazaal
- Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland,Research Centre, University Institute of Mental Health at Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Gerhard Gmel
- Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland,Research Department, Addiction Switzerland, Lausanne, Switzerland,Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada,Department of Health and Social Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
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40
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Pal Singh Balhara Y, Doric A, Stevanovic D, Knez R, Singh S, Roy Chowdhury MR, Kafali HY, Sharma P, Vally Z, Vi Vu T, Arya S, Mahendru A, Ransing R, Erzin G, Le Thi Cam Hong Le H. Correlates of Problematic Internet Use among college and university students in eight countries: An international cross-sectional study. Asian J Psychiatr 2019; 45:113-120. [PMID: 31563832 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Internet use has increased worldwide exponentially over the past two decades, with no up-to-date cross-country comparison of Problematic Internet Use (PIU) and its correlates available. The present study aimed to explore the pattern and correlates of PIU across different countries in the European and the Asian continent. Further, the stability of factors associated with PIU across different countries were assessed. MATERIALS AND METHODS An international, cross-sectional study with a total of 2749 participants recruited from universities/colleges of eight countries: Bangladesh, Croatia, India, Nepal, Turkey, Serbia, Vietnam, and United Arab Emirates (UAE). Participants completed the Generalized Problematic Internet Use Scale -2 (GPIUS2) assessing PIU, and the Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety-Depression Scale (PHQ-ADS) assessing the depressive and anxiety symptoms. RESULTS A total of 2643 participants (mean age 21.3 ± 2.6; 63% females) were included in the final analysis. The overall prevalence of PIU for the entire sample was 8.4% (range 1.6% to 12.6%). The mean GPIUS2 standardized scores were significantly higher among participants from the five Asian countries when compared to the three European countries. Depressive and anxiety symptoms were the most stable and strongest factors associated with PIU across different countries and cultures. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS The PIU is an important emerging mental health condition among college/university going young adults, with psychological distress being the strongest and most stable correlate of PIU across different countries and cultures in this study. The present study highlighted the importance of screening university and college students for PIU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yatan Pal Singh Balhara
- Associate Professor of Psychiatry, Behavioral Addictions Clinic (BAC), Department of Psychiatry and National Drug Dependence Treatment Center (NDDTC), All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India.
| | - Ana Doric
- Professional Associate, Center for Applied Psychology, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Croatia.
| | - Dejan Stevanovic
- Clinic for Neurology and Psychiatry for Children and Youth, Dr Subotica 6a, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Rajna Knez
- Department of Women´s and Children´s health, Skaraborgs Hospital, Skövde, Sweden; University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Academy, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Blå stråket 15, 413 45 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Swarndeep Singh
- Senior Resident, Department of Psychiatry and National Drug Dependence Treatment Center (NDDTC), All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi,India.
| | | | - Helin Yilmaz Kafali
- Ankara Children's Hematology and Oncology Training and Research Hospital Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Pawan Sharma
- Lecturer, Department of Psychiatry, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Nepal.
| | - Zahir Vally
- Assistant Professor, Psychology & Counseling - (CHSS), United Arab Emirates University, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Tuong Vi Vu
- South Vietnam HIV Addiction Technical Transfer Centre - University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
| | - Sidharth Arya
- Postdoctoral fellow in Addiction Medicine & Senior Resident Centre for Addiction Medicine, National institute of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Bengaluru, India.
| | | | - Ramdas Ransing
- Department of Psychiatry, B K L Walawalkar Rural Medical College, Sawarde, Ratnagiri - 415 606, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Gamze Erzin
- Diskapi Training and Research Hospital, Turkey.
