Regulation of iNOS on Immune Cells and Its Role in Diseases

Assessment of acute toxicity, genotoxicity, and anti-inflammatory activity of SteLL, a lectin from Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi. Leaves, in mice

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY RELEVANCE

Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi (Anacardiaceae), known as Brazilian pepper tree, stands out as a medicinal plant widely used in traditional medicine. The leaves are popularly used as anti-inflammatory agent and to relieve inflammatory conditions such as bronchitis, ulcers, and wounds, for example.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The present study evaluated the acute toxicity, genotoxicity, and anti-inflammatory activity of S. terebinthifolia leaf lectin (SteLL) in mice (Mus musculus).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In the acute toxicity assay, the animals were treated intraperitoneally (i.p.) or orally (per os) with a single dose of 100 mg/kg. Genotoxicity was assessed by the comet and micronucleus assays. Carrageenan-induced peritonitis and paw edema models were used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of SteLL (1, 5 and 10 mg/kg, i.p.).

RESULTS

No animal died and no signs of intoxication or histopathological damage were observed in the acute toxicity assay. Genotoxic effect was not detected. In peritonitis assay, SteLL reduced in 56-69% leukocyte migration to the peritoneal cavity; neutrophil count decreased by 25-32%, while mononuclear cell count increased by 67-74%. SteLL promoted a notable reduction of paw edema after 4 h (61.1-63.4%). Morphometric analysis showed that SteLL also decreased the thickness of epidermal edema (30.2-40.7%). Furthermore, SteLL decreased MPO activity, plasma leakage, NO release, and modulated cytokines in both peritoneal fluid and paw homogenate.

CONCLUSION

SteLL did not induce acute toxicity or genotoxicity in mice and stands out as a promising candidate in the development of new phytopharmaceuticals with anti-inflammatory action.

Immunomodulatory Effects and Regulatory Mechanisms of (R)-6-HITC, an Isothiocyanate from Wasabi (Eutrema japonicum), in an Ex Vivo Mouse Model of LPS-Induced Inflammation

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of (R)-(-)-1-isothiocyanato-6-(methylsulfinyl)-hexane [(R)-6-HITC], the major isothiocyanate present in wasabi, in an ex vivo model of inflammation using lipopolysaccharide-stimulated murine peritoneal macrophages. (R)-6-HITC improved the immune response and mitigated oxidative stress, which involved suppression of reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17, IL-18, and TNF-α) production and downregulation of pro-inflammatory enzymes such as inducible nitric oxide synthase, COX-2, and mPGES-1. In addition, (R)-6-HITC was able to activate the Nrf2/HO-1 axis while simultaneously inhibiting key signaling pathways, including JAK2/STAT3, mitogen-activated protein kinases, and canonical and noncanonical inflammasome pathways, orchestrating its potent immunomodulatory effects. Collectively, these findings demonstrate the potential of (R)-6-HITC as a promising nutraceutical for the management of immuno-inflammatory diseases and justify the need for further in vivo validation studies.

Interleukin 1β receptor blocker (Anakinra) and regenerative stem cell therapy: two novel approaches effectively ameliorating diabetic cardiomyopathy

Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a serious common complication of diabetes. Unfortunately, there is no satisfied treatment for those patients and more studies are in critical need to cure them. Therefore, we aimed to carry out our current research to explore the role of two novel therapeutic approaches: one a biological drug aimed to block inflammatory signaling of the IL 1beta (IL1β) axis, namely, anakinra; the other is provision of anti-inflammatory regenerative stem cells. Wistar male rats were allocated into four groups: control group: type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) induced by 6-week high-fat diet (HFD) followed by a single-dose streptozotocin (STZ) 35 mg/kg i.p., then rats were allocated into: DM: untreated; DM BM-MSCs: received a single dose of BM-MSCs (1 × 106 cell/rat) into rat tail vein; DM-Anak received Anak 0.5 μg/kg/day i.p. for 2 weeks. Both therapeutic approaches improved cardiac performance, fibrosis, and hypertrophy. In addition, blood glucose and insulin resistance decreased, while the antioxidant parameter, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and interleukin 10 (IL10), and anti-inflammatory agent increased. Furthermore, there is a significant reduction in tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), IL1β, caspase1, macrophage marker CD 11b, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and T-cell marker CD 8. Both Anak and BM-MSCs effectively ameliorated inflammatory markers and cardiac performance as compared to non-treated diabetics. Improvement is mostly due to anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-apoptotic properties, and regulation of TNFα/IL1β/caspase1 and Nrf2/IL10 pathways.

NF-κB p105-mediated nuclear translocation of ERK is required for full activation of IFNγ-induced iNOS expression

Inducible nitric oxidase (iNOS) encoded by Nos2 is a representative IFNγ-inducible effector molecule that plays an important role in both innate and adaptive immunity. In the present study, we demonstrated that full-length NF-κB p105 (p105), which is a precursor of NF-κB p50 (p50), is required for full activation of IFNγ-induced iNOS expression in the RAW264.7 mouse macrophage cell line. In comparison to wild-type (WT) RAW264.7 cells, p105 KO RAW264.7 (p105 KO) cells completely lost IFNγ-induced iNOS expression. Despite the limited effect of exogenous expression of p50 in p105 KO cells on IFNγ-induced Nos2 promoter activity, p105 expression fully restored IFNγ-induced Nos2 promoter activity to a level comparable to that of WT cells, suggesting an important role for full-length p105 in IFNγ-induced iNOS expression. While the expression and phosphorylation of JAK1 and STAT1 were rather enhanced in p105 KO cells, the phosphorylation of c-Jun downstream of MAPK signaling was decreased. IFNγ-induced phosphorylation of ERK, a kinase for IFNγ-induced c-Jun phosphorylation, was not significantly reduced in p105 KO cells, although the nuclear activity of ERK was significantly decreased due to its reduced translocation to the nucleus. Expression of iNOS, nuclear translocation of ERK, and phosphorylation of c-Jun were restored by stable supplementation of p105 in p105 KO cells. These results suggest that p105 is required for the nuclear translocation of ERK and the subsequent phosphorylation of c-Jun, which are necessary for full activation of IFNγ-induced iNOS expression. Reduced nuclear translocation of ERK in p105 KO cells was also observed in the activation of ERK following serum starvation, further suggesting that the involvement of p105 in ERK nuclear translocation is not limited to IFNγ-stimulated cells but is a more general function of p105.

3-(2-Trifluoromethyl-3-aryl-4H-chromen-4-yl)-1H-indoles: Mastering anti-inflammation and analgesia while mitigating gastrointestinal side effects

A series of 3-(2-trifluoromethyl-3-aryl-4H-chromen-4-yl)-1H-indoles (5-1 to 5-29) were developed and characterized. Most of compounds were found to be potent for inhibiting the production of NO in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells, of which 3-(3-(4-chlorophenyl)-6-methoxy-2-(trifluoromethyl)-4H-chromen-4-yl)-1H-indole (5-25) was the most optimal (IC50 = 4.82 ± 0.34 μΜ) and was capable of significantly suppressing the release of PGE2. The inhibitory effect of 5-25 on human recombinant COX-2 (IC50 = 51.7 ± 1.3 nM) was measured and molecular docking was performed, determining 5-25 as a COX-2 inhibitor. Additionally, the interaction between 5-25 and COX-2 was determined by the CETSA technique. Then, 5-25 inhibited the degradation of IκB, the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65, and the expression of COX-2 and iNOS. Moreover, it was verified that 5-25 exhibited efficacy in rodent models of inflammation and pain, encompassing the paw edema, cotton pellet-induced granuloma, acid-induced writhing, and adjuvant-induced arthritis models. Therefore, the mechanism of 5-25 may be to bind to COX-2 and exert anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects in vitro and in vivo by suppressing the NF-κB pathway. Encouragingly, in comparison with indomethacin, 5-25 exhibited a lower ulcerative potential in rats, as manifested by generating smaller areas and fewer ulcers, less inflammatory infiltration, a lower expression of MMP-9, and less apoptosis. In conclusion, 5-25 is a candidate drug with high activity and low ulcerogenic potential, and it deserves further research for the treatment of inflammation, pain, and other symptoms in which COX-2 plays a role in their pathogenesis.

Photoaging of polystyrene-based microplastics amplifies inflammatory response in macrophages

The continuous release of municipal and industrial products into the environment poses a growing concern for public health. Among environmental pollutants, polystyrene (PS) stands out as a primary constituent of environmental plastic waste, given its widespread use and high production rates owing to its durability and user-friendly properties. The detection of polystyrene microparticles (PS-MPs) in various living organisms has been well-documented, posing a serious threat due to their potential passage into the human ecosystem. In this manuscript, we aimed to study the toxicological effects of low concentrations of pristine and photoaged PS-MPs in a murine macrophage cell line. To this purpose, PS-MPs were photoaged by indoor exposure to visible light to simulate environmental weathering due to solar irradiation (PS-MPs3h). Physical characterization revealed that the irradiation treatment results in particle degradation and the possible release of nanoparticles. Monocultures of the RAW264.7 cell line were then exposed to PS-MPs and PS-MPs3h at concentrations comparable to experimental measurements from biological samples, to assess cytotoxicity, intracellular oxidative stress, primary genotoxicity, and inflammatory effects. Significant toxicity-related outcomes were observed in cells treated with both pristine PS-MPs and PS-MPs3h even at low concentrations (0,10 μg/ml and 1 μg/ml). PS-MPs3h exhibited greater adverse effects compared to PS-MPs, including reduced cell viability, increased ROS production, elevated DNA damage, and upregulation of IL-6 and NOS2 gene expression. Therefore, we can conclude that changes induced by environmental aging in the physicochemical composition of PS microplastics play a crucial role in the adverse health outcomes associated with microplastic exposure.

