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Lindner K, Gavin AC. Isoform- and cell-state-specific APOE homeostasis and function. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:2456-2466. [PMID: 38526282 PMCID: PMC11090418 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E is the major lipid transporter in the brain and an important player in neuron-astrocyte metabolic coupling. It ensures the survival of neurons under stressful conditions and hyperactivity by nourishing and detoxifying them. Apolipoprotein E polymorphism, combined with environmental stresses and/or age-related alterations, influences the risk of developing late-onset Alzheimer's disease. In this review, we discuss our current knowledge of how apolipoprotein E homeostasis, i.e. its synthesis, secretion, degradation, and lipidation, is affected in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Lindner
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anne-Claude Gavin
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Huang Q, Wu W, Wen Y, Lu S, Zhao C. Potential therapeutic natural compounds for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 132:155822. [PMID: 38909512 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complicated neurodegenerative disease with cognitive impairment occurring in the older people, in which extracellular accumulation of β-amyloid and intracellular aggregation of hyperphosphorylated tau are regarded as the prevailing theories. However, the exact AD mechanism has not been determined. Moreover, there is no effective treatment available in phase III trials to eradicate AD, which is imperative to explore novel treatments. PURPOSE A number of up-to-date pre-clinical studies on cognitive impairment is beneficial to clarify the pathology of AD. This review recapitulates several advances in AD pathobiology and discusses the neuroprotective effects of natural compounds, such as phenolic compounds, natural polysaccharides and oligosaccharides, peptide, and lipids, underscoring the therapeutic potential for AD. METHODS Electronic databases involving PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched up to October 2023. Articles were conducted using the keywords like Alzheimer's disease, pathogenic mechanisms, natural compounds, and neuroprotection. RESULT This review summarized several AD pathologies and the neuroprotective effects of natural compounds such as natural polysaccharides and oligosaccharides, peptide, and lipids. CONCLUSION We have discussed the pathogenic mechanisms of AD and the effect natural products on neurodegenerative diseases particularly in treating AD. Specifically, we investigated the molecular pathways and links between natural compounds and Alzheimer's disease such as through NF-κB, Nrf2, and mTOR pathway. Further investigation is necessary in exploring the bioactivity and effectiveness of natural compounds in clinical trials, which may provide a promising treatment for AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Universidade de Vigo, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Instituto de Agroecoloxía e Alimentación (IAA)-CITEXVI, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Weihao Wu
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yuxi Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Universidade de Vigo, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Instituto de Agroecoloxía e Alimentación (IAA)-CITEXVI, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Suyue Lu
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Chao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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Chen J, Yang J, Shen D, Wang X, Lin Z, Chen H, Cui G, Zhang Z. A Predictive Model of the Progression to Alzheimer's Disease in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment Based on the MRI Enlarged Perivascular Spaces. J Alzheimers Dis 2024:JAD240523. [PMID: 39177602 DOI: 10.3233/jad-240523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Background Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a heterogeneous condition that can precede various forms of dementia, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Identifying MCI subjects who are at high risk of progressing to AD is of major clinical relevance. Enlarged perivascular spaces (EPVS) on MRI are linked to cognitive decline, but their predictive value for MCI to AD progression is unclear. Objective This study aims to assess the predictive value of EPVS for MCI to AD progression and develop a predictive model combining EPVS grading with clinical and laboratory data to estimate conversion risk. Methods We analyzed 358 patients with MCI from the ADNI database, consisting of 177 MCI-AD converters and 181 non-converters. The data collected included demographic information, imaging data (including perivascular spaces grade), clinical assessments, and laboratory test results. Variable selection was conducted using the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) method, followed by logistic regression to develop predictive model. Results In the univariate logistic regression analysis, both moderate (OR = 5.54, 95% CI [3.04-10.18]) and severe (OR = 25.04, 95% CI [10.07-62.23]) enlargements of the centrum semiovale perivascular space (CSO-PVS) were found to be strong predictors of disease progression. LASSO analyses yielded 12 variables, refined to six in the final model: APOE4 genotype, ADAS11 score, CSO-PVS grade, and volumes of entorhinal, fusiform, and midtemporal regions, with an AUC of 0.956 in the training and 0.912 in the validation cohort. Conclusions Our predictive model, emphasizing EPVS assessment, provides clinicians with a practical tool for early detection and management of AD risk in MCI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jingwen Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Dayong Shen
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zihao Lin
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Guiyun Cui
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zuohui Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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Haddadi M, Haghi M, Rezaei N, Kiani Z, Akkülah T, Celik A. APOE and Alzheimer's disease: Pathologic clues from transgenic Drosophila melanogaster. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2024; 123:105420. [PMID: 38537387 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2024.105420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common forms of neurodegenerative diseases. Apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) is the main genetic risk factor in the development of late-onset AD. However, the exact mechanism underlying ApoE4-mediated neurodegeneration remains unclear. We utilized Drosophila melanogaster to examine the neurotoxic effects of various human APOE isoforms when expressed specifically in glial and neural cells. We assessed impacts on mitochondrial dynamics, ER stress, lipid metabolism, and bio-metal ion concentrations in the central nervous system (CNS) of the transgenic flies. Dachshund antibody staining revealed a reduction in the number of Kenyon cells. Behavioral investigations including ethanol tolerance and learning and memory performance demonstrated neuronal dysfunction in APOE4-expressing larvae and adult flies. Transcription level of marf and drp-1 were found to be elevated in APOE4 flies, while atf4, atf6, and xbp-1 s showed down regulation. Enhanced concentrations of triglyceride and cholesterol in the CNS were observed in APOE4 transgenic flies, with especially pronounced effects upon glial-specific expression of the gene. Spectrophotometry of brain homogenate revealed enhanced Fe++ and Zn++ ion levels in conjunction with diminished Cu++ levels upon APOE4 expression. To explore therapeutic strategies, we subjected the flies to heat-shock treatment, aiming to activate heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and assess their potential to mitigate the neurotoxic effects of APOE isoforms. The results showed potential therapeutic benefits for APOE4-expressing flies, hinting at an ability to attenuate memory deterioration. Overall, our findings suggest that APOE4 can alter lipid metabolism, bio metal ion homeostasis, and disrupt the harmonious fission-fusion balance of neuronal and glial mitochondria, ultimately inducing ER stress. These alterations mirror the main clinical manifestations of AD in patients. Therefore, our work underscores the suitability of Drosophila as a fertile model for probing the pathological roles of APOE and furthering our understanding of diverse isoform-specific functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Haddadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran; Genetics and Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
| | - Mehrnaz Haghi
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Niloofar Rezaei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
| | - Zahra Kiani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
| | - Taha Akkülah
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkiye; Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Arzu Celik
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkiye; Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkiye
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Cordeiro A, Gomes C, Bicker J, Fortuna A. Aging and cognitive resilience: Molecular mechanisms as new potential therapeutic targets. Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:104093. [PMID: 38992420 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2024.104093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
As the global population ages, the need to prolong lifespan and healthspan becomes increasingly imperative. Understanding the molecular determinants underlying cognitive resilience, together with changes during aging and the (epi)genetic factors that predispose an individual to decreased cognitive resilience, open avenues for researching novel therapies. This review provides a critical and timely appraisal of the molecular mechanisms underlying cognitive resilience, framed within a critical analysis of emerging therapeutic strategies to mitigate age-related cognitive decline. Significant insights from both animals and human subjects are discussed herein, directed either toward active pharmaceutical ingredients (drug repositioning or macromolecules), or, alternatively, advanced cellular therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cordeiro
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Catarina Gomes
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; CIBIT - Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joana Bicker
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; CIBIT - Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Fortuna
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; CIBIT - Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Ortega A, Chernicki B, Ou G, Parmar MS. From Lab Bench to Hope: Emerging Gene Therapies in Clinical Trials for Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04285-3. [PMID: 38958888 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04285-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects memory and cognitive abilities, affecting millions of people around the world. Current treatments focus on the management of symptoms, as no effective therapy has been approved to modify the underlying disease process. Gene therapy is a promising approach that can offer disease-modifying treatment for AD, targeting various aspects of the pathophysiology of the disease. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the current state of gene therapy research for AD, with a specific focus on clinical trials and preclinical studies that have used nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), apolipoprotein E2 (APOE2), and human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) as therapeutic gene therapy approaches. These gene targets have shown potential to alleviate the neuropathology of AD in animal studies and have demonstrated feasibility and safety in non-human primates. Despite the failure of the NGF gene therapy approach in clinical trials, we have reviewed and highlighted the reported findings and evaluations from the trials. Furthermore, the review included the conclusions of postmortem brain tissue analysis of AD patients who received NGF gene therapy. The goal is to learn from the failed trials and improve the approach in the future. Although gene therapy shows promise, it faces several challenges and limitations, including optimizing gene delivery methods, enhancing safety and efficacy profiles, and determining long-term results. This review contributes to the growing body of literature on innovative treatments for AD and highlights the need for more research and development to advance gene therapy as a viable treatment option for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Ortega
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Clearwater, FL, USA
| | - Brendan Chernicki
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Clearwater, FL, USA
| | - Grace Ou
- College of Arts and Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Mayur S Parmar
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Clearwater, FL, USA.
- Department of Foundational Sciences, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Clearwater, FL, USA.
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Kreutzer E, Short JL, Nicolazzo JA. Effect of Apolipoprotein E isoforms on the Abundance and Function of P-glycoprotein in Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells. Pharm Res 2024; 41:1427-1441. [PMID: 38937373 PMCID: PMC11263236 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-024-03731-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD) often require many medications; however, these medications are dosed using regimens recommended for individuals without AD. This is despite reduced abundance and function of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in AD, which can impact brain exposure of drugs. The fundamental mechanisms leading to reduced P-gp abundance in sporadic AD remain unknown; however, it is known that the apolipoprotein E (apoE) gene has the strongest genetic link to sporadic AD development, and apoE isoforms can differentially alter BBB function. The aim of this study was to assess if apoE affects P-gp abundance and function in an isoform-dependent manner using a human cerebral microvascular endothelial cell (hCMEC/D3) model. METHODS This study assessed the impact of apoE isoforms on P-gp abundance (by western blot) and function (by rhodamine 123 (R123) uptake) in hCMEC/D3 cells. Cells were exposed to recombinant apoE3 and apoE4 at 2 - 10 µg/mL over 24 - 72 hours. hCMEC/D3 cells were also exposed for 72 hours to astrocyte-conditioned media (ACM) from astrocytes expressing humanised apoE isoforms. RESULTS P-gp abundance in hCMEC/D3 cells was not altered by recombinant apoE4 relative to recombinant apoE3, nor did ACM containing human apoE isoforms alter P-gp abundance. R123 accumulation in hCMEC/D3 cells was also unchanged with recombinant apoE isoform treatments, suggesting no change to P-gp function, despite both abundance and function being altered by positive controls SR12813 (5 µM) and PSC 833 (5 µM), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Different apoE isoforms have no direct influence on P-gp abundance or function within this model, and further in vivo studies would be required to address whether P-gp abundance or function are reduced in sporadic AD in an apoE isoform-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Kreutzer
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Jennifer L Short
- Monash Centre for Advanced mRNA Medicines Manufacturing and Workforce Training, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Joseph A Nicolazzo
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.