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Burleigh TL, Griffiths MD, Sumich A, Stavropoulos V, Kuss DJ. A Systematic Review of the Co-occurrence of Gaming Disorder and Other Potentially Addictive Behaviors. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-019-00279-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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42
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Brahim FB, Rothen S, Bianchi-Demicheli F, Courtois R, Khazaal Y. Contribution of sexual desire and motives to the compulsive use of cybersex. J Behav Addict 2019; 8:442-450. [PMID: 31505968 PMCID: PMC7044618 DOI: 10.1556/2006.8.2019.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Cybersex is increasingly associated with concerns about compulsive use. The aim of this study was to assess the roles of motives and sexual desire in the compulsive use of cybersex. METHODS The sample consisted of 306 cybersex users (150 men and 156 women). The participants were assessed using the Compulsive Internet Use Scale (CIUS) adapted for cybersex, the Cybersex Motives Questionnaire (enhancement, coping, and social motives), and the Sexual Desire Inventory-2 (dyadic and solitary sexual desire). RESULTS For both genders, coping motive was associated with CIUS score. For women, an additional association with social motives was found whereas an association with sexual desire was found for men. CONCLUSION The study showed gender differences in the contributors to sex-related CIUS scores.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephane Rothen
- Research Center for Statistics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland,Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Robert Courtois
- Department of Psychology, University of Tours, Tours, France,Psychiatric University Clinic, University Hospital of Tours (CHRU), Tours, France
| | - Yasser Khazaal
- Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital and Lausanne University, Lausanne, Switzerland,Research Centre, University Institute of Mental Health at Montreal, Montreal, Canada,Corresponding author: Yasser Khazaal; Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital and Lausanne University, Bugnon 23, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland; Phone: +41 21 314 84 00; Fax: +41 21 314 73 51; E-mail:
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Zack M, Lobo D, Biback C, Fang T, Smart K, Tatone D, Kalia A, Digiacomo D, Kennedy JL. Impulsivity moderates the effects of dopamine D2 and mixed D1-D2 antagonists in individuals with gambling disorder. J Psychopharmacol 2019; 33:1015-1029. [PMID: 31219367 DOI: 10.1177/0269881119855972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The functional role of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in gambling disorder (GD) remains unclear. AIMS This study aimed to investigate the role of D1 activation and the moderating effects of impulsivity, a trait linked with weaker D2-mediated inhibition of dopamine release, in GD subjects. METHODS Thirty (nine female) non-comorbid GD subjects with low (LI), moderate (MI), or high impulsivity (HI) received the preferential D2 antagonist haloperidol (HAL; 3 mg) or the mixed D1-D2 antagonist fluphenazine (FLU; 3 mg), on separate sessions before a 15-minute slot machine game or amphetamine (AMPH; 20 mg), in a placebo-controlled, double-blind, counterbalanced design. RESULTS On their own, HAL and FLU led to linear increases and decreases, respectively, in desire to gamble across increasing levels of impulsivity. The slot machine and AMPH each evoked an inverted-U pattern of desire to gamble across increasing impulsivity. HAL reversed this effect of the game, whereas FLU did not alter post-game desire. HAL and FLU decreased and increased psychostimulant-like effects of the game, respectively, in LI and MI subjects, but consistently reduced these effects in HI subjects. HAL also altered the salience of negative affective words on a reading task, such that greater salience of negative words coincided with lower post-game desire to gamble. CONCLUSIONS D1 receptors appear to gauge the incentive value of gambling in GD subjects. D1 activation has negative reinforcing effects in HI gamblers and positive reinforcing effects in LI gamblers. Medications that activate D1 could curtail chasing in HI gamblers. D1 blockade could benefit HI gamblers whose main concern is craving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Zack
- 1 Molecular Brain Sciences Research Department, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada.,2 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daniela Lobo
- 1 Molecular Brain Sciences Research Department, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada.,3 Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Candice Biback
- 2 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,4 Leslie Dan School of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tim Fang
- 2 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kelly Smart
- 2 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel Tatone
- 2 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Aditi Kalia
- 2 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel Digiacomo
- 3 Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - James L Kennedy
- 1 Molecular Brain Sciences Research Department, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada.,3 Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,5 Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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44
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Tateno M, Teo AR, Ukai W, Kanazawa J, Katsuki R, Kubo H, Kato TA. Internet Addiction, Smartphone Addiction, and Hikikomori Trait in Japanese Young Adult: Social Isolation and Social Network. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:455. [PMID: 31354537 PMCID: PMC6635695 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: As the number of internet users increases, problems related to internet overuse are becoming more and more serious. Adolescents and youth may be particularly attracted to and preoccupied with various online activities. In this study, we investigated the relationship of internet addiction, smartphone addiction, and the risk of hikikomori, severe social withdrawal, in Japanese young adult. Methods: The subjects were 478 college/university students in Japan. They were requested to complete the study questionnaire, which consisted of questions about demographics, internet use, the Internet Addiction Test (IAT), the Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS)-Short Version (SV), the 25-item Hikikomori Questionnaire (HQ-25), etc. We investigated the difference and correlation of the results between two groups based on the purpose of internet use or the total score of each self-rating scale, such as screened positive or negative for the risk of internet addiction, smartphone addiction, or hikikomori. Results: There was a trend that males favored gaming in their internet use while females used the internet mainly for social networking via smartphone, and the mean SAS-SV score was higher in females. Two-group comparisons between gamers and social media users, according to the main purpose of internet use, showed that gamers used the internet longer and had significantly higher mean IAT and HQ-25 scores. Regarding hikikomori trait, the subjects at high risk for hikikomori on HQ-25 had longer internet usage time and higher scores on both IAT and SAS-SV. Correlation analyses revealed that HQ-25 and IAT scores had a relatively strong relationship, although HQ-25 and SAS-SV had a moderately weak one. Discussion: Internet technology has changed our daily lives dramatically and altered the way we communicate as well. As social media applications are becoming more popular, users are connected more tightly to the internet and their time spent with others in the real world continues to decrease. Males often isolate themselves from the social community in order to engage in online gaming while females use the internet as to not be excluded from their communications online. Mental health providers should be aware of the seriousness of internet addictions and hikikomori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Tateno
- Tokiwa Child Development Center, Tokiwa Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Sapporo Medical University, School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Alan R. Teo
- VA Portland Health Care System, HSR&D Center to Improve Veteran Involvement in Care, Portland, OR, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University and Portland State University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Wataru Ukai
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Sapporo Medical University, School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Junichiro Kanazawa
- School of Psychological Science, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Tobetsu-cho, Japan
| | - Ryoko Katsuki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kubo
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takahiro A. Kato
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Benarous X, Morales P, Mayer H, Iancu C, Edel Y, Cohen D. Internet Gaming Disorder in Adolescents With Psychiatric Disorder: Two Case Reports Using a Developmental Framework. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:336. [PMID: 31133904 PMCID: PMC6524313 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Internet gaming disorder (IGD) has been a controversial entity with various opinions about its clinical relevance as an independent mental disorder. This debate has also included discussions about the relationships between problematic gaming, various psychiatric disorders, and personality traits and dimensions. This paper outlines a developmental-theory based model of Internet gaming misuse inspired by the treatment of two adolescent inpatients. The two clinical vignettes illustrate distinct developmental pathways: an "internalized pathway" via the development of social anxiety, emotional and behavioral avoidance; and an "externalized pathway" with a low level of emotional regulation strategies and impulsivity. In both clinical cases, attachment issues played a key role to understand the specific associations of risk and maintaining factors for IGD, and gaming behaviors may be seen as specific forms of maladaptive self-regulatory strategies for these two youths. These clinical observations support the assumption that gaming use problematic in adolescents should be viewed with a developmental approach, including key aspects of emotional development that represent significant targets for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Benarous
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
- INSERM Unit U1105 Research Group for Analysis of the Multimodal Cerebral Function, University of Picardy Jules Verne (UPJV), Amiens, France
| | - Pierre Morales
- Department of Addiction, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Hanna Mayer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Cosmin Iancu
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Yves Edel
- Department of Addiction, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - David Cohen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 7222, Institute for Intelligent Systems and Robotics, Sorbonnes Université, Paris, France
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Varfi N, Rothen S, Jasiowka K, Lepers T, Bianchi-Demicheli F, Khazaal Y. Sexual Desire, Mood, Attachment Style, Impulsivity, and Self-Esteem as Predictive Factors for Addictive Cybersex. JMIR Ment Health 2019; 6:e9978. [PMID: 30664470 PMCID: PMC6360388 DOI: 10.2196/mental.9978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An increasing number of studies are concerned with various aspects of cybersex addiction, the difficulty some persons have in limiting cybersex use despite a negative impact on everyday life. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess potential links between the outcome variable cybersex addiction, assessed with the Compulsive Internet Use Scale (CIUS) adapted for cybersex use, and several psychological and psychopathological factors, including sexual desire, mood, attachment style, impulsivity, and self-esteem, by taking into account the age, sex, and sexual orientation of cybersex users. METHODS A Web-based survey was conducted in which participants were assessed for sociodemographic variables and with the following instruments: CIUS adapted for cybersex use, Sexual Desire Inventory, and Short Depression-Happiness Scale. Moreover, attachment style was assessed with the Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised questionnaire (Anxiety and Avoidance subscales). Impulsivity was measured by using the Urgency, Premeditation (lack of), Perseverance (lack of), Sensation Seeking, Positive Urgency Impulsive Behavior Scale. Global self-esteem was assessed with the 1-item Self-Esteem Scale. RESULTS A sample of 145 subjects completed the study. Addictive cybersex use was associated with higher levels of sexual desire, depressive mood, avoidant attachment style, and male gender but not with impulsivity. CONCLUSIONS Addictive cybersex use is a function of sexual desire, depressive mood, and avoidant attachment.
