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Jia F, Han J. COVID-19 related neurological manifestations in Parkinson's disease: has ferroptosis been a suspect? Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:146. [PMID: 38503730 PMCID: PMC10951317 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-01915-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
A rising number of patient cases point to a probable link between SARS-CoV-2 infection and Parkinson's disease (PD), yet the mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 affects the brain and generates neuropsychiatric symptoms in COVID-19 patients remain unknown. Ferroptosis, a distinct iron-dependent non-apoptotic type of cell death characterized by lipid peroxidation and glutathione depletion, a key factor in neurological disorders. Ferroptosis may have a pathogenic role in COVID-19, according to recent findings, however its potential contributions to COVID-19-related PD have not yet been investigated. This review covers potential paths for SARS-CoV-2 infection of the brain. Among these putative processes, ferroptosis may contribute to the etiology of COVID-19-associated PD, potentially providing therapeutic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengju Jia
- School of Nursing, Qingdao University, No. 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Jing Han
- School of Nursing, Qingdao University, No. 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266071, China
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2
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Rachman A, Rahmaniyah R, Khomeini A, Iriani A. The association between vitamin D deficiency and the clinical outcomes of hospitalized COVID-19 patients. F1000Res 2024; 12:394. [PMID: 38434628 PMCID: PMC10905025 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.132214.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Vitamin D deficiency is an emerging public health problem that affects more than one billion people worldwide. Vitamin D has been shown to be effective in preventing and reducing the severity of viral respiratory diseases, including influenza. However, the role of vitamin D in COVID-19 infection remains controversial. This study aimed to analyze the association of vitamin D deficiency on the clinical outcome of hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Methods A prospective cohort study was conducted among hospitalized COVID-19 patients at two COVID-19 referral hospitals in Indonesia from October 2021 until February 2022. Results The median serum 25(OH)D level in 191 hospitalized COVID-19 patients was 13.6 [IQR=10.98] ng/mL. The serum 25(OH)D levels were significantly lower among COVID-19 patients with vitamin D deficiency who had cardiovascular disease (p-value=0.04), the use of a ventilator (p-value=0.004), more severe COVID-19 cases (p-value=0.047), and mortality (p-value=0.002). Furthermore, serum 25(OH)D levels were significantly different between patients with mild and severe COVID-19 cases (p-value=0.019). Serum 25(OH)D levels in moderate and severe COVID-19 cases were significantly different (p-value=0.031). Lower serum 25(OH)D levels were significantly associated with an increased number of comorbidities (p-value=0.03), the severity of COVID-19 (p-value=0.002), and the use of mechanical ventilation (p-value=0.032). Mortality was found in 7.3% of patients with deficient vitamin D levels. However, patients with either sufficient or insufficient vitamin D levels did not develop mortality. Conclusions COVID-19 patients with vitamin D deficiency were significantly associated with having cardiovascular disease, mortality, more severe COVID-19 cases, and the used of mechanical ventilation. Lower serum 25(OH)D levels were associated with an increased number of comorbidities, COVID-19 severity, and the use of mechanical-ventilation. Thus, we suggest hospitalized COVID-19 patients to reach a sufficient vitamin D status to improve the clinical outcome of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andhika Rachman
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National Referral Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Centra Jakarta, DKI Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Rizky Rahmaniyah
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Central Jakarta, DKI Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Andi Khomeini
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Central Jakarta, DKI Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wisma Atlet COVID-19 Emergency Hospital, North Jakarta, DKI Jakarta, 14360, Indonesia
| | - Anggraini Iriani
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Yarsi University, Central Jakarta, DKI Jakarta, 10510, Indonesia
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Haghighi AH, Shojaee M, Askari R, Abbasian S, Gentil P. The effects of 12 weeks resistance training and vitamin D administration on neuromuscular joint, muscle strength and power in postmenopausal women. Physiol Behav 2024; 274:114419. [PMID: 38036018 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to examine the effects of 12 weeks of resistance training (RT) and vitamin D (VitD) supplementation on muscle strength and C-terminal agrin fragment (CAF) and Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) concentrations as potential biomarkers in postmenopausal women. METHODS This was a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. Forty-four healthy postmenopausal women (55.84 ± 4.70 years and 29.61 ± 4.26 kg/m2) were randomly assigned into four groups: (1) Resistance training + placebo (RT + PLA), (2) Vitamin D supplementation (VitD), (3) Resistance training + vitamin D (RT + VitD), and (4) Placebo (PLA). VitD was supplemented as an oral capsule containing 50000 IU of cholecalciferol every two weeks. RT involved leg press, chest press, leg extension, leg curl, and shoulder press exercises, performed with 3-4 sets at 70-85 % of 1RM, three times a week. RESULTS Circulating levels of CAF and NT-3 did not significantly change following the intervention period in the study groups (p > 0.05). There were significant increases in upper and lower body muscle strength and power for RT + VitD and RT + PLA ( < 0.05), but not for VitD or PLA (p > 0.05). The muscle function gains for RT + VitD and RT + PLA were higher than those for VitD and PLA but did not differ between them. CONCLUSION 12-week of RT interventions resulted in significant increases in muscle strength and power in postmenopausal women. However, VitD supplementation did not result in any additional benefits. The positive changes in muscle function promoted by RT do not seem to be associated with changes in the neuromuscular joint via the CAF or NT-3 as potential biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Hossein Haghighi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Malihe Shojaee
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Roya Askari
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Sadegh Abbasian
- Department of Sport Sciences, Khavaran Institute of Higher Education, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Paulo Gentil
- College of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goias, Brazil.
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4
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Mbata MK, Hunziker M, Makhdoomi A, Lüthi-Corridori G, Boesing M, Giezendanner S, Muser J, Leuppi-Taegtmeyer AB, Leuppi JD. Is Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Level Associated with Severity of COVID-19? A Retrospective Study. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5520. [PMID: 37685586 PMCID: PMC10488373 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12175520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: SARS-COV2 infection has a clinical spectrum ranging from asymptomatic infection to COVID-19 with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Although vitamin D deficiency is often found in patients with ARDS, its role in COVID-19 is not clear. The aim of this study was to explore a possible association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and the severity of COVID-19 in hospitalised patients. (2) Methods: In this retrospective observational study, we analysed data from 763 patients hospitalised for COVID-19 in 2020 and 2021. Patients were included in the study if serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D was assessed 30 days before or after hospital admission. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as <50 nmol/L (<20 ng/mL). The primary outcome was COVID-19 severity. (3) Results: The overall median serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level was 54 nmol/L (IQR 35-76); 47% of the patients were vitamin D deficient. Most patients had mild to moderate COVID-19 and no differences were observed between vitamin D deficient and non-deficient patients (81% vs. 84% of patients, respectively p = 0.829). (4) Conclusion: No association was found between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and COVID-19 severity in this large observational study conducted over 2 years of the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munachimso Kizito Mbata
- Cantonal Hospital Baselland, University Center of Internal Medicine, Rheinstrasse 26, 4410 Liestal, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 61, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mireille Hunziker
- Cantonal Hospital Baselland, University Center of Internal Medicine, Rheinstrasse 26, 4410 Liestal, Switzerland
- Center for Rehabilitation and Geriatrics, Cantonal Hospital Baselland, Gemeindeholzweg, 4101 Bruderholz, Switzerland
| | - Anja Makhdoomi
- Cantonal Hospital Baselland, University Center of Internal Medicine, Rheinstrasse 26, 4410 Liestal, Switzerland
| | - Giorgia Lüthi-Corridori
- Cantonal Hospital Baselland, University Center of Internal Medicine, Rheinstrasse 26, 4410 Liestal, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 61, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maria Boesing
- Cantonal Hospital Baselland, University Center of Internal Medicine, Rheinstrasse 26, 4410 Liestal, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 61, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stéphanie Giezendanner
- Cantonal Hospital Baselland, University Center of Internal Medicine, Rheinstrasse 26, 4410 Liestal, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Muser
- Central Laboratories, Cantonal Hospital Baselland, Rheinstrasse 26, 4410 Liestal, Switzerland
| | - Anne B. Leuppi-Taegtmeyer
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 61, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Hospital Pharmacy, Cantonal Hospital Baselland, Rheinstrasse 26, 4410 Liestal, Switzerland
- Department of Patient Safety, Medical Directorate, University Hospital Basel, Schanzenstrasse 55, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jörg D. Leuppi
- Cantonal Hospital Baselland, University Center of Internal Medicine, Rheinstrasse 26, 4410 Liestal, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 61, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Ababneh MA, Halloush S, Altawalbeh S, Mardini A. Knowledge and attitudes towards herbal and dietary products use during the COVID-19 pandemic. CLINICAL NUTRITION OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 49:118-129. [PMID: 37266308 PMCID: PMC10200713 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutos.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aim The outbreak of coronavirus (COVID-19) has made a global public health disaster. Little information is known about how to combat this infection. Therefore, preventive health measures that can reduce the severity and progression of this disease are needed. Some dietary supplements and herbal products have antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects. Thus, it may be used to enhance immunity and reduce the risk of COVID-19 infection. In this study, we reviewed selected supplements that may play a key role in the prevention and management of COVID-19 (e.g. vitamin D, vitamin C, and zinc), and that was to determine the level of knowledge and attitudes toward them by the adult population in Jordan. Methodology This is a cross-sectional study design, in which an online questionnaire was conducted and distributed on different social media websites. People who are above 18 years old were included in this study. Demographic, Attitudes, and knowledge data were collected and then analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS 23). Results In this study, (62.8%) of participants became more concerned with their health during the COVID-19 pandemic, and (49.2%) of them used dietary and herbal supplements to protect themselves from the coronavirus. In addition, (18.5%) of participants reported that they had used these supplements for a while and then stopped. Conclusion The findings of our study provided evidence that the general population in Jordan has a reasonable level of knowledge and acceptance of dietary and herbal supplements used during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mera A Ababneh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Shatha Halloush
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Shoroq Altawalbeh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Afrah Mardini
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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Chatterjee S, Nalla LV, Sharma M, Sharma N, Singh AA, Malim FM, Ghatage M, Mukarram M, Pawar A, Parihar N, Arya N, Khairnar A. Association of COVID-19 with Comorbidities: An Update. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2023; 6:334-354. [PMID: 36923110 PMCID: PMC10000013 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.2c00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) which was identified in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and jeopardized human lives. It spreads at an unprecedented rate worldwide, with serious and still-unfolding health conditions and economic ramifications. Based on the clinical investigations, the severity of COVID-19 appears to be highly variable, ranging from mild to severe infections including the death of an infected individual. To add to this, patients with comorbid conditions such as age or concomitant illnesses are significant predictors of the disease's severity and progression. SARS-CoV-2 enters inside the host cells through ACE2 (angiotensin converting enzyme2) receptor expression; therefore, comorbidities associated with higher ACE2 expression may enhance the virus entry and the severity of COVID-19 infection. It has already been recognized that age-related comorbidities such as Parkinson's disease, cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases may lead to life-threatening illnesses in COVID-19-infected patients. COVID-19 infection results in the excessive release of cytokines, called "cytokine storm", which causes the worsening of comorbid disease conditions. Different mechanisms of COVID-19 infections leading to intensive care unit (ICU) admissions or deaths have been hypothesized. This review provides insights into the relationship between various comorbidities and COVID-19 infection. We further discuss the potential pathophysiological correlation between COVID-19 disease and comorbidities with the medical interventions for comorbid patients. Toward the end, different therapeutic options have been discussed for COVID-19-infected comorbid patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayan Chatterjee