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Liu QQ, Wu GH, Wang XC, Xiong XW, Rui-Wang, Yao BL. The role of Foxo3a in neuron-mediated cognitive impairment. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 17:1424561. [PMID: 38962803 PMCID: PMC11220205 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1424561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment (COI) is a prevalent complication across a spectrum of brain disorders, underpinned by intricate mechanisms yet to be fully elucidated. Neurons, the principal cell population of the nervous system, orchestrate cognitive processes and govern cognitive balance. Extensive inquiry has spotlighted the involvement of Foxo3a in COI. The regulatory cascade of Foxo3a transactivation implicates multiple downstream signaling pathways encompassing mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, autophagy, and apoptosis, collectively affecting neuronal activity. Notably, the expression and activity profile of neuronal Foxo3a are subject to modulation via various modalities, including methylation of promoter, phosphorylation and acetylation of protein. Furthermore, upstream pathways such as PI3K/AKT, the SIRT family, and diverse micro-RNAs intricately interface with Foxo3a, engendering alterations in neuronal function. Through several downstream routes, Foxo3a regulates neuronal dynamics, thereby modulating the onset or amelioration of COI in Alzheimer's disease, stroke, ischemic brain injury, Parkinson's disease, and traumatic brain injury. Foxo3a is a potential therapeutic cognitive target, and clinical drugs or multiple small molecules have been preliminarily shown to have cognitive-enhancing effects that indirectly affect Foxo3a. Particularly noteworthy are multiple randomized, controlled, placebo clinical trials illustrating the significant cognitive enhancement achievable through autophagy modulation. Here, we discussed the role of Foxo3a in neuron-mediated COI and common cognitively impaired diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Bao-Le Yao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ganzhou People’s Hospital, Ganzhou, China
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Shi X, Wu Y, Wang H, He X, Zhang X, Pu L, Pan D, Li J. Hidden dangers: Does multisensory impairments accompanying visual impairment increase dementia risk. J Psychiatr Res 2024; 174:275-282. [PMID: 38678684 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growing evidence suggests that sensory impairment, particularly in the form of visual impairment, may contribute to the development of dementia. However, it remains unclear whether experiencing concurrent visual impairment in combination with other types of multisensory impairments may further increase this risk. METHODS The study used data from the UK Biobank cohort study, which recruited 500,000 adults. With meticulous screening procedures in place, individuals with visual impairment, hearing impairment, and oral health issues were identified for further follow-up evaluations. A multivariable regression analysis was conducted to investigate the relationship between multisensory impairments concurrent with visual impairment and cognitive function. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals to evaluate the association between multisensory impairments concurrent with visual impairment and dementia risk. RESULTS Subjects experiencing multisensory impairments concurrent with visual impairment demonstrated a negative association with cognitive function. Notably, individuals who have both vision and hearing impairments had a significantly higher risk of developing dementia (HR 1.28, 95% CI [1.01-1.63]). Additionally, individuals who experience vision impairment and oral health issues simultaneously were also at higher risk for dementia (HR 1.61, 95% CI [1.32-1.97]). Furthermore, the risk of dementia among individuals with vision impairment, hearing impairment, and oral health issues further escalated to an even higher level (HR 1.63, 95% CI [1.19-2.24]). CONCLUSIONS The correlation between the presence of multisensory impairments concurrent with visual impairment and cognitive decline is highly significant. Those with multisensory impairments concurrent with visual impairment are at a significantly increased risk of developing dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Shi
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Yueping Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Huihui Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Xiaoxue He
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Lining Pu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Degong Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Jiangping Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, 750004, China.
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Doshi V, Joshi G, Sharma S, Choudhary D. Gene therapy: an alternative to treat Alzheimer's disease. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:3675-3693. [PMID: 38078920 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02873-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neuro-degenerative disease that primarily affects the elderly, is a worldwide phenomenon. Loss of memory, cognitive decline, behavioural changes, and many other signs are used to classify it. Various hypotheses that may contribute to Alzheimer's disease have been found during decades of survey, including tau theory, the amyloid theory, the cholinergic hypothesis, and the oxidative stress hypothesis. According to some theories, the two leading causes of AD are the accumulation of amyloid beta plaque and development of NFTs in the brain. The hippocampus and cerebral cortex are the primary sites where amyloid beta plaques gather in the body. NFT formation in the brain impairs the brain's neurons' potential of signalling. According to the age at which it manifests in a person, there are two subtypes of AD: 'LOAD (Late Onset Alzheimer's Disease)' and 'EOAD (Early Onset Alzheimer's Disease)'. Long-term research into AD treatment has resulted in the introduction of some medications that provided symptomatic relief to patients but did not alter the disease's pathophysiology, like cholinesterase inhibitors, inhibitors of tau aggregation, and monoclonal antibodies to Aβ aggregation. Even though the medications did not halt the progression of AD, researchers did not discontinue their work, which lead to the introduction of gene therapy - a recently created cutting-edge method of delivering genes to target sites where they can express the intended functionalities. Viral or non-viral vectors could be used to deliver the gene, each with advantages and limitations of their own. Gene therapy is proven to be a potential disease-modifying treatment for AD. This article discusses about gene therapy, its merits and demerits and the various ways of gene delivery. Additionally, it focuses on AD as the target for treatment through gene therapy, the pathophysiology of AD, and the multiple targets for gene therapy in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanshika Doshi
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS (Deemed to be University), Vile Parle West, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400056, India
| | - Garima Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, 313001, India
| | - Sanjay Sharma
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS (Deemed to be University), Vile Parle West, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400056, India.
| | - Deepak Choudhary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, 313001, India.
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Martens N, Zhan N, Yam SC, Leijten FPJ, Palumbo M, Caspers M, Tiane A, Friedrichs S, Li Y, van Vark-van der Zee L, Voortman G, Zimetti F, Jaarsma D, Verschuren L, Jonker JW, Kuipers F, Lütjohann D, Vanmierlo T, Mulder MT. Supplementation of Seaweed Extracts to the Diet Reduces Symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease in the APPswePS1ΔE9 Mouse Model. Nutrients 2024; 16:1614. [PMID: 38892548 PMCID: PMC11174572 DOI: 10.3390/nu16111614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that diet supplementation with seaweed Sargassum fusiforme (S. fusiforme) prevented AD-related pathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Here, we tested a lipid extract of seaweed Himanthalia elongata (H. elongata) and a supercritical fluid (SCF) extract of S. fusiforme that is free of excess inorganic arsenic. Diet supplementation with H. elongata extract prevented cognitive deterioration in APPswePS1ΔE9 mice. Similar trends were observed for the S. fusiforme SCF extract. The cerebral amyloid-β plaque load remained unaffected. However, IHC analysis revealed that both extracts lowered glial markers in the brains of APPswePS1ΔE9 mice. While cerebellar cholesterol concentrations remained unaffected, both extracts increased desmosterol, an endogenous LXR agonist with anti-inflammatory properties. Both extracts increased cholesterol efflux, and particularly, H. elongata extract decreased the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in LPS-stimulated THP-1-derived macrophages. Additionally, our findings suggest a reduction of AD-associated phosphorylated tau and promotion of early oligodendrocyte differentiation by H. elongata. RNA sequencing on the hippocampus of one-week-treated APPswePS1ΔE9 mice revealed effects of H. elongata on, amongst others, acetylcholine and synaptogenesis signaling pathways. In conclusion, extracts of H. elongata and S. fusiforme show potential to reduce AD-related pathology in APPswePS1ΔE9 mice. Increasing desmosterol concentrations may contribute to these effects by dampening neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Martens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands (Y.L.); (G.V.); (T.V.)
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, B-3590 Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Na Zhan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands (Y.L.); (G.V.); (T.V.)
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Sammie C. Yam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands (Y.L.); (G.V.); (T.V.)
| | - Frank P. J. Leijten
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands (Y.L.); (G.V.); (T.V.)
| | - Marcella Palumbo
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (M.P.)
| | - Martien Caspers
- Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Assia Tiane
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, B-3590 Hasselt, Belgium
- Department Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Division Translational Neuroscience, Mental Health and Neuroscience Institute, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Silvia Friedrichs
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, D-53127 Bonn, Germany (D.L.)
| | - Yanlin Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands (Y.L.); (G.V.); (T.V.)
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leonie van Vark-van der Zee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands (Y.L.); (G.V.); (T.V.)
| | - Gardi Voortman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands (Y.L.); (G.V.); (T.V.)
| | - Francesca Zimetti
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (M.P.)
| | - Dick Jaarsma
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Verschuren
- Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johan W. Jonker
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (J.W.J.)
| | - Folkert Kuipers
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (J.W.J.)
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing (ERIBA), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dieter Lütjohann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, D-53127 Bonn, Germany (D.L.)
| | - Tim Vanmierlo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands (Y.L.); (G.V.); (T.V.)
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, B-3590 Hasselt, Belgium
- Department Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Division Translational Neuroscience, Mental Health and Neuroscience Institute, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Monique T. Mulder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands (Y.L.); (G.V.); (T.V.)
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12
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Krishnamurthy HK, Rajavelu I, Reddy S, Pereira M, Jayaraman V, Krishna K, Song Q, Wang T, Bei K, Rajasekaran JJ. Association of Apolipoprotein E (APOE) Polymorphisms With Serological Lipid and Inflammatory Markers. Cureus 2024; 16:e60721. [PMID: 38903305 PMCID: PMC11187349 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.60721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The study aims to assess the association of apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene polymorphisms with serological lipid and inflammatory markers to determine their potential role in predicting the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methodology A total of 915 individuals underwent testing for lipid and inflammatory biomarkers at Vibrant America Clinical Laboratory. Clinical data, blood lipid and inflammatory profiles, and APOE genotyping were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Results Compared to the E3/E3 genotype, individuals with E2/E3 genotypes showed higher levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triglycerides, apolipoprotein A (APOA), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and myeloperoxidase (MPO). E2/E4 genotype carriers had higher levels of HDL, triglycerides, Lp(a), and N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide (BNPNT). E3/E4 genotypes were associated with elevated levels of total cholesterol, LDL, Lp(a), hs-CRP, small-density low-density lipoprotein (SDLDL), oxidized LDL (OXLDL), MPO, LDL-CAL, PLAC, and APOB. The E4/E4 group displayed higher concentrations of total cholesterol, LDL, APOB, Lp(a), hs-CRP, SDLDL, OXLDL, MPO, LDLCAL, and PLAC compared to E3/E3 carriers. These findings highlight the potential atherogenic effect of the ε4 allele and the protective effect of the ε2 allele based on lipid and inflammatory marker profiles. Conclusions This study provides strong evidence linking APOE gene polymorphism to abnormal serum lipid and inflammatory profiles. Individuals carrying the ε4 alleles exhibited dysregulated lipid metabolism and abnormal inflammatory markers, increasing their risk of CVD and AD. Early detection and prompt diagnosis are crucial for implementing therapeutic, dietary, and lifestyle interventions to mitigate risks and prevent or delay lipid and inflammation-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Karthik Krishna
- Research & Development, Vibrant Sciences LLC, San Carlos, USA
| | - Qi Song
- Data Acquisition and Analysis, Vibrant America LLC, San Carlos, USA
| | - Tianhao Wang
- Data Acquisition and Analysis, Vibrant Sciences LLC, San Carlos, USA
| | - Kang Bei
- Data Acquisition and Analysis, Vibrant Sciences LLC, San Carlos, USA
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13
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Brase L, Yu Y, McDade E, Harari O, Benitez BA. Comparative gene regulatory networks modulating APOE expression in microglia and astrocytes. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.04.19.24306098. [PMID: 38699303 PMCID: PMC11065001 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.19.24306098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Background Single-cell technologies have unveiled various transcriptional states in different brain cell types. Transcription factors (TFs) regulate the expression of related gene sets, thereby controlling these diverse expression states. Apolipoprotein E ( APOE ), a pivotal risk-modifying gene in Alzheimer's disease (AD), is expressed in specific glial transcriptional states associated with AD. However, it is still unknown whether the upstream regulatory programs that modulate its expression are shared across brain cell types or specific to microglia and astrocytes. Methods We used pySCENIC to construct state-specific gene regulatory networks (GRNs) for resting and activated cell states within microglia and astrocytes based on single-nucleus RNA sequencing data from AD patients' cortices from the Knight ADRC-DIAN cohort. We then identified replicating TF using data from the ROSMAP cohort. We identified sets of genes co-regulated with APOE by clustering the GRN target genes and identifying genes differentially expressed after the virtual knockout of TFs regulating APOE . We performed enrichment analyses on these gene sets and evaluated their overlap with genes found in AD GWAS loci. Results We identified an average of 96 replicating regulators for each microglial and astrocyte cell state. Our analysis identified the CEBP, JUN, FOS, and FOXO TF families as key regulators of microglial APOE expression. The steroid/thyroid hormone receptor families, including the THR TF family, consistently regulated APOE across astrocyte states, while CEBP and JUN TF families were also involved in resting astrocytes. AD GWAS-associated genes ( PGRN , FCGR3A , CTSH , ABCA1 , MARCKS , CTSB , SQSTM1 , TSC22D4 , FCER1G , and HLA genes) are co-regulated with APOE. We also uncovered that APOE-regulating TFs were linked to circadian rhythm ( BHLHE40 , DBP , XBP1 , CREM , SREBF1 , FOXO3 , and NR2F1 ). Conclusions Our findings reveal a novel perspective on the transcriptional regulation of APOE in the human brain. We found a comprehensive and cell-type-specific regulatory landscape for APOE , revealing distinct and shared regulatory mechanisms across microglia and astrocytes, underscoring the complexity of APOE regulation. APOE -co-regulated genes might also affect AD risk. Furthermore, our study uncovers a potential link between circadian rhythm disruption and APOE regulation, shedding new light on the pathogenesis of AD.