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de Alarcón R, de la Iglesia JI, Casado NM, Montejo AL. Online Porn Addiction: What We Know and What We Don't-A Systematic Review. J Clin Med 2019; 8:E91. [PMID: 30650522 PMCID: PMC6352245 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last few years, there has been a wave of articles related to behavioral addictions; some of them have a focus on online pornography addiction. However, despite all efforts, we are still unable to profile when engaging in this behavior becomes pathological. Common problems include: sample bias, the search for diagnostic instrumentals, opposing approximations to the matter, and the fact that this entity may be encompassed inside a greater pathology (i.e., sex addiction) that may present itself with very diverse symptomatology. Behavioral addictions form a largely unexplored field of study, and usually exhibit a problematic consumption model: loss of control, impairment, and risky use. Hypersexual disorder fits this model and may be composed of several sexual behaviors, like problematic use of online pornography (POPU). Online pornography use is on the rise, with a potential for addiction considering the "triple A" influence (accessibility, affordability, anonymity). This problematic use might have adverse effects in sexual development and sexual functioning, especially among the young population. We aim to gather existing knowledge on problematic online pornography use as a pathological entity. Here we try to summarize what we know about this entity and outline some areas worthy of further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén de Alarcón
- Psychiatry Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Salamanca, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Javier I de la Iglesia
- Psychiatry Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Salamanca, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Nerea M Casado
- Psychiatry Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Salamanca, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Angel L Montejo
- Psychiatry Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Salamanca, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain.
- University of Salamanca, EUEF, 37007 Salamanca, Spain.
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Starcevic V, Khazaal Y. Editorial: Problematic Gaming, Personality, and Psychiatric Disorders. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:1004. [PMID: 32010002 PMCID: PMC6979487 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.01004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vladan Starcevic
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, Nepean Clinical School, Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, Nepean Hospital, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Yasser Khazaal
- Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospitals, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Lausanne University, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Research Center, Montreal University Institute of Mental Health, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Franc E, Khazaal Y, Jasiowka K, Lepers T, Bianchi-Demicheli F, Rothen S. Factor structure of the Cybersex Motives Questionnaire. J Behav Addict 2018; 7:601-609. [PMID: 30156118 PMCID: PMC6426379 DOI: 10.1556/2006.7.2018.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The Internet is widely used for sexual activities and pornography. Little is known, however, about why people look for meetings and sexual interactions through the Internet and about the correlates of cybersex addiction. The goal of this study was to construct a questionnaire for cybersex motives [Cybersex Motives Questionnaire (CysexMQ)] by adapting the Gambling Motives Questionnaire to cybersex use and validating its structure. METHODS Two online samples of 191 and 204 cybersex users were collected to conduct a principal component analysis (PCA) on the first sample and a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on the second. Cronbach's α and composite reliability were computed to assess internal consistency. Correlations between the CysexMQ and the Sexual Desire Inventory (SDI) were also evaluated. RESULTS Two competing models were retained from the PCA, one with two factors and the other with three factors. The CFA showed better fit for the three-factor solution. After three cross-loading items were removed, the results showed that a final 14-item three-factor solution (enhancement, coping, and social motives) was valid (adjusted goodness-of-fit index: 0.993; normed-fit index: 0.978; Tucker-Lewis index: 0.985; comparative fit index: 0.988; root mean square error of approximation: 0.076). Positive correlations were found between the different motives and the subscales of the SDI. DISCUSSION The results suggest that the CysexMQ is adequate for the assessment of cybersex motives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Franc