The microbial damage and host response framework: lesson learned from pathogenic survival trajectories and immunoinflammatory responses of Talaromyces marneffei infection

The adverse outcomes of fungal infection in mammalian hosts depend on the complex interactions between the host immune system and pathogen virulence-associated traits. The main clinical problems arise when the host response is either too weak to effectively eliminate the pathogen or overly aggressive, resulting in host tissue damage rather than protection. This article will highlight current knowledge regarding the virulence attributions and mechanisms involved in the dual-sided role of the host immune system in the immunopathogenesis of the thermally dimorphic fungus Talaromyces marneffei through the lens of the damage response framework (DRF) of microbial pathogenesis model.

Spatial and Temporal Distribution Characteristics and Cytotoxicity of Atmospheric PM2.5 in the Main Urban Area of Lanzhou City

PM2.5, as one of the most harmful pollutant in the atmospheric environment and population health, has received much attention. We monitored PM2.5 levels at five sampling sites in the Lanzhou City and collected PM2.5 particles from two representative sites for cytotoxicity experiment. The cytotoxicity of PM2.5 samples on A549 cells and migration ability of the cells were respectively detected by Cell Counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and scratch assay. We detected the levels of cellular inflammatory factors and oxidative damage-related biochemical indexes. RT-qPCR was used to detect the mRNA levels of NF-κB and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related genes. We found that the Lanlian Hotel station had the highest PM2.5 annual average concentration. The annual average concentration change curve of PM2.5 showed a roughly "U"-shaped distribution during the whole sampling period. The cytotoxicity experiment showed the viability of A549 cells decreased and the scratch healing rate increased in the 200 and 400 μg/mL PM2.5-treated groups. We also found 400 μg/mL PM2.5 induced changes in the mRNA levels of NF-κB and EMT-related genes, the mRNA levels of IKK-α, NIK, and NF-κB in the 400 μg/mL PM2.5 group were higher than those in the control group. The mRNA levels of E-cadherin decreased and α-SMA increased in the 400 μg/mL PM2.5 groups, and the mRNA levels of Fibronectin increased in the 400 μg/mL PM2.5 groups. Moreover, we found hydroxyl radical scavenging ability and T-AOC levels were lower, and LPO levels were higher in the 200 and 400 μg/mL PM2.5 groups, and the SOD activity of cells in the 400 µg/mL PM2.5 group decreased. And compared with the control group, the levels of TNF-α were higher in the 200 and 400 μg/mL PM2.5 groups and the levels of IL-1 were higher in the 400 μg/mL PM2.5 group. The results indicated that the cytotoxicity of atmospheric PM2.5 was related to oxidative damage, inflammatory response, NF-κB activity and EMT.

Loss of Bcl-3 regulates macrophage polarization by promoting macrophage glycolysis

M1/M2 macrophage polarization plays an important role in regulating the balance of the microenvironment within tissues. Moreover, macrophage polarization involves the reprogramming of metabolism, such as glucose and lipid metabolism. Transcriptional coactivator B-cell lymphoma-3 (Bcl-3) is an atypical member of the IκB family that controls inflammatory factor levels in macrophages by regulating nuclear factor kappa B pathway activation. However, the relationship between Bcl-3 and macrophage polarization and metabolism remains unclear. In this study, we show that the knockdown of Bcl-3 in macrophages can regulate glycolysis-related gene expression by promoting the activation of the nuclear factor kappa B pathway. Furthermore, the loss of Bcl-3 was able to promote the interferon gamma/lipopolysaccharide-induced M1 macrophage polarization by accelerating glycolysis. Taken together, these results suggest that Bcl-3 may be a candidate gene for regulating M1 polarization in macrophages.

Immunosuppressive effects of morphine on macrophage polarization and function

Macrophages play a pivotal role in safeguarding against a broad spectrum of infections, from viral, bacterial, fungal to parasitic threats and contributing to the immune defense against cancer. While morphine's immunosuppressive effects on immune cells are extensively documented, a significant knowledge gap exists regarding its influence on macrophage polarization and differentiation. Hence, we conducted a study that unveils that prior exposure to morphine significantly impedes the differentiation of bone marrow cells into macrophages. Furthermore, the polarization of macrophages toward the M1 phenotype under M1-inducing conditions experiences substantial impairment, as evidenced by the diminished expression of CD80, CD86, CD40, iNOS, and MHCII. This correlates with reduced expression of M1 phenotypical markers such as iNOS, IL-1β, and IL-6, accompanied by noticeable morphological, size, and phagocytic alterations. Further, we also observed that morphine affected M2 macrophages. These findings emphasize the necessity for a more comprehensive understanding of the impact of morphine on compromising macrophage function and its potential ramifications for therapeutic approaches.

Phytochemical composition of aerial parts and roots of Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng.) Pedersen and anticholinesterase, antioxidant, and antiglycation activities

The Pfaffia glomerata, a plant popularly called Brazilian ginseng, is widely used in Brazil for the treatment of various pathologies, including those associated with the Central Nervous System. 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), a phytosteroid present in this plant, can promote adaptogenic effects in the organism, providing greater body resistance to stressors. This study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical composition and the anticholinesterase, antioxidant, and antiglycation effects of extracts and fractions of aerial parts and roots of P. glomerata, also analyzing their possible cytotoxic effects. The fractions were obtained by partitioning methanol extracts from the aerial part and roots of P. glomerata with hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water. The samples were initially tested in anticholinesterase, antioxidant, and antiglycation assays, and the most promising samples were submitted for cytotoxicity and chromatographic analyses. Mass spectrometry and chromatography methods revealed that 20E was the main compound in the dichloromethane fractions, there being 35% more 20E in the aerial part (APD) than in the roots (RD). Added to the higher concentration of 20E, the APD fraction also presented more promising results than the RD fraction in anticholinesterase and antioxidant analyses, indicating that their effects may be related to the concentration of 20E. These same fractions showed no hemolytic effects but were cytotoxic in high concentrations. These new findings contribute to scientific information about P. glomerata and open more perspectives for the understanding of its therapeutic properties, allowing the association of biological activity with the presence of 20E.

Novel Tryptophan Hydroxylase Inhibitor TPT-001 Reverses PAH, Vascular Remodeling, and Proliferative-Proinflammatory Gene Expression

The serotonin pathway has long been proposed as a promising target for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)-a progressive and uncurable disease. We developed a highly specific inhibitor of the serotonin synthesizing enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1), TPT-001 (TPHi). In this study, the authors sought to treat severe PAH in the Sugen/hypoxia (SuHx) rat model with the oral TPHi TPT-001. Male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into 3 groups: 1) ConNx, control animals; 2) SuHx, injected subcutaneously with SU5416 and exposed to chronic hypoxia for 3 weeks, followed by 6 weeks in room air; and 3) SuHx+TPHi, SuHx animals treated orally with TPHi for 5 weeks. Closed-chest right- and left heart catheterization and echocardiography were performed. Lungs were subject to histologic and mRNA sequencing analyses. Compared with SuHx-exposed rats, which developed severe PAH and right ventricular (RV) dysfunction, TPHi-treated SuHx rats had greatly lowered RV systolic (mean ± SEM: 41 ± 2.3 mm Hg vs 86 ± 6.5 mm Hg; P < 0.001) and end-diastolic (mean ± SEM: 4 ± 0.7 mm Hg vs 14 ± 1.7 mm Hg; P < 0.001) pressures, decreased RV hypertrophy and dilation (all not significantly different from control rats), and reversed pulmonary vascular remodeling. We identified perivascular infiltration of CD3+ T cells and proinflammatory F4/80+ and CD68+ macrophages and proliferating cell nuclear antigen-positive alveolar epithelial cells all suppressed by TPHi treatment. Whole-lung mRNA sequencing in SuHx rats showed distinct gene expression patterns related to pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation (Rpph1, Lgals3, Gata4), reactive oxygen species, inflammation (Tnfsrf17, iNOS), and vasodilation (Pde1b, Kng1), which reversed expression with TPHi treatment. Inhibition of TPH1 with a new class of drugs (here, TPT-001) has the potential to attenuate or even reverse severe PAH and associated RV dysfunction in vivo by blocking the serotonin pathway.

Neuroimmunomodulatory effect of Nitric Oxide on chronic wound healing after photodynamic therapy

Neuroimmunomodulation is the capacity of the nervous system to regulate immune processes. The existence of neurotransmitter receptors in immune cells enables this phenomenon to take place. Neuronal mediators possess the capacity to direct and control several occurrences during the wound healing process. Nitric oxide (NO) functions as a neuromodulator, playing a crucial role in the regulation of vascular tone and blood pressure with antimicrobial properties. Photodynamic therapy has been shown to augment the function of immune cells involved in the healing process of venous leg ulcers. Nitric oxide can be secreted into the extracellular environment by these cells. In lesions treated with PDT, the synthesis of iNOs (the enzyme that releases NO) increased, as demonstrated by the experimental results. Therefore the significance of PDT in enhancing the clinical condition of the lesion is thus highlighted.