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14
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Ohgita T, Sakai K, Fukui N, Namba N, Nakano M, Kiguchi Y, Morita I, Oyama H, Yamaki K, Nagao K, Kobayashi N, Saito H. Generation of novel anti-apoE monoclonal antibodies that selectively recognize apoE isoforms. FEBS Lett 2024; 598:902-914. [PMID: 38529702 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is a regulator of lipid metabolism, cholesterol transport, and the clearance and aggregation of amyloid β in the brain. The three human apoE isoforms apoE2, apoE3, and apoE4 only differ in one or two residues. Nevertheless, the functions highly depend on the isoform types and lipidated states. Here, we generated novel anti-apoE monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and obtained an apoE4-selective mAb whose epitope is within residues 110-117. ELISA and bio-layer interferometry measurements demonstrated that the dissociation constants of mAbs are within the nanomolar range. Using the generated antibodies, we successfully constructed sandwich ELISA systems, which can detect all apoE isoforms or selectively detect apoE4. These results suggest the usability of the generated anti-apoE mAbs for selective detection of apoE isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ohgita
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Japan
- Center for Instrumental Analysis, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Japan
| | - Koto Sakai
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Japan
| | - Nodoka Fukui
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Japan
| | - Norihiro Namba
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Japan
| | - Miyu Nakano
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Japan
| | - Yuki Kiguchi
- Laboratory of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Japan
| | - Izumi Morita
- Laboratory of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Oyama
- Laboratory of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Japan
| | - Kouya Yamaki
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Japan
| | - Kohjiro Nagao
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Japan
| | - Norihiro Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Saito
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Japan
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15
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Stipho F, Malek-Ahmadi M. Meta-Analysis of White Matter Hyperintensity Volume Differences Between APOE ε4 Carriers and Noncarriers. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2024; 38:208-212. [PMID: 38748617 PMCID: PMC11141236 DOI: 10.1097/wad.0000000000000620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Several studies have suggested that white matter hyperintensity volume (WMHV) is increased among apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 carriers while others have reported contradictory findings. Although APOE ε4 carriage is associated with greater AD pathology, it remains unclear whether cerebrovascular damage is also associated with APOE ε4 carriage. The aim of this meta-analysis was to determine whether WMHV is associated with APOE ε4 carrier status. 12 studies that were included yielded a total sample size of 16,738 adult subjects (ε4 carrier n = 4,721; ε4 noncarrier n = 12,017). There were no significant differences in WMHV between ε4 carriers and noncarriers (Hedge's g = 0.07; 95% CI (-0.01 to 0.15), P = 0.09). Subgroup analysis of community-based studies (n = 8) indicated a small effect size where ε4 carriers had greater WMHV relative to noncarriers (Hedge's g = 0.09 95% CI (0.02 to 0.16), P = 0.008). Among clinic-based studies (n = 3) there was no significant difference in WMHV by APOE ε4 carrier status (Hedge's g = -0.09, 95% CI (-0.60 to 0.41), P = 0.70). Observed APOE ε4-associated WMHV differences may be context-dependent and may also be confounded by a lack of standardization for WMHV segmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faissal Stipho
- University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, AZ
| | - Michael Malek-Ahmadi
- Banner Alzheimer’s Institute, Phoenix, AZ
- University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Dept. of Biomedical Informatics, Phoenix, AZ
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16
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Pauwels EK, Boer GJ. Alzheimer's Disease: A Suitable Case for Treatment with Precision Medicine? Med Princ Pract 2024; 33:000538251. [PMID: 38471490 PMCID: PMC11324226 DOI: 10.1159/000538251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of neurodegenerative impairment in elderly people. Clinical characteristics include short-term memory loss, confusion, hallucination, agitation, and behavioural disturbance. Owing to evolving research in biomarkers AD can be discovered at early onset, but the disease is currently considered a continuum, which suggests that pharmacotherapy is most efficacious in the preclinical phase, possibly 15 - 20 years before discernible onset. Present developments in AD therapy aim to respond to this understanding and go beyond the drug families that relieve clinical symptoms. Another important factor in this development is the emergence of precision medicine that aims to tailor treatment to specific patients or patient subgroups. This relatively new platform would categorize AD patients on the basis of parameters like clinical aspects, brain imaging, genetic profiling, clinical genetics and epidemiological factors. This review enlarges on recent progress in the design and clinical use of antisense molecules, antibodies, antioxidants, small molecules and gene editing to stop AD progress and possibly reverse the disease on the basis of relevant biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest K.J. Pauwels
- Leiden University and Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard J. Boer
- Netherlands Institute for Brain Research, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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17
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Komai M, Noda Y, Ikeda A, Kaneshiro N, Kamikubo Y, Sakurai T, Uehara T, Takasugi N. Nuclear SphK2/S1P signaling is a key regulator of ApoE production and Aβ uptake in astrocytes. J Lipid Res 2024; 65:100510. [PMID: 38280459 PMCID: PMC10907773 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2024.100510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The link between changes in astrocyte function and the pathological progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has attracted considerable attention. Interestingly, activated astrocytes in AD show abnormalities in their lipid content and metabolism. In particular, the expression of apolipoprotein E (ApoE), a lipid transporter, is decreased. Because ApoE has anti-inflammatory and amyloid β (Aβ)-metabolizing effects, the nuclear receptors, retinoid X receptor (RXR) and LXR, which are involved in ApoE expression, are considered promising therapeutic targets for AD. However, the therapeutic effects of agents targeting these receptors are limited or vary considerably among groups, indicating the involvement of an unknown pathological factor that modifies astrocyte and ApoE function. Here, we focused on the signaling lipid, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), which is mainly produced by sphingosine kinase 2 (SphK2) in the brain. Using astrocyte models, we found that upregulation of SphK2/S1P signaling suppressed ApoE induction by both RXR and LXR agonists. We also found that SphK2 activation reduced RXR binding to the APOE promoter region in the nucleus, suggesting the nuclear function of SphK2/S1P. Intriguingly, suppression of SphK2 activity by RNA knockdown or specific inhibitors upregulated lipidated ApoE induction. Furthermore, the induced ApoE facilitates Aβ uptake in astrocytes. Together with our previous findings that SphK2 activity is upregulated in AD brain and promotes Aβ production in neurons, these results indicate that SphK2/S1P signaling is a promising multifunctional therapeutic target for AD that can modulate astrocyte function by stabilizing the effects of RXR and LXR agonists, and simultaneously regulate neuronal pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Komai
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Kita, Okayama, Japan; Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuka Noda
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Kita, Okayama, Japan
| | - Atsuya Ikeda
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Kita, Okayama, Japan
| | - Nanaka Kaneshiro
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Kita, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yuji Kamikubo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Sakurai
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Uehara
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Kita, Okayama, Japan
| | - Nobumasa Takasugi
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Kita, Okayama, Japan; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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18
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Zhou S, Tu L, Chen W, Yan G, Guo H, Wang X, Hu Q, Liu H, Li F. Alzheimer's disease, a metabolic disorder: Clinical advances and basic model studies (Review). Exp Ther Med 2024; 27:63. [PMID: 38234618 PMCID: PMC10792406 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.12351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a type of neurodegenerative disease characterized by cognitive impairment that is aggravated with age. The pathological manifestations include extracellular amyloid deposition, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles and loss of neurons. As the world population ages, the incidence of AD continues to increase, not only posing a significant threat to the well-being and health of individuals but also bringing a heavy burden to the social economy. There is epidemiological evidence suggesting a link between AD and metabolic diseases, which share pathological similarities. This potential link would deserve further consideration; however, the pathogenesis and therapeutic efficacy of AD remain to be further explored. The complex pathogenesis and pathological changes of AD pose a great challenge to the choice of experimental animal models. To understand the role of metabolic diseases in the development of AD and the potential use of drugs for metabolic diseases, the present article reviews the research progress of the comorbidity of AD with diabetes, obesity and hypercholesterolemia, and summarizes the different roles of animal models in the study of AD to provide references for researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanhu Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Puren Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, P.R. China
| | - Limin Tu
- Department of Neurology, Puren Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, P.R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Neurology, Puren Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, P.R. China
| | - Gangli Yan
- Department of Neurology, Puren Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, P.R. China
| | - Hongmei Guo
- Department of Neurology, Puren Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, P.R. China
| | - Xinhua Wang
- Department of Neurology, Puren Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, P.R. China
| | - Qian Hu
- Department of Neurology, Puren Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, P.R. China
| | - Huiqing Liu
- Department of Neurology, Puren Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, P.R. China
| | - Fengguang Li
- Department of Neurology, Puren Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, P.R. China
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19
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Chaves JCS, Dando SJ, White AR, Oikari LE. Blood-brain barrier transporters: An overview of function, dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease and strategies for treatment. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:166967. [PMID: 38008230 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain-barrier (BBB) has a major function in maintaining brain homeostasis by regulating the entry of molecules from the blood to the brain. Key players in BBB function are BBB transporters which are highly expressed in brain endothelial cells (BECs) and critical in mediating the exchange of nutrients and waste products. BBB transporters can also influence drug delivery into the brain by inhibiting or facilitating the entry of brain targeting therapeutics for the treatment of brain disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent studies have shown that AD is associated with a disrupted BBB and transporter dysfunction, although their roles in the development in AD are not fully understand. Modulation of BBB transporter activity may pose a novel approach to enhance the delivery of drugs to the brain for enhanced treatment of AD. In this review, we will give an overview of key functions of BBB transporters and known changes in AD. In addition, we will discuss current strategies for transporter modulation for enhanced drug delivery into the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana C S Chaves
- Mental Health and Neuroscience Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, QUT, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Samantha J Dando
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Anthony R White
- Mental Health and Neuroscience Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, QUT, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Lotta E Oikari
- Mental Health and Neuroscience Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, QUT, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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20
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Sharma C, Mazumder A. A Comprehensive Review on Potential Molecular Drug Targets for the Management of Alzheimer's Disease. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem 2024; 24:45-56. [PMID: 38305393 DOI: 10.2174/0118715249263300231116062740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an onset and incurable neurodegenerative disorder that has been linked to various genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Recent research has revealed several potential targets for drug development, such as the prevention of Aβ production and removal, prevention of tau hyperphosphorylation, and keeping neurons alive. Drugs that target numerous ADrelated variables have been developed, and early results are encouraging. This review provides a concise map of the different receptor signaling pathways associated with Alzheimer's Disease, as well as insight into drug design based on these pathways. It discusses the molecular mechanisms of AD pathogenesis, such as oxidative stress, aging, Aβ turnover, thiol groups, and mitochondrial activities, and their role in the disease. It also reviews the potential drug targets, in vivo active agents, and docking studies done in AD and provides prospects for future drug development. This review intends to provide more clarity on the molecular processes that occur in Alzheimer's patient's brains, which can be of use in diagnosing and preventing the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanchal Sharma
- Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology (Pharmacy Institute), 19 Knowledge Park-II, Institutional Area, Greater Noida-201306, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Avijit Mazumder
- Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology (Pharmacy Institute), 19 Knowledge Park-II, Institutional Area, Greater Noida-201306, Uttar Pradesh, India
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21
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Chib S, Devi S, Chalotra R, Mittal N, Singh TG, Kumar P, Singh R. Cross Talks between CNS and CVS Diseases: An Alliance to Annihilate. Curr Cardiol Rev 2024; 20:63-76. [PMID: 38441007 DOI: 10.2174/011573403x278550240221112636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular and neurological diseases cause substantial morbidity and mortality globally. Moreover, cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death globally. About 17.9 million people are affected by cardiovascular diseases and 6.8 million people die every year due to neurological diseases. The common neurologic manifestations of cardiovascular illness include stroke syndrome which is responsible for unconsciousness and several other morbidities significantly diminished the quality of life of patients. Therefore, it is prudent need to explore the mechanistic and molecular connection between cardiovascular disorders and neurological disorders. The present review emphasizes the association between cardiovascular and neurological diseases specifically Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and Huntington's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Chib
- Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Sushma Devi
- Department of Pharmacology, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Rishabh Chalotra
- Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Neeraj Mittal
- Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Thakur Gurjeet Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Puneet Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Randhir Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, India
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22
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Valencia-Olvera AC, Balu D, Bellur S, McNally T, Saleh Y, Pham D, Ghura S, York J, Johansson JO, LaDu MJ, Tai L. A novel apoE-mimetic increases brain apoE levels, reduces Aβ pathology and improves memory when treated before onset of pathology in male mice that express APOE3. Alzheimers Res Ther 2023; 15:216. [PMID: 38102668 PMCID: PMC10722727 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-023-01353-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by cognitive dysfunction and amyloid plaques composed of the amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ). APOE is the greatest genetic risk for AD with APOE4 increasing risk up to ~ 15-fold compared to APOE3. Evidence suggests that levels and lipidation of the apoE protein could regulate AD progression. In glia, apoE is lipidated via cholesterol efflux from intracellular pools, primarily by the ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1). Therefore, increasing ABCA1 activity is suggested to be a therapeutic approach for AD. CS-6253 (CS) is a novel apoE mimetic peptide that was developed to bind and stabilize ABCA1 and maintain its localization into the plasma membrane therefore promoting cholesterol efflux. The goal of this study was to determine whether CS could modulate apoE levels and lipidation, Aβ pathology, and behavior in a model that expresses human APOE and overproduce Aβ. METHODS In vitro, APOE3-glia or APOE4-glia were treated with CS. In vivo, male and female, E3FAD (5xFAD+/-/APOE3+/+) and E4FAD (5xFAD+/-/APOE4+/+) mice were treated with CS via intraperitoneal injection at early (from 4 to 8 months of age) and late ages (from 8 to 10 months of age). ApoE levels, ABCA1 levels and, apoE lipidation were measured by western blot and ELISA. Aβ and amyloid levels were assessed by histochemistry and ELISA. Learning and memory were tested by Morris Water Maze and synaptic proteins were measured by Western blot. RESULTS CS treatment increased apoE levels and cholesterol efflux in primary glial cultures. In young male E3FAD mice, CS treatment increased soluble apoE and lipid-associated apoE, reduced soluble oAβ and insoluble Aβ levels as well as Aβ and amyloid deposition, and improved memory and synaptic protein levels. CS treatment did not induce any therapeutic benefits in young female E3FAD and E4FAD mice or in any groups when treatment was started at later ages. CONCLUSIONS CS treatment reduced Aβ pathology and improved memory only in young male E3FAD, the cohort with the least AD pathology. Therefore, the degree of Aβ pathology or Aβ overproduction may impact the ability of targeting ABCA1 to be an effective AD therapeutic. This suggests that ABCA1-stabilizing treatment by CS-6253 works best in conditions of modest Aβ levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Valencia-Olvera
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Deebika Balu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shreya Bellur
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Thomas McNally
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yaseen Saleh
- University of Miami/Jackson Healthcare System, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Don Pham
- Department of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shivesh Ghura
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jason York
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Mary Jo LaDu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Leon Tai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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23
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Lewkowicz E, Nakamura MN, Rynkiewicz MJ, Gursky O. Molecular modeling of apoE in complexes with Alzheimer's amyloid-β fibrils from human brain suggests a structural basis for apolipoprotein co-deposition with amyloids. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:376. [PMID: 38010414 PMCID: PMC11061799 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-05026-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoproteins co-deposit with amyloids, yet apolipoprotein-amyloid interactions are enigmatic. To understand how apoE interacts with Alzheimer's amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide in fibrillary deposits, the NMR structure of full-length human apoE was docked to four structures of patient-derived Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 fibrils determined previously using cryo-electron microscopy or solid-state NMR. Similar docking was done using the NMR structure of human apoC-III. In all complexes, conformational changes in apolipoproteins were required to expose large hydrophobic faces of their amphipathic α-helices for sub-stoichiometric binding to hydrophobic surfaces on sides or ends of fibrils. Basic residues flanking the hydrophobic helical faces in apolipoproteins interacted favorably with acidic residue ladders in some amyloid polymorphs. Molecular dynamics simulations of selected apoE-fibril complexes confirmed their stability. Amyloid binding via cryptic sites, which became available upon opening of flexibly linked apolipoprotein α-helices, resembled apolipoprotein-lipid binding. This mechanism probably extends to other apolipoprotein-amyloid interactions. Apolipoprotein binding alongside fibrils could interfere with fibril fragmentation and secondary nucleation, while binding at the fibril ends could halt amyloid elongation and dissolution in a polymorph-specific manner. The proposed mechanism is supported by extensive prior experimental evidence and helps reconcile disparate reports on apoE's role in Aβ aggregation. Furthermore, apoE domain opening and direct interaction of Arg/Cys158 with amyloid potentially contributes to isoform-specific effects in Alzheimer's disease. In summary, current modeling supported by prior experimental studies suggests similar mechanisms for apolipoprotein-amyloid and apolipoprotein-lipid interactions; explains why apolipoproteins co-deposit with amyloids; and helps reconcile conflicting reports on the chaperone-like apoE action in Aβ aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Lewkowicz
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Biophysics, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, W302, 700 Albany Street, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Mari N Nakamura
- Undergraduate program, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Middlebury College, 14 Old Chapel Rd, Middlebury, VT, 05753, USA
| | - Michael J Rynkiewicz
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Biophysics, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, W302, 700 Albany Street, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Olga Gursky
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Biophysics, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, W302, 700 Albany Street, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
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24
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Najd-Hassan-Bonab L, Hedayati M, Shahzadeh Fazeli SA, Daneshpour MS. An optimized method for PCR-based genotyping to detect human APOE polymorphisms. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21102. [PMID: 37954297 PMCID: PMC10637921 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is one of the most polymorphic genes at two single nucleotides (rs429358 and rs7412). The various isoforms of APOE have been associated with a variety of diseases, including neurodegenerative, type 2 diabetes, etc. Hence, predicting the APOE genotyping is critical for disease risk evaluation. The purpose of this study was to optimize the tetra amplification refractory mutation system (Tetra-ARMS) PCR method for the detection of APOE mutations. Material and methods Here, in our optimized Tetra-ARMS PCR method, different factors like cycle conditions, using HiFidelity enzyme instead of Taq polymerase and setting its best concentration, and the lack of using dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) for amplifying the GC-regions were set up for all primer pairs. The sensitivity and accuracy were tested. For validation of the assay, the results were compared with known genotypes for the APOE gene that were previously obtained by two independent methods, RFLP and Chip-typing. Results Successful Tetra-ARMS PCR and genotyping are influenced by multiple factors. Our developed method enabled us to amplify the DNA fragment by 25 cycles without adding any hazardous reagent, like DMSO. Our findings showed 100 % accuracy and sensitivity of the optimized Tetra-ARMS PCR while both criteria were 95 % for RFLP and 100 % for the chip-typing method. In addition, our results showed 91 % and 100 % consistency with RFLP and chip typing methods, respectively. Conclusions Our current method is a simple and accurate approach for detecting APOE polymorphisms within a large sample size in a short time and can be performed even in low-tech laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Najd-Hassan-Bonab
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Hedayati
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Abolhassan Shahzadeh Fazeli
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences and Advanced Technologies in Biology, University of Science and Culture, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam S. Daneshpour
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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25
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Chen Q, Aguirre L, Zhao H, Borrego F, de Rojas I, Su L, Li PP, Zhang B, Kokovay E, Lechleiter JD, Göring HH, De Jager PL, Kleinman JE, Hyde TM, Ruiz A, Weinberger DR, Seshadri S, Ma L. Identification of a specific APOE transcript and functional elements associated with Alzheimer's disease. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.10.30.23297431. [PMID: 37961425 PMCID: PMC10635228 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.30.23297431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The APOE gene is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's Disease (LOAD). However, the gene regulatory mechanisms at this locus have not been fully characterized. METHODS To identify novel AD-linked functional elements within the APOE locus, we integrated SNP variants with RNA-seq, DNA methylation, and ChIP-seq data from human postmortem brains. RESULTS We identified an AD-linked APOE transcript (jxn1.2.2) observed in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). The APOE jxn1.2.2 transcript is associated with brain neuropathological features in DLPFC. We prioritized an independent functional SNP, rs157580, significantly associated with jxn1.2.2 transcript abundance and DNA methylation levels. rs157580 is located within active chromatin regions and predicted to affect brain-related transcriptional factors binding affinity. rs157580 shared the effects on the jxn1.2.2 transcript between European and African ethnic groups. DISCUSSION The novel APOE functional elements provide potential therapeutic targets with mechanistic insight into the disease's etiology.
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26
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Valdez-Gaxiola CA, Maciel-Cruz EJ, Hernández-Peña R, Dumois-Petersen S, Rosales-Leycegui F, Gallegos-Arreola MP, Moreno-Ortiz JM, Figuera LE. Potential Modifying Effect of the APOEε4 Allele on Age of Onset and Clinical Manifestations in Patients with Early-Onset Alzheimer's Disease with and without a Pathogenic Variant in PSEN1 in a Sample of the Mexican Population. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15687. [PMID: 37958671 PMCID: PMC10648484 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease (AD), the age of onset (AoO) exhibits considerable variability, spanning from 40 to 90 years. Specifically, individuals diagnosed with AD and exhibiting symptoms prior to the age of 65 are typically classified as early onset (EOAD) cases. Notably, the apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele represents the most extensively studied genetic risk factor associated with AD. We clinically characterized and genotyped the APOEε4 allele from 101 individuals with a diagnosis of EOAD, and 69 of them were affected carriers of the autosomal dominant fully penetrant PSEN1 variant c.1292C>A (rs63750083, A431E) (PSEN1+ group), while there were 32 patients in which the genetic cause was unknown (PSEN1- group). We found a correlation between the AoO and the APOEε4 allele; patients carrying at least one APOEε4 allele showed delays, in AoO in patients in the PSEN1+ and PSEN1- groups, of 3.9 (p = 0.001) and 8.6 years (p = 0.012), respectively. The PSEN1+ group presented higher frequencies of gait disorders compared to PSEN1- group, and apraxia was more frequent with PSEN1+/APOE4+ than in the rest of the subgroup. This study shows what appears to be an inverse effect of APOEε4 in EOAD patients, as it delays AoO and modifies clinical manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- César A. Valdez-Gaxiola
- División de Genética, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, IMSS, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico; (C.A.V.-G.); (E.J.M.-C.); (R.H.-P.); (S.D.-P.); (F.R.-L.); (M.P.G.-A.)
- Doctorado en Genética Humana, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico;
| | - Eric Jonathan Maciel-Cruz
- División de Genética, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, IMSS, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico; (C.A.V.-G.); (E.J.M.-C.); (R.H.-P.); (S.D.-P.); (F.R.-L.); (M.P.G.-A.)
