Antioxidative and Antidiabetic Effects of Natural Polyphenols and Isoflavones

Fruits, seeds and leaves of guabijuzeiro (Myrcianthes pungens (O. Berg) D. Legrand): characteristics, uses and health benefits

Native fruit trees have potential for use in the food and pharmaceutical industries, which is widely used in folk medicine. Guabiju, known as guabijuzeiro (Myrcianthes pungens (O. Berg) D. Legrand) is a perennial tree that belongs to the family Myrtaceae, occurring in Brazil from São Paulo to Rio Grande do Sul, and other countries like Uruguay, Bolivia, Paraguay and Argentina. This species demonstrates great commercial potential regarding the consumption of its fresh fruit or industrialized. Due to its importance is necessary to develop studies aimed at characterization (phenotypic, propagative, reproductive, chemical and nutritional), uses and applications. However, the available information has never been systematized and in this sense the objective of this review is to compile information about the species to guide further research. Regarding morphology, the guabijuzeiro is a semi-deciduous tree species, with propagation is carried out mainly through seeds and vegetative. Regarding reproductive aspects, there is a lack of studies that assess the mode of reproduction. The fruit can be consumed fresh or processed as ice cream, juice, freeze-dried or dehydrated. It is sweet and slightly acidic, low in calories, high in carbohydrates, essential fatty acids, calcium and potassium. Both the fruit, the seed and the leaves have high levels of bioactive compounds and high antioxidant capacity. The fruit pulp stands out for its carotenoids and phenolic compounds and the peel is rich in anthocyanins, especially in the mature phase, in addition to terpenoids. M. pungens has antimicrobial effects, gastroprotective activity and is promising in the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases and against the side effects of cisplatin, an anticancer agent. Finally, there is a need for further studies with this species, mainly in the characterization of the leaves, uses and applications of the fruit.

Polyphenols mediated attenuation of diabetes associated cardiovascular complications: A comprehensive review

Background

Diabetes mellitus is a common chronic metabolic disorder that is characterized by increased levels of glucose for prolonged periods of time. Incessant hyperglycemia leads to diabetic complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy, and cardiovascular complications such as ischemic heart disease, peripheral vascular disease, diabetic cardiomyopathy, stroke, etc. There are many studies that suggest that various polyphenols affect glucose homeostasis and can help to attenuate the complications associated with diabetes.

Objective

This review focuses on the possible role of various dietary polyphenols in palliating diabetes-induced cardiovascular complications. This review also aims to give an overview of the interrelationship among ROS production (due to diabetes), inflammation, glycoxidative stress, and cardiovascular complications as well as the anti-hyperglycemic effects of dietary polyphenols.

Methods

Various scientific databases including Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Springer Link, and Wiley Online Library were used for searching articles that complied with the inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Results

This review lists several polyphenols based on various pre-clinical and clinical studies that have anti-hyperglycemic potential as well as a protective function against cardiovascular complications.

Conclusion

Several pre-clinical and clinical studies suggest that various dietary polyphenols can be a promising intervention for the attenuation of diabetes-associated cardiovascular complications.

Unveiling the neuroprotective properties of isoflavones: current evidence, molecular mechanisms and future perspectives

Neurodegenerative diseases encompass a wide range of debilitating and incurable brain disorders characterized by the progressive deterioration of the nervous system's structure and function. Isoflavones, which are naturally occurring polyphenolic phytochemicals, have been found to regulate various cellular signaling pathways associated with the nervous system. The main objective of this comprehensive review is to explore the neuroprotective effects of isoflavones, elucidate the underlying mechanisms, and assess their potential for treating neurodegenerative disorders. Relevant data regarding isoflavones and their impact on neurodegenerative diseases were gathered from multiple library databases and electronic sources, including PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Science Direct. Numerous isoflavones, including genistein, daidzein, biochanin A, and formononetin, have exhibited potent neuroprotective properties against various neurodegenerative diseases. These compounds have been found to modulate neurotransmitters, which in turn contributes to their ability to protect against neurodegeneration. Both in vitro and in vivo experimental studies have provided evidence of their neuroprotection mechanisms, which involve interactions with estrogenic receptors, antioxidant effects, anti-inflammatory properties, anti-apoptotic activity, and modulation of neural plasticity. This review aims to provide current insights into the neuroprotective characteristics of isoflavones and shed light on their potential therapeutic applications in future clinical scenarios.

Antioxidant activity of Phellinus igniarius fermentation mycelia contributions of different solvent extractions and their inhibitory effect on α-amylase

Phellinus spp. have historically been used as traditional medicines to treat various diseases owing to their antioxidant, antitumor, and antidiabetic activities. Polysaccharides exhibit antidiabetic activity. In the present study, the polysaccharide contents of four Phellinus strains were compared. Phellinus igniarius QB72 possessed higher polysaccharide production, stronger 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, and α-amylase inhibitory activity. The three polysaccharides were sequentially extracted and partially purified from the fermentation mycelia using hot water, 1 % (NH4)2C2O4, and 1.25 M NaOH. Hot water extract polysaccharides exhibited higher DPPH radical scavenging and strong inhibitory activity against α-amylase with an IC50 value of 6.84 ± 0.37 mg/mL. The carbohydrate content of A1 (approximately 17457 Da) was approximately 88.28 %. The α-amylase inhibitory activity IC50 was decreased (3.178 ± 0.187 mg/mL) after DEAE water elution. P. igniarius QB72 hot-water extracts of partially purified polysaccharides have great potential as α-amylase inhibitors in food and medication-assisted additives.