Forsythiaside A alleviates acute lung injury by inhibiting inflammation and epithelial barrier damages in lung and colon through PPAR-γ/RXR-α complex

INTRODUCTION

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a lung disease characterized by inflammation and still requires further drug development. Forsythiaside A as the active compound of Forsythiae Fructus has the therapeutic potential for ALI.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the mechanism of forsythiaside A in treating ALI through PPAR-γ and its conjugate RXR-α based on gut-lung axis.

METHODS

This study constructed in vitro and in vivo injury models using LPS and TNF-α. Forsythiaside A was used for the drug treatment, and RXR-α inhibitor UVI3003 was used to interfere with PPAR-γ/RXR-α complexes in the cells. HE staining was used for histopathological examination. Serum endotoxin contents were determined using limulus lysate kit. IHC staining and Western blot were conducted to assess the protein expressions. ELISA was applied to examine the content of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the cell supernatants. The protein interactions were analyzed via CO-IP.

RESULTS

In vivo results showed that forsythiaside A regulated PPAR-γ/RXR-α and inhibited TLR4/MAPK/NF-κB and MLCK/MLC2 signal pathways, thus inhibiting inflammation and epithelial barrier damages of lung and colon in ALI mice induced by intratracheal LPS. PPAR-γ/RXR-α were promoted by forsythiaside A in lungs, whereas inhibited by forsythiaside A in colons. Additionally, in vitro results showed that forsythiaside A suppressed inflammation and epithelial barrier damages in macrophages and lung/colon epithelial cells, by manipulating PPAR-γ/RXR-α to suppress the LPS- and TNF-α-induced activation of TLR4/MAPK/NF-κB and NF-κB/MLCK/MLC2 signal pathways. Moreover, further mechanism study indicated that forsythiaside A showed a cell-specific regulatory effect on PPAR-γ/RXR-α complex. Specifically, the PPAR-γ/RXR-α protein interactions were promoted by forsythiaside A in LPS-induced macrophages RAW264.7 and TNF-α-induced lung epithelial cells A549, but inhibited by forsythiaside A in TNF-α-induced colon epithelial cells SW620.

CONCLUSION

In the treatment of ALI, Forsythiaside A inhibited inflammation and epithelial barrier damages of lung and colon through its regulation on PPAR-γ/RXR-α complex.

Characterization of Immune Cell Infiltration and Collagen Type III Disorganization in Human Secondary Lymphedema: A Case-control Study

Background

Secondary lymphedema (SL) affects 120 million people globally, posing a lifelong burden for up to 37% of cancer survivors. Chronic inflammation and progressive fibrosis are key drivers of SL, yet detailed characterization of immune cell subpopulations across lymphedema stages is lacking. This study aimed to investigate the immunologic profile of lymphedematous skin and its association with extracellular matrix changes, which could serve as clinical biomarkers or therapeutic targets.

Methods

This case-control study analyzed the skin from 36 patients with and without SL, using immunofluorescence to quantify T cells, B cells, macrophages, and their subpopulations. Collagen quantity and composition were examined using picrosirius red staining, and mast cell infiltration was assessed with toluidine blue staining. Early and late SL stages were compared to identify histomorphological and immunologic correlates of stage progression.

Results

We found a predominance of CD4+ T cells and mast cells in SL skin (1.4/mm² versus 1.0/mm², P < 0.01; 1.2/mm² versus 0.2/mm², P < 0.0001) and a higher ratio of collagen III to collagen I fibers (51.6% versus 75.0%, P < 0.001). M2 macrophages were more abundant in late-stage than in early-stage lymphedema (1.7/mm² versus 1.0/mm², P = 0.02).

Conclusions

This study demonstrated a shift toward CD4+ T cell and mast cell infiltration in SL skin, correlating with extracellular matrix disorganization and an altered collagen III/I ratio. These findings enhance our understanding of the cellular and morphological changes in SL, potentially guiding future diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

Studies of the Impact of the Bifidobacterium Species on Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression and Nitric Oxide Production in Murine Macrophages of the BMDM Cell Line

Bifidobacterium species are one of the most important probiotic microorganisms which are present in both, infants and adults. Nowadays, growing data describing their healthy properties arise, indicating they could act at the cellular and molecular level. However, still little is known about the specific mechanisms promoting their beneficial effects. Nitric oxide (NO), produced by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), is involved in the protective mechanisms in the gastrointestinal tract, where it can be provided by epithelial cells, macrophages, or bacteria. The present study explored whether induction of iNOS-dependent NO synthesis in macrophages stems from the cellular action of Bifidobacterium species. The ability of ten Bifidobacterium strains belonging to 3 different species (Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, and Bifidobacterium animalis) to activate MAP kinases, NF-κB factor, and iNOS expression in a murine bone-marrow-derived macrophages cell line was determined by Western blotting. Changes in NO production were determined by the Griess reaction. It was performed that the Bifidobacterium strains were able to induce NF-қB-dependent iNOS expression and NO production; however, the efficacy depends on the strain. The highest stimulatory activity was observed for Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. animals CCDM 366, whereas the lowest was noted for strains Bifidobacterium adolescentis CCDM 371 and Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum CCDM 372. Both TLR2 and TLR4 receptors are involved in Bifidobacterium-induced macrophage activation and NO production. We showed that the impact of Bifidobacterium on the regulation of iNOS expression is determined by MAPK kinase activity. Using pharmaceutical inhibitors of ERK 1/2 and JNK, we confirmed that Bifidobacterium strains can activate these kinases to control iNOS mRNA expression. Concluding, the induction of iNOS and NO production may be involved in the protective mechanism of action observed for Bifidobacterium in the intestine, and the efficacy is strain-dependent.

Conditional deletion of Zeb1 in Csf1r+ cells reduces inflammatory response of the cornea to alkali burn

ZEB1 is an essential factor in embryonic development. In adults, it is often highly expressed in malignant tumors with low expression in normal tissues. The major biological function of ZEB1 in developing embryos and progressing cancers is to transdifferentiate cells from an epithelial to mesenchymal phenotype; but what roles ZEB1 plays in normal adult tissues are largely unknown. We previously reported that the reduction of Zeb1 in monoallelic global knockout (Zeb1+/-) mice reduced corneal inflammation-associated neovascularization following alkali burn. To uncover the cellular mechanism underlying the Zeb1 regulation of corneal inflammation, we functionally deleted Zeb1 alleles in Csf1r+ myeloid cells using a conditional knockout (cKO) strategy and found that Zeb1 cKO reduced leukocytes in the cornea after alkali burn. The reduction of immune cells was due to their increased apoptotic rate and linked to a Zeb1-downregulated apoptotic pathway. We conclude that Zeb1 facilitates corneal inflammatory response by maintaining Csf1r+ cell viability.

A Mitochondria-Targeted Nitric Oxide Probe for Multimodality Imaging of Macrophage Immune Responses

Nitric oxide (NO) is a crucial signal molecule closely linked to the biological immune response, especially in macrophage polarization. When activated, macrophages enter a pro-inflammatory state and produce NO, a marker for the M1 phenotype. In contrast, the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype does not produce NO. We developed a mitochondria-targeted two-photon iridium-based complex (Ir-ImNO) probe that can detect endogenous NO and monitor macrophages' different immune response states using various imaging techniques, such as one- and two-photon phosphorescence imaging and phosphorescence lifetime imaging. Ir-ImNO was used to monitor the immune activation of macrophages in mice. This technology aims to provide a clear and comprehensive visualization of macrophage immune responses.

Electrochemical Detection of Gasotransmitters: Status and Roadmap

Gasotransmitters, including nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S), are a class of gaseous, endogenous signaling molecules that interact with one another in the regulation of critical cardiovascular, immune, and neurological processes. The development of analytical sensing mechanisms for gasotransmitters, especially multianalyte mechanisms, holds vast importance and constitutes a growing area of study. This review provides an overview of electrochemical sensing mechanisms with an emphasis on opportunities in multianalyte sensing. Electrochemical methods demonstrate good sensitivity, adequate selectivity, and the most well-developed potential for the multianalyte detection of gasotransmitters. Future research will likely address challenges with sensor stability and biocompatibility (i.e., sensor lifetime and cytotoxicity), sensor miniaturization, and multianalyte detection in biological settings.