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Lakshmi Vineela Nalla
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382355, India.,Department of Pharmacy, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh 522302, India
| | - Monika Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Nishant Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Aditya A Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Fehmina Mushtaque Malim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Manasi Ghatage
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Mohd Mukarram
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Abhijeet Pawar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Nidhi Parihar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Neha Arya
- Department of Translational Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bhopal, Bhopal 462020, India
| | - Amit Khairnar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382355, India.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno 602 00, Czech Republic.,ICRC-FNUSA Brno 656 91, Czech Republic.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 62500 Brno, Czechia
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7
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Huang P, Zhang LY, Tan YY, Chen SD. Links between COVID-19 and Parkinson's disease/Alzheimer's disease: reciprocal impacts, medical care strategies and underlying mechanisms. Transl Neurodegener 2023; 12:5. [PMID: 36717892 PMCID: PMC9885419 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-023-00337-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on patients with neurodegenerative diseases and the specific neurological manifestations of COVID-19 have aroused great interest. However, there are still many issues of concern to be clarified. Therefore, we review the current literature on the complex relationship between COVID-19 and neurodegenerative diseases with an emphasis on Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). We summarize the impact of COVID-19 infection on symptom severity, disease progression, and mortality rate of PD and AD, and discuss whether COVID-19 infection could trigger PD and AD. In addition, the susceptibility to and the prognosis of COVID-19 in PD patients and AD patients are also included. In order to achieve better management of PD and AD patients, modifications of care strategies, specific drug therapies, and vaccines during the pandemic are also listed. At last, mechanisms underlying the link of COVID-19 with PD and AD are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Huang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Lin-Yuan Zhang
- grid.412478.c0000 0004 1760 4628Department of Neurology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai, 200080 China
| | - Yu-Yan Tan
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Sheng-Di Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China. .,Lab for Translational Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies (SIAIS), Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
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Fan X, Yin J, Yin J, Weng X, Ding R. Comparison of the anti-inflammatory effects of vitamin E and vitamin D on a rat model of dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis. Exp Ther Med 2023; 25:98. [PMID: 36761001 PMCID: PMC9893224 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.11797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to compare the clinical effects of vitamin E and vitamin D on a rat model of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis (UC), and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms associated with changes in the levels of cytokines. After successful establishment of the rat model of DSS-induced UC, prednisolone (1 mg/kg), vitamin D (50 ng) and vitamin E (6, 30 and 150 IU/kg) were orally administered for 1 week. The pharmacodynamics were evaluated by a daily combination of clinical observation (CO) scores, histopathological evaluations and assessment of molecular markers of inflammation. Administration of vitamin D, vitamin E (30 and 150 IU/kg), prednisolone, and the combination of vitamin D and vitamin E resulted in a decrease in CO scores. The severity of inflammation of the colon was markedly alleviated in the treatment groups compared with that in the untreated DSS group according to the results of histopathological examination; however, they showed different inhibitory effects on the levels of some cytokines. In conclusion, the present results indicated that oral administration of vitamin E could promote recovery of DSS-induced UC by the inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines, and that its underlying mechanism may differ from that of vitamin D and glucocorticoid drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Fan
- National Beijing Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory for Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, P.R. China,Office of Laboratory Management, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, P.R. China
| | - Jie Yin
- Department of Neuroscience, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Jiye Yin
- National Beijing Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory for Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Xiechuan Weng
- Department of Neuroscience, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, P.R. China,Correspondence to: Dr Xiechuan Weng, Department of Neuroscience, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, P.R. China NULL
| | - Rigao Ding
- National Beijing Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory for Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, P.R. China,Correspondence to: Dr Xiechuan Weng, Department of Neuroscience, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, P.R. China NULL
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9
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Vitamin B12 Ameliorates the Pathological Phenotypes of Multiple Parkinson's Disease Models by Alleviating Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12010153. [PMID: 36671015 PMCID: PMC9854476 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the midbrain. The etiology of PD has yet to be elucidated, and the disease remains incurable. Increasing evidence suggests that oxidative stress is the key causative factor of PD. Due to their capacity to alleviate oxidative stress, antioxidants hold great potential for the treatment of PD. Vitamins are essential organic substances for maintaining the life of organisms. Vitamin deficiency is implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases, such as PD. In the present study, we investigated whether administration of vitamin B12 (VB12) could ameliorate PD phenotypes in vitro and in vivo. Our results showed that VB12 significantly reduced the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the rotenone-induced SH-SY5Y cellular PD model. In a Parkin gene knockout C. elegans PD model, VB12 mitigated motor dysfunction. Moreover, in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced mouse PD model, VB12 also displayed protective effects, including the rescue of mitochondrial function, dopaminergic neuron loss, and movement disorder. In summary, our results suggest that vitamin supplementation may be a novel method for the intervention of PD, which is safer and more feasible than chemical drug treatment.
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Tripathi AK, Mishra SK. A review article on neuroprotective, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory role of vitamin-D3 in elderly COVID-19 patients. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY, PSYCHIATRY AND NEUROSURGERY 2023; 59:18. [PMID: 36776226 PMCID: PMC9901404 DOI: 10.1186/s41983-023-00611-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D3 is a secosteroid, broad-spectrum immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory hormone produced either by the internal subcutaneous pathway in the presence of ultraviolet B (UVB) rays or by the external pathway in the form of supplements. Vitamin D3 deficiency is a common and reversible contributor to mortality and morbidity among critically ill patients, including Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and other viral infections. The major functions of vitamin D3 are inhibiting the proinflammatory pathways, including nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB), inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-6 (ILs-6), interleukin-18 (ILs-18), and tumour necrosis factor (TNF), preventing the loss of neural sensation in COVID-19, maintaining respiratory homeostasis, and acting as an antiviral, antimalarial, and antihypertensive agent. Vitamin D3 has an important role in reversing the COVID-19 infection in patients who have previously suffered from a neurological disease, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson disease, motor neuron disease, multiple sclerosis, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, stroke, cardiovascular problems, headache, sleep-associated disorder, and others. Moreover, vitamin D3 plays a key role in regulating the gene expression of different pro-inflammatory cytokines. In addition to the information provided above, the current review article provides the most recent information on Vitamin D against COVID-19 with comorbid neurological disorders. Furthermore, we present the most recent advancement and molecular mechanism of action of vitamin D3. Diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and neurological disorders are comorbid conditions, and vitamin D3 is a critical regulator of COVID-19 infection during these conditions. In the midst of the COVID-19 epidemic, factors such as sex, latitudes, nutrition, demography, pollution, and gut microbiota warrants for additional research on vitamin D supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Tripathi
- grid.448824.60000 0004 1786 549XSchool of Basic and Applied Science, Galgotias University, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 203201 India
| | - Sunil Kumar Mishra
- grid.467228.d0000 0004 1806 4045Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
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11
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Pinzariu AC, Sova IA, Maranduca MA, Filip N, Drochioi IC, Vamesu CG, Clim A, Hurjui LL, Moscalu M, Soroceanu RP, Serban DN, Serban IL. Vitamin D Deficiency in Both Oral and Systemic Manifestations in SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Updated Review. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 59:medicina59010068. [PMID: 36676692 PMCID: PMC9866644 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The specialized literature emphasizes the fact that vitamin D has a potentially beneficial effect in the context of the current COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this article is to highlight the role of vitamin D, both prophylactic and curative, in the treatment of patients diagnosed with COVID-19. Even though its relevance is still unknown and causes various controversies, there is currently no specific treatment for patients diagnosed with COVID-19. There are various prevention strategies with new vaccination schedules, but additional randomized and clinical trials are still needed to combat this pandemic. In addition to the systemic manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection, oral manifestations of this disease have also been described in the literature. The etiology of oral manifestations associated with COVID-19 infection and vitamin D deficiency remains controversial. In the present studies, oral manifestations such as salivary gland infections, aphthae, erythema, gingivitis, ulcers, etc. have been reported. This is a new topic, and the prevalence of manifestations is described in only a few studies, which is inconsistent with the number of COVID-19 cases reported since the beginning of the pandemic. The clinical symptomatology in patients with current COVID-19 infection is polymorphic. Whether the oral manifestation is directly caused by SARS-CoV-2 or a secondary manifestation remains an important topic to analyze and discuss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alin Constantin Pinzariu
- Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences II, Discipline of Physiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ivona Andreea Sova
- IOSUD Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Minela Aida Maranduca
- Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences II, Discipline of Physiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Internal Medicine Clinic, “St. Spiridon” County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Nina Filip
- Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences II, Discipline of Biochemistry, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ilie Cristian Drochioi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Reconstructive, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700020 Iasi, Romania
| | - Calin George Vamesu
- Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences II, Discipline of Physiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Andreea Clim
- Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences II, Discipline of Physiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Loredana Liliana Hurjui
- Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences II, Discipline of Physiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Mihaela Moscalu
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Interdisciplinarity, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Radu Petru Soroceanu
- Department of Surgery I, Discipline of Surgical Semiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Dragomir Nicolae Serban
- Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences II, Discipline of Physiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ionela Lacramioara Serban
- Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences II, Discipline of Physiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
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12
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Ali M, Wani SUD, Masoodi MH, Khan NA, Shivakumar HG, Osmani RMA, Khan KA. Global Effect of COVID-19 Pandemic on Cancer Patients and its Treatment: A Systematic Review. CLINICAL COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 2:100041. [PMID: 36377228 PMCID: PMC9035683 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccmp.2022.100041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Background At a global level, the COVID-19 disease outbreak has had a major impact on health services and has induced disruption in routine care of health institutions, exposing cancer patients to severe risks. To provide uninterrupted tumor treatment throughout a pandemic lockdown is a major obstacle. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and its causative virus, SARS-CoV-2, stance considerable challenges for the management of oncology patients. COVID-19 presents particularly severe respiratory and systemic infection in aging and immunosuppressed individuals, including patients with cancer. Objective In the present review, we focused on emergent evidence from cancer sufferers that have been contaminated with COVID-19 and cancer patients who were at higher risk of severe COVID-19, and indicates that anticancer treatment may either rise COVID-19 susceptibility or have a duple therapeutic impact on cancer as well as COVID-19; moreover, how SARS-CoV-2 infection impacts cancer cells. Also, to assess the global effect of the COVID-19 disease outbreak on cancer and its treatment. Methods A literature survey was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science (WOS), Embase, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and VIral Protein domain DataBase (VIP DB) between Dec 1, 2019 and Sep 23, 2021, for studies on anticancer treatments in patients with COVID-19. The characteristics of the patients, treatment types, mortality, and other additional outcomes were extracted and pooled for synthesis. Results This disease has a huge effect on sufferers who have cancer(s). Sufferers of COVID-19 have a greater percentage of tumor diagnoses than the rest of the population. Likewise, cancer and highest proportion is lung cancer sufferers are more susceptible to COVID-19 constriction than the rest of the population. Conclusion Sufferers who have both COVID-19 and tumor have a considerably elevated death risk than single COVID-19 positive patients overall. During the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a reduction in the screening of cancer and detection, and also deferral of routine therapies, which may contribute to an increase in cancer mortality there in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali
- Department of Pharmacology, Al-Ameen College of Pharmacy, Bangalore 560001, India
| | - Shahid Ud Din Wani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Applied Science and Technology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Mubashir Hussain Masoodi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Applied Science and Technology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Nisar Ahmad Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Applied Science and Technology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - H G Shivakumar
- College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Technical Education, Noida 201301, India
| | - Riyaz M Ali Osmani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru 570015, India
| | - Khalid Ahmed Khan
- Assistant Drugs Controller, Drugs Control Department, Government of Karnataka, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560004, India
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13
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Wimalawansa SJ. Rapidly Increasing Serum 25(OH)D Boosts the Immune System, against Infections-Sepsis and COVID-19. Nutrients 2022; 14:2997. [PMID: 35889955 PMCID: PMC9319502 DOI: 10.3390/nu14142997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency is a global public health problem, a pandemic that commonly affects the elderly and those with comorbidities such as obesity, diabetes, hypertension, respiratory disorders, recurrent infections, immune deficiency, and malignancies, as well as ethnic minorities living in temperate countries. The same groups were worst affected by COVID-19. Since vitamin D deficiency weakens the immune system, it increases the risk of infections, complications, and deaths, such as from sepsis and COVID-19. Deficiency can be remedied cost-effectively through targeted food fortification, supplementation, and/or daily safe sun exposure. Its endocrine functions are limited to mineral metabolism, musculoskeletal systems, specific cell membrane interactions, and parathyroid gland functions. Except for the rapid, endocrine, and cell membrane-based non-genomic functions, all other biological and physiological activities of vitamin D depend on the adequate intracellular synthesis of 1,25(OH)2D (calcitriol) in peripheral target cells via the genome. Calcitriol mediates autocrine (intracrine) and paracrine signalling in immune cells, which provides broader, protective immune functions crucial to overcoming infections. The synthesis of 1,25(OH)2D (calcitriol) in peripheral target cells is dependent on diffusion and endocytosis of D3 and 25(OH)D from the circulation into them, which requires maintenance of serum 25(OH)D concentration above 50 ng/mL. Therefore, in acute infections such as sepsis and respiratory infections like COVID-19, it is necessary to rapidly provide its precursors, D3 and 25(OH)D, through the circulation to generate adequate intracellular calcitriol. Immune defence is one of the crucial non-hormonal functions of vitamin D. A single oral (bolus) dose or divided upfront loading doses between 100,000 and 500,000 IU, using 50,000 IU vitamin D3 increase the serum 25(OH)D concentrations to a therapeutic level of above 50 ng/mL that lasts between two to three months. This takes three to five days to raise serum 25(OH)D. In contrast, a single oral dose of calcifediol (0.014 mg/kg body weight) can generate the needed 25(OH)D concentration within four hours. Considering both D3 and 25(OH)D enter immune cells for generating calcitriol, using the combination of D3 (medium-term) and calcifediol (immediate) is cost-effective and leads to the best clinical outcome. To maximise protection against infections, particularly to reduce COVID-19-associated complications and deaths, healthcare workers should advise patients on safe sun exposure, adequate vitamin D supplementation and balanced diets containing zinc, magnesium, and other micronutrients to support the immune system. Meanwhile, governments, the World Health Organisation, the Centers for Disease Control, and governments should consider similar recommendations to physicians and the public, change the outdated vitamin D and other micronutrient recommendations directed to their population, and organise targetted food fortification programs for the vulnerable groups. This article discusses a rational approach to maintaining a sustained serum 25(OH)D concentration above 50 ng/mL, necessary to attain a robust immune system for overcoming infections. Such would cost-effectively improve the population’s health and reduce healthcare costs. It also describes three cost-effective, straightforward protocols for achieving and sustaining therapeutic serum 25(OH)D concentrations above 50 ng/mL (>125 nmol/L) to keep the population healthy, reduce absenteeism, improve productivity, and lower healthcare costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil J Wimalawansa
- Endocrinology & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Cardiometabolic & Endocrine Institute, North Brunswick, NJ 08873, USA
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14
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Suri JS, Maindarkar MA, Paul S, Ahluwalia P, Bhagawati M, Saba L, Faa G, Saxena S, Singh IM, Chadha PS, Turk M, Johri A, Khanna NN, Viskovic K, Mavrogeni S, Laird JR, Miner M, Sobel DW, Balestrieri A, Sfikakis PP, Tsoulfas G, Protogerou AD, Misra DP, Agarwal V, Kitas GD, Kolluri R, Teji JS, Al-Maini M, Dhanjil SK, Sockalingam M, Saxena A, Sharma A, Rathore V, Fatemi M, Alizad A, Krishnan PR, Omerzu T, Naidu S, Nicolaides A, Paraskevas KI, Kalra M, Ruzsa Z, Fouda MM. Deep Learning Paradigm for Cardiovascular Disease/Stroke Risk Stratification in Parkinson's Disease Affected by COVID-19: A Narrative Review. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:1543. [PMID: 35885449 PMCID: PMC9324237 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12071543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Motivation: Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most serious, non-curable, and expensive to treat. Recently, machine learning (ML) has shown to be able to predict cardiovascular/stroke risk in PD patients. The presence of COVID-19 causes the ML systems to become severely non-linear and poses challenges in cardiovascular/stroke risk stratification. Further, due to comorbidity, sample size constraints, and poor scientific and clinical validation techniques, there have been no well-explained ML paradigms. Deep neural networks are powerful learning machines that generalize non-linear conditions. This study presents a novel investigation of deep learning (DL) solutions for CVD/stroke risk prediction in PD patients affected by the COVID-19 framework. Method: The PRISMA search strategy was used for the selection of 292 studies closely associated with the effect of PD on CVD risk in the COVID-19 framework. We study the hypothesis that PD in the presence of COVID-19 can cause more harm to the heart and brain than in non-COVID-19 conditions. COVID-19 lung damage severity can be used as a covariate during DL training model designs. We, therefore, propose a DL model for the estimation of, (i) COVID-19 lesions in computed tomography (CT) scans and (ii) combining the covariates of PD, COVID-19 lesions, office and laboratory arterial atherosclerotic image-based biomarkers, and medicine usage for the PD patients for the design of DL point-based models for CVD/stroke risk stratification. Results: We validated the feasibility of CVD/stroke risk stratification in PD patients in the presence of a COVID-19 environment and this was also verified. DL architectures like long short-term memory (LSTM), and recurrent neural network (RNN) were studied for CVD/stroke risk stratification showing powerful designs. Lastly, we examined the artificial intelligence bias and provided recommendations for early detection of CVD/stroke in PD patients in the presence of COVID-19. Conclusion: The DL is a very powerful tool for predicting CVD/stroke risk in PD patients affected by COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasjit S. Suri
- Stroke Monitoring and Diagnostic Division, AtheroPoint™, Roseville, CA 95661, USA; (M.A.M.); (I.M.S.); (P.S.C.); (S.K.D.)
| | - Mahesh A. Maindarkar
- Stroke Monitoring and Diagnostic Division, AtheroPoint™, Roseville, CA 95661, USA; (M.A.M.); (I.M.S.); (P.S.C.); (S.K.D.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India; (S.P.); (M.B.)
| | - Sudip Paul
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India; (S.P.); (M.B.)
| | - Puneet Ahluwalia
- Max Institute of Cancer Care, Max Super Specialty Hospital, New Delhi 110017, India;
| | - Mrinalini Bhagawati
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India; (S.P.); (M.B.)
| | - Luca Saba
- Department of Radiology, and Pathology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria, 09123 Cagliari, Italy; (L.S.); (G.F.)
| | - Gavino Faa
- Department of Radiology, and Pathology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria, 09123 Cagliari, Italy; (L.S.); (G.F.)
| | - Sanjay Saxena
- Department of CSE, International Institute of Information Technology, Bhuneshwar 751029, India;
| | - Inder M. Singh
- Stroke Monitoring and Diagnostic Division, AtheroPoint™, Roseville, CA 95661, USA; (M.A.M.); (I.M.S.); (P.S.C.); (S.K.D.)
| | - Paramjit S. Chadha
- Stroke Monitoring and Diagnostic Division, AtheroPoint™, Roseville, CA 95661, USA; (M.A.M.); (I.M.S.); (P.S.C.); (S.K.D.)
| | - Monika Turk
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (M.T.); (T.O.)
| | - Amer Johri
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada;
| | - Narendra N. Khanna
- Department of Cardiology, Indraprastha APOLLO Hospitals, New Delhi 110076, India; (N.N.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Klaudija Viskovic
- Department of Radiology and Ultrasound, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Sofia Mavrogeni
- Cardiology Clinic, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Centre, 176 74 Athens, Greece;
| | - John R. Laird
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Adventist Health St. Helena, St. Helena, CA 94574, USA;
| | - Martin Miner
- Men’s Health Centre, Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI 02906, USA;
| | - David W. Sobel
- Rheumatology Unit, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, 157 72 Athens, Greece; (D.W.S.); (P.P.S.)
| | | | - Petros P. Sfikakis
- Rheumatology Unit, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, 157 72 Athens, Greece; (D.W.S.); (P.P.S.)
| | - George Tsoulfas
- Department of Surgery, Aristoteleion University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Athanase D. Protogerou
- Cardiovascular Prevention and Research Unit, Department of Pathophysiology, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 157 72 Athens, Greece;
| | - Durga Prasanna Misra
- Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India; (D.P.M.); (V.A.)
| | - Vikas Agarwal
- Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India; (D.P.M.); (V.A.)
| | - George D. Kitas
- Academic Affairs, Dudley Group NHS Foundation Trust, Dudley DY1 2HQ, UK;
- Arthritis Research UK Epidemiology Unit, Manchester University, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Raghu Kolluri
- OhioHealth Heart and Vascular, Mansfield, OH 44905, USA;
| | - Jagjit S. Teji
- Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA;
| | - Mustafa Al-Maini
- Allergy, Clinical Immunology, and Rheumatology Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 1N8, Canada;
| | - Surinder K. Dhanjil
- Stroke Monitoring and Diagnostic Division, AtheroPoint™, Roseville, CA 95661, USA; (M.A.M.); (I.M.S.); (P.S.C.); (S.K.D.)