- Doctorado en Genética Humana, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico;
| | - Rubiceli Hernández-Peña
- División de Genética, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, IMSS, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico; (C.A.V.-G.); (E.J.M.-C.); (R.H.-P.); (S.D.-P.); (F.R.-L.); (M.P.G.-A.)
- Doctorado en Genética Humana, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico;
| | - Sofía Dumois-Petersen
- División de Genética, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, IMSS, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico; (C.A.V.-G.); (E.J.M.-C.); (R.H.-P.); (S.D.-P.); (F.R.-L.); (M.P.G.-A.)
- Doctorado en Genética Humana, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico;
| | - Frida Rosales-Leycegui
- División de Genética, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, IMSS, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico; (C.A.V.-G.); (E.J.M.-C.); (R.H.-P.); (S.D.-P.); (F.R.-L.); (M.P.G.-A.)
- Maestría en Ciencias del Comportamiento, Instituto de Neurociencias, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Martha Patricia Gallegos-Arreola
- División de Genética, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, IMSS, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico; (C.A.V.-G.); (E.J.M.-C.); (R.H.-P.); (S.D.-P.); (F.R.-L.); (M.P.G.-A.)
| | - José Miguel Moreno-Ortiz
- Doctorado en Genética Humana, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico;
- Instituto de Genética Humana “Dr. Enrique Corona Rivera”, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Luis E. Figuera
- División de Genética, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, IMSS, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico; (C.A.V.-G.); (E.J.M.-C.); (R.H.-P.); (S.D.-P.); (F.R.-L.); (M.P.G.-A.)
- Doctorado en Genética Humana, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico;
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27
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Freiría-Martínez L, Iglesias-Martínez-Almeida M, Rodríguez-Jamardo C, Rivera-Baltanás T, Comís-Tuche M, Rodrígues-Amorím D, Fernández-Palleiro P, Blanco-Formoso M, Álvarez-Chaver P, Diz-Chaves Y, Gonzalez-Freiria N, Martín-Forero-Maestre M, Fernández-Feijoo CD, Suárez-Albo M, Fernández-Lorenzo JR, Guisán AC, Olivares JM, Spuch C. Proteomic analysis of exosomes derived from human mature milk and colostrum of mothers with term, late preterm, or very preterm delivery. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:4905-4917. [PMID: 37718950 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay01114c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
The growth and development of the human brain is a long and complex process that requires a precise sequence of genetic and molecular events. This begins in the third week of gestation with the differentiation of neural progenitor cells and extends at least until late adolescence, possibly for life. One of the defects of this development is that we know very little about the signals that modulate this sequence of events. The first 3 years of life, during breastfeeding, is one of the critical periods in brain development. In these first years of life, it is believed that neurodevelopmental problems may be the molecular causes of mental disorders. Therefore, we herein propose a new hypothesis, according to which the chemical signals that could modulate this entire complex sequence of events appear in this early period, and the molecular level study of human breast milk and colostrum of mothers who give birth to children in different gestation periods could give us information on proteins influencing this process. In this work, we collected milk and colostrum samples (term, late preterm and moderate/very preterm) and exosomes were isolated. The samples of exosomes and complete milk from each fraction were analyzed by LC-ESI-MS/MS. In this work, we describe proteins in the different fractions of mature milk and colostrum of mothers with term, late preterm, or very preterm delivery, which could be involved in the regulation of the nervous system by their functions. We describe how they differ in different types of milk, paving the way for the investigation of possible new neuroregulatory pathways as possible candidates to modulate the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Freiría-Martínez
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, 36312, Spain.
- University of Vigo, Vigo, 36310, Spain
| | - Marta Iglesias-Martínez-Almeida
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, 36312, Spain.
- University of Vigo, Vigo, 36310, Spain
| | - Cynthia Rodríguez-Jamardo
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, 36312, Spain.
- University of Vigo, Vigo, 36310, Spain
| | - Tania Rivera-Baltanás
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, 36312, Spain.
- CIBERSAM, Madrid, 28029, Spain.
| | - María Comís-Tuche
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, 36312, Spain.
| | - Daniela Rodrígues-Amorím
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, 36312, Spain.
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Patricia Fernández-Palleiro
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, 36312, Spain.
| | - María Blanco-Formoso
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Singular Center for Biomedical Research (CINBIO), Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, 36310, Spain
| | - Paula Álvarez-Chaver
- Structural Determination, Proteomic and Genomic Service, CACTI, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Yolanda Diz-Chaves
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Singular Center for Biomedical Research (CINBIO), Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | | | | | | | - María Suárez-Albo
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Alvaro Cunqueiro Hospital, Vigo, 36312, Spain
| | | | | | - Jose Manuel Olivares
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, 36312, Spain.
- CIBERSAM, Madrid, 28029, Spain.
| | - Carlos Spuch
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, 36312, Spain.
- CIBERSAM, Madrid, 28029, Spain.
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28
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Rudajev V, Novotny J. Cholesterol-dependent amyloid β production: space for multifarious interactions between amyloid precursor protein, secretases, and cholesterol. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:171. [PMID: 37705117 PMCID: PMC10500844 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-01127-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid β is considered a key player in the development and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Many studies investigating the effect of statins on lowering cholesterol suggest that there may be a link between cholesterol levels and AD pathology. Since cholesterol is one of the most abundant lipid molecules, especially in brain tissue, it affects most membrane-related processes, including the formation of the most dangerous form of amyloid β, Aβ42. The entire Aβ production system, which includes the amyloid precursor protein (APP), β-secretase, and the complex of γ-secretase, is highly dependent on membrane cholesterol content. Moreover, cholesterol can affect amyloidogenesis in many ways. Cholesterol influences the stability and activity of secretases, but also dictates their partitioning into specific cellular compartments and cholesterol-enriched lipid rafts, where the amyloidogenic machinery is predominantly localized. The most complicated relationships have been found in the interaction between cholesterol and APP, where cholesterol affects not only APP localization but also the precise character of APP dimerization and APP processing by γ-secretase, which is important for the production of Aβ of different lengths. In this review, we describe the intricate web of interdependence between cellular cholesterol levels, cholesterol membrane distribution, and cholesterol-dependent production of Aβ, the major player in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Rudajev
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Novotny
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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29
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Dafre R, Wasnik P. Current Diagnostic and Treatment Methods of Alzheimer's Disease: A Narrative Review. Cureus 2023; 15:e45649. [PMID: 37868425 PMCID: PMC10589453 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.45649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
To diagnose and predict the possibility of Alzheimer's or a different kind of dementia, medical professionals employ tests that look at a patient's mental competence; however, such methods are impracticable. A reliable diagnosis at the start of treatment is essential for therapy. Except in situations with apparent genetic variations, most Alzheimer's patients lack a known etiology. Therefore, every Alzheimer's patient receives the same treatment plan, regardless of the etiology, which may or may not be successful in slowing or preventing the disease's progression. Tau pathology is further complicated by the amyloid buildup that arises from the cellular phase of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Alzheimer's is a degenerative, diverse, complicated, and incurable neurological disorder primarily affecting elderly individuals. The currently accepted drugs available for treating AD, which involve cholinesterase inhibitors and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-receptor antagonists only provide temporary relief from symptoms. The neurological disorder primarily affecting elderly individuals is degenerative, diverse, complicated, and incurable. Accurate diagnosis is the most essential prerequisite before beginning therapy. Most Alzheimer's patients' causes are still unclear, except for instances where hereditary variations have been noted. The gut microbiota composition significantly influences AD and any age-associated neurological illness. Therapies are very useful in improving the cognitive functions of AD. New microbiota-based therapy alternatives may now be available due to the more recent connection between the altered gut microbiome and neurodegeneration through the gut microbiota-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajshri Dafre
- Health Science, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Wardha, IND
| | - Praful Wasnik
- Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Wardha, IND
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30
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Lewkowicz E, Nakamura MN, Rynkiewicz MJ, Gursky O. Molecular modeling of apoE in complexes with Alzheimer's amyloid-β fibrils from human brain suggests a structural basis for apolipoprotein co-deposition with amyloids. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.04.551703. [PMID: 37577501 PMCID: PMC10418262 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.04.551703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoproteins co-deposit with amyloids, yet apolipoprotein-amyloid interactions are enigmatic. To understand how apoE interacts with Alzheimer's amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide in fibrillary deposits, the NMR structure of full-length human apoE was docked to four structures of patient-derived Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 fibrils determined previously using cryo-electron microscopy or solid-state NMR. Similar docking was done using the NMR structure of human apoC-III. In all complexes, conformational changes in apolipoproteins were required to expose large hydrophobic faces of their amphipathic α-helices for sub-stoichiometric binding to hydrophobic surfaces on sides or ends of fibrils. Basic residues flanking the hydrophobic helical faces in apolipoproteins interacted favorably with acidic residue ladders in some amyloid polymorphs. Molecular dynamics simulations of selected apoE-fibril complexes confirmed their stability. Amyloid binding via cryptic sites, which became available upon opening of flexibly linked apolipoprotein α-helices, resembled apolipoprotein-lipid binding. This mechanism probably extends to other apolipoprotein-amyloid interactions. Apolipoprotein binding alongside fibrils could interfere with fibril fragmentation and secondary nucleation, while binding at the fibril ends could halt amyloid elongation and dissolution in a polymorph-specific manner. The proposed mechanism is supported by extensive prior experimental evidence and helps reconcile disparate reports on apoE's role in Aβ aggregation. Furthermore, apoE domain opening and direct interaction of Arg/Cys158 with amyloid potentially contributes to isoform-specific effects in Alzheimer's disease. In summary, current modeling supported by prior experimental studies suggests similar mechanisms for apolipoprotein-amyloid and apolipoprotein-lipid interactions; explains why apolipoproteins co-deposit with amyloids; and helps reconcile conflicting reports on the chaperone-like apoE action in Aβ aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Lewkowicz
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Biophysics, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, W302, 700 Albany Street, Boston, MA, 02118, United States
| | - Mari N. Nakamura
- Undergraduate program, Department of Chemistry, Middlebury College, 14 Old Chapel Rd, Middlebury, VT 05753VT United States
| | - Michael J. Rynkiewicz
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Biophysics, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, W302, 700 Albany Street, Boston, MA, 02118, United States
| | - Olga Gursky
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Biophysics, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, W302, 700 Albany Street, Boston, MA, 02118, United States
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Iadecola C, Anfray A, Schaeffer S, Hattori Y, Santisteban M, Casey N, Wang G, Strickland M, Zhou P, Holtzman D, Anrather J, Park L. Cell autonomous role of border associated macrophages in ApoE4 neurovascular dysfunction and susceptibility to white matter injury. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3222611. [PMID: 37577565 PMCID: PMC10418550 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3222611/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein-E4 (ApoE4), the strongest genetic risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer's disease, is also a risk factor for microvascular pathologies leading to cognitive impairment, particularly subcortical white matter injury. These effects have been attributed to alterations in the regulation of the brain blood supply, but the cellular source of ApoE4 and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In mice expressing human ApoE3 or ApoE4 we report that border associated macrophages (BAM), myeloid cells closely apposed to neocortical microvessels, are both the source and the target of the ApoE4 mediating the neurovascular dysfunction through reactive oxygen species. ApoE4 in BAM is solely responsible for the increased susceptibility to oligemic white matter damage in ApoE4 mice and is sufficient to enhance damage in ApoE3 mice. The data unveil a new aspect of BAM pathobiology and highlight a previously unrecognized cell autonomous role of BAM in the neurovascular dysfunction of ApoE4 with potential therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Gang Wang
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute - Weill Cornell Medicine
| | | | | | | | | | - Laibaik Park
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