In Vitro Bioactivities and Characterization of Mycelial Extracts from Different Strains of Phellinus igniarius (Agaricomycetes)

To fully utilize Phellinus igniarius fermentation mycelia, the present study investigated the in vitro antioxidant and α-amylase inhibitory properties of four Ph. igniarius strains. Organic solvents were used to extract fatty acids, phenolics, and flavonoids from the selected mushrooms. The composition and bioactivity of the extracts were evaluated. The lipid yield obtained using petroleum ether (7.1%) was higher than that obtained using 1:1 n-hex-ane+methanol (5.5%) or 2:1 dichloromethane+methanol (3.3%). The composition and relative content of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in the petroleum ether extract were higher than those in other solvent extracts. Furthermore, ethyl acetate extracts had higher flavonoid and phenolic content and better antioxidant activity than other extracts; however, the 70% ethanol extracts had the best α-amylase inhibitory activity. The supernatant from the ethanol precipitation of aqueous and 1% (NH4)2C2O4 extracts could also be biocompound sources. This comparative study is the first highlighting the in vitro antioxidant and α-amylase inhibitory properties of the four strains of Ph. igniarius extracts prepared using different organic solvents, which makes the investigated species and extracts promising for biological application.

Flavonoids as Aglycones in Retaining Glycosidase-Catalyzed Reactions: Prospects for Green Chemistry

Flavonoids and their glycosides are abundant in many plant-based foods. The (de)glycosylation of flavonoids by retaining glycoside hydrolases has recently attracted much interest in basic and applied research, including the possibility of altering the glycosylation pattern of flavonoids. Research in this area is driven by significant differences in physicochemical, organoleptic, and bioactive properties between flavonoid aglycones and their glycosylated counterparts. While many flavonoid glycosides are present in nature at low levels, some occur in substantial quantities, making them readily available low-cost glycosyl donors for transglycosylations. Retaining glycosidases can be used to synthesize natural and novel glycosides, which serve as standards for bioactivity experiments and analyses, using flavonoid glycosides as glycosyl donors. Engineered glycosidases also prove valuable for the synthesis of flavonoid glycosides using chemically synthesized activated glycosyl donors. This review outlines the bioactivities of flavonoids and their glycosides and highlights the applications of retaining glycosidases in the context of flavonoid glycosides, acting as substrates, products, or glycosyl donors in deglycosylation or transglycosylation reactions.

The citrus flavonoid "Nobiletin" impedes STZ-induced Alzheimer's disease in a mouse model through regulating autophagy mastered by SIRT1/FoxO3a mechanism

The prominence of autophagy in the modulation of neurodegenerative disorders has sparked interest to investigate its stimulation in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Nobiletin possesses several bioactivities such as anti-inflammation, antioxidation, and neuroprotection. Consequently, the study's aim was to inspect the possible neurotherapeutic impact of Nobiletin in damping AD through autophagy regulation. Mice were randomly assigned into: Group I which received DMSO, Groups II, III, and IV obtained STZ (3 mg/kg) intracerebroventricularly once with Nobiletin (50 mg/kg/day; i.p.) in Group III and Nobiletin with EX-527 (2 mg/kg, i.p.) in Group IV. Interestingly, Nobiletin ameliorated STZ-induced AD through enhancing the motor performance and repressing memory defects. Moreover, Nobiletin de-escalated hippocampal acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and enhanced acetylcholine level while halting BACE1 and amyloid-β levels. Meanwhile, Nobiletin stimulated the autophagy process through activating the SIRT1/FoxO3a, LC3B-II, and ATG7 pathway. Additionally, Nobiletin inhibited Akt pathway and controlled the level of NF-κB and TNF-α. Nobiletin amended the oxidative stress through enhancing GSH and cutting down MDA levels. However, EX527, SIRT1 inhibitor, counteracted the neurotherapeutic effects of Nobiletin. Therefore, the present study provides a strong verification for the therapeutic influence of Nobiletin in AD. This outcome may be assigned to autophagy stimulation through SIRT1/FoxO3a, inhibiting AChE activity, reducing neuroinflammation and oxidative stress.

Comprehensive Overview of the Effects of Amaranthus and Abelmoschus esculentus on Markers of Oxidative Stress in Diabetes Mellitus

The use of medicinal plants in the management of diabetes mellitus (DM) is extensively reported. However, there is still very limited information on the role of these plants as markers of oxidative stress in DM. This current review evaluated the effect of Amaranthus spinosus, Amaranthus hybridus, and Abelmoschus esculentus on markers of oxidative stress in rodent models of DM. Current findings indicate that these plants have the potential to reduce prominent markers of oxidative stress, such as serum malondialdehyde and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, while increasing enzymes that act as antioxidants, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione, and glutathione peroxidase. This may reduce reactive oxygen species and further ameliorate oxidative stress in DM. Although the potential benefits of these plants are acknowledged in rodent models, there is still a lack of evidence showing their efficacy against oxidative stress in diabetic patients. Therefore, we recommend future clinical studies in DM populations, particularly in Africa, to evaluate the potential effects of these plants. Such studies would contribute to enhancing our understanding of the significance of incorporating these plants into dietary practices for the prevention and management of DM.

Gender-specific effects of soybean consumption on cardiovascular events in elderly individuals from rural Northeast China - a prospective cohort study

BACKGROUND

The impact of consuming soybean and its products on cardiovascular events (CVEs), cardiovascular mortality, and all-cause mortality remains unclear. This study aimed to examine the prospective association of soybean consumption with CVEs, cardiovascular mortality, and all-cause mortality among the elderly population in rural China.

METHODS

The Northeast China Rural Cardiovascular Health Study included 2477 elderly individuals (mean age 67 ± 6 years, 49.97% men) in the initial phase of the study from 2012 to 2013, with a follow-up period between 2015 and 2017. Soybean consumption was categorized as follows: low-frequency consumption: rare consumption; moderate-frequency consumption: two to three times/week; high-frequency consumption: ≥ four times/week. Cox proportional hazard analysis assessed the potential relationship of soybean consumption with CVEs, cardiovascular mortality, and all-cause mortality.