| | | | - Ajit Saxena
- Department of Cardiology, Indraprastha APOLLO Hospitals, New Delhi 110076, India; (N.N.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Aditya Sharma
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA;
| | - Vijay Rathore
- Nephrology Department, Kaiser Permanente, Sacramento, CA 95823, USA;
| | - Mostafa Fatemi
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
| | - Azra Alizad
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
| | | | - Tomaz Omerzu
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (M.T.); (T.O.)
| | - Subbaram Naidu
- Electrical Engineering Department, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN 55812, USA;
| | - Andrew Nicolaides
- Vascular Screening and Diagnostic Centre, University of Nicosia Medical School, Engomi 2408, Cyprus;
| | - Kosmas I. Paraskevas
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Central Clinic of Athens, 106 80 Athens, Greece;
| | - Mannudeep Kalra
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Zoltán Ruzsa
- Invasive Cardiology Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Mostafa M. Fouda
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209, USA;
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15
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Church FC. Suggestions on leading an academic research laboratory group. Open Life Sci 2022; 17:599-609. [PMID: 35800075 PMCID: PMC9202531 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This commentary is about running an academic research laboratory group, including some reflections, memories, and tips on effectively managing such a group of scientists focused on one’s research. The author’s academic career has spanned from 1982 to 2022, including postdoctoral research associate through the rank of professor with tenure. Currently, the author is in the final year of 3 years of phased retirement. One must be willing to work hard at running a research laboratory. Also, stay focused on funding the laboratory tasks and publishing one’s work. Recruit the best people possible with advice from the collective laboratory group. Laboratory group members felt more like they were a part of a collective family than simply employees; however, what works best for the researcher is what matters. Several other points to discuss will include managing university roles, recruiting laboratory personnel, getting recognition, dealing with intellectual property rights, and publishing work. In closing, there are many more positives than negatives to leading a research laboratory group. Finally, one cannot replace the unforgettable memories and the legacy of a research laboratory group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank C. Church
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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16
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Aloul KM, Nielsen JE, Defensor EB, Lin JS, Fortkort JA, Shamloo M, Cirillo JD, Gombart AF, Barron AE. Upregulating Human Cathelicidin Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 Expression May Prevent Severe COVID-19 Inflammatory Responses and Reduce Microthrombosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:880961. [PMID: 35634307 PMCID: PMC9134243 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.880961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is characterized by hyperactivation by inflammatory cytokines and recruitment of macrophages, neutrophils, and other immune cells, all hallmarks of a strong inflammatory response that can lead to severe complications and multi-organ damage. Mortality in COVID-19 patients is associated with a high prevalence of neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation and microthrombosis that are exacerbated by hyperglycemia, diabetes, and old age. SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans and non-human primates have revealed long-term neurological consequences of COVID-19, possibly concomitant with the formation of Lewy bodies in the brain and invasion of the nervous system via the olfactory bulb. In this paper, we review the relevance of the human cathelicidin LL-37 in SARS-CoV-2 infections. LL-37 is an immunomodulatory, host defense peptide with direct anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity, and pleiotropic effects on the inflammatory response, neovascularization, Lewy body formation, and pancreatic islet cell function. The bioactive form of vitamin D and a number of other compounds induce LL-37 expression and one might predict its upregulation, could reduce the prevalence of severe COVID-19. We hypothesize upregulation of LL-37 will act therapeutically, facilitating efficient NET clearance by macrophages, speeding endothelial repair after inflammatory tissue damage, preventing α-synuclein aggregation, and supporting blood-glucose level stabilization by facilitating insulin release and islet β-cell neogenesis. In addition, it has been postulated that LL-37 can directly bind the S1 domain of SARS-CoV-2, mask angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors, and limit SARS-CoV-2 infection. Purposeful upregulation of LL-37 could also serve as a preventative and therapeutic strategy for SARS-CoV-2 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim M. Aloul
- Department of Bioengineering, Schools of Medicine and of Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Josefine Eilsø Nielsen
- Department of Bioengineering, Schools of Medicine and of Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Erwin B. Defensor
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Jennifer S. Lin
- Department of Bioengineering, Schools of Medicine and of Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - John A. Fortkort
- Department of Bioengineering, Schools of Medicine and of Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Mehrdad Shamloo
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Jeffrey D. Cirillo
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, United States
| | - Adrian F. Gombart
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
- The Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Annelise E. Barron
- Department of Bioengineering, Schools of Medicine and of Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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17
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Morowitz JM, Pogson KB, Roque DA, Church FC. Role of SARS-CoV-2 in Modifying Neurodegenerative Processes in Parkinson's Disease: A Narrative Review. Brain Sci 2022; 12:536. [PMID: 35624923 PMCID: PMC9139310 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12050536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, continues to impact global health regarding both morbidity and mortality. Although SARS-CoV-2 primarily causes acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), the virus interacts with and influences other organs and tissues, including blood vessel endothelium, heart, gastrointestinal tract, and brain. We are learning much about the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection; however, we are just beginning to study and understand the long-term and chronic health consequences. Since the pandemic's beginning in late 2019, older adults, those with pre-existing illnesses, or both, have an increased risk of contracting COVID-19 and developing severe COVID-19. Furthermore, older adults are also more likely to develop the neurodegenerative disorder Parkinson's disease (PD), with advanced age as the most significant risk factor. Thus, does SARS-CoV-2 potentially influence, promote, or accelerate the development of PD in older adults? Our initial focus was aimed at understanding SARS-CoV-2 pathophysiology and the connection to neurodegenerative disorders. We then completed a literature review to assess the relationship between PD and COVID-19. We described potential molecular and cellular pathways that indicate dopaminergic neurons are susceptible, both directly and indirectly, to SARS-CoV-2 infection. We concluded that under certain pathological circumstances, in vulnerable persons-with-Parkinson's disease (PwP), SARS-CoV-2 acts as a neurodegenerative enhancer to potentially support the development or progression of PD and its related motor and non-motor symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M. Morowitz
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA;
| | - Kaylyn B. Pogson
- School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
| | - Daniel A. Roque
- Department of Neurology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
| | - Frank C. Church
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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18
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Quintero-Fabián S, Bandala C, Pichardo-Macías LA, Contreras-García IJ, Gómez-Manzo S, Hernández-Ochoa B, Martínez-Orozco JA, Ignacio- Mejía I, Cárdenas-Rodríguez N. Vitamin D and its possible relationship to neuroprotection in COVID-19: evidence in the literature. Curr Top Med Chem 2022; 22:1346-1368. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026622666220401140737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:
Vitamin D is a hormone involved in the regulation of important biological processes such as signal transduction, immune response, metabolic regulation and also in the nervous and vascular systems. To date, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection does not have a specific treatment, however various drugs have been proposed, including those that attenuate the intense inflammatory response and recently the use of vitamin D, in clinical trials, as part of the treatment of COVID-19 has provided promising results. It has been observed in some clinical studies that the use of cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) and its two metabolites the circulating form, calcidiol or calcifediol (25-hydroxycalciferol, 25-(OH)-D) and the active form, calcitriol (1,25-(OH)2-D), in different doses, improve the clinical manifestations, prognosis and survival of patients infected with COVID-19 probably because of its anti-inflammatory, antiviral and lung-protective action. In relation to the central nervous system (CNS) it has been shown, in clinical studies, that vitamin D is beneficial in some neurological and psychiatric conditions because of its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, modulation of neurotransmitters actions, regulation of calcium homeostasis between other mechanisms. It has been showed that COVID-19 infection induces CNS complications such as headache, anosmia, ageusia, neuropathy, encephalitis, stroke, thrombosis, cerebral hemorrhages, cytotoxic lesions and psychiatric conditions and it has been proposed that the use of dietary supplements, as vitamin and minerals, can be adjuvants in this disease. In this review the evidence of possible role of vitamin D, and its metabolites, as protector against the neurological manifestations of COVID-19 was summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saray Quintero-Fabián
- Laboratorio de Medicina Traslacional, Escuela Militar de Graduados de Sanidad, UDEFA, Mexico City, 11200, Mexico
| | - Cindy Bandala
- Division de Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, 14389, Mexico
- Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, 11340, Mexico
| | - Luz Adriana Pichardo-Macías
- Departamento de Fisiología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Mexico City, 07738, Mexico
| | | | - Saúl Gómez-Manzo
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Genética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, 04530, Mexico
| | - Beatriz Hernández-Ochoa
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, 06720, Mexico
| | - José Arturo Martínez-Orozco
- Departmento de Infectología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Ismael Cosío Villegas, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, 14080, Mexico
| | - Iván Ignacio- Mejía
- Laboratorio de Medicina Traslacional, Escuela Militar de Graduados de Sanidad, UDEFA, Mexico City, 11200, Mexico
| | - Noemí Cárdenas-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, 04530, Mexico
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Mazzetti S, Barichella M, Giampietro F, Giana A, Calogero AM, Amadeo A, Palazzi N, Comincini A, Giaccone G, Bramerio M, Caronni S, Cereda V, Cereda E, Cappelletti G, Rolando C, Pezzoli G. Astrocytes expressing Vitamin D-activating enzyme identify Parkinson's disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 28:703-713. [PMID: 35166042 PMCID: PMC8981451 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Astrocytes are involved in Parkinson's disease (PD) where they could contribute to α‐Synuclein pathology but also to neuroprotection via α‐Synuclein clearance. The molecular signature underlying their dual role is still elusive. Given that vitamin D has been recently suggested to be protective in neurodegeneration, the aim of our study was to investigate astrocyte and neuron vitamin D pathway alterations and their correlation with α‐Synuclein aggregates (ie, oligomers and fibrils) in human brain obtained from PD patients. Methods The expression of vitamin D pathway components CYP27B1, CYP24A1, and VDR was examined in brains obtained from PD patients (Braak stage 6; n = 9) and control subjects (n = 4). We also exploited proximity ligation assay to identified toxic α‐Synuclein oligomers in human astrocytes. Results We found that vitamin D‐activating enzyme CYP27B1 identified a subpopulation of astrocytes exclusively in PD patients. CYP27B1 positive astrocytes could display neuroprotective features as they sequester α‐Synuclein oligomers and are associated with Lewy body negative neurons. Conclusion The presence of CYP27B1 astrocytes distinguishes PD patients and suggests their contribution to protect neurons and to ameliorate neuropathological traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samanta Mazzetti
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Fondazione Grigioni per il Morbo di Parkinson, Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Barichella
- Fondazione Grigioni per il Morbo di Parkinson, Milan, Italy.,Parkinson Institute, ASST "G.Pini-CTO," Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Angelica Giana
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Parkinson Institute, ASST "G.Pini-CTO," Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Alida Amadeo
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Palazzi
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Giorgio Giaccone
- Unit of Neuropathology and Neurology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Manuela Bramerio
- S. C. Divisione Oncologia Falck and S. C. Divisione Anatomia Patologica, Ospedale Niguarda Ca' Granda, Milan, Italy
| | - Serena Caronni
- Fondazione Grigioni per il Morbo di Parkinson, Milan, Italy.,Parkinson Institute, ASST "G.Pini-CTO," Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Viviana Cereda
- Fondazione Grigioni per il Morbo di Parkinson, Milan, Italy.,Parkinson Institute, ASST "G.Pini-CTO," Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuele Cereda
- Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Graziella Cappelletti
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Rolando
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianni Pezzoli
- Fondazione Grigioni per il Morbo di Parkinson, Milan, Italy.,Parkinson Institute, ASST "G.Pini-CTO," Milan, Milan, Italy
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20
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Kaur R, Singh S, Singh TG, Sood P, Robert J. Covid-19: pharmacotherapeutic insights on various curative approaches in terms of vulnerability, comorbidities, and vaccination. Inflammopharmacology 2022; 30:1-21. [PMID: 34981320 PMCID: PMC8722419 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-021-00904-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), was discovered in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, and the world has suffered from a pandemic. As of 22nd March 2020, at least 185 countries worldwide had been affected by COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2, leading to COVID-19 pneumonia, infects cells through ACE-2 receptors. The disease has different clinical signs and symptoms, including chills, high fever, dyspnea, and cough. Other symptoms including haemoptysis, myalgia, diarrhoea, expectoration, and fatigue may also occur. The rapid rise in confirmation cases is severe in preventing and controlling COVID-19. In this review, the article will explore and evaluate the insights into how COVID influences patients with other comorbid conditions such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, Parkinson's, and how conditions Urolithiasis, anosmia, and anuria may develop after infection. The virus mutates and the variants are now prevalent in the present scenario where the world stands in eradicating the pandemic by looking into the development of vaccines by several countries and how the vaccination can temporarily help prevent COVID spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupinder Kaur
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Shareen Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, 140401, India
| | | | - Pragati Sood
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Jiki Robert
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, 140401, India
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21
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A systematic review investigating the risk of COVID-19 severity and mortality associated with vitamin D sufficiency and deficiency within the adult population. Proc Nutr Soc 2022. [DOI: 10.1017/s0029665122000416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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22
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Does Vitamin D Supplementation Reduce Cytokine Storm and Mortality in Geriatric Intensive Care Patients Diagnosed with COVID-19. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.16899/jcm.990057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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23
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Fearon C, Fasano A. Prevalence and outcomes of Covid-19 in Parkinson's disease: Acute settings and hospital. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2022; 165:35-62. [PMID: 36208906 PMCID: PMC9020798 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The global explosion of COVID-19 necessitated the rapid dissemination of information regarding SARS-CoV-2. Hence, COVID-19 prevalence and outcome data in Parkinson's disease patients were disseminated at a time when we only had part of the picture. In this chapter we firstly discuss the current literature on the prevalence of COVID-19 in people with PD. We then discuss outcomes from COVID-19 in people with PD, specifically risk of hospitalization and mortality. Finally, we discuss specific contributing and confounding factors which may put PD patients at higher or lower risk from COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor Fearon
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alfonso Fasano
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; Center for Advancing Neurotechnological Innovation to Application (CRANIA), Toronto, ON, Canada.