Liensinine reduces acute lung injury brought on by lipopolysaccharide by inhibiting the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway through modification of the Src/TRAF6/TAK1 axis

ALI is characterized by macrophage-driven inflammation, causing severe lung damage. Currently, there are limited therapeutic options available for ALI. Liensinine (LIEN), with known anti-inflammatory properties, lacks extensive study in the ALI context. This study aimed to investigate the impact of LIEN on ALI and elucidate its molecular mechanisms. A total of thirty-six male BALB/c mice altogether were split into six groups: Control, LPS (10 mg/kg), Low (10 mg/kg LIEN + 10 mg/kg LPS), Middle (20 mg/kg LIEN + 10 mg/kg LPS), High (40 mg/kg LIEN + 10 mg/kg LPS), and DEX (2 mg/kg DEX + 10 mg/kg LPS). Lung tissue injury, pulmonary edema, and inflammatory factor levels were evaluated in lung tissues and LPS-stimulated bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM). TAK1 activation, TRAF6 ubiquitination, and their interactions were assessed to understand the involved molecular mechanisms. LIEN treatment ameliorated lung tissue injury and suppressed LPS-induced inflammatory factor levels in lung tissues and BMDM. Mechanistically, LIEN inhibited TAK1 activation by disrupting TRAF6-TAK1 interactions, limiting p65's nuclear translocation, and reducing the release of inflammatory factors. According to network pharmacology and molecular docking, LIEN most likely prevents inflammation by interfering directly with the Src. Overexpression of Src in BMDM abolished the regulation of TRAF6 by LIEN, supporting the involvement of the Src/TRAF6/TAK1 axis in its mechanism of action. Based on this study, LIEN treats ALI by modifying the Src/TRAF6/TAK1 axis and blocking the activation of the NF-κB pathway, regulating the release of inflammatory factors. These findings highlight the promise of LIEN as a prospective therapeutic option for the treatment of ALI.

Identifying a survival-associated cell type based on multi-level transcriptome analysis in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

BACKGROUND

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive disease with a five-year survival rate of less than 40%. There is significant variability in survival time among IPF patients, but the underlying mechanisms for this are not clear yet.

METHODS AND RESULTS

We collected single-cell RNA sequence data of 13,223 epithelial cells taken from 32 IPF patients and bulk RNA sequence data from 456 IPF patients in GEO. Based on unsupervised clustering analysis at the single-cell level and deconvolution algorithm at bulk RNA sequence data, we discovered a special alveolar type 2 cell subtype characterized by high expression of CCL20 (referred to as ATII-CCL20), and found that IPF patients with a higher proportion of ATII-CCL20 had worse prognoses. Furthermore, we uncovered the upregulation of immune cell infiltration and metabolic functions in IPF patients with a higher proportion of ATII-CCL20. Finally, the comprehensive decision tree and nomogram were constructed to optimize the risk stratification of IPF patients and provide a reference for accurate prognosis evaluation.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study by integrating single-cell and bulk RNA sequence data from IPF patients identified a special subtype of ATII cells, ATII-CCL20, which was found to be a risk cell subtype associated with poor prognosis in IPF patients. More importantly, the ATII-CCL20 cell subtype was linked with metabolic functions and immune infiltration.

In vitro evaluation of the immunomodulatory activity of the nutraceutical formulation AminoDefence

Immune system (IS) functionality is warranted by inter-dependent processes that balance body defences without exceeding in inflammation. An ideal nutraceutical approach should sustain the protective IS activity while controlling inflammation. The potential immunomodulatory activity of the food supplement (FS) AminoDefence was studied in resting macrophages RAW264.7 and following stimulation of bacterial- and viral-associated inflammation trough LPS and PolyI:C treatments, respectively. In unstimulated macrophages, the formulation exerted a dose-dependent immunostimulant activity by up-regulating NO, IL-6, TNF-α and MCP-1 release, while it dampened the aberrant release of these factors induced by pro-inflammatory stimuli. Exploring the contribution of single components Echinacea purpurea (E. purpurea) extract and quercetin, used at proportional concentrations than in whole formulation, a more pronounced immunostimulant effect was observed for E. purpurea, and an anti-inflammatory activity for quercetin. Hence, AminoDefence exerts an immunomodulatory activity in macrophages by effectively stimulating a protective inflammatory response and limiting it in cases of excessive inflammation.

Potential i-Nos/Arg-1 Switch with NLRP3 and Parasitic Load Down Regulation in Experimental Schistosoma mansoni Infection via Chloroquine Repurposing

In previous studies, the inhibitory effect of chloroquine on NLRP3 inflammasome and heme production was documented. This may be employed as a double-bladed sword in schistosomiasis (anti-inflammatory and parasiticidal). In this study, chloroquine's impact on schistosomiasis mansoni was investigated. The parasitic load (worm/egg counts and reproductive capacity index [RCI]), i-Nos/Arg-1 expression, splenomegaly, hepatic insult and NLRP3-immunohistochemical expression were assessed in infected mice after receiving early and late repeated doses of chloroquine alone or dually with praziquantel. By early treatment, the least RCI was reported in dually treated mice (41.48 ± 28.58) with a significant reduction in worm/egg counts (3.50 ± 1.29/2550 ± 479.58), compared with either drug alone. A marked reduction in the splenic index was achieved by prolonged chloroquine administration (alone: 43.15 ± 5.67, dually: 36.03 ± 5.27), with significantly less fibrosis (15 ± 3.37, 14.25 ± 2.22) than after praziquantel alone (20.5 ± 2.65). Regarding inflammation, despite the praziquantel-induced significant decrease in NLRP3 expression, the inhibitory effect was marked after dual and chloroquine administration (liver: 3.13 ± 1.21/3.45 ± 1.23, spleen: 5.7 ± 1.6/4.63 ± 2.41). i-Nos RNA peaked with early/late chloroquine administration (liver: 68.53 ± 1.8/57.78 ± 7.14, spleen: 63.22 ± 2.06/62.5 ± 3.05). High i-Nos echoed with a parasiticidal and hepatoprotective effect and may indicate macrophage-1 polarisation. On the flip side, the chloroquine-induced low Arg-1 seemed to abate immune tolerance and probably macrophage-2 polarisation. Collectively, chloroquine synergised the praziquantel-schistosomicidal effect and minimised tissue inflammation, splenomegaly and hepatic fibrosis.

Deciphering the Dual Role of Heligmosomoides polygyrus Antigens in Macrophage Modulation and Breast Cancer Cell Growth

In our study, we explored how parasitic nematodes, specifically Heligmosomoides polygyrus, influence the immune response, focusing on their potential role in tumor growth. The study aimed to understand the mechanisms by which these parasites modify immune cell activation, particularly in macrophages, and how this might create an environment conducive to tumor growth. Our methods involved analyzing the effects of H. polygyrus excretory-secretory antigens on macrophage activation and their subsequent impact on breast cancer cell lines EMT6 and 4T1. We observed that these antigens significantly increased the expression of genes associated with both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory molecules, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase, TNF-α, (Tumor Necrosis Factor) Il-6 (Interleukin), and arginase. Additionally, we observed changes in the expression of macrophage surface receptors like CD11b, F4/80, and TLR4 (Toll-like receptor 4). Our findings indicate that the antigens from H. polygyrus markedly alter macrophage behavior and increase the proliferation of breast cancer cells in a laboratory setting. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the complex interactions between parasitic infections and cancer development, highlighting the need for further research in this area to develop potential new strategies for cancer treatment.

C-C Motif Chemokine 2 Regulates Macrophage Polarization and Contributes to Myocardial Infarction Healing

Macrophages are crucial immune cells that play essential roles in the healing of myocardial infarction (MI), undergoing continuous polarization throughout this process. C-C motif chemokine 2 (CCL2) is a chemokine that regulates inflammatory responses during MI. However, the extent to which CCL2 influences macrophage polarization and MI healing remains incompletely understood. In this study, we investigate the role of CCL2 in macrophage polarization and MI healing. Our findings reveal that CCL2 is differentially expressed in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced M1 and interleukin (IL)-4-induced M2 RAW264.7 macrophages. Knockdown of CCL2 attenuates TNF-α secretion stimulated by LPS, while overexpression of CCL2 mitigates IL-10 production triggered by IL-4 in these macrophages. Moreover, CCL2 deficiency disrupts LPS-induced M1 polarization, whereas CCL2 overexpression reduces M2 polarization of RAW264.7 macrophages induced by IL-4. Further exploration indicates that the promotion of M1 polarization by CCL2 is significantly impaired by inhibition of the p38-mediated MAPK pathway and NF-κB pathway. In a MI mouse model, CCL2 knockdown remarkably reduces infarct size, collagen synthesis, and the expression of cardiac fibrosis and hypertrophy markers. The activity of the p38-mediated MAPK pathway and NF-κB pathway is downregulated by CCL2 knockdown as well. Additionally, the number of total macrophages and M1 macrophages in the infarct decreases, while the number of M2 macrophages increases upon CCL2 deficiency. In conclusion, these results suggest that CCL2 is a key regulator of macrophage polarization, controlling MI healing in vivo.

Resistin - A Plausible Therapeutic Target in the Pathogenesis of Psoriasis

Resistin, a cytokine hormone predominantly secreted by adipose tissue, is elevated in various metabolic disorders such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. In addition to its involvement in metabolic regulation, resistin has been implicated in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, a chronic inflammatory skin disorder. Numerous studies have reported increased resistin levels in psoriatic skin lesions, suggesting a possible association between resistin and psoriasis. Recent studies have suggested the potential involvement of resistin in the development and progression of certain cancers. Resistin is overexpressed in breast, colorectal, and gastric cancers. This suggests that it may play a role in the development of these cancers, possibly by inducing inflammation and cell growth. The link between resistin and cancer raises the possibility of shared underlying mechanisms driving the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Chronic inflammation, one such mechanism, is a hallmark of psoriasis and cancer. Further research is needed to fully understand the relationship between resistin and psoriasis. Identifying potential therapeutic targets is crucial for effective management of psoriasis. By doing so, we may be able to develop more effective treatment options for individuals living with psoriasis and ultimately improve their quality of life. Ultimately, a more comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms underlying the impact of resistin on psoriasis is essential for advancing our knowledge and finding new ways to treat and manage this challenging condition.