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Freiría-Martínez L, Iglesias-Martínez-Almeida M, Rodríguez-Jamardo C, Rivera-Baltanás T, Comís-Tuche M, Rodrígues-Amorím D, Fernández-Palleiro P, Blanco-Formoso M, Diz-Chaves Y, González-Freiria N, Suárez-Albo M, Martín-Forero-Maestre M, Durán Fernández-Feijoo C, Fernández-Lorenzo JR, Concheiro Guisán A, Olivares JM, Spuch C. Human Breast Milk microRNAs, Potential Players in the Regulation of Nervous System. Nutrients 2023; 15:3284. [PMID: 37513702 PMCID: PMC10384760 DOI: 10.3390/nu15143284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk is the biological fluid with the highest exosome amount and is rich in microRNAs (miRNAs). These are key regulators of gene expression networks in both normal physiologic and disease contexts, miRNAs can influence many biological processes and have also shown promise as biomarkers for disease. One of the key aspects in the regeneration of the nervous system is that there are practically no molecules that can be used as potential drugs. In the first weeks of lactation, we know that human breast milk must contain the mechanisms to transmit molecular and biological information for brain development. For this reason, our objective is to identify new modulators of the nervous system that can be used to investigate neurodevelopmental functions based on miRNAs. To do this, we collected human breast milk samples according to the time of delivery and milk states: mature milk and colostrum at term; moderate and very preterm mature milk and colostrum; and late preterm mature milk. We extracted exosomes and miRNAs and realized the miRNA functional assays and target prediction. Our results demonstrate that miRNAs are abundant in human milk and likely play significant roles in neurodevelopment and normal function. We found 132 different miRNAs were identified across all samples. Sixty-nine miRNAs had significant differential expression after paired group comparison. These miRNAs are implicated in gene regulation of dopaminergic/glutamatergic synapses and neurotransmitter secretion and are related to the biological process that regulates neuron projection morphogenesis and synaptic vesicle transport. We observed differences according to the delivery time and with less clarity according to the milk type. Our data demonstrate that miRNAs are abundant in human milk and likely play significant roles in neurodevelopment and normal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Freiría-Martínez
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO (Servizo Galego de Saúde-Universidade de Vigo), 36312 Vigo, Spain
- Department of Functional Biology and Health Sciences, Campus Lagoas Marcosende, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Marta Iglesias-Martínez-Almeida
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO (Servizo Galego de Saúde-Universidade de Vigo), 36312 Vigo, Spain
- Department of Functional Biology and Health Sciences, Campus Lagoas Marcosende, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Cynthia Rodríguez-Jamardo
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO (Servizo Galego de Saúde-Universidade de Vigo), 36312 Vigo, Spain
- Department of Functional Biology and Health Sciences, Campus Lagoas Marcosende, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Tania Rivera-Baltanás
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO (Servizo Galego de Saúde-Universidade de Vigo), 36312 Vigo, Spain
| | - María Comís-Tuche
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO (Servizo Galego de Saúde-Universidade de Vigo), 36312 Vigo, Spain
- Department of Functional Biology and Health Sciences, Campus Lagoas Marcosende, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Daniela Rodrígues-Amorím
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO (Servizo Galego de Saúde-Universidade de Vigo), 36312 Vigo, Spain
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Patricia Fernández-Palleiro
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO (Servizo Galego de Saúde-Universidade de Vigo), 36312 Vigo, Spain
| | - María Blanco-Formoso
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Singular Center for Biomedical Research (CINBIO), Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Yolanda Diz-Chaves
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Singular Center for Biomedical Research (CINBIO), Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | | | - María Suárez-Albo
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Alvaro Cunqueiro Hospital, 36312 Vigo, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Jose Manuel Olivares
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO (Servizo Galego de Saúde-Universidade de Vigo), 36312 Vigo, Spain
- CIBERSAM (Network Biomedical Research Center on Mental Health), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Spuch
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO (Servizo Galego de Saúde-Universidade de Vigo), 36312 Vigo, Spain
- CIBERSAM (Network Biomedical Research Center on Mental Health), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Costa-Laparra I, Juárez-Escoto E, Vicario C, Moratalla R, García-Sanz P. APOE ε4 allele, along with G206D- PSEN1 mutation, alters mitochondrial networks and their degradation in Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1087072. [PMID: 37455931 PMCID: PMC10340123 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1087072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Alzheimer's disease remains the most common neurodegenerative disorder, depicted mainly by memory loss and the presence in the brain of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. This disease is related to several cellular alterations like the loss of synapses, neuronal death, disruption of lipid homeostasis, mitochondrial fragmentation, or raised oxidative stress. Notably, changes in the autophagic pathway have turned out to be a key factor in the early development of the disease. The aim of this research is to determine the impact of the APOE allele ε4 and G206D-PSEN1 on the underlying mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease. Methods Fibroblasts from Alzheimer's patients with APOE 3/4 + G206D-PSEN1 mutation and homozygous APOE ε4 were used to study the effects of APOE polymorphism and PSEN1 mutation on the autophagy pathway, mitochondrial network fragmentation, superoxide anion levels, lysosome clustering, and p62/SQSTM1 levels. Results We observed that the APOE allele ε4 in homozygosis induces mitochondrial network fragmentation that correlates with an increased colocalization with p62/SQSTM1, probably due to an inefficient autophagy. Moreover, G206D-PSEN1 mutation causes an impairment of the integrity of mitochondrial networks, triggering high superoxide anion levels and thus making APOE 3/4 + PSEN1 fibroblasts more vulnerable to cell death induced by oxidative stress. Of note, PSEN1 mutation induces accumulation and clustering of lysosomes that, along with an increase of global p62/SQSTM1, could compromise lysosomal function and, ultimately, its degradation. Conclusion The findings suggest that all these modifications could eventually contribute to the neuronal degeneration that underlies the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Further research in this area may help to develop targeted therapies for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Costa-Laparra
- Neurobiology of the Basal Ganglia Laboratory, Department of Functional Systems and Neurobiology, Instituto Cajal, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Juárez-Escoto
- Neurobiology of the Basal Ganglia Laboratory, Department of Functional Systems and Neurobiology, Instituto Cajal, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Vicario
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Stem Cells, Neurogenesis and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Cajal Institute, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosario Moratalla
- Neurobiology of the Basal Ganglia Laboratory, Department of Functional Systems and Neurobiology, Instituto Cajal, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia García-Sanz
- Neurobiology of the Basal Ganglia Laboratory, Department of Functional Systems and Neurobiology, Instituto Cajal, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Nemergut M, Marques SM, Uhrik L, Vanova T, Nezvedova M, Gadara DC, Jha D, Tulis J, Novakova V, Planas-Iglesias J, Kunka A, Legrand A, Hribkova H, Pospisilova V, Sedmik J, Raska J, Prokop Z, Damborsky J, Bohaciakova D, Spacil Z, Hernychova L, Bednar D, Marek M. Domino-like effect of C112R mutation on ApoE4 aggregation and its reduction by Alzheimer's Disease drug candidate. Mol Neurodegener 2023; 18:38. [PMID: 37280636 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00620-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) ε4 genotype is the most prevalent risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Although ApoE4 differs from its non-pathological ApoE3 isoform only by the C112R mutation, the molecular mechanism of its proteinopathy is unknown. METHODS Here, we reveal the molecular mechanism of ApoE4 aggregation using a combination of experimental and computational techniques, including X-ray crystallography, site-directed mutagenesis, hydrogen-deuterium mass spectrometry (HDX-MS), static light scattering and molecular dynamics simulations. Treatment of ApoE ε3/ε3 and ε4/ε4 cerebral organoids with tramiprosate was used to compare the effect of tramiprosate on ApoE4 aggregation at the cellular level. RESULTS We found that C112R substitution in ApoE4 induces long-distance (> 15 Å) conformational changes leading to the formation of a V-shaped dimeric unit that is geometrically different and more aggregation-prone than the ApoE3 structure. AD drug candidate tramiprosate and its metabolite 3-sulfopropanoic acid induce ApoE3-like conformational behavior in ApoE4 and reduce its aggregation propensity. Analysis of ApoE ε4/ε4 cerebral organoids treated with tramiprosate revealed its effect on cholesteryl esters, the storage products of excess cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS Our results connect the ApoE4 structure with its aggregation propensity, providing a new druggable target for neurodegeneration and ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Nemergut
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Technology and Innovation Park, P. J. Safarik University in Kosice, Trieda SNP 1, Kosice, 04011, Slovakia
| | - Sérgio M Marques
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Uhrik
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, Brno, 656 53, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Vanova
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Nezvedova
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | | | - Durga Jha
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Tulis
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Novakova
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic
| | - Joan Planas-Iglesias
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic
| | - Antonin Kunka
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic
| | - Anthony Legrand
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Hribkova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Pospisilova
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Sedmik
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Raska
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Prokop
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Damborsky
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic
| | - Dasa Bohaciakova
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic.
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Zdenek Spacil
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Lenka Hernychova
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, Brno, 656 53, Czech Republic.
| | - David Bednar
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic.
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic.
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Marek
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic.
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic.
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic.
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Lyu S, Lan Z, Li C. The triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2-apolipoprotein E signaling pathway in diseases. Chin Med J (Engl) 2023; 136:1291-1299. [PMID: 37130227 PMCID: PMC10309513 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000002167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is a membrane receptor on myeloid cells and plays an important role in the body's immune defense. Recently, TREM2 has received extensive attention from researchers, and its activity has been found in Alzheimer's disease, neuroinflammation, and traumatic brain injury. The appearance of TREM2 is usually accompanied by changes in apolipoprotein E (ApoE), and there has been a lot of research into their structure, as well as the interaction mode and signal pathways involved in them. As two molecules with broad and important roles in the human body, understanding their correlation may provide therapeutic targets for certain diseases. In this article, we reviewed several diseases in which TREM2 and ApoE are synergistically involved in the development. We further discussed the positive or negative effects of the TREM2-ApoE pathway on nervous system immunity and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shukai Lyu
- Department of General Practice, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, Zhejiang 322000, China
| | - Zhuoqing Lan
- Department of General Practice, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, Zhejiang 322000, China
| | - Caixia Li
- Department of General Practice, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, Zhejiang 322000, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
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Zhang L, Xia Y, Gui Y. Neuronal ApoE4 in Alzheimer's disease and potential therapeutic targets. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1199434. [PMID: 37333457 PMCID: PMC10272394 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1199434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The most prevalent genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD) is Apolipoprotein E (ApoE), a gene located on chromosome 19 that encodes three alleles (e2, e3, and e4) that give rise to the ApoE subtypes E2, E3, and E4, respectively. E2 and E4 have been linked to increased plasma triglyceride concentrations and are known to play a critical role in lipoprotein metabolism. The prominent pathological features of AD mainly include senile plaques formed by amyloid β (Aβ42) aggregation and neuronal fibrous tangles (NFTs), and the deposited plaques are mainly composed of Aβ hyperphosphorylation and truncated head. In the central nervous system, the ApoE protein is primarily derived from astrocytes, but ApoE is also produced when neurons are stressed or affected by certain stress, injury, and aging conditions. ApoE4 in neurons induces Aβ and tau protein pathologies, leading to neuroinflammation and neuronal damage, impairing learning and memory functions. However, how neuronal ApoE4 mediates AD pathology remains unclear. Recent studies have shown that neuronal ApoE4 may lead to greater neurotoxicity, which increases the risk of AD development. This review focuses on the pathophysiology of neuronal ApoE4 and explains how neuronal ApoE4 mediates Aβ deposition, pathological mechanisms of tau protein hyperphosphorylation, and potential therapeutic targets.
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Majid N, Khan RH. Protein aggregation: Consequences, mechanism, characterization and inhibitory strategies. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 242:125123. [PMID: 37270122 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Proteins play a major role in the regulation of various cellular functions including the synthesis of structural components. But proteins are stable under physiological conditions only. A slight variation in environmental conditions can cost them huge in terms of conformational stability ultimately leading to aggregation. Under normal conditions, aggregated proteins are degraded or removed from the cell by a quality control system including ubiquitin-proteasomal machinery and autophagy. But they are burdened under diseased conditions or are impaired by the aggregated proteins leading to the generation of toxicity. The misfolding and aggregation of protein such as amyloid-β, α-synuclein, human lysozyme etc., are responsible for certain diseases including Alzheimer, Parkinson, and non- neuropathic systemic amyloidosis respectively. Extensive research has been done to find the therapeutics for such diseases but till now we have got only symptomatic treatment that will reduce the disease severity but will not target the initial formation of nucleus responsible for disease progression and propagation. Hence there is an urgent need to develop the drugs targeting the cause of the disease. For this, a wide knowledge related to misfolding and aggregation under the same heading is required as described in this review alongwith the strategies hypothesized and implemented till now. This will contribute a lot to the work of researchers in the field of neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabeela Majid
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Rizwan Hasan Khan
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India.
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Chen H, Li H, Yin X, Liu Y, Zhang T, Wu H, Kang G, Yu Y, Bai M, Bao L, Yang J, Dong W. The therapeutic effect of Zhenbao pills on behavioral changes in zebrafish caused by aluminum chloride. Biomed Pharmacother 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023] Open
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Qiu W, Liu H, Liu Y, Lu X, Wang L, Hu Y, Feng F, Li Q, Sun H. Regulation of beta-amyloid for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: Research progress of therapeutic strategies and bioactive compounds. Med Res Rev 2023. [PMID: 36945751 DOI: 10.1002/med.21947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that is difficult to treat. Extracellular amyloid is the principal pathological criterion for the diagnosis of AD. Amyloid β (Aβ) interacts with various receptor molecules on the plasma membrane and mediates a series of signaling pathways that play a vital role in the occurrence and development of AD. Research on receptors that interact with Aβ is currently ongoing. Overall, there are no effective medications to treat AD. In this review, we first discuss the importance of Aβ in the pathogenesis of AD, then summarize the latest progress of Aβ-related targets and compounds. Finally, we put forward the challenges and opportunities in the development of effective AD therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Qiu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yijun Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Lu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanyu Hu
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Feng
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceuticals Science College, Institute of Food and Pharmaceuticals Research, Jiangsu, Huaian, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Haopeng Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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40
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Fleeman RM, Snyder AM, Kuhn MK, Chan DC, Smith GC, Crowley NA, Arnold AC, Proctor EA. Predictive link between systemic metabolism and cytokine signatures in the brain of apolipoprotein E ε4 mice. Neurobiol Aging 2023; 123:154-169. [PMID: 36572594 PMCID: PMC9892258 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2022.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The ε4 variant of apolipoprotein E (APOE) is the strongest and most common genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). While the mechanism of conveyed risk is incompletely understood, promotion of inflammation, dysregulated metabolism, and protein misfolding and aggregation are contributors to accelerating disease. Here we determined the concurrent effects of systemic metabolic changes and brain inflammation in young (3-month-old) and aged (18-month-old) male and female mice carrying the APOE4 gene. Using functional metabolic assays alongside multivariate modeling of hippocampal cytokine levels, we found that brain cytokine signatures are predictive of systemic metabolic outcomes, independent of AD proteinopathies. Male and female mice each produce different cytokine signatures as they age and as their systemic metabolic phenotype declines, and these signatures are APOE genotype dependent. Ours is the first study to identify a quantitative and predictive link between systemic metabolism and specific pathological cytokine signatures in the brain. Our results highlight the effects of APOE4 beyond the brain and suggest the potential for bi-directional influence of risk factors in the brain and periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Fleeman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Amanda M Snyder
- Department of Neurology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Madison K Kuhn
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA; Center for Neural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Dennis C Chan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA; Center for Neural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Grace C Smith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA; Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Nicole A Crowley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA; Center for Neural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA; Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Amy C Arnold
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Proctor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA; Center for Neural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA; Department of Engineering Science & Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
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Yin F. Lipid metabolism and Alzheimer's disease: clinical evidence, mechanistic link and therapeutic promise. FEBS J 2023; 290:1420-1453. [PMID: 34997690 PMCID: PMC9259766 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-associated neurodegenerative disorder with multifactorial etiology, intersecting genetic and environmental risk factors, and a lack of disease-modifying therapeutics. While the abnormal accumulation of lipids was described in the very first report of AD neuropathology, it was not until recent decades that lipid dyshomeostasis became a focus of AD research. Clinically, lipidomic and metabolomic studies have consistently shown alterations in the levels of various lipid classes emerging in early stages of AD brains. Mechanistically, decades of discovery research have revealed multifaceted interactions between lipid metabolism and key AD pathogenic mechanisms including amyloidogenesis, bioenergetic deficit, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and myelin degeneration. In the present review, converging evidence defining lipid dyshomeostasis in AD is summarized, followed by discussions on mechanisms by which lipid metabolism contributes to pathogenesis and modifies disease risk. Furthermore, lipid-targeting therapeutic strategies, and the modification of their efficacy by disease stage, ApoE status, and metabolic and vascular profiles, are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yin
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine Tucson, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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The Amyloid-Beta Clearance: From Molecular Targets to Glial and Neural Cells. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13020313. [PMID: 36830682 PMCID: PMC9953441 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The deposition of amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques in the brain is one of the primary pathological characteristics of Alzheimer's disease (AD). It can take place 20-30 years before the onset of clinical symptoms. The imbalance between the production and the clearance of Aβ is one of the major causes of AD. Enhancing Aβ clearance at an early stage is an attractive preventive and therapeutic strategy of AD. Direct inhibition of Aβ production and aggregation using small molecules, peptides, and monoclonal antibody drugs has not yielded satisfactory efficacy in clinical trials for decades. Novel approaches are required to understand and combat Aβ deposition. Neurological dysfunction is a complex process that integrates the functions of different types of cells in the brain. The role of non-neurons in AD has not been fully elucidated. An in-depth understanding of the interactions between neurons and non-neurons can contribute to the elucidation of Aβ formation and the identification of effective drug targets. AD patient-derived pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) contain complete disease background information and have the potential to differentiate into various types of neurons and non-neurons in vitro, which may bring new insight into the treatment of AD. Here, we systematically review the latest studies on Aβ clearance and clarify the roles of cell interactions among microglia, astroglia and neurons in response to Aβ plaques, which will be beneficial to explore methods for reconstructing AD disease models using inducible PSCs (iPSCs) through cell differentiation techniques and validating the applications of models in understanding the formation of Aβ plaques. This review may provide the most promising directions of finding the clues for preventing and delaying the development of AD.
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Zhao TT, Zhang Y, Zhang CQ, Chang YF, Cui MR, Sun Y, Hao WQ, Yan YM, Gu S, Xie Y, Wei BB. Combined with UPLC-Triple-TOF/MS-based plasma lipidomics and molecular pharmacology reveals the mechanisms of schisandrin against Alzheimer's disease. Chin Med 2023; 18:11. [PMID: 36747236 PMCID: PMC9903588 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-023-00714-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD), a type of neurodegeneration disease, is characterized by Aβ deposition and tangles of nerve fibers. Schisandrin is one of the main components of Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis. Researches showed that schisandrin can improve the cognitive impairment and memory of AD mice, but the specific mechanism has not been fully elucidated. PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to investigate the possible mechanism of schisandrin in improving AD pathology. METHODS The Morris water maze test was executed to detect spatial learning and memory. Ultra performance liquid chromatography-Triple time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Triple-TOF/MS)-based plasma lipidomics was used to study the changes of plasma lipids. Moreover, we measured the levels of protein and mRNA expression of APOE and ABCA1 in the rat brains and in BV2 microglia. RESULTS Our study found that schisandrin could improve learning and memory, and reduce Aβ deposition in AD rats. Furthermore, we found that schisandrin can improve plasma lipid metabolism disorders. Therefore, we hypothesized schisandrin might act via LXR and the docking results showed that schisandrin interacts with LXRβ. Further, we found schisandrin increased the protein and mRNA expression of LXR target genes APOE and ABCA1 in the brain of AD rats and in BV2 microglia. CONCLUSION Our study reveals the neuroprotective effect and mechanism of schisandrin improves AD pathology by activating LXR to produce APOE and ABCA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-tian Zhao
- grid.412449.e0000 0000 9678 1884Central Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhang
- grid.412449.e0000 0000 9678 1884Central Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122 People’s Republic of China
| | - Cheng-qin Zhang
- grid.412449.e0000 0000 9678 1884Central Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ya-fei Chang
- grid.412449.e0000 0000 9678 1884Central Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122 People’s Republic of China
| | - Mei-rong Cui
- grid.412449.e0000 0000 9678 1884Central Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Sun
- grid.412449.e0000 0000 9678 1884Central Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen-qian Hao
- grid.412449.e0000 0000 9678 1884Central Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-meng Yan
- grid.412449.e0000 0000 9678 1884Central Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuo Gu
- grid.412449.e0000 0000 9678 1884Central Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yao Xie
- Hubei Three Gorges Polytechnic, No.31 Stadium Road, Yichang, 443000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bin-bin Wei
- grid.412449.e0000 0000 9678 1884Central Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122 People’s Republic of China
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Miao G, Zhuo D, Han X, Yao W, Liu C, Liu H, Cao H, Sun Y, Chen Z, Feng T. From degenerative disease to malignant tumors: Insight to the function of ApoE. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 158:114127. [PMID: 36516696 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is a multifunctional protein involved in lipid transport and lipoprotein metabolism, mediating lipid distribution/redistribution in tissues and cells. It can also regulate inflammation and immune function, maintain cytoskeleton stability, and improve neural tissue Function. Due to genetic polymorphisms of ApoE (ε2, ε3, and ε4), its three common structural isoforms (ApoE2, ApoE3, ApoE4) are also associated with the risk of many diseases, especially degenerative diseases, such as vascular degenerative diseases including atherosclerosis (AS), coronary heart disease (CHD), and neurodegenerative disease like Alzheimer's disease (AD). The frequency of the ε4 allele and APOE variants were significantly higher than that of the ε2 and ε3 alleles in the patients with CHD or AD. In recent years, ApoE has frequently appeared in tumor research and become a tumor biomarker gradually. It has been found that ApoE is highly expressed in most solid tumor tissues, such as glioblastoma, gastric cancer, pancreatic ductal cell carcinoma, etc. Studies illustrated that ApoE could regulate the polarization changes of macrophages, participate in the construction of tumor immune microenvironment, regulate tumor inflammation and immune response and play a role in tumor progression, invasion, and metastasis. Of course, many functions of ApoE and its relationship with diseases are still under research. By reviewing the structure and function of ApoE from degeneration diseases to tumor neoplasms, we hope to better understand such a biomarker and further explore the value of ApoE in later studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganggang Miao
- Department of General Surgery, The People's Hospital of Danyang, Affiliated Danyang Hospital of Nantong University, Danyang, Jiangsu, China; Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Nanjing Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Danping Zhuo
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xue Han
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shangdong, China
| | - Wentao Yao
- Department of Urology, Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chuan Liu
- Hepatobiliary/Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Living Donor Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Hanyuan Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Nanjing Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongyong Cao
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Nanjing Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yangbai Sun
- Department of Musculoskeletal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Tingting Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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Endocytosis of LXRs: Signaling in liver and disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 194:347-375. [PMID: 36631198 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors are among one of the major transcriptional factors that induces gene regulation in the nucleus. Liver X receptor (LXR) is a transcription factor which regulates essential lipid homeostasis in the body including fatty acid, cholesterol and phospholipid synthesis. Liver X receptor-retinoid X receptor (LXR-RXR) heterodimer is activated by either of the ligand binding on LXR or RXR. The promoter region of the gene which is targeted by LXR is bound to the response element of LXR. The activators bind to the heterodimer once the corepressor is dissociated. The cellular process such as endocytosis aids in intracellular trafficking and endosomal formation in transportation of molecules for essential signaling within the cell. LXR isotypes play a crucial role in maintaining lipid homeostasis by regulating the level of cholesterol. In the liver, the deficiency of LXRα can alter the normal physiological conditions depicting the symptoms of various cardiovascular and liver diseases. LXR can degrade low density lipoprotein receptors (LDLR) by the signaling of LXR-IDOL through endocytic trafficking in lipoprotein uptake. Various gene expressions associated with cholesterol level and lipid synthesis are regulated by LXR transcription factor. With its known diversified ligand binding, LXR is capable of regulating expression of various specific genes responsible for the progression of autoimmune diseases. The agonists and antagonists of LXR stand to be an important factor in transcription of the ABC family, essential for high density lipoprotein (HDL) formation. Endocytosis and signaling mechanism of the LXR family is broad and complex despite their involvement in cellular growth and proliferation. Here in this chapter, we aimed to emphasize the master regulation of LXR activation, regulators, and their implications in various metabolic activities especially in lipid homeostasis. Furthermore, we also briefed the significant role of LXR endocytosis in T cell immune regulation and a variety of human diseases including cardiovascular and neuroadaptive.
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Dhote VV, Samundre P, Upaganlawar AB, Ganeshpurkar A. Gene Therapy for Chronic Traumatic Brain Injury: Challenges in Resolving Long-term Consequences of Brain Damage. Curr Gene Ther 2023; 23:3-19. [PMID: 34814817 DOI: 10.2174/1566523221666211123101441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The gene therapy is alluring not only for CNS disorders but also for other pathological conditions. Gene therapy employs the insertion of a healthy gene into the identified genome to replace or replenish genes responsible for pathological disorder or damage due to trauma. The last decade has seen a drastic change in the understanding of vital aspects of gene therapy. Despite the complexity of traumatic brain injury (TBI), the advent of gene therapy in various neurodegenerative disorders has reinforced the ongoing efforts of alleviating TBI-related outcomes with gene therapy. The review highlights the genes modulated in response to TBI and evaluates their impact on the severity and duration of the injury. We have reviewed strategies that pinpointed the most relevant gene targets to restrict debilitating events of brain trauma and utilize vector of choice to deliver the gene of interest at the appropriate site. We have made an attempt to summarize the long-term neurobehavioral consequences of TBI due to numerous pathometabolic perturbations associated with a plethora of genes. Herein, we shed light on the basic pathological mechanisms of brain injury, genetic polymorphism in individuals susceptible to severe outcomes, modulation of gene expression due to TBI, and identification of genes for their possible use in gene therapy. The review also provides insights on the use of vectors and challenges in translations of this gene therapy to clinical practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipin V Dhote
- Faculty of Pharmacy, VNS Group of Institutions, Bhopal, MP, 462044, India
| | - Prem Samundre
- Faculty of Pharmacy, VNS Group of Institutions, Bhopal, MP, 462044, India
| | - Aman B Upaganlawar
- SNJB's Shree Sureshdada Jain College of Pharmacy, Chandwad, Nasik, Maharashtra, 423101, India
| | - Aditya Ganeshpurkar
- Department of Pharmacy, Shri Ram Institute of Technology, Jabalpur, MP, India
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Bonaterra-Pastra A, Benítez S, Pancorbo O, Rodríguez-Luna D, Vert C, Rovira A, Freijo MM, Tur S, Martínez-Zabaleta M, Cardona Portela P, Vera R, Lebrato-Hernández L, Arenillas JF, Pérez-Sánchez S, Domínguez-Mayoral A, Fàbregas JM, Mauri G, Montaner J, Sánchez-Quesada JL, Hernández-Guillamon M. Association of candidate genetic variants and circulating levels of ApoE/ApoJ with common neuroimaging features of cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1134399. [PMID: 37113571 PMCID: PMC10126235 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1134399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) in brain vessels and is a main cause of lobar intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in the elderly. CAA is associated with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) markers of small vessel disease (SVD). Since Aβ is also accumulated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the brain parenchyma, we aimed to study if several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) previously associated with AD were also associated with CAA pathology. Furthermore, we also studied the influence of APOE and CLU genetic variants in apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and clusterin/apolipoprotein J (ApoJ) circulating levels and their distribution among lipoproteins. Methods The study was carried out in a multicentric cohort of 126 patients with lobar ICH and clinical suspicion of CAA. Results We observed several SNPs associated with CAA neuroimaging MRI markers [cortical superficial siderosis (cSS), enlarged perivascular spaces in the centrum semiovale (CSO-EPVS), lobar cerebral microbleeds (CMB), white matter hyperintensities (WMH), corticosubcortical atrophy and CAA-SVD burden score]. Concretely, ABCA7 (rs3764650), CLU (rs9331896 and rs933188), EPHA1 (rs11767557), and TREML2 (rs3747742) were significantly associated with a CAA-SVD burden score. Regarding circulating levels of apolipoproteins, protective AD SNPs of CLU [rs11136000 (T) and rs9331896 (C)] were significantly associated with higher HDL ApoJ content in the lobar ICH cohort. APOEε2 carriers presented higher plasma and LDL-associated ApoE levels whereas APOEε4 carriers presented lower plasma ApoE levels. Additionally, we observed that lower circulating ApoJ and ApoE levels were significantly associated with CAA-related MRI markers. More specifically, lower LDL-associated ApoJ and plasma and HDL-associated ApoE levels were significantly associated with CSO-EPVS, lower ApoJ content in HDL with brain atrophy and lower ApoE content in LDL with the extent of cSS. Discussion This study reinforces the relevance of lipid metabolism in CAA and cerebrovascular functionality. We propose that ApoJ and ApoE distribution among lipoproteins may be associated with pathological features related to CAA with higher ApoE and ApoJ levels in HDL possibly enhancing atheroprotective, antioxidative, and anti-inflammatory responses in cerebral β-amyloidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bonaterra-Pastra
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sònia Benítez
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry Group, Research Institute of the Hospital de Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research Network on Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Olalla Pancorbo
- Stroke Research Group, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Carla Vert
- Section of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alex Rovira
- Section of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M. Mar Freijo
- Neurovascular Group, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Silvia Tur
- Department of Neurology, Son Espases University Hospital, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | | | - Pere Cardona Portela
- Department of Neurology, Bellvitge University Hospital, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Rocío Vera
- Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucia Lebrato-Hernández
- Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Seville, Spain
| | - Juan F. Arenillas
- Stroke Program, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid, Spain
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | | | | | - Joan Martí Fàbregas
- Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gerard Mauri
- Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Joan Montaner
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Stroke Research Program, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
- Department of Neurology, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, Seville, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Sánchez-Quesada
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry Group, Research Institute of the Hospital de Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research Network on Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Jose Luis Sánchez-Quesada,
| | - Mar Hernández-Guillamon
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Mar Hernández-Guillamon,
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Guo X, Zhang G, Peng Q, Huang L, Zhang Z, Zhang Z. Emerging Roles of Meningeal Lymphatic Vessels in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 94:S355-S366. [PMID: 36683509 PMCID: PMC10473149 DOI: 10.3233/jad-221016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Meningeal lymphatic vessels (mLVs), the functional lymphatic system present in the meninges, are the key drainage route responsible for the clearance of molecules, immune cells, and cellular debris from the cerebrospinal fluid and interstitial fluid into deep cervical lymph nodes. Aging and ApoE4, the two most important risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD), induce mLV dysfunction, decrease cerebrospinal fluid influx and outflux, and exacerbate amyloid pathology and cognitive dysfunction. Dysfunction of mLVs results in the deposition of metabolic products, accelerates neuroinflammation, and promotes the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the brain. Thus, mLVs represent a novel therapeutic target for treating neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases. This review aims to summarize the structure and function of mLVs and to discuss the potential effect of aging and ApoE4 on mLV dysfunction, as well as their roles in the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Guo
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guoxin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qinyu Peng
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liqin Huang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhaohui Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhentao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Cohen LD, Ziv T, Ziv NE. Synapse integrity and function: Dependence on protein synthesis and identification of potential failure points. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1038614. [PMID: 36583084 PMCID: PMC9792512 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1038614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic integrity and function depend on myriad proteins - labile molecules with finite lifetimes that need to be continually replaced with freshly synthesized copies. Here we describe experiments designed to expose synaptic (and neuronal) properties and functions that are particularly sensitive to disruptions in protein supply, identify proteins lost early upon such disruptions, and uncover potential, yet currently underappreciated failure points. We report here that acute suppressions of protein synthesis are followed within hours by reductions in spontaneous network activity levels, impaired oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial function, and, importantly, destabilization and loss of both excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic specializations. Conversely, gross impairments in presynaptic vesicle recycling occur over longer time scales (days), as does overt cell death. Proteomic analysis identified groups of potentially essential 'early-lost' proteins including regulators of synapse stability, proteins related to bioenergetics, fatty acid and lipid metabolism, and, unexpectedly, numerous proteins involved in Alzheimer's disease pathology and amyloid beta processing. Collectively, these findings point to neuronal excitability, energy supply and synaptic stability as early-occurring failure points under conditions of compromised supply of newly synthesized protein copies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie D. Cohen
- Technion Faculty of Medicine, Rappaport Institute and Network Biology Research Laboratories, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tamar Ziv
- Smoler Proteomics Center, Lokey Interdisciplinary Center for Life Sciences & Engineering, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Noam E. Ziv
- Technion Faculty of Medicine, Rappaport Institute and Network Biology Research Laboratories, Haifa, Israel,*Correspondence: Noam E. Ziv,
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50
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Almkvist O, Johansson C, Laffita‐Mesa J, Thordardottir S, Graff C. APOE ε4 influences cognitive decline positively in APP and negatively in PSEN1 mutation carriers with autosomal-dominant Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Neurol 2022; 29:3580-3589. [PMID: 36039401 PMCID: PMC9826049 DOI: 10.1111/ene.15536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The aim was to investigate the effect of APOE ε4 allele on cognitive decline in adAD. Presence of the APOE ε4 allele reduces age of symptom onset, increases disease progression, and lowers cognitive performance in sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD), while the impact of the APOE ε4 allele in autosomal-dominant AD (adAD) is incompletely known. METHODS Mutation carriers (MCs; n = 39) and non-carriers (NCs; n = 40) from six adAD families harbouring a mutation in the APP (28 MCs and 25 NCs) or the PSEN1 genes (11 MCs and 15 NCs) underwent repeated cognitive assessments. A timeline of disease course was defined as years to expected age of clinical onset (YECO) based on history of disease onset in each family. The MC and NC groups were comparable with regard to demographics and prevalence of the APOE ε4 allele. The relationship between cognitive decline and YECO, YECO2 , education, APOE, and APOE-by-YECO interaction was analysed using linear mixed-effects models. RESULTS The trajectory of cognitive decline was significantly predicted by linear and quadratic YECO and education in MCs and was determined by age and education in NCs. Adding APOE ε4 allele (presence/absence) as a predictor did not change the results in the MC and NC groups. The outcome also remained the same for MCs and NCs after adding the APOE-by-YECO interaction as a predictor. Analyses of APP and PSEN1 MCs separately showed favourable APOE-by-YECO interaction in APP (less steep decline) and unfavourable interaction in PSEN1 (steeper decline), linked to the APOE ε4 allele. CONCLUSION The APOE ε4 allele influences cognitive decline positively in APP and negatively in PSEN1 mutation carriers with adAD, indicating a possible antagonistic pleiotropy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ove Almkvist
- Divisions of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and SocietyKarolinska InstituteteStockholmSweden
- Theme Inflammation and AgingKarolinska University Hospital StockholmStockholmSweden
| | - Charlotte Johansson
- Theme Inflammation and AgingKarolinska University Hospital StockholmStockholmSweden
- Divisions of Clinical Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and SocietyKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Jose Laffita‐Mesa
- Divisions of Clinical Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and SocietyKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Steinunn Thordardottir
- Divisions of Clinical Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and SocietyKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Caroline Graff
- Theme Inflammation and AgingKarolinska University Hospital StockholmStockholmSweden
- Divisions of Clinical Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and SocietyKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
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