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24
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Gülke E, Gerloff C. [Neurological Manifestations of COVID-19]. FORTSCHRITTE DER NEUROLOGIE-PSYCHIATRIE 2021; 89:637-650. [PMID: 34872130 DOI: 10.1055/a-1634-2377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
After first reports of a new predominantely respiratory illness detected in Wuhan City, Hubei Province of China in Dezember 2019, the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 rapidly spreads all over China and the world. Growing evidence suggests that neurological signs, symptoms and complications occur during the course of the COVID-19 disease. This article highlights neurological aspects of COVID-19 and also discusses the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on patients with Parkinson's disease.
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25
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Azzam AY, Ghozy S, Azab MA. Vitamin D and its' role in Parkinson's disease patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. A review article. INTERDISCIPLINARY NEUROSURGERY : ADVANCED TECHNIQUES AND CASE MANAGEMENT 2021; 27:101441. [PMID: 34868885 PMCID: PMC8627384 DOI: 10.1016/j.inat.2021.101441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A novel coronavirus reportedly called 2019-nCoV started to spread around the world at the end of 2019. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was later renamed after links with SARS were observed. Multiple studies have reported possible connections between the COVID-19 virus and neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease. Theories support that vitamin D deficiency plays a part in the pathogenicity of Parkinson's disease or the credibility of the associated dopamine system. Administration of vitamin D3 was shown to significantly enhance the motor and non-motor manifestations of Parkinson's disease and enhance the quality of life. Also, multiple recent reviews have shown specific ways in which vitamin D reduces the risk of pathogenic infections. Recent studies supported the potential role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of COVID-19 infections and mortality. On the immunological level, immune response regulation remains one of the well-recognized actions of vitamin D. Vitamin D deficiency has been linked to complications in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection and Parkinson's disease. Whereas more studies are required, Vitamin D supplementation with a moderate and well-calculated dosage of vitamin D3 in patients with Parkinson's disease can help minimize the risk and burden of COVID-19 complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Y Azzam
- October 6 University Faculty of Medicine, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sherief Ghozy
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Mohammed A Azab
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
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26
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Behl T, Kumar S, Sehgal A, Singh S, Sharma N, Chirgurupati S, Aldubayan M, Alhowail A, Bhatia S, Bungau S. Linking COVID-19 and Parkinson's disease: Targeting the role of Vitamin-D. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 583:14-21. [PMID: 34715496 PMCID: PMC8524705 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic has a major effect on world health, particularly on individuals suffering from severe diseases or old aged persons. Various case studies revealed that COVID-19 might increase the progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). Coxsackievirus, dengue virus Epstein-Barr virus, hepatitis C virus, Japanese encephalitis, Western equine encephalomyelitis virus, West Nile virus, and human immunodeficiency virus have all been linked to the development of transient or permanent parkinsonism, owing to the induction of neuroinflammation/hypoxic brain injury with structural/functional damage within the basal ganglia. Coronavirus mainly infects the alveolar cells and may lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome. SARS-CoV-2 invades cells via the ACE2 receptor, which is widely expressed in the central nervous system, where the virus may precipitate or accelerate dementia. SARS-CoV-2 could enter the central nervous system directly by the olfactory/vagus nerves or through the bloodstream. Here, we talked about the importance of this viral infection in terms of the CNS as well as its implications for people with Parkinson's disease; anosmia & olfaction-related impairments in COVID-19 & PD patients. And, also discussed the role of vitamin D to sustain the progression of Parkinson's disease and the COVID-19; regular vitamin D3 consumption of 2000-5000 IU/day may reduce the risk and severity of COVID-19 in parkinsonian patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India.
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Sridevi Chirgurupati
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Aldubayan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Alhowail
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saurabh Bhatia
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman; School of Health Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
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27
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Abdollahzadeh R, Shushizadeh MH, Barazandehrokh M, Choopani S, Azarnezhad A, Paknahad S, Pirhoushiaran M, Makani SZ, Yeganeh RZ, Al-Kateb A, Heidarzadehpilehrood R. Association of Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and clinical/severe outcomes of COVID-19 patients. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 96:105098. [PMID: 34610433 PMCID: PMC8487094 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Growing evidence documented the critical impacts of vitamin D (VD) in the prognosis of COVID-19 patients. The functions of VD are dependent on the vitamin D receptor (VDR) in the VD/VDR signaling pathway. Therefore, we aimed to assess the association of VDR gene polymorphisms with COVID-19 outcomes. Methods In the present study, eight VDR single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) in 500 COVID-19 patients in Iran, including 160 asymptomatic, 250 mild/moderate, and 90 severe/critical cases. The association of these polymorphisms with severity, clinical outcomes, and comorbidities were evaluated through the calculation of the Odds ratio (OR). Results Interestingly, significant associations were disclosed for some of the SNP-related alleles and/or genotypes in one or more genetic models with different clinical data in COVID-19 patients. Significant association of VDR-SNPs with signs, symptoms, and comorbidities was as follows: ApaI with shortness of breath (P ˂ 0.001) and asthma (P = 0.034) in severe/critical patients (group III); BsmI with chronic renal disease (P = 0.010) in mild/moderate patients (group II); Tru9I with vomiting (P = 0.031), shortness of breath (P = 0.04), and hypertension (P = 0.030); FokI with fever and hypertension (P = 0.027) in severe/critical patients (group III); CDX2 with shortness of breath (P = 0.022), hypertension (P = 0.036), and diabetes (P = 0.042) in severe/critical patients (group III); EcoRV with diabetes (P ˂ 0.001 and P = 0.045 in mild/moderate patients (group II) and severe/critical patients (group III), respectively). However, the association of VDR TaqI and BglI polymorphisms with clinical symptoms and comorbidities in COVID-19 patients was not significant. Conclusion VDR gene polymorphisms might play critical roles in the vulnerability to infection and severity of COVID-19, probably by altering the risk of comorbidities. However, these results require further validation in larger studies with different ethnicities and geographical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasoul Abdollahzadeh
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Mina Barazandehrokh
- Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAUPS), Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Asaad Azarnezhad
- Liver and Digestive Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
| | - Sahereh Paknahad
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Pirhoushiaran
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Zahra Makani
- Babol Razi Pathology and Genetic Laboratory, Babol, Iran
| | - Razieh Zarifian Yeganeh
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmed Al-Kateb
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Roozbeh Heidarzadehpilehrood
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia.
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28
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Pinnawala NU, Thrastardottir TO, Constantinou C. Keeping a Balance During the Pandemic: a Narrative Review on the Important Role of Micronutrients in Preventing Infection and Reducing Complications of COVID-19. Curr Nutr Rep 2021; 10:200-210. [PMID: 33948913 PMCID: PMC8096627 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-021-00356-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) outbreak has manifested into a major public health concern across the globe, affecting particularly the most vulnerable population groups. Currently, there are various clinical trials being conducted to develop effective treatments. It is estimated that it could take one or more years before these drugs pass all safety tests and concrete results with regard to their effectiveness become available. In addition, despite the recent development of vaccines (licensed for use under conditional licenses) and the commencement of COVID-19 vaccination programs in several countries, there is still a need for safe and novel strategies that may reduce the symptomatology and/or prevent the severe complications associated with COVID-19. Natural compounds previously shown to have antiviral potential should be thoroughly considered and investigated for use in prophylactic treatment of COVID-19 due to their availability and safety. RECENT FINDINGS The current narrative review investigates whether there is evidence in the literature that supplementation with dietary minerals and vitamins may have a role in preventing infection with SARS-CoV-2 or in reducing COVID-19 symptomatology and disease progression. The current evidence from the literature supports that zinc and vitamin C have a potential in reducing the inflammatory response associated with SARS-CoV-2 while folate and vitamin D may have a role in antagonizing the entry of SARs-CoV-2 virus in host calls. Thus, further research should be conducted that could lead to the development of nutritional supplements involving natural and widely available compounds such as zinc, folate, vitamin C, and vitamin D. The latter could be an effective, safe, and inexpensive way to either prevent infection with SARS-CoV-2 and/or lessen the burden of COVID-19 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Ushmantha Pinnawala
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, University of Nicosia Medical School, 21 Ilia Papakyriakou, 2414 Engomi, P.O. Box 24005, CY-1700, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Tinna Osk Thrastardottir
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, University of Nicosia Medical School, 21 Ilia Papakyriakou, 2414 Engomi, P.O. Box 24005, CY-1700, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Constantina Constantinou
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, University of Nicosia Medical School, 21 Ilia Papakyriakou, 2414 Engomi, P.O. Box 24005, CY-1700, Nicosia, Cyprus.