Sesquiterpene from Artemisia argyi seed extracts: A new anti-acute peritonitis agent that suppresses the MAPK pathway and promotes autophagy

To find novel anti-inflammatory drugs, we screened anti-inflammatory compounds from 18 different types of Artemisia argyi seed extracts. The in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities of the screened compounds and their mechanisms were characterized. We first detected the cytotoxic effect of the compounds on RAW264.7 cells and the inhibitory effect on LPS-induced NO release. It was found that sesquiterpenoids CA-2 and CA-4 had low cytotoxic and strong NO inhibitory activity with an IC50 of 4.22 ± 0.61 μM and 2.98 ± 0.23 μM for NO inhibition, respectively. Therefore, compound CA-4 was studied in depth. We found that compound CA-4 inhibited LPS-induced pro-inflammatory factor production and M1 macrophage differentiation in RAW264.7 cells. Additionally, CA-4 inhibited the expression of p-ERK1/2, p-JNK, iNOS, and COX-2 by blocking the MAPK signaling pathway. CA-4 also promoted the expression of autophagy-related proteins such as LC3 II and Beclin-1 by inhibiting activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, and promoted the generation of autophagosomes. Finally, CA-4 significantly inhibited the degree of inflammation in mice with acute peritonitis, showing good anti-inflammatory activity in vivo. Consequently, compound CA-4 may be a promising drug for the treatment of acute inflammatory diseases and provide new ideas for the synthesis of novel anti-inflammatory compounds.

Immunomodulatory effect of vitamin D supplementation on Behçet's disease patients: effect on nitric oxide and Th17/Treg cytokines production

INTRODUCTION

In the last decade, an immuno-modulatory effect of vitamin D supplementation have emerged as a potential therapeutic approach for some inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. As previously reported, vitamin D deficiency was strongly linked to several diseases as Behçet's disease (BD). BD is a chronic systemic inflammatory disorder with autoimmunity, genetic and environmental factors involvement. The aim of our current study is to set up a new therapeutic strategy in BD, combining conventional therapy and vitamin D supplementation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Blood samples were collected from active and inactive BD patients and healthy controls (HC) to evaluate 25(OH) vitamin D levels using an electrochemiluminescence method. All deficient and insufficient vitamin D BD patients' were supplemented with vitamin D3 (CHOLECALCIFEROL, 200 000 UI/1 ml). In this context, NO, IL-17A and IL-10 levels were evaluated in patients and HC in vivo and ex vivo using Griess and ELISA methods respectively.

RESULTS

Before supplementation, we noted with interest that BD patients had vitamin D deficiency, associated with elevated in vivo and ex vivo NO and IL-17A levels compared to HC. Conversely, low IL-10 levels were observed in the same BD patients in comparison to HC. Interestingly, restored vitamin D status in supplemented BD patients was related to the decreased NO levels. In the same way, the IL-10/IL-17A ratio was improved.

CONCLUSIONS

Collectively, our data suggest that vitamin D supplementation in combination with conventional treatments has a beneficial effect and could constitute a good therapeutic candidate for alleviating inflammatory responses during Behçet disease.

Endogenous blocking of TLR2 along with TNF-α and IL-1β ameliorates the severity of the S. aureus arthritis via modulating STAT3/SOCS3 expressions in tissue resident macrophages

In vivo studies identifying a role of TLR2 in septic arthritis models are lacking. TNF-α played as the most important proinflammatory cytokine, and connected directly to the pathogenesis of bacterial arthritis. IL-1β is another central mediator cytokine in arthritis. It is therefore reasonable to question the role of neutralization of endogenous TNF-α and IL-1β along with TLR2 and associated downstream signaling as crucial mediators in the S. aureus -induced inflammatory arthritis. In reaction to an injury or a pathogen encounter, innate immune cells serve as the initial line of defense. TLR2 mediated entry of S. aureus into macrophage cells initiates an array of inflammatory cascades. After macrophage cell gets activated at the site inflammation, they generate elevated number of cytokines which includes TNF-α, IL-1β. This cytokines signals through STAT1/STAT3 mediated pathways. Thus, aim of this study was to discover how This bone damage could be altered by altering the STAT/STAT3/SOCS3 ratio by blocking TLR2, a particular S. aureus binding site, in conjunction with the use of IL-1 and TNF- antibodies for neutralizing endogenous IL-1β and TNF-α. Additionally, the role of local macrophages in therapy of arthritis was investigated in synovial and Splenic tissue. To comprehend the inflammatory milieu within the system, ROS and other antioxidant enzymes, along with the expression of mTOR in macrophage cells, were also taken into consideration. The detrimental impact of bacterial burden on synovial joints was reduced by simultaneously inhibiting TLR2, TNF-α, and IL-1β. Lowered IFN-γ decreases its sensitivity to STAT1 and lowered IL-6 reduces STAT3 expressions. Whereas, elevated IL-10 enhances SOSC3 expression, which thereby able to limits STAT1/STAT3 inter-conversion. As a result, NF-κB activity was downregulated.

The roles of epigallocatechin gallate in the tumor microenvironment, metabolic reprogramming, and immunotherapy

Cancer, a disease that modern medicine has not fully understood and conquered, with its high incidence and mortality, deprives countless patients of health and even life. According to global cancer statistics, there were an estimated 19.3 million new cancer cases and nearly 10 million cancer deaths in 2020, with the age-standardized incidence and mortality rates of 201.0 and 100.7 per 100,000, respectively. Although remarkable advancements have been made in therapeutic strategies recently, the overall prognosis of cancer patients remains not optimistic. Consequently, there are still many severe challenges to be faced and difficult problems to be solved in cancer therapy today. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a natural polyphenol extracted from tea leaves, has received much attention for its antitumor effects. Accumulating investigations have confirmed that EGCG can inhibit tumorigenesis and progression by triggering apoptosis, suppressing proliferation, invasion, and migration, altering tumor epigenetic modification, and overcoming chemotherapy resistance. Nevertheless, its regulatory roles and biomolecular mechanisms in the immune microenvironment, metabolic microenvironment, and immunotherapy remain obscure. In this article, we summarized the most recent updates about the effects of EGCG on tumor microenvironment (TME), metabolic reprogramming, and anti-cancer immunotherapy. The results demonstrated EGCG can promote the anti-cancer immune response of cytotoxic lymphocytes and dendritic cells (DCs), attenuate the immunosuppression of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and regulatory T cells (Tregs), and inhibit the tumor-promoting functions of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs), and various stromal cells including cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), endothelial cells (ECs), stellate cells, and mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs). Additionally, EGCG can suppress multiple metabolic reprogramming pathways, including glucose uptake, aerobic glycolysis, glutamine metabolism, fatty acid anabolism, and nucleotide synthesis. Finally, EGCG, as an immunomodulator and immune checkpoint blockade, can enhance immunotherapeutic efficacy and may be a promising candidate for antitumor immunotherapy. In conclusion, EGCG plays versatile regulatory roles in TME and metabolic reprogramming, which provides novel insights and combined therapeutic strategies for cancer immunotherapy.

Dating Skin Lesions of Forensic Interest by Immunohistochemistry and Immunofluorescence Techniques: A Scoping Literature Review

Wound age estimation is a significant issue in forensic pathology. Although various methods have been evaluated, no gold standard system or model has been proposed, and accurate injury time estimation is still challenging. The distinction between vital skin wounds-i.e., ante-mortem lesions-and skin alterations that occur after death is a crucial goal in forensic pathology. Once the vitality of the wound has been confirmed, the assessment of the post-trauma interval (PTI) is also fundamental in establishing the causal relationship between the traumatic event and death. The most frequently used techniques in research studies are biochemistry, molecular biology, and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Biochemical methods take advantage of the chemical and physical techniques. A systematic literature search of studies started on 18 February 2023. The search was conducted in the main databases for biomedical literature, i.e., PubMed and Scopus, for papers published between 1973 and 2022, focusing on different techniques of immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence (IF) for estimating the PTI of skin wounds. The present study involves a comprehensive and structured analysis of the existing literature to provide a detailed and comprehensive overview of the different IHC techniques used to date skin lesions, synthesize the available evidence, critically evaluate the methodologies, and eventually draw meaningful conclusions about the reliability and effectiveness of the different markers that have been discovered and used in wound age estimation.