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yasser Khazaal
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland,Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland,Research Centre, University Institute of Mental Health at Montreal, Montreal, Canada,Corresponding author: Yasser Khazaal; Geneva University Hospital, Grand-Pré 70C, Geneva 1206, Switzerland; Phone: +41 22 372 55 50; Fax: +41 22 320 28 40; E-mail:
| | - Katarzyna Jasiowka
- Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Thibault Lepers
- Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Bianchi-Demicheli
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland,Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stéphane Rothen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland,Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
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50
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Romo L, Ladner J, Kotbagi G, Morvan Y, Saleh D, Tavolacci MP, Kern L. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and addictions (substance and behavioral): Prevalence and characteristics in a multicenter study in France. J Behav Addict 2018; 7:743-751. [PMID: 30010409 PMCID: PMC6426372 DOI: 10.1556/2006.7.2018.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study is to determine the possible links between attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and the presence of concomitant addictions with or without substance use in a French student population. MEASURES A battery of questionnaire measuring socioeconomic characteristics, university curriculum, ADHD (Wender Utah Rating Scale and Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale), substance consumptions (alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis), and behavioral addictions [(eating disorders (SCOFF)], Internet addiction (Internet Addiction Test), food addiction (Yale Food Addiction Scale), compulsive buying (Echeburua's), and problem gambling (The Canadian Problem Gambling Index)] and measures of physical activity (Godin's Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire) was filled up by university students in Rouen and Nanterre in France. RESULTS A total of 1,517 students were included (472 from Paris Nanterre and 1,042 from Rouen). The mean age was 20.6 years (SD = 3.6) and the sex ratio male to female was 0.46. The prevalence of ADHD among the students (current ADHD with a history of ADHD in childhood) was 5.6%. A quarter (25.7%) of students had already repeated their university curriculum, compared to 42.2% among the students with ADHD. Students with possible ADHD had repeated classes more often and believed to have a lower academic level than the students without ADHD. Significant differences were found as students with ADHD were less likely to succeed in their studies (repeated classes more often) than non-ADHD students, and considered their academic level to be lower. They also had significantly higher scores on substance (alcohol, cannabis, and tobacco) as well as behavioral addictions (gambling, compulsive buying disorder, eating disorders, and Internet addiction). CONCLUSION It seems essential to determine students' problems and propose interventions adapted to students' needs, in order to reduce the negative impact on their future academic and global successes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Romo
- Department of Psychology, University Paris Nanterre EA 4430 CLIPSYD, Nanterre, France,GHT Psychiatrie et Neuroscience, CMME, Centre Hospitalier Sainte Anne, Paris, France,Corresponding author: Lucia Romo; Université Paris Nanterre UFR SPSE, EA 4430 CLIPSYD, 200 avenue de la république 92001 Nanterre Cedex, Unité Inserm U894 CH Sainte Anne, Paris, France; GHT Psychiatrie et Neuroscience, CMME, Centre Hospitalier Sainte Anne, Paris, France; Phone: +33 6 87 51 12 71; Fax: +33 01 40 97 71 58; E-mail:
| | - Joel Ladner
- Epidemiology and Health Promotion Hospital, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France,INSERM UMR 1073, Normandy University Hospital, Rouen, France,INSERM UMR 1073, School of Medicine, Rouen University, Rouen, France
| | - Gayatri Kotbagi
- Department of Psychology, University Paris Nanterre EA 4430 CLIPSYD, Nanterre, France,Department of Sports Sciences, Grenoble Alpes University, EA 3742 SENS, France
| | - Yannick Morvan
- Department of Psychology, University Paris Nanterre EA 4430 CLIPSYD, Nanterre, France,INSERM UMR 894, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Dalia Saleh
- Department of Psychology, University Paris Nanterre EA 4430 CLIPSYD, Nanterre, France,Counseling Psychology, Tishreen University, Latakia, Syria
| | - Marie Pierre Tavolacci
- INSERM UMR 1073, Normandy University Hospital, Rouen, France,Clinical Investigation Center 1404, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Laurence Kern
- Department of Psychology, University Paris Nanterre EA 4430 CLIPSYD, Nanterre, France,University Paris Nanterre EA 2931, CeSRM, Nanterre, France
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