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Papadopoulou SK, Mantzorou M, Koutridou D, Tassoulas E, Sakellaropoulou S, Biskanaki F, Xatziapostolou E, Papandreou D. COVID-19 disease, obesity and micronutrients: an updated narrative review of the literature. NUTRITION & FOOD SCIENCE 2021; 51:808-824. [DOI: 10.1108/nfs-08-2020-0310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to critically summarize the current data concerning the impact of obesity and micronutrient adequacy and supplementation on the risk and severity of COVID-19 disease, and their potential impact on treatment and rehabilitation.Design/methodology/approachPubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar databases were thoroughly searched to identify studies concerning obesity and nutritional status, vitamin and other micronutrients adequacy with COVID-19 severity.FindingsIndividuals with higher body mass index are in greater risk of severe disease and need for mechanical ventilation. Concerning micronutrient adequacy, no published studies at the present time have evaluated the effect of supplementation on the risk and the treatment of the novel disease.Originality/valueRecently, COVID-19 has monopolized the interest of the medical community regarding diet and nutritional status and it possibly plays an important role in disease severity.
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30
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Zhang J, Garrett S, Sun J. Gastrointestinal symptoms, pathophysiology, and treatment in COVID-19. Genes Dis 2021; 8:385-400. [PMID: 33521210 PMCID: PMC7836435 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2020.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has emerged and is responsible for the Coronavirus Disease 2019 global pandemic. Coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2, are strongly associated with respiratory symptoms during infection, but gastrointestinal symptoms, such as diarrhea, vomiting, nausea, and abdominal pain, have been identified in subsets of COVID-19 patients. This article focuses on gastrointestinal symptoms and pathophysiology in COVID-19 disease. Evidence suggests that the gastrointestinal tract could be a viral target for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Not only is the SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 highly expressed in the GI tract and is associated with digestive symptoms, but bleeding and inflammation are observed in the intestine of COVID-19 patients. We further systemically summarize the correlation between COVID-19 disease, gastrointestinal symptoms and intestinal microbiota. The potential oral-fecal transmission of COVID-19 was supported by viral RNA and live virus detection in the feces of COVID-19 patients. Additionally, the viral balance in the GI tract could be disordered during SARS-CoV-2 infection which could further impact the homeostasis of the gut microbial flora. Finally, we discuss the clinical and ongoing trials of treatments/therapies, including antiviral drugs, plasma transfusion and immunoglobulins, and diet supplementations for COVID-19. By reviewing the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 virus, and understanding the correlation among COVID-19, inflammation, intestinal microbiota, and lung microbiota, we provide perspective in prevention and control, as well as diagnosis and treatment of the COVID-19 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilei Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Shari Garrett
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Jun Sun
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- UIC Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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31
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Grove A, Osokogu O, Al-Khudairy L, Mehrabian A, Zanganeh M, Brown A, Court R, Taylor-Phillips S, Uthman OA, McCarthy N, Kumar S, Clarke A. Association between vitamin D supplementation or serum vitamin D level and susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19 including clinical course, morbidity and mortality outcomes? A systematic review. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e043737. [PMID: 34049903 PMCID: PMC8166456 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To systemically review and critically appraise published studies of the association between vitamin D supplementation or serum vitamin D level and susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19, including clinical course, morbidity and mortality outcomes. DESIGN Systematic review. DATA SOURCES MEDLINE (OVID), Embase (OVID), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MedRxiv and BioRxiv preprint databases. COVID-19 databases of the WHO, Cochrane, CEBM Oxford and Bern University up to 10 June 2020. STUDY SELECTION Studies that assessed vitamin D supplementation and/or low serum vitamin D in patients acutely ill with, or at risk of, severe betacoronavirus infection (SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2). DATA EXTRACTION Two authors independently extracted data using a predefined data extraction form and assessed risk of bias using the Downs and Black Quality Assessment Checklist. RESULTS Searches elicited 449 papers, 59 studies were eligible full-text assessment and 4 met the eligibility criteria of this review. The four studies were narratively synthesised and included (1) a cross-sectional study (n=107) suggesting an inverse association between serum vitamin D and SARS-CoV-2; (2) a retrospective cohort study (348 598 participants, 449 cases) in which univariable analysis showed that vitamin D protects against COVID-19; (3) an ecological country level study demonstrating a negative correlation between vitamin D and COVID-19 case numbers and mortality; and (4) a case-control survey (n=1486) showing cases with confirmed/probable COVID-19 reported lower vitamin D supplementation. All studies were at high/unclear risk of bias. CONCLUSION There is no robust evidence of a negative association between vitamin D and COVID-19. No relevant randomised controlled trials were identified and there is no robust peer-reviewed published evidence of association between vitamin D levels and severity of symptoms or mortality due to COVID-19. Guideline producers should acknowledge that benefits of vitamin D supplementation in COVID-19 are as yet unproven despite increasing interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Grove
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Osemeke Osokogu
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Lena Al-Khudairy
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Amin Mehrabian
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Mandana Zanganeh
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Anna Brown
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Rachel Court
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Sian Taylor-Phillips
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Olalekan A Uthman
- Warwick-Centre for Applied Health Research (WCAHRD), University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Noel McCarthy
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Sudhesh Kumar
- Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Aileen Clarke
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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Brito DTM, Ribeiro LHC, Daltro CHDC, Silva RDB. The possible benefits of vitamin D in COVID-19. Nutrition 2021; 91-92:111356. [PMID: 34352586 PMCID: PMC8149468 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2021.111356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Molecular studies have demonstrated the importance of the exacerbated immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, called the cytokine storm, in more severe COVID-19. The pathophysiology is complex and involves several homeostatic factors; among them, a deficit of vitamin D draws attention because of its high frequency in the population. Some evidence suggests that people with low serum vitamin D levels have worse outcomes, often requiring intensive care. This review analyzed the studies available in the global literature addressing the benefits of vitamin D in COVID-19, relating serum levels to the severity of the disease, and indicating vitamin D as a possible prophylactic and therapy in infection.
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Bui L, Zhu Z, Hawkins S, Cortez-Resendiz A, Bellon A. Vitamin D regulation of the immune system and its implications for COVID-19: A mini review. SAGE Open Med 2021; 9:20503121211014073. [PMID: 34046177 PMCID: PMC8135207 DOI: 10.1177/20503121211014073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is at the origin of the current pandemic, predominantly manifests with severe respiratory symptoms and a heightened immune response. One characteristic of SARS-CoV-2 is its capacity to induce cytokine storm leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome. Consequently, agents with the ability to regulate the immune response, such as vitamin D, could become tools either for the prevention or the attenuation of the most severe consequences of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Vitamin D has shown antimicrobial as well as anti-inflammatory properties. While SARS-CoV-2 promotes the release of proinflammatory cytokines, vitamin D attenuates the release of at least some of these same molecules. Inflammatory cytokines have been associated with the clinical phenomena of COVID-19 and in particular with its most dangerous complications. Therefore, the goals of this article are as follows: first, present the numerous roles vitamin D plays in modulating the immune response; second, gather data currently available on COVID-19 clinical presentation and its relation to cytokines and similar molecules; third, expose what it is known about how coronaviruses elicit an inflammatory reaction; and fourth, discuss the potential contribution of vitamin D in reducing the risk and severity of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Bui
- Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State University, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Zahra Zhu
- Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State University, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Stephanie Hawkins
- Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State University, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Alonso Cortez-Resendiz
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Alfredo Bellon
- Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State University, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
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34
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Fearon C, Fasano A. Parkinson's Disease and the COVID-19 Pandemic. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2021; 11:431-444. [PMID: 33492244 PMCID: PMC8150477 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-202320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Studies focusing on the relationship between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and Parkinson’s disease (PD) have provided conflicting results. We review the literature to investigate: 1) Are PD patients at higher risk for contracting COVID-19 and are there specific contributing factors to that risk? 2) How does COVID-19 affect PD symptoms? 3) How does COVID-19 present in PD patients? 4) What are the outcomes in PD patients who contract COVID-19? 5) What is the impact of COVID-19 on PD care? 6) Does COVID-19 increase the risk of developing PD? A literature search was performed from 1979 to 2020 using the terms: ‘Parkinson’s disease’ and ‘parkinsonism’ combined with: ‘COVID-19’; ‘SARS-CoV-2’ and ‘coronavirus’. It does not appear that PD is a specific risk factor for COVID-19. There is evidence for direct/indirect effects of SARS-CoV-2 on motor/non-motor symptoms of PD. Although many PD patients present with typical COVID-19 symptoms, some present atypically with isolated worsening of parkinsonian symptoms, requiring increased anti-PD therapy and having worse outcomes. Mortality data on PD patients with COVID-19 is inconclusive (ranging from 5.2%to 100%). Patients with advanced PD appear to be particularly vulnerable. Single cases of acute hypokinetic-rigid syndrome have been described but no other convincing data has been reported. The rapidity with which COVID-19 has swept across the globe has favored the proliferation of studies which lack scientific rigor and the PD literature has not been immune. A coordinated effort is required to assimilate data and answer these questions in larger PD cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor Fearon
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital - UHN, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alfonso Fasano
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital - UHN, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Center for Advancing Neurotechnological Innovation to Application (CRANIA), Toronto, ON, Canada
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35
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Brighthope I, Sali Am A, Ried K. Vitamin-D and COVID-19: Time for the profession to take a stand. ADVANCES IN INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 8:77-78. [PMID: 33520645 PMCID: PMC7826030 DOI: 10.1016/j.aimed.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian Brighthope
- National Institute of Integrative Medicine, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Avni Sali Am
- National Institute of Integrative Medicine, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Karin Ried
- National Institute of Integrative Medicine, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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36
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Treatment Options for Motor and Non-Motor Symptoms of Parkinson's Disease. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11040612. [PMID: 33924103 PMCID: PMC8074325 DOI: 10.3390/biom11040612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) usually presents in older adults and typically has both motor and non-motor dysfunctions. PD is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder resulting from dopaminergic neuronal cell loss in the mid-brain substantia nigra pars compacta region. Outlined here is an integrative medicine and health strategy that highlights five treatment options for people with Parkinson’s (PwP): rehabilitate, therapy, restorative, maintenance, and surgery. Rehabilitating begins following the diagnosis and throughout any additional treatment processes, especially vis-à-vis consulting with physical, occupational, and/or speech pathology therapist(s). Therapy uses daily administration of either the dopamine precursor levodopa (with carbidopa) or a dopamine agonist, compounds that preserve residual dopamine, and other specific motor/non-motor-related compounds. Restorative uses strenuous aerobic exercise programs that can be neuroprotective. Maintenance uses complementary and alternative medicine substances that potentially support and protect the brain microenvironment. Finally, surgery, including deep brain stimulation, is pursued when PwP fail to respond positively to other treatment options. There is currently no cure for PD. In conclusion, the best strategy for treating PD is to hope to slow disorder progression and strive to achieve stability with neuroprotection. The ultimate goal of any management program is to improve the quality-of-life for a person with Parkinson’s disease.