Highly Aligned Ternary Nanofiber Matrices Loaded with MXene Expedite Regeneration of Volumetric Muscle Loss

Current therapeutic approaches for volumetric muscle loss (VML) face challenges due to limited graft availability and insufficient bioactivities. To overcome these limitations, tissue-engineered scaffolds have emerged as a promising alternative. In this study, we developed aligned ternary nanofibrous matrices comprised of poly(lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) integrated with collagen and Ti3C2Tx MXene nanoparticles (NPs) (PCM matrices), and explored their myogenic potential for skeletal muscle tissue regeneration. The PCM matrices demonstrated favorable physicochemical properties, including structural uniformity, alignment, microporosity, and hydrophilicity. In vitro assays revealed that the PCM matrices promoted cellular behaviors and myogenic differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts. Moreover, in vivo experiments demonstrated enhanced muscle remodeling and recovery in mice treated with PCM matrices following VML injury. Mechanistic insights from next-generation sequencing revealed that MXene NPs facilitated protein and ion availability within PCM matrices, leading to elevated intracellular Ca2+ levels in myoblasts through the activation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and serum/glucocorticoid regulated kinase 1 (SGK1), ultimately promoting myogenic differentiation via the mTOR-AKT pathway. Additionally, upregulated iNOS and increased NO- contributed to myoblast proliferation and fiber fusion, thereby facilitating overall myoblast maturation. These findings underscore the potential of MXene NPs loaded within highly aligned matrices as therapeutic agents to promote skeletal muscle tissue recovery.

Comparison of the inhibition effects of naringenin and its glycosides on LPS-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 macrophages

BACKGROUND

Inflammation is intricately linked to the development of various diseases, such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. Flavonoids, commonly found in plants, are known for their diverse health benefits, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. These compounds are categorized into different classes based on their chemical structure. structures. However, limited research has compared the effects of flavonoid aglycones and flavonoid glycosides. This study aims to assess the anti-inflammatory effects of naringenin and its glycosides (naringin and narirutin) in RAW264.7 macrophages.

METHODS AND RESULTS

RAW264.7 cells were treated with naringenin, naringin, and narirutin, followed by stimulation with lipopolysaccharide. The levels of inflammatory mediators, including tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), nitric oxide (NO), inducible NO synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), were assessed. Additionally, the study examined nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation using western blot analysis. Among the compounds tested, narirutin exhibited the most potent anti-inflammatory effect against TNF-α, NO, and iNOS. Naringin and narirutin showed comparable inhibitory effects on IL-1β and COX-2. Both naringin and narirutin suppressed the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators by targeting different levels of the NF-κB and MAPK pathways. Naringenin demonstrated the weakest anti-inflammatory effect, primarily inhibiting NF-κB and reducing the phosphorylation levels of p38.

CONCLUSIONS

This study suggests that the presence of glycosides on naringenin and the varied binding forms of sugars in naringenin glycosides significantly influence the anti-inflammatory effects compared with naringenin in RAW 264.7 macrophages.

DOX-PLGA Nanoparticles Effectively Suppressed the Expression of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines TNF-a, IL-6, iNOS, and IL-1β in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cell Line

Background

Inflammation contributes to cancer pathobiology through different mechanisms. Higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines can lead to hyperinflammation and promote cancer development and metastasis. For cancer treatment, Doxorubicin (DOX) can be encapsulated into the poly-lactic-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles. This study aimed to investigate the impact of doxorubicin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles (DOX-PLGA NP) on the expression of pro-inflammatory genes TNF-α, IL-6, iNOS, and IL-1β in the MCF-7 cells.

Methods

The DOX-PLGA NP was prepared by loading doxorubicin into PLGA and characterized using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The cytotoxic effect of the nanoparticles was determined by the MTT assay, and their impacts on the expression of pro-inflammatory genes were assessed by qRT-PCR.

Results

The encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity were 60±1.5 and 1.13±0.21 percent, respectively. The zeta potential and mean DOX-PLGA nanoparticle size were -18±0.550 mV and 172±55.6 nm, respectively. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of the DOX-PLGA NP on MCF-7 cell viability was 24.55 µg/mL after 72 hours of treatment. The qRT-PCR results revealed that the 20 µg/mL concentration of the DOX-PLGA NP significantly suppressed the expression of the pro-inflammatory genes TNF-α, IL-6, iNOS, and IL-1β compared to DOX alone (20 µg/mL). Additionally, the suppression effect of DOX-PLGA NP on the expression of these pro-inflammatory genes was dose-dependent.

Conclusions

These results show that DOX-PLGA NP efficiently suppressed the expression of pro-inflammatory genes. Furthermore, encapsulation of DOX into PLGA nanoparticles significantly improved the effectiveness of DOX in suppressing pro-inflammatory genes in MCF-7 breast cancer cells.

Microbiota promotes recruitment and pro-inflammatory response of caecal macrophages during E. tenella infection

BACKGROUND

Eimeria genus belongs to the apicomplexan parasite phylum and is responsible for coccidiosis, an intestinal disease with a major economic impact on poultry production. Eimeria tenella is one of the most virulent species in chickens. In a previous study, we showed a negative impact of caecal microbiota on the physiopathology of this infection. However, the mechanism by which microbiota leads to the physiopathology remained undetermined. Macrophages play a key role in inflammatory processes and their interaction with the microbiota during E. tenella infection have never been investigated. We therefore examined the impact of microbiota on macrophages during E. tenella infection. Macrophages were monitored in caecal tissues by immunofluorescence staining with KUL01 antibody in non-infected and infected germ-free and conventional chickens. Caecal cells were isolated, stained, analyzed and sorted to examine their gene expression using high-throughput qPCR.

RESULTS

We demonstrated that microbiota was essential for caecal macrophage recruitment in E. tenella infection. Furthermore, microbiota promoted a pro-inflammatory transcriptomic profile of macrophages characterized by increased gene expression of NOS2, ACOD1, PTGS2, TNFα, IL1β, IL6, IL8L1, IL8L2 and CCL20 in infected chickens. Administration of caecal microbiota from conventional chickens to germ-free infected chickens partially restored macrophage recruitment and response.

CONCLUSIONS

Taken together, these results suggest that the microbiota enhances the physiopathology of this infection through macrophage recruitment and activation. Consequently, strategies involving modulation of the gut microbiota may lead to attenuation of the macrophage-mediated inflammatory response, thereby limiting the negative clinical outcome of the disease.

Senescent Schwann cells induced by aging and chronic denervation impair axonal regeneration following peripheral nerve injury

Following peripheral nerve injury, successful axonal growth and functional recovery require Schwann cell (SC) reprogramming into a reparative phenotype, a process dependent upon c-Jun transcription factor activation. Unfortunately, axonal regeneration is greatly impaired in aged organisms and following chronic denervation, which can lead to poor clinical outcomes. While diminished c-Jun expression in SCs has been associated with regenerative failure, it is unclear whether the inability to maintain a repair state is associated with the transition into an axonal growth inhibition phenotype. We here find that reparative SCs transition into a senescent phenotype, characterized by diminished c-Jun expression and secretion of inhibitory factors for axonal regeneration in aging and chronic denervation. In both conditions, the elimination of senescent SCs by systemic senolytic drug treatment or genetic targeting improved nerve regeneration and functional recovery, increased c-Jun expression and decreased nerve inflammation. This work provides the first characterization of senescent SCs and their influence on axonal regeneration in aging and chronic denervation, opening new avenues for enhancing regeneration and functional recovery after peripheral nerve injuries.

Influence of standard culture conditions and effect of oleoresin from the microalga Haematococcus pluvialis on splenic cells from healthy Balb/c mice - a pilot study

In this work, we used splenocytes from healthy mice to study the effects of the two most commonly used cell culture media (A, B) with different compositions of redox reagents. The incubation of cells for 24 h resulted in a significant decrease in viability and metabolic activity of splenocytes, and the negative effects of incubation in medium B were more pronounced. In standard conditions, oxidative stress in cells was manifested by reduced mitochondrial potential, and this effect correlated with the transition of 58.3% of cells to the early stage of apoptosis under reducing conditions of medium A and up to 66.1% of cells under super-reducing conditions in medium B, suggesting altered cell physiology. High levels of ROS/RNS activated transcription factor Nrf2, superoxide dismutase 1, and catalase. The higher mRNA levels of these genes were under the conditions of medium B, whose super-reducing environment in combination with the environment of conventional incubators proved to be less suitable for the cells compared to medium A. Treatment of the cells with a lower concentration (10 µg/ml) of oleoresin obtained from the microalga H. pluvialis partially eliminated the negative effects of cultivation. Higher concentration of oleoresin (40 µg/ml) was slightly cytotoxic, due to the significant antioxidant effect of astaxanthin, the main bioactive component of the extract, which eliminated most of the ROS/RNS acting as signalling molecules. This study shows that the standard culture conditions do not reflect the physiological in vivo cell conditions; therefore, they are not generally suitable for incubation of all cell types.

N-MYC-interacting protein enhances type II interferon signaling by inhibiting STAT1 sumoylation

Signaling desensitization is key to limiting signal transduction duration and intensity. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) can mediate type II interferon (IFNγ)-induced immune responses, which are enhanced and inhibited by STAT1 phosphorylation and sumoylation, respectively. Here, we identified an N-MYC interacting protein, NMI, which can enhance STAT1 phosphorylation and STAT1-mediated IFNγ immune responses by binding and sequestering the E2 SUMO conjugation enzyme, UBC9, and blocking STAT1 sumoylation. NMI facilitates UBC9 nucleus-to-cytoplasm translocation in response to IFNγ, thereby inhibiting STAT1 sumoylation. STAT1 phosphorylation at Y701 and sumoylation at K703 are mutually exclusive modifications that regulate IFNγ-dependent transcriptional responses. NMI could not alter the phosphorylation level of sumoylation-deficient STAT1 after IFNγ treatment. Thus, IFNγ signaling is modulated by NMI through sequestration of UBC9 in the cytoplasm, leading to inhibition of STAT1 sumoylation. Hence, NMI functions as a switch for STAT1 activation/inactivation cycles by modulating an IFNγ-induced desensitization mechanism.