RESULTS

The prevalence of soybean and its product consumption was as follows: 38.3% for low-frequency consumption (43.8% for women; 32.8% for men), 49.7% for moderate-frequency consumption (45.8% for women; 53.7% for men), and 11.9% for high-frequency consumption (10.4% for women; 13.5% for men). After adjusting for possible confounders, Cox proportional hazard analysis revealed that the frequency of soybean consumption was an effective predictor of CVEs [Hazard ratio (HR) high (95% CI): 0.555 (0.348, 0.883)], stroke [HR moderate (95% CI): 0.672 (0.494, 0.913); HR high (95% CI): 0.483 (0.276, 0.842)], and all-cause mortality [HR high (95% CI): 0.540 (0.310, 0.942)] in the overall older population. High-frequency consumption of soybean [HR (95% CI): 0.467 (0.225, 0.968)] and moderate-frequency consumption [HR (95% CI): 0.458 (0.270, 0.779)] were associated with stroke events in older men and women, respectively. In addition, high-frequency consumption of soybean [HR (95% CI): 0.437 (0.197, 0.968)] decreased the risk of CVEs in older women.

CONCLUSION

Soybean consumption is closely associated with CVEs and all-cause mortality in older individuals residing in rural areas, with a significant gender discrepancy in this relationship. These findings provide new insights into the impact of soybean consumption on cardiovascular well-being in the elderly rural population, thus enhancing our understanding of this field of interest.

Investigation of Bioactive Complexes of Chitosan and Green Coffee Bean or Artichoke Extracts

The formation of water-insoluble complexes between chitosan (ChS) and caffeoylquinic acid (CQ) derivatives present in artichoke (AE) and green coffee bean (GCBE) extracts was investigated by the equilibrium adsorption method. The UPLC/HPLC analysis revealed that the phenolic compounds accounted for 8.1% and 74.6% of AE and GCBE respectively, and CQ derivatives were the predominant compounds. According to the applied Langmuir adsorption model, anionic compounds present in natural extracts were adsorbed onto the active centers of ChS, i.e., primary amino groups. The driving forces of adsorption were electrostatic interactions between cationic groups of ChS and anionic compounds of natural extracts. Chromatographic analysis revealed that not only CQ derivatives, but also other phenolic compounds of natural extracts were attached to ChS. The release of adsorbed compounds into different media as well as the bioactive properties of complexes were also studied. With the immobilization of bioactives onto ChS, increased and prolonged ABTS^•+ radical scavenging activity and decreased antifungal activity against Fusarium graminearum and Botrytis cinerea were observed compared to those of ChS. The findings of the current study highlight that the adsorption approach could be used to successfully prepare water-insoluble complexes of ChS and components of natural extracts with prolonged antioxidant activity.

The Ethnopharmacological Properties of Green-Engineered Metallic Nanoparticles against Metabolic Disorders

Metabolic syndrome is a multifaceted pathophysiologic condition that is largely caused by an imbalance between caloric intake and energy expenditure. The pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome is determined by an individual's genetic/epigenetics and acquired factors. Natural compounds, notably plant extracts, have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and insulin-sensitizing properties and are considered to be a viable option for metabolic disorder treatment due to their low risk of side effects. However, the limited solubility, low bioavailability, and instability of these botanicals hinder their performance. These specific limitations have prompted the need for an efficient system that reduces drug degradation and loss, eliminates unwanted side effects, and boosts drug bioavailability, as well as the percentage of the drug deposited in the target areas. The quest for an enhanced (effective) drug delivery system has led to the formation of green-engineered nanoparticles, which has increased the bioavailability, biodistribution, solubility, and stability of plant-based products. The unification of plant extracts and metallic nanoparticles has helped in the development of new therapeutics against metabolic disorders such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, neurodegenerative disorders, non-alcoholic fatty liver, and cancer. The present review outlines the pathophysiology of metabolic diseases and their cures with plant-based nanomedicine.

The Beneficial Effect of Swimming Training Associated with Quercetin Administration on the Endothelial Nitric Oxide-Dependent Relaxation in the Aorta of Rats with Experimentally Induced Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is related to the vascular oxidative and nitrosative stress, the trigger for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular complications. The effects of moderate swimming training associated with quercetin oral administration were evaluated in aorta of rats with experimentally induced type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), by analysing the nitric oxide-endothelial dependent relaxation (NO-EDR). T1DM rats received daily quercetin 30 mg/kg and followed the protocol of 5-weeks swimming exercise (30 min/day; 5 days/week). Aorta relaxation to acetylcholine (Ach) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) were measured at the end of the experiment. Ach-induced endothelial dependent relaxation was significantly decreased in phenylephrine (PE) pre-contracted aorta of diabetic rats. Swimming exercise with quercetin administration preserved Ach-induced EDR but did not have any impact on SNP-induced endothelium-independent relaxation in the diabetic aorta. These findings suggest that quercetin administration associated with moderate swimming exercise could improve the endothelial NO-dependent relaxation in the aorta of rats with experimentally induced type 1 diabetes mellitus, showing that this therapeutical combination may improve and even prevent the vascular complications that occur in diabetic patients.