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Vitamin D Levels Are Reduced at the Time of Hospital Admission in Sicilian SARS-CoV-2-Positive Patients. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18073491. [PMID: 33801759 PMCID: PMC8036292 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic poses a worldwide healthcare challenge that needs an efficient response. Unfortunately, to date there is no highly effective treatment, so a deep understanding of COVID-19 risk factors could be an important step in treating the disease. Vitamin D affects the immune system in many different ways, and other authors already found that COVID-19 patients have low levels of vitamin D. In our retrospective study, we evaluated the vitamin D status at the time of hospital admission in 50 COVID-19 patients in Sicily, which is the southernmost region of Italy, and compared them with 100 control subjects matched for age and sex. Our data showed markedly low levels of vitamin D in patients with a positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), but no association was found with inflammation markers or clinical severity. Vitamin D levels were reduced at the time of hospital admission in Sicilian SARS-CoV-2-positive patients, but it is not clear whether this condition has an impact on the clinical course of COVID-19.
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Teshome A, Adane A, Girma B, Mekonnen ZA. The Impact of Vitamin D Level on COVID-19 Infection: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Public Health 2021; 9:624559. [PMID: 33748066 PMCID: PMC7973108 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.624559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a respiratory and systemic disorder caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or novel Coronavirus (nCoV). To date, there is no proven curative treatment for this virus; as a result, prevention remains to be the best strategy to combat coronavirus infection (COVID-19). Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) has been proposed to play a role in coronavirus infection (COVID-19). However, there is no conclusive evidence on its impact on COVID-19 infection. Therefore, the present review aimed to summarize the available evidence regarding the association between Vitamin D levels and the risk of COVID-19 infection. Methods: A systematic literature search of databases (PUBMED/MEDLINE, Cochrane/Wiley library, Scopus, and SciELO) were conducted from May 15, 2020, to December 20, 2020. Studies that assessed the effect of vitamin D level on COVID-19/SARS-2 infection were considered for the review. The qualities of the included studies were evaluated using the JBI tools. Meta-analysis with a random-effects model was conducted and odds ratio with their 95%CI were reported. This systematic review and meta-analysis are reported according to the preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis (PRISMA) guideline. Results: The electronic and supplementary searches for this review yielded 318 records from which, only 14 of them met the inclusion criteria. The qualitative synthesis indicated that vitamin D deficient individuals were at higher risk of COVID-19 infection as compared to vitamin D sufficient patients. The pooled analysis showed that individuals with Vitamin-D deficiency were 80% more likely to acquire COVID-19 infection as compared to those who have sufficient Vitamin D levels (OR = 1.80; 95%CI: 1.72, 1.88). Begg's test also revealed that there was no significant publication bias between the studies (P = 0.764). The subgroup analysis revealed that the risk of acquiring COVID-19 infection was relatively higher in the case-control study design (OR = 1.81). Conclusions: In conclusion, low serum 25 (OH) Vitamin-D level was significantly associated with a higher risk of COVID-19 infection. The limited currently available data suggest that sufficient Vitamin D level in serum is associated with a significantly decreased risk of COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amare Teshome
- Department of Dentistry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Aynishet Adane
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Biruk Girma
- Department of Dentistry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Zeleke A. Mekonnen
- College of Medicine and Health Science, Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Abstract
Vitamin D (VitD) deficiency is considered a global problem and might be associated with increased susceptibility to COVID-19 illness. In the light of COVID-19 pandemic, VitD might be a promising agent for fighting the SARS-CoV-2, since VitD is involved in various pathophysiological mechanisms that occur during COVID-19 infection. High-dose VitD supplementation, particularly for risk groups, could be recommended to achieve and maintain optimal (range 40-60 ng/mL) serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels (marker of VitD status) both for COVID-19 prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrius Bleizgys
- Clinic of Internal Diseases, Family Medicine and OncologyVilnius University Faculty of MedicineVilniusLithuania
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40
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Dolatshahi M, Sabahi M, Aarabi MH. Pathophysiological Clues to How the Emergent SARS-CoV-2 Can Potentially Increase the Susceptibility to Neurodegeneration. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:2379-2394. [PMID: 33417221 PMCID: PMC7791539 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02236-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Along with emergence of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in late 2019, a myriad of neurologic symptoms, associated with structural brain changes, were reported. In this paper, we provide evidence to critically discuss the claim that the survived patients could possibly be at increased risk for neurodegenerative diseases via various mechanisms. This virus can directly invade the brain through olfactory bulb, retrograde axonal transport from peripheral nerve endings, or via hematogenous or lymphatic routes. Infection of the neurons along with peripheral leukocytes activation results in pro-inflammatory cytokine increment, rendering the brain to neurodegenerative changes. Also, occupation of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) with the virus may lead to a decline in ACE-2 activity, which acts as a neuroprotective factor. Furthermore, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and septicemia induce hypoxemia and hypoperfusion, which are locally exacerbated due to the hypercoagulable state and micro-thrombosis in brain vessels, leading to oxidative stress and neurodegeneration. Common risk factors for COVID-19 and neurodegenerative diseases, such as metabolic risk factors, genetic predispositions, and even gut microbiota dysbiosis, can contribute to higher occurrence of neurodegenerative diseases in COVID-19 survivors. However, it should be considered that severity of the infection, the extent of neurologic symptoms, and the persistence of viral infection consequences are major determinants of this association. Importantly, whether this pandemic will increase the overall incidence of neurodegeneration is not clear, as a high percentage of patients with severe form of COVID-19 might probably not survive enough to develop neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Dolatshahi
- Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,NeuroImaging Network (NIN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammadmahdi Sabahi
- NeuroImaging Network (NIN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,Neurosurgery Research Group (NRG), Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hadi Aarabi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Padova Neuroscience Center (PNC), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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41
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Chagas SCC, Moreira FSM, Barbosa ICF, Leal ODS, Leal LB, de Santana DP. Critical analysis on the use of cholecalciferol as a COVID-19 intervention: a narrative review. SAO PAULO MED J 2021; 139:81-87. [PMID: 33656132 PMCID: PMC9632500 DOI: 10.1590/1516-3180.2020.0532.02112020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The World Health Organization has declared that a pandemic situation exists in relation to the disease caused by the new coronavirus, COVID-19. So far, the absence of a vaccine against the new coronavirus has led people worldwide to seek various therapeutic alternatives, including use of cholecalciferol. DESIGN AND SETTING Narrative review developed by a research group at a public university in Recife (PE), Brazil. METHODS We searched the literature on the use of cholecalciferol for prevention or treatment of COVID-19, using the MEDLINE and LILACS databases, with the keywords "vitamin D", "cholecalciferol", "SARS-CoV-2", "COVID-19" and "coronavirus", from January 1, 2020, to June 10, 2020. Narrative reviews, cohort studies and ecological studies were selected. RESULTS We retrieved 32 references, of which 8 were considered eligible for intensive review and critical analysis. These comprised five narrative reviews, two observational studies and one protocol proposal. Most of the studies selected reported positive effects from use of vitamin D for prevention or treatment of COVID-19. However, there was little quantitative data to assess the real impact of using this vitamin as an intervention against this disease. CONCLUSIONS Current studies on vitamin D used for purposes other than bone health promotion cannot be taken as support to justify its use in a disease as recent as COVID-19. Studies of greater robustness, with higher levels of clinical evidence, need to be conducted. Rational use of this vitamin needs to be ensured, thereby minimizing the impacts on the patient and the public healthcare system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanye Carolyne Christino Chagas
- MSc. Pharmacist and Doctoral Student, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife (PE), Brazil.
| | - Francisca Sueli Monte Moreira
- PhD. Pharmacist and Adjunct Professor, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife (PE), Brazil.
| | - Irla Carla França Barbosa
- MSc. Pharmacist and Doctoral Student, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife (PE), Brazil.
| | - Osvaldo de Sousa Leal
- MD, MSc. Family Health Doctor, Health Sciences and Sports Center, Universidade Federal do Acre (UFAC), Rio Branco (AC), Brazil.
| | - Leila Bastos Leal
- MSc, PhD. Pharmacist and Associated Professor, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife (PE), Brazil.
| | - Davi Pereira de Santana
- MSc, PhD. Pharmacist and Full Professor, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife (PE), Brazil.
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42
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Oliveira M, Padrão A, Ramalho A, Lobo M, Teodoro AC, Gonçalves H, Freitas A. Geospatial Analysis of Environmental Atmospheric Risk Factors in Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17228414. [PMID: 33202965 PMCID: PMC7697835 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17228414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite the vast evidence on the environmental influence in neurodegenerative diseases, those considering a geospatial approach are scarce. We conducted a systematic review to identify studies concerning environmental atmospheric risk factors for neurodegenerative diseases that have used geospatial analysis/tools. PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched for all scientific studies that included a neurodegenerative disease, an environmental atmospheric factor, and a geographical analysis. Of the 34 included papers, approximately 60% were related to multiple sclerosis (MS), hence being the most studied neurodegenerative disease in the context of this study. Sun exposure (n = 13) followed by the most common exhaustion gases (n = 10 for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and n = 5 for carbon monoxide (CO)) were the most studied atmospheric factors. Only one study used a geospatial interpolation model, although 13 studies used remote sensing data to compute atmospheric factors. In 20% of papers, we found an inverse correlation between sun exposure and multiple sclerosis. No consensus was reached in the analysis of nitrogen dioxide and Parkinson’s disease, but it was related to dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. This systematic review (number CRD42020196188 in PROSPERO’s database) provides an insight into the available evidence regarding the geospatial influence of environmental factors on neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Oliveira
- CINTESIS—Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, s/n, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal; (A.R.); (M.L.); (H.G.); (A.F.)
- Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, s/n, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - André Padrão
- Faculty of Arts and Humanities, University of Porto, Via Panorâmica, s/n, 4150-564 Porto, Portugal;
| | - André Ramalho
- CINTESIS—Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, s/n, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal; (A.R.); (M.L.); (H.G.); (A.F.)
- Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, s/n, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana Lobo
- CINTESIS—Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, s/n, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal; (A.R.); (M.L.); (H.G.); (A.F.)
- Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, s/n, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Cláudia Teodoro
- Department of Geosciences, Environment and Land Planning, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal;
- Earth Sciences Institute (ICT), Pole of the FCUP, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Hernâni Gonçalves
- CINTESIS—Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, s/n, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal; (A.R.); (M.L.); (H.G.); (A.F.)
- Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, s/n, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Alberto Freitas
- CINTESIS—Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, s/n, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal; (A.R.); (M.L.); (H.G.); (A.F.)
- Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, s/n, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
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43
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de Barros Viana M, Rosário BDA, de Fátima Santana de Nazaré M, Estadella D, Ribeiro DA, Socorro de Barros Viana G. COVID-19 in age-related neurodegenerative diseases: is there a role for vitamin D3 as a possible therapeutic strategy? Rev Neurosci 2020; 32:235-247. [PMID: 33185582 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2020-0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19), identified in Wuhan, China, on December 2019, was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization, on March, 2020. Since then, efforts have been gathered to describe its clinical course and to determine preventive measures and treatment strategies. Adults older than 65 years of age are more susceptible to serious clinical symptoms and present higher mortality rates. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a major receptor for some coronavirus infection, including SARS-COV-2, but is also a crucial determinant in anti-inflammation processes during the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) functioning - converting angiotensin II to angiotensin 1-7. The decline in ACE2 expression that occurs with aging has been associated to the higher morbidity and mortality rates in older adults. These observations highlight the importance of investigating the association between COVID-19 and age-related neurodegenerative disorders, i.e., Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. A possible option to reduce the risk of COVID-19 is vitamin D supplementation, due to its anti-inflammatory and immune-system-modulating effects. It has also been suggested that vitamin D supplementation plays a role in slowing progression of Parkinson and Alzheimer. The present study is a literature review of articles published on the theme COVID-19, Parkinson and Alzheimer's diseases, and the role played by vitamin D. PUBMED, MEDLINE, and EMBASE databases were consulted. Results confirm neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory effects of COVID-19, aggravated in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's patients, and the important role of vitamin D as a possible therapeutic strategy. Nevertheless, randomized controlled trials and large population studies are still warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena de Barros Viana
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos11015-020, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Dos Anjos Rosário
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos11015-020, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Débora Estadella
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos11015-020, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel Araki Ribeiro
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos11015-020, São Paulo, Brazil
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44
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Sainz-Amo R, Baena-Álvarez B, Pareés I, Sánchez-Díez G, Pérez-Torre P, López-Sendón JL, Fanjul-Arbos S, Monreal E, Corral-Corral I, García-Barragán N, Martínez-Castrillo JC, Fasano A, Alonso-Cánovas A. COVID-19 in Parkinson's disease: what holds the key? J Neurol 2020; 268:2666-2670. [PMID: 33098468 PMCID: PMC7585349 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-020-10272-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Parkinson’s disease (PD) is more frequent in the elderly and increases the risk of respiratory infections. Previous data on PD and SARS-CoV-2 are scarce, suggesting a poor prognosis in advanced disease and second-line therapies. Methods A retrospective case–control study comparing patients with PD and COVID-19 and patients with PD without COVID-19 was conducted during the pandemic period in Spain (March 1st–July 31st 2020) in a tertiary university hospital. Results Thirty-nine (COVID-19 +) and 172 (COVID-19-) PD patients were included. Fifty-nine percent were males in both groups, with similar age (75.9 ± 9.0 COVID-19 + , 73.9 ± 10.0 COVID-19-), disease duration (8.9 ± 6.2 COVID-19 + , 8.5 ± 5.6 COVID-19-) and PD treatments. COVID-19 was mild in 10 (26%), required admission in 21 (54%) and caused death in 8 (21%) patients. Dementia was the only comorbidity more frequent in COVID-19 + patients (36% vs. 14%, p = 0.0013). However, in a multivariate analysis, institutionalization was the only variable associated with COVID-19 + (OR 17.0, 95% CI 5.0–60.0, p < 0.001). When considering severe COVID-19 (admission or death) vs. mild or absent COVID-19, institutionalization, neoplasm, dementia and a lower frequency of dopamine agonists were associated with severe COVID-19. In multivariate analysis, only institutionalization [OR 5.17, 95% CI 1.57–17, p = 0.004] and neoplasm [OR 8.0, 95%CI 1.27–49.8, p = 0.027] remained significantly associated. Conclusion In our experience, institutionalization and oncologic comorbidity, rather than PD-related variables, increased the risk of developing COVID-19, and impacted on its severity. These findings suggest that epidemiologic factors and frailty are key factors for COVID-19 morbidity/mortality in PD. Appropriate preventive strategies should be implemented in institutionalized patients to prevent infection and improve prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sainz-Amo
- Movement Disorders Unit. Neurology Department. Hospital, Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Carretera de Colmenar km 9.100, Madrid, 28034, Spain.
| | - B Baena-Álvarez
- Movement Disorders Unit. Neurology Department. Hospital, Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Carretera de Colmenar km 9.100, Madrid, 28034, Spain
| | - I Pareés
- Movement Disorders Unit. Neurology Department. Hospital, Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Carretera de Colmenar km 9.100, Madrid, 28034, Spain
| | - G Sánchez-Díez
- Movement Disorders Unit. Neurology Department. Hospital, Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Carretera de Colmenar km 9.100, Madrid, 28034, Spain
| | - P Pérez-Torre
- Movement Disorders Unit. Neurology Department. Hospital, Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Carretera de Colmenar km 9.100, Madrid, 28034, Spain
| | - J L López-Sendón
- Movement Disorders Unit. Neurology Department. Hospital, Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Carretera de Colmenar km 9.100, Madrid, 28034, Spain
| | - S Fanjul-Arbos
- Movement Disorders Unit. Neurology Department. Hospital, Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Carretera de Colmenar km 9.100, Madrid, 28034, Spain
| | - E Monreal
- Movement Disorders Unit. Neurology Department. Hospital, Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Carretera de Colmenar km 9.100, Madrid, 28034, Spain
| | - I Corral-Corral
- Movement Disorders Unit. Neurology Department. Hospital, Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Carretera de Colmenar km 9.100, Madrid, 28034, Spain
| | - N García-Barragán
- Movement Disorders Unit. Neurology Department. Hospital, Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Carretera de Colmenar km 9.100, Madrid, 28034, Spain
| | - J C Martínez-Castrillo
- Movement Disorders Unit. Neurology Department. Hospital, Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Carretera de Colmenar km 9.100, Madrid, 28034, Spain
| | - A Fasano
- Division of Neurology, Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre, Toronto Western Hospital, UHN, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - A Alonso-Cánovas
- Movement Disorders Unit. Neurology Department. Hospital, Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Carretera de Colmenar km 9.100, Madrid, 28034, Spain
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The immuno-oncological challenge of COVID-19. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 1:946-964. [DOI: 10.1038/s43018-020-00122-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Benskin LL. A Basic Review of the Preliminary Evidence That COVID-19 Risk and Severity Is Increased in Vitamin D Deficiency. Front Public Health 2020; 8:513. [PMID: 33014983 PMCID: PMC7513835 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As the world's attention has been riveted upon the growing COVID-19 pandemic, many researchers have written brief reports supporting the hypothesis that vitamin D deficiency is related to the incidence and severity of COVID-19. The clear common thread among the top risk groups-vitamin D deficiency-may be being overlooked because of previous overstated claims of vitamin D benefits. However, the need to decrease COVID-19 fatalities among high-risk populations is urgent. Early researchers reported three striking patterns. Firstly, the innate immune system is impaired by vitamin D deficiency, which would predispose sufferers to viral infections such as COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency also increases the activity of the X-chromosome-linked "Renin-Angiotensin" System, making vitamin D deficient individuals (especially men) more susceptible to COVID-19's deadly "cytokine storm" (dramatic immune system overreaction). Secondly, the groups who are at highest risk for severe COVID-19 match those who are at highest risk for severe vitamin D deficiency. This includes the elderly, men, ethnic groups whose skin is naturally rich in melanin (if living outside the tropics), those who avoid sun exposure for cultural and health reasons, those who live in institutions, the obese, and/or those who suffer with hypertension, cardiovascular disease, or diabetes. And thirdly, the pattern of geographical spread of COVID-19 reflects higher population vitamin D deficiency. Both within the USA and throughout the world, COVID-19 fatality rates parallel vitamin D deficiency rates. A literature search was performed on PubMed, Google Scholar, and RSMLDS, with targeted Google searches providing additional sources. Although randomized controlled trial results may be available eventually, the correlational and causal study evidence supporting a link between vitamin D deficiency and COVID-19 risks is already so strong that it supports action. The 141 author groups writing primarily about biological plausibility detailed how vitamin D deficiency can explain every risk factor and every complication of COVID-19, but agreed that other factors are undoubtedly at work. COVID-19 was compared with dengue fever, for which oral vitamin D supplements of 4,000 IU for 10 days were significantly more effective than 1,000 IU in reducing virus replication and controlling the "cytokine storm" (dramatic immune system over-reaction) responsible for fatalities. Among the 47 original research studies summarized here, chart reviews found that serum vitamin D levels predicted COVID-19 mortality rates (16 studies) and linearly predicted COVID-19 illness severity (8 studies). Two causal modeling studies and several analyses of variance strongly supported the hypothesis that vitamin D deficiency is a causal, rather than a bystander, factor in COVID-19 outcomes. Three of the four studies whose findings opposed the hypothesis relied upon disproven assumptions. The literature review also found that prophylactically correcting possible vitamin D deficiency during the COVID-19 pandemic is extremely safe. Widely recommending 2,000 IU of vitamin D daily for all populations with limited ability to manufacture vitamin D from the sun has virtually no potential for harm and is reasonably likely to save many lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda L. Benskin
- Independent Researcher for Improving Health in Rural Areas of Tropical Developing Countries, Austin, TX, United States
- Ferris Mfg. Corp., Makers of PolyMem® Multifunctional Dressings, Ft. Worth, TX, United States
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Hall MFE, Church FC. Exercise for Older Adults Improves the Quality of Life in Parkinson's Disease and Potentially Enhances the Immune Response to COVID-19. Brain Sci 2020; 10:E612. [PMID: 32899958 PMCID: PMC7563553 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10090612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder brought about due to dopaminergic neuronal cell loss in the midbrain substantia nigra pars compacta region. PD presents most commonly in older adults and is a disorder of both motor and nonmotor dysfunction. The novel SARS-CoV-2 virus is responsible for the recent COVID-19 pandemic, and older individuals, those with preexisting medical conditions, or both have an increased risk of developing COVID-19 with more severe outcomes. People-with-Parkinson's (PwP) of advanced age can have both immune and autonomic nervous problems that potentially lead to pre-existing pulmonary dysfunction and higher infection risk, increasing the probability of contracting COVID-19. A lifestyle change involving moderate-intensity exercise has the potential to protect against SARS-CoV-2 through strengthening the immune system. In addition to a potential protective measure against SARS-CoV-2, exercise has been shown to improve quality-of-life (QoL) in PD patients. Recent studies provide evidence of exercise as both neuroprotective and neuroplastic. This article is a literature review investigating the role exercise plays in modifying the immune system, improving health outcomes in PwP, and potentially acting as a protective measure against SARS-Cov-2 infection. We conclude that exercise, when correctly performed, improves QoL and outcomes in PwP, and that the enhanced immune response from moderate-intensity exercise could potentially offer additional protection against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frank C. Church
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
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