6-Pentyl-α-Pyrone from Trichoderma gamsii Exert Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Mouse Macrophages

Filamentous fungi produce several beneficial secondary metabolites, including bioactive compounds, food additives, and biofuels. Trichoderma, which is a teleomorphic Hypocrea that falls under the taxonomic groups Ascomycota and Dikarya, is an extensively studied fungal genus. In an ongoing study that seeks to discover bioactive natural products, we investigated potential bioactive metabolites from the methanolic extract of cultured Trichoderma gamsii. Using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), one major compound was isolated and structurally identified as 6-pentyl-α-pyrone (6PP) based on nuclear magnetic resonance data and LC-MS analysis. To determine its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, as well as the underlying mechanisms, we treated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated Raw264.7 mouse macrophages with 6PP. We found that 6PP suppresses LPS-induced increase in the levels of nitric oxide, a mediator of oxidative stress and inflammation, and restores LPS-mediated depletion of total glutathione by stabilizing nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), an antioxidative factor, and elevating heme oxygenase-1 levels. Furthermore, 6PP inhibited LPS-induced production of proinflammatory cytokines, which are, at least in part, regulated by heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). 6PP suppressed proinflammatory responses by inhibiting the nuclear localization of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), as well as by dephosphorylating the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). These results indicate that 6PP can protect macrophages against oxidative stress and LPS-induced excessive inflammatory responses by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway while inhibiting the proinflammatory, NF-κB, and MAPK pathways.

B Cells Induce Early-Onset Maternal Inflammation to Protect against LPS-Induced Fetal Rejection

The maternal balance between B regulatory (Breg) cells and inflammatory B cells is of central importance for protection against preterm birth (PTB). However, the impact of B cell signaling in early maternal and fetal immune responses on inflammatory insults remains underinvestigated. To understand which role B cells and B-cell-specific signaling play in the pathogenesis of PTB, the later was induced by an injection of LPS in B cell-sufficient WT mice, CD19-/-, BMyD88-/- and µMT murine dams at gestational day 16 (gd 16). WT dams developed a strong inflammatory response in their peritoneal cavity (PC), with an increased infiltration of granulocytes and enhanced IL-6, TNF-α, IL-17 and MCP-1 levels. However, they demonstrated a reduced NOS2 expression of PC macrophages 4 h after the LPS injection. Simultaneously, LPS-challenged WT dams upregulated pregnancy-protective factors like IL-10 and TARC. The concentrations of inflammatory mediators in the placental supernatants, amniotic fluids, fetal serums and gestational tissues were lower in LPS-challenged WT dams compared to CD19-/-, BMyD88-/- and µMT dams, thereby protecting WT fetuses from being born preterm. B cell deficiency, or the loss of B-cell-specific CD19 or MyD88 expression, resulted in an early shift from immune regulation towards inflammation at the fetomaternal interface and fetuses, resulting in PTB.

Diclofenac and eugenol hybrid with enhanced anti-inflammatory activity through activating HO-1 and inhibiting NF-κB pathway in vitro and in vivo

A series of diclofenac hybrid molecules were synthesized and evaluated for their NO-inhibitory ability in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Among them, compound 1 showed the highest NO-inhibitory ability (approximately 66%) and no significant cytotoxicity. Compound 1 exhibited superior NF-κB-inhibitory ability compared to diclofenac through the activation of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway in RAW 264.7. 20 mg/kg compound 1 resulted in remarkable colitis improvement in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced mice model by up-regulating HO-1 and down-regulating phosphorylation level of NF-κB p65. Moreover, 50 mg/kg dose of compound 1 showed a lower ulcerogenic potential compared to diclofenac in rats. The diclofenac-eugenol hybrid (compound 1) may serve as a novel anti-inflammatory agent based on its role in inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway and activating HO-1 expression with no toxicity in vitro and in vivo.

Agarwood oil nanoemulsion counteracts LPS-induced inflammation and oxidative stress in RAW264.7 mouse macrophages

PURPOSE

Oxidative stress and inflammation are key pathophysiological features of chronic respiratory diseases, including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Agarwood oil obtained from Aquilaria trees has promising antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. However, its clinical application is hampered by poor solubility. A viable approach to overcome this involves formulation of oily constituents into emulsions. Here, we have investigated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of an agarwood oil-based nanoemulsion (DE'RAAQSIN) against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 mouse macrophages in vitro.

METHODS

The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of DE'RAAQSIN was assessed by measuring the levels of ROS and nitric oxide (NO) produced, using the DCF-DA assay and the Griess reagent assay, respectively. The molecular pathways activated by DE'RAAQSIN were investigated via qPCR.

RESULTS

LPS stimulation of RAW264.7 cells increased the production of nitric oxide (NO) and ROS and resulted in the overexpression of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene. Furthermore, LPS induced the upregulation of the expression of key proinflammatory genes (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, and CXCL1) and of the antioxidant gene heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). DE'RAAQSIN demonstrated potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity by significantly reducing the levels of ROS and of secreted NO, simultaneously counteracting the LPS-induced overexpression of iNOS, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, and HO-1. These findings were corroborated by in silico activity prediction and physicochemical analysis of the main agarwood oil components.

CONCLUSIONS

We propose DE'RAAQSIN as a promising alternative managing inflammatory disorders, opening the platform for further studies aimed at understanding the effectiveness of DE'RAAQSIN.

Valorization of Nam Wah Banana (Musa paradisiaca L.) Byproducts as a Source of Bioactive Compounds with Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Properties: In Vitro and In Silico Studies

Nam Wah banana (Musa paradisiaca L.) is the most common banana cultivar in Thailand. Large amounts of its non-consumable byproducts are considered undervalued and thrown as waste. Exploring the potential utilization and application of banana byproducts for human benefit can add to their value and minimize the risk of threats. This study aimed to investigate phytochemicals, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, and toxicity of Nam Wah banana byproducts. Five banana plant parts, including the midrib, leaf, peduncle, unripe and ripe peels, were extracted using hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and water. Among the extracts tested, the ethyl acetate leaf extract showed the strongest antioxidant capacity and anti-inflammatory activity, probably through the inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX). Positive correlations existed between the activities and the total phenolic/flavonoid content of banana byproducts. An in silico docking analysis demonstrated that flavonoid glycosides in banana byproducts, such as kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside and rutin, may bind to inducible iNOS, whereas omega-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as eicosapentaenoic acid, may bind to 15-LOX and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). The extracts showed either low or no toxicity. These findings suggest that banana byproducts are a natural source of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds. It is recommended that additional investigations be conducted to explore their potential therapeutic applications in treating disorders linked with oxidative stress or inflammation. This research has the potential to enhance the value of banana byproducts.

Amphiregulin Induces iNOS and COX-2 Expression through NF-κB and MAPK Signaling in Hepatic Inflammation

Background

Inflammation is a major cause of hepatic tissue damage and accelerates the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Amphiregulin (AREG), an epidermal growth factor receptor ligand, is associated with human liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. We aimed to investigate the effects of AREG on hepatic inflammation during NAFLD progression, in vivo and in vitro.

Methods

AREG gene expression was measured in the liver of mice fed a methionine choline-deficient (MCD) diet for 2 weeks. We evaluated inflammatory mediators and signaling pathways in HepG2 cells after stimulation with AREG. Nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were analyzed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and western blotting. Nuclear transcription factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), including extracellular signal-regulated kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, were analyzed using western blotting.

Results

Proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and IL-8) and immune cell recruitment (as indicated by L3T4, F4/80, and ly6G mRNA expression) increased, and expression of AREG increased in the liver of mice fed the MCD diet. AREG significantly increased the expression of IL-6 and IL-1β and the production of NO, PGE2, and IL-8 in HepG2 cells. It also activated the protein expression of iNOS and COX-2. AREG-activated NF-κB and MAPKs signaling, and together with NF-κB and MAPKs inhibitors, AREG significantly reduced the protein expression of iNOS and COX-2.

Conclusion

AREG plays a role in hepatic inflammation by increasing iNOS and COX-2 expression via NF-κB and MAPKs signaling.