Characterization of Antioxidant and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Compounds of Cratoxylum formosum ssp. pruniflorum and Optimization of Extraction Condition

Cratoxylum formosum ssp. pruniflorum (Kurz.) Gogel (Guttiferae), called kuding tea, is widely distributed in Southeast Asia. In this study, the constituents and biological activity of C. formosum ssp. pruniflorum were investigated. Extract of its leaves, roots and stems showed antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Interestingly, comparison of the metabolite profiles of leaves, roots and stems of C. formosum ssp. pruniflorum by LC-MS analysis showed a great difference between the roots and leaves, whereas the roots and stems were quite similar. Purification of the roots and leaves of C. formosum ssp. pruniflorum through various chromatographic techniques resulted in the isolation of 25 compounds. The structures of isolated compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis as 18 xanthones, 5 flavonoids, a benzophenone and a phenolic compound. Among them, a xanthone (16) and a benzophenone (19) were first reported from nature. Evaluation of biological activity revealed that xanthones had a potent α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, while flavonoids were responsible for the antioxidant activity. To maximize the biological activity, yield and total phenolic content of C. formosum ssp. pruniflorum, extraction conditions such as extraction solvent, time and temperature were optimized using response surface methodology with Box-Behnken Design (BBD). Regression analysis showed a good fit of the experimental data, and the optimal condition was obtained as MeOH concentration in EtOAc, 88.1%; extraction time, 6.02 h; and extraction temperature 60.0 °C. α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity, yield and total phenolic content under the optimal condition were found to be 72.2% inhibition, 10.3% and 163.9 mg GAE/g extract, respectively. These results provide useful information about C. formosum ssp. pruniflorum as functional foods for oxidative stress-related metabolic diseases.

Development of carboxymethyl chitosan-coated zein/soy lecithin nanoparticles for the delivery of resveratrol

The objective of this work is to formulate a zein-based nanocomposite for the delivery of natural polyphenols. A proprietary atomizing/antisolvent precipitation (AAP) process was used to prepare carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC)-coated zein/soy lecithin (SL) nanoparticles (ZLC NPs). At a suitable mass ratio of zein/SL/CMC (100 : 30 : 30), ZLC NPs with desirable redispersibility and physicochemical stability were successfully fabricated. After that, resveratrol (Res) as the representative natural polyphenol was encapsulated in ZLC NPs. The optimized Res/ZLC NPs exhibited a spherical morphology, small size (259.43 ± 2.47 nm), large zeta potential (-47.7 ± 0.66 mV), and high encapsulation efficiency (91.32 ± 4.01%) and loading capacity (5.27 ± 0.35%). Further characterization indicated that Res was encapsulated in the hydrophobic core of the ZLC matrix in an amorphous state. Compared to free Res, Res/ZLC NPs showed a 2.55-fold increase in the Res dissolution rate, a 2.27-fold increase in bioaccessibility, and a 1.69-fold increase in ABTS˙⁺ scavenging activity. Also, Res/ZLC NPs showed a higher Res retention rate (>68.0%) than free Res (<35.0%) over 45 days of storage. Therefore, ZLC NPs have promising potential as vehicles for natural polyphenols.

An assessment of the ameliorative role of hesperidin in Drosophila melanogaster model of cadmium chloride-induced toxicity

Cadmium chloride (CdCl₂) is an important heavy metal widely regarded as an environmental contaminant. Hesperidin, a flavanone glycoside found in citrus fruits, has an established properties against free radicals, apoptosis, and inflammation. The present study investigated the protective actions of hesperidin on CdCl₂-induced oxidative damage and inflammation in Drosophila melanogaster. For 7 consecutive days via their diet regimen, the flies were exposed to CdCl₂ alone (0.05 mM) or in combination with hesperidin (50 and 100 μM). Exposure to CdCl₂ significantly (p < 0.05) increased mortality rate of flies, whereas the survived flies demonstrated significant oxidative toxicity from decreased activities of catalase and Glutathione S-transferase (GST) and Total Thiol (T-SH) and Non-Protein Thiols (NPSH) levels as well as accumulation of Nitric Oxide (NO (nitrite/nitrate)), protein carbonyl and Hydrogen Peroxide (H₂O₂). However, hesperidin-supplemented diet improved Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, mitochondrial metabolic rate (cell viability), locomotor activity, and amelioration of oxidative damage and lipid peroxidation induced by CdCl₂. The hesperidin diet supplement boosted the antioxidant milieu and ameliorated the oxidative damage in the treated flies. Overall, the findings revealed that hesperidin improved antioxidative protective capacity in Drosophila melanogaster model of CdCl₂-induced toxicity. This suggests hesperidin as a potential therapeutic agent against oxidative stress disorders due to exposure to CdCl₂ and or related toxicants.

Antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic activities of hydroethanolic extract of the fruit of Baillonella toxisperma in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Objective

This work evaluated the antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic activities of pulp extracts of B. toxisperma fruits in rats.

Methods

The regulatory ability of the extract on the secretory capacity of pancreatic beta cells (oral glucose tolerance test), and digestion and/or absorption of carbohydrates (starch and sucrose) were evaluated on normal Wistar rats. Diabetes was induced in Wistar rats by intravenous administration of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg), and the animals were treated by the administration of a single daily dose of 400 mg/kg BW of extract. The effect of the extract on blood glucose levels of diabetic rats was monitored 30 min, 2 h, and 5 h after administration, and on the 7th and 14th days of treatment. After 2 weeks of treatment, the rats were sacrificed, liver was preserved for the determination of glycogen content. The serum was prepared and markers for nephro and hepatotoxicity were assessed, as well as cardiovascular risk.

Results

The hydroethanolic extract of B. toxisperma fruits significantly reduced glucose concentrations after administration of starch and sucrose in normoglycemic rats by limiting the glycemic peak (increasing of 19.67% vs 27.88% for positive control and 35.96% vs 43.97% for positive control, for starch and sucrose respectively). No effect was observed after glucose administration. B. toxisperma fruits significantly decreased glucose levels by 14.5% and 54.23% respectively 30 min after administration and 7th days of treatment respectively. The extract decreased plasma triglycerides and total cholesterol levels in diabetic rats; it also decreased the cardiovascular risk through the reduction of Cardiac Risk Ratio, Atherogenic Coefficient, and non-High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol. The extract also promoted renal function but not structural integrity of the liver.

Conclusions

This study suggests that the hydroethanolic pulp extracts of B. toxisperma fruits are good antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic properties agents and could be a potential source of compounds for diabetes management.

Molecular interactions of hesperidin with DMPC/cholesterol bilayers

Since cell membranes are complex systems, the use of model lipid bilayers is quite important for the study of their interactions with bioactive molecules. Mammalian cell membranes require cholesterol (CHOL) for their structure and function. For this reason, the mixtures of phospholipid and cholesterol are necessary to use in model membrane studies to better simulate the real systems. In the present study, we investigated the effect of the incorporation of hesperidin in model membranes consisting of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) and CHOL by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy (AFM). ATR-FTIR results demonstrated that hesperidin increases the fluidity of the DMPC/CHOL binary system. DSC findings indicated that the presence of 5 mol% hesperidin induces a broadening of the main phase transition consisting of three overlapping components. AFM experiments showed that hesperidin increases the thickness of DMPC/CHOL lipid bilayer model membranes. In addition to experimental results, molecular docking studies were conducted with hesperidin and human lanosterol synthase (LS), which is an enzyme found in the final step of cholesterol synthesis, to characterize hesperidin's interactions with its surrounding via its hydroxyl and oxygen groups. Then, hesperidin's ADME/Tox (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity) profile was computed to see the potential impact on living system. In conclusion, considering the data obtained from experimental studies, this work ensures molecular insights in the interaction between a flavonoid, as an antioxidant drug model, and lipids mimicking those found in mammalian membranes. Moreover, computational studies demonstrated that hesperidin may be a great potential for use as a therapeutic agent for hypercholesterolemia due to its antioxidant property.

A Critical Review on Role of Available Synthetic Drugs and Phytochemicals in Insulin Resistance Treatment by Targeting PTP1B

Insulin resistance (IR) is a condition of impaired response of cells towards insulin. It is marked by excessive blood glucose, dysregulated insulin signalling, altered pathways, damaged pancreatic β-cells, metabolic disorders, etc. Chronic hyperglycemic conditions leads to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) which causes excess generation of highly reactive free radicals, causing oxidative stress, further leading to development and progression of complications like vascular dysfunction, damaged cellular proteins, and DNA. One of the causes for IR is dysregulation of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B). Advancements in drug therapeutics have helped people manage IR by regulating PTP1B, however have been reported to cause side effects. Therefore, there is a growing interest on usage of phytochemical constituents having IR therapeutic properties and aiding to minimize these complications. Medicinal plants have not been utilized to their full potential as a therapeutic drug due to lack of knowledge of their active and effective chemical constituents, mode of action, regulation of IR parameters, and dosage of administration. This review highlights phytochemical constituents present in medicinal plants or spices, their potential effectiveness on proteins (PTP1B) regulating IR, and reported possible mechanism of action studied on in vitro models. The study gives current knowledge and future recommendations on the above aspects and is expected to be beneficial in developing herbal drug using these phytochemical constituents, either alone or in combination, for medication of IR and diabetes.

The Effects of Purple Corn Pigment on Growth Performance, Blood Biochemical Indices, Meat Quality, Muscle Amino Acids, and Fatty Acids of Growing Chickens

This study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with different levels of purple corn pigment (PCP) on the growth performance, blood biochemical indices, meat quality, muscle amino acids, and fatty acids of growing chickens. A total of 288 (8 weeks of age) growing Chishui black-bone chickens (body weight, 940 ± 80 g; mean ± standard deviation) were randomly divided into 4 groups using a completely randomized design. The four diet groups were as follows: (1) control, basal diet; (2) treatment 1, treatment 2, and treatment 3, which were basal diet with 80, 160, and 240 mg/kg PCP, respectively. The results showed that compared with the control group, the feeding of anthocyanins significantly (p < 0.05) increased the average daily feed intake and average daily gain in chickens. Moreover, chickens receiving 80 mg/kg PCP significantly increased (p < 0.05) plasma total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and albumin concentrations relative to the control group. For meat quality, dietary supplementation with PCP significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the drip loss and water loss rate in breast muscle. Additionally, chickens receiving PCP tended to increase (p < 0.05) the levels of most individual amino acids, essential amino acids, and umami amino acids in the muscle. Specifically, the addition of 80 mg/kg PCP significantly improved (p < 0.05) total polyunsaturated fatty acids in chicken muscle. Accordingly, the consumption of anthocyanin-rich PCP by the growing chickens had the potential to increase the growth performance, enhance antioxidant and immune capacities, increase meat quality, and improve essential and umami amino acids as well as unsaturated fatty acids in the muscle.

Comparison of the Antioxidant Properties of Green Macroalgae from Diverse European Water Habitats by Use of Several Semi-Quantitative Assays

Nowadays, algae are becoming more and more popular as a food group rich in nutrients, cosmetic raw materials full of antioxidants or valuable dietary supplements. They are of interest for the industry because they are found almost all over the world, in all climatic zones, both in fresh and salt waters. The aim of this study was to take a broad look at green algae (Chlorophyta) and to show how large the variability of the content of active compounds may depend on the species and the place and time of sample collection. Particular attention was paid to compounds with antioxidant activity, whose simplified profiles were created on the basis of complementary, semi-quantitative methods. Additionally, time-yield extraction optimizations were performed. Three different specimens of Ulva lactuca were compared: from the coastal zone of the Baltic Sea, from the open Baltic Sea area around Bornholm and Ulva spiralis (Ulva lactuca polymorph) from the Atlantic Ocean. The studied algae of the Cladophora genera were three different species of freshwater algae from various habitats: a lake (Cladophora glomerata), a river (Cladophora rivularis) and aquarium farming (Cladophora aegagropila, syn. Aegagropila linnaei). The content of antioxidants and the extraction efficiency varied significantly depending on the species.

Phenolic Constituents, Antioxidant and Cytoprotective Activities, Enzyme Inhibition Abilities of Five Fractions from Vaccinium dunalianum Wight

The bud of Vaccinium dunalianum Wight has been traditionally consumed as health herbal tea by “Yi” people in Yunnan Province, China, which was locally named “Que Zui tea”. This paper studied the chemical constituents of five fractions from Vaccinium dunalianum, and their enzyme inhibitory effects of α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase, antioxidant activity, and cytoprotective effects on H₂O₂-induced oxidative damage in HepG2 cells. The methanol extract of V. dunalianum was successively partitioned with petroleum ether (PF), chloroform (CF), ethyl acetate (EF), n-butanol (BF), and aqueous (WF) to obtain five fractions. The chemical profiling of the five fractions was analyzed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS), and 18 compounds were tentatively identified. Compared to PF, CF, BF and WF, the EF revealed the highest total phenols (TPC) and total flavonoids (TFC), and displayed the strongest enzyme inhibition ability (α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase) and antioxidant capacity (DPPH, ABTS and FRAP). Furthermore, these five fractions, especially EF, could effectively inhibit reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and cell apoptosis on H₂O₂-induced oxidative damage protection in HepG2 cells. This inhibitory effect might be caused by the up-regulation of intracellular antioxidant enzyme activity (CAT, SOD, and GSH). The flavonoids and phenolic acids of V. dunalianum might be the bioactive substances responsible for enzyme inhibitory, antioxidant, and cytoprotective activities.

Comprehensive Evaluation of Probiotic Property, Hypoglycemic Ability and Antioxidant Activity of Lactic Acid Bacteria

Taking lactic acid bacteria is an important strategy to alleviate or prevent diabetes, but the candidate strains with good genetic stability and excellent functions still need to be supplemented. In this study, the hypoglycemic ability (α-amylase, α-glucosidase and dipeptidyl peptidase 4), probiotic property and antioxidant activity of lactic acid bacteria were comprehensively evaluated by a principal component analysis (PCA) and analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The results showed that Lactobacillus paracasei(L. paracasei) had a higher survival rate (82.78%) in gastric juice and good tolerance to bile salt, and can be colonized in HT-29 cells. L. paracasei had a remarkable inhibitive activity of α-amylase (82.21%), α-glucosidase (84.29%) and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (42.51%). L. paracasei had better scavenging activity of free radicals, total antioxidant activity (FRAP) and superoxide dismutase activity. According to the scores of the PCA, L. paracasei had the best hypoglycemic ability, and Lactococcus lactis (L. lactis) had the highest probiotic property. According to AHP, L. paracasei was the best potential hypoglycemic probiotic; furthermore, L. lactis showed the highest comprehensive performance except Lactobacillus. All lactic acid bacteria in this test had good safety. L. paracasei is expected to become a new potential hypoglycemic strain.

Soy-Derived Equol Induces Antioxidant Activity in Zebrafish in an Nrf2-Independent Manner

Antioxidant effects of soy-derived isoflavones are predicted to be mediated by the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway. Recently, we constructed an assay system to evaluate the antioxidant effects of dietary phytochemicals in zebrafish and revealed a relationship between these effects and the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway. In this study, we used this system to examine the antioxidant effects of seven isoflavones. Among those seven, equol showed strong antioxidant effects when arsenite was used as an oxidative stressor. The antioxidant effect of equol was also shown in Nrf2-mutant zebrafish nfe2l2a^fh318, suggesting that this effect was not mediated by the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway. To elucidate this unidentified mechanism, the gene expression profiles of equol-treated larvae were analyzed using RNA-seq and qRT-PCR, while no noticeable changes were detected in the expression of genes related to antioxidant effects, except weak induction of Nrf2 target genes. Because nfe2l2a^fh318 is an amino acid-substitution mutant (Arg485Lue), we considered that the antioxidant effect of equol in this mutant might be due to residual Nrf2 activity. To examine this possibility, we generated an Nrf2-knockout zebrafish nfe2l2a^it321 using CRISPR-Cas9 and analyzed the antioxidant effect of equol. As a result, equol showed strong antioxidant effects even in Nrf2-knockout larvae, suggesting that equol indeed upregulates antioxidant activity in zebrafish in an Nrf2-independent manner.

Subacute effects of hydroethanolic extracts of the pulp of Gambeya africana on glucose plasmatic levels and oxidative stress markers in diabetic rats

The management of hyperglycemia and oxidative stress is a key point in the control of diabetes and its complications. The work evaluated the hypoglycemiant and antioxidant properties of pulp extracts of Gambeya africana fruits. The acute toxicity was conducted for 14 days at the dose of 2000 mg/kg via oral gavage. Diabetes was induced in rats by intravenous administration of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg). The effect of the extract on blood glucose levels of diabetic rats was monitored at 2h after administration; and on the 7th and 14th days of treatment (single dose of 400 mg/kg/day). After 2 weeks of treatment, the rats were sacrificed. The oxidative stress markers (Hydroperoxides, Malonedialdehydes, Superoxide Dismutase, Catalase, and Total Antioxidant Capacity) and hepato/nephrotoxicity markers (Alanine Amino Transferase, urea, and creatinine) were determined. The hydroethanolic extract of G. africana fruits has a lethal dose upper than 2000 mg/kg. It significantly decreased glucose levels by 28.29% and 84.86% respectively after 2h and 14th days of treatment. The extract increased the antioxidant status and decrease oxidative stress, especially in the pancreas. This study suggests that the hydroethanolic pulp extract of G. africana fruits is a good hypoglycemiant and antioxidant agent and could be a potential source of compounds for diabetes management.

HPLC-DAD phenolics screening and in vitro investigation of haemostatic, antidiabetic, antioxidant and photoprotective properties of Centaurea tougourensis Boiss. & Reut

Introduction

Traditional medicine has an important place in human history and this since antiquity. Indeed, during Egyptian and Chinese civilization era, many detailed manuscripts, describing the therapeutic effect of plants, were found which suggest that folk medicine is the basis of the actual medicine.

Objective

To investigate the phytochemical and pharmacological properties of the n-butanol (n-BuOH) and ethyl acetate (EA) extracts of the aerial part of Centaurea tougourensis.

Methods

The phytochemical evaluation was done based on HPLC-DAD approach. The antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH and cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), while the hemostatic effect was performed using plasma recalcification time (PRT) method. The antidiabetic capacity was investigated by alpha-amylase inhibition assay and the photoprotective test was evaluated by the measurement of sun protection factor (SPF).

Results

13 phenolic compounds were identified in both extracts of C. tougourensis. These extracts showed antioxidant, haemostatic, antidiabetic and photoprotective properties with a dose-dependent manner. Amounts of n-BuOH activities were found higher, with a respective IC50 value of 0.72±0.07 μg/ml in DPPH assay, an A0.50 value lower than 3.125 μg/ml in CUPRAC assay besides a shortening rate percentage of coagulation (86.71%) in haemostatic assay, a moderate inhibition effect on alpha amylase activity with an IC50 value of (711.5±0.03 μg/ml) and a maximum sun protection factor of (56.035). These results were mostly found highly significant (p<0.001) when compared to respective standards.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated some pharmacological effects of C. tougourensis which suggests that our plant could be a good candidate to treat some illnesses related to oxidative stress, bleeding or skin cancer.

Anti-α-glucosidase and anti-oxidative isoflavonoids from the immature fruits of Maclura tricuspidata

The composition of a plant, together with its efficacy, vary depending on its maturity and plant parts. In this study, the chemical constituents of immature fruits of Maclura tricuspidata (Moraceae) were investigated together with their anti-diabetic and antioxidant effects. A total of 34 compounds were isolated from the immature fruits of M. tricuspidata using various chromatographic methods. Structure elucidation using extensive spectroscopic analysis led to the characterization of isolated compounds as isoflavonoids with prenyl substituents. Among them, macluraisoflavones A-O were first isolated from nature. The anti-diabetic and antioxidant activity of the isolated compounds were also suggested by α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and DPPH radical scavenging activity, respectively. In particular, macluraisoflavone I, an isoflavonoid with 2,2-dimethylpyran and 2-hydroperoxy-3-methylbut-3-enyl moieties, showed potent α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and DPPH radical scavenging activity. Further molecular docking analysis suggested hydrogen bond and alkyl interactions between α-glucosidase and macluraisoflavone I. Therefore, the immature fruits of M. tricuspidata can be used as an important natural product with antioxidant and anti-diabetic properties.

A Systematic Review of Orthosiphon stamineus Benth. in the Treatment of Diabetes and Its Complications

(1) Background: Orthosiphon stamineus Benth. is a traditional medicine used in the treatment of diabetes and chronic renal failure in southern China, Malaysia, and Thailand. Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease and the number of diabetic patients in the world is increasing. This review aimed to systematically review the effects of O. stamineus in the treatment of diabetes and its complications and the pharmacodynamic material basis. (2) Methods: This systematic review was conducted following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), using the databases ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Web of Science. (3) Results: Thirty-one articles related to O. stamineus and diabetes were included. The mechanisms of O. stamineus in the treatment of diabetes and its complications mainly included inhibiting α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, regulating lipid metabolism, promoting insulin secretion, ameliorating insulin resistance, increasing glucose uptake, promoting glycolysis, inhibiting gluconeogenesis, promoting glucagon-likepeptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion and antiglycation activity. Phenolic acids, flavonoids and triterpenoids might be the main components for hypoglycemia effects in O. stamineus. (4) Conclusion: O. stamineus could be an antidiabetic agent to treat diabetes and its complications. However, it needs further study on a pharmacodynamic substance basis and the mechanisms of effective constituents.

Targeting pancreatic beta cell death in type 2 diabetes by polyphenols

Diabetes is a very complex disease which is characterized by the appearance of insulin resistance that is primarily compensated by an increase in pancreatic beta cell mass, generating hyperinsulinemia. After time, pancreatic beta cells die by apoptosis appearing in the second phase of the disease, and characterized by hypoinsulinemia. There are multiple conditions that can alter pancreatic beta cell homeostasis and viability, being the most relevant ones; ER stress, cytotoxicity by amylin, mTORC1 hyperactivity, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation and alterations in autophagy/mitophagy flux. In addition, the possible effects that different polyphenols could exert in the modulation of these mechanisms and regulating pancreatic beta cell viability are analyzed. It is necessary a profound analysis and understanding of all the possible mechanisms involved in the control and maintenance of pancreatic beta cell viability to develop more accurate and target treatments for controlling beta cell homeostasis and preventing or even reversing type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles using leaf extract of Dittrichia viscosa and in vivo assessment of its anti-diabetic efficacy

Several studies have reported the anti-diabetic effect of biologically synthesized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). This study was designed to investigate the in vivo anti-diabetic activity of AuNPs synthesized using the leaf extract of Dittrichia viscosa in a high-fat diet (HFD)/streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes in rats. AuNPs were synthesized using the leaf extract of D. viscosa, and the synthesized AuNPs were characterized by UV-visible spectrophotometer, dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). To study the anti-hyperglycemic effect of the AuNPs formed using D. viscosa extract, adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups (6-8 rats/group) as follows: control group, a diabetic group without treatment, and a diabetic group treated intraperitoneally with a daily injection of AuNPs at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg for 21 days. Diabetes was induced by maintaining the rats on HFD for 2 weeks, followed by a single intraperitoneal injection of 45 mg/kg of STZ. Serum and liver samples were collected at the end of the treatment period and used to measure glucose levels and hepatic gene expression and activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), the rate-limiting enzyme in the liver gluconeogenic pathway. The AuNPs formed using D. viscosa extract were mainly spherical with a size range between 20 and 50 nm with good stability and dispersity, as indicated by the zeta potential and DLS measurements. Treatment with AuNP significantly lowered the blood glucose level, the gene expression, and the activity of hepatic PEPCK in comparison to the diabetic untreated group (P < 0.05). This study suggests that AuNPs synthesized using D. viscosa leaf extract can alleviate hyperglycemia in HFD/STZ-induced diabetes in rats, which could be through the reduction of hepatic gluconeogenesis by inhibiting the expression and activity of the hepatic PEPCK gene. Schematic illustration of the biosynthesis of AuNPs showing their distinctive morphology under the EM. The generated particles were injected into animals and serum glucose levels were reported in addition to the PEPCK expression and activity.

Is Our Natural Food Our Homeostasis? Array of a Thousand Effect-Directed Profiles of 68 Herbs and Spices

The beneficial effects of plant-rich diets and traditional medicines are increasingly recognized in the treatment of civilization diseases due to the abundance and diversity of bioactive substances therein. However, the important active portion of natural food or plant-based medicine is presently not under control. Hence, a paradigm shift from quality control based on marker compounds to effect-directed profiling is postulated. We investigated 68 powdered plant extracts (botanicals) which are added to food products in food industry. Among them are many plants that are used as traditional medicines, herbs and spices. A generic strategy was developed to evaluate the bioactivity profile of each botanical as completely as possible and to straightforwardly assign the most potent bioactive compounds. It is an 8-dimensional hyphenation of normal-phase high-performance thin-layer chromatography with multi-imaging by ultraviolet, visible and fluorescence light detection as well as effect-directed assay and heart-cut of the bioactive zone to orthogonal reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromato-graphy-photodiode array detection-heated electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. In the non-target, effect-directed screening via 16 different on-surface assays, we tentatively assigned more than 60 important bioactive compounds in the studied botanicals. These were antibacterials, estrogens, antiestrogens, androgens, and antiandrogens, as well as acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, α-amylase, α-glucosidase, β-glucosidase, β-glucuronidase, and tyrosinase inhibitors, which were on-surface heart-cut eluted from the bioautogram or enzyme inhibition autogram to the next dimension for further targeted characterization. This biological-physicochemical hyphenation is able to detect and control active mechanisms of traditional medicines or botanicals as well as the essentials of plant-based food. The array of 1,292 profiles (68 samples × 19 detections) showed the versatile bioactivity potential of natural food. It reveals how efficiently and powerful our natural food contributes to our homeostasis.

Enzymatic glucosylation of polyphenols using glucansucrases and branching sucrases of glycoside hydrolase family 70

Polyphenols exhibit various beneficial biological activities and represent very promising candidates as active compounds for food industry. However, the low solubility, poor stability and low bioavailability of polyphenols have severely limited their industrial applications. Enzymatic glycosylation is an effective way to improve the physicochemical properties of polyphenols. As efficient transglucosidases, glycoside hydrolase family 70 (GH70) glucansucrases naturally catalyze the synthesis of polysaccharides and oligosaccharides from sucrose. Notably, GH70 glucansucrases show broad acceptor substrate promiscuity and catalyze the glucosylation of a wide range of non-carbohydrate hydroxyl group-containing molecules, including benzenediol, phenolic acids, flavonoids and steviol glycosides. Branching sucrase enzymes, a newly established subfamily of GH70, are shown to possess a broader acceptor substrate binding pocket that acts efficiently for glucosylation of larger size polyphenols such as flavonoids. Here we present a comprehensive review of glucosylation of polyphenols using GH70 glucansucrase and branching sucrases. Their catalytic efficiency, the regioselectivity of glucosylation and the structure of generated products are described for these reactions. Moreover, enzyme engineering is effective for improving their catalytic efficiency and product specificity. The combined information provides novel insights on the glucosylation of polyphenols by GH70 glucansucrases and branching sucrases, and may promote their applications.

Intake of isoflavones reduces the risk of all-cause mortality in middle-aged Japanese

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

To clarify the effects of intake of legumes and isoflavones on all-cause mortality in middle-aged and older Japanese.

SUBJECT/METHODS

The subjects were 2136 randomly chosen community-dwelling Japanese men and women aged 40-79 years who participated in a first-wave survey (1997-2000; baseline). The subjects were followed from baseline to December 31, 2017 (mean period of 16.6 ± 4.2 years). Intake of legumes, soybeans, and isoflavones at baseline was assessed using a 3-day dietary record with photographs. The relationships of intake amounts of legumes and isoflavones to mortality were assessed using Cox proportional hazards regression controlling for age, sex, education, employment, body mass index, smoking habits, medical histories, drinking, and energy intake.

RESULTS

There were 491 deaths during the follow-up period. We found inverse associations of the intake of total soy products and intake of each of the isoflavones with all-cause mortality (p for