Molecular and phenotypic distinctions of macrophages in tolerant and susceptible to hypoxia rats

Individual hypoxia tolerance is a major influence on the course and outcome of infectious and inflammatory diseases. Macrophages, which play central roles in systemic inflammatory response and other immunity reactions, are subject to functional activation orchestrated by several transcription factors including hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs). HIF-1 expression levels and the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced systemic inflammatory response severity have been shown to correlate with hypoxia tolerance. Molecular and functional features of macrophages, depending on the organisms resistance to hypoxia, can determine the severity of the course of infectious and inflammatory diseases, including the systemic inflammatory response. The purpose is the comparative molecular and functional characterization of non-activated and LPS-activated bone marrow-derived macrophages under normoxia in rats with different tolerance to oxygen deprivation. Hypoxia resistance was assessed by gasping time measurement in an 11,500 m altitude-equivalent hypobaric decompression chamber. Based on the outcome, the animals were assigned to three groups termed 'tolerant to hypoxia' (n = 12), 'normal', and 'susceptible to hypoxia' (n = 13). The 'normal' group was excluded from subsequent experiments. One month after hypoxia resistance test, the blood was collected from the tail vein to isolate monocytes. Non-activated and LPS-activated macrophage cultures were investigated by PCR, flow cytometry and Western blot methods. Gene expression patterns of non-activated cultured macrophages from tolerant and susceptible to hypoxia animals differed. We observed higher expression of VEGF and CD11b and lower expression of Tnfa, Il1b and Epas1 in non-activated cultures obtained from tolerant to hypoxia animals, whereas HIF-1α mRNA and protein expression levels were similar. LPS-activated macrophage cultures derived from susceptible to hypoxia animals expressed higher levels of Hif1a and CCR7 than the tolerant group; in addition, the activation was associated with increased content of HIF-1α in cell culture medium. The observed differences indicate a specific propensity toward pro-inflammatory macrophage polarization in susceptible to hypoxia rats.

Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Activities of Lipophilic Fraction from Liriope platyphylla Seeds Using Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking, and In Vitro Experiments

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms counteract the pathogenesis of chronic diseases, such as diabetes, aging, and cancer. Therefore, enhancing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory functions may help manage these pathological conditions. This study aimed to assess the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potentials of lipophilic fraction of Liriope platyphylla seeds (LLPS) using network pharmacology, molecular docking, and in vitro experiments. Here GC-MS analysis tentatively identified forty-three lipophilic compounds in LLPS. LLPS exhibited powerful antioxidant activity, according to the results from chemical-based antioxidant assays on DPPH, ABTS+, superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, and hydroxyl radicals scavenging, lipid peroxidation, reducing antioxidant powers, and total antioxidant capacity. Additionally, LLPS enhanced cellular antioxidant capacity by inhibiting reactive oxygen species formation and elevating antioxidant enzyme levels, including catalase and heme oxygenase-1. Moreover, LLPS attenuated inflammatory response by reducing nitric oxide secretion and downregulating the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, and interleukin-1β in lipopolysaccharide-treated macrophages. Network pharmacology and molecular docking analyses showed that key compounds in LPPS, particularly phytosterols and fatty acid esters, exerted antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties through regulating NFKB1, PTGS1, PTGS2, TLR4, PRKCA, PRKCD, KEAP1, NFE2L2, and NR1l2. Overall, these data suggest that LLPS may be a potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent for developing functional foods.

Cytokine-Induced iNOS in A549 Alveolar Epithelial Cells: A Potential Role in COVID-19 Lung Pathology

BACKGROUND

In COVID-19, an uncontrolled inflammatory response might worsen lung damage, leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Recent evidence points to the induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2/iNOS) as a component of inflammatory response since NOS2 is upregulated in critical COVID-19 patients. Here, we explore the mechanisms underlying the modulation of iNOS expression in human alveolar cells.

METHODS

A549 WT and IRF1 KO cells were exposed to a conditioned medium of macrophages treated with SARS-CoV-2 spike S1. Additionally, the effect of IFNγ, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα, either alone or combined, was addressed. iNOS expression was assessed with RT-qPCR and Western blot. The effect of baricitinib and CAPE, inhibitors of JAK/STAT and NF-kB, respectively, was also investigated.

RESULTS

Treatment with a conditioned medium caused a marked induction of iNOS in A549 WT and a weak stimulation in IRF1 KO. IFNγ induced NOS2 and synergistically cooperated with IL-1β and TNFα. The inhibitory pattern of baricitinb and CAPE indicates that cytokines activate both IRF1 and NF-κB through the JAK/STAT1 pathway.

CONCLUSIONS

Cytokines secreted by S1-activated macrophages markedly induce iNOS, whose expression is suppressed by baricitinib. Our findings sustain the therapeutic efficacy of this drug in COVID-19 since, besides limiting the cytokine storm, it also prevents NOS2 induction.

Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate in combination with L-N-monomethyl arginine alleviates Staphylococcus aureus infection via regulation of CXCL8/CXCR1 axis in peritoneal macrophages in vitro

The CXCL8/CXCR1 axis in conjoint with the free radicals and anti-oxidants dictates the severity of inflammation caused by the bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus. S.aureus mediated inflammatory processes is regulated by NF-κB and its product, iNOS. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of inhibition of NF-κB and iNOS on CXCL8/CXCR1, alteration in M1/M2 polarization of macrophages and associated inflammatory responses during S.aureus infection in vitro. For this, the murine peritoneal macrophages were pretreated with NF-κB inhibitor, Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) and iNOS inhibitor, L-N-monomethyl arginine (LNMMA), either alone or in combination, followed by time-dependent S.aureus infection. The chemotactic migrations of macrophages were determined by the agarose spot assay. The iNOS, NF-κB and CXCR1 protein expressions were evaluated. The ROS level (superoxide, H2O2, NO) and antioxidant activities (SOD, CAT, GSH, arginase) were measured. The intra-macrophage phagoctyic activity had been analyzed by confocal microscopy. S.aureus activated macrophages showed increased iNOS expression that symbolizes M1 characterization of macrophages. The results suggest that the combination treatment of LNMMA + PDTC was effective in diminution of CXCL8 production and CXCR1 expression through downregulation of NF-κB and iNOS signaling pathway. Consequently, there was decrement in macrophage migration, reduced ROS generation, elevated antioxidant enzyme activity as well as bacterial phagocytosis at 90 min post bacterial infection. The increased arginase activity further proves the switch from pro-inflammatory M1 to anti-inflammatory M2 polarization of macrophages. Concludingly, the combination of PDTC + LNMMA could resolve S.aureus mediated inflammation through mitigation of CXCL8/CXCR1 pathway switching from M1 to M2 polarization.

Effect of synbiotic supplementation on production performance and severity of necrotic enteritis in broilers during an experimental necrotic enteritis challenge

To evaluate the efficacy of synbiotic during a necrotic enteritis (NE) infection, a total of 360 day-old chicks were randomly assigned into 4 experimental groups in a 2 × 2 factorial setup: control, challenge, synbiotic (1 g/kg), and challenge + synbiotic, with 6 replicates. NE was induced by gavaging 1 × 104Eimeria maxima oocysts and 1 × 108 CFU/mL of Clostridium perfringens on d 14 (D14) and D19, 20, and 21, respectively. At D35, the NE challenge decreased the BW gain (P < 0.001) and increased feed conversion ratio (P = 0.03), whereas synbiotic supplementation decreased the feed intake (P = 0.04). At D21, NE challenge increased gut permeability (P < 0.001), decreased regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the cecal tonsil (CT) (P = 0.02), increased Tregs in the spleen (P = 0.02), decreased nitric oxide (NO) production in the spleen (P = 0.04) and decreased IL-10 expression in CT (P = 0.02), whereas synbiotic supplementation increased CD4+:CD8+ T cells in the spleen (P < 0.001) and decreased interferon (IFN)-γ expression in the jejunum (P = 0.07), however, synbiotic supplementation during NE challenge decreased mid-gut lesion score (P < 0.001), increased CD4+:CD8+ T cells in CT and decreased IgA production in bile (P < 0.001), compared to the control group. At D28, synbiotic supplementation decreased CD4+:CD8+ T cells in CT (P < 0.001), whereas synbiotic supplementation during NE challenge decreased Tregs in CT (P < 0.001) and increased NO production in the spleen (P = 0.04), compared to the control group. At D35, the NE challenge decreased CD4+:CD8+ T cells in the spleen (P = 0.03), decreased IgA production in bile (P = 0.02), decreased IL-10 expression in CT (P = 0.04), and decreased IL-10 (P = 0.009), IFN-γ (P = 0.03) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (P = 0.02) expression in the jejunum, whereas synbiotic supplementation increased Tregs in the spleen (P = 0.04), compared to control group. Synbiotic supplementation during the NE challenge decreased both IL-1β (P = 0.02) and IFN-γ (P = 0.001) expression in CT, compared to the control group. It can be concluded that synbiotic supplementation increases production performance by decreasing mid-gut lesions and enhancing protective immunity against NE, and efficiency of synbiotic could be improved by blending additional probiotics and prebiotics.

Monocytes and macrophages: emerging mechanisms and novel therapeutic targets in pulmonary fibrosis

Pulmonary fibrosis results from a plethora of abnormal pathogenetic events. In idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), inhalational, environmental, or occupational exposures in genetically and epigenetically predisposed individuals trigger recurrent cycles of alveolar epithelial cell injury, activation of coagulation pathways, chemoattraction, and differentiation of monocytes into monocyte-derived alveolar macrophages (Mo-AMs). When these events happen intermittently and repeatedly throughout the individual's life cycle, the wound repair process becomes aberrant leading to bronchiolization of distal air spaces, fibroblast accumulation, extracellular matrix deposition, and loss of the alveolar-capillary architecture. The role of immune dysregulation in IPF pathogenesis and progression has been underscored in the past mainly after the disappointing results of immunosuppressant use in IPF patients; however, recent reports highlighting the prognostic and mechanistic roles of monocytes and Mo-AMs revived the interest in immune dysregulation in IPF. In this review, we will discuss the role of these cells in the onset and progression of IPF, as well as potential targeted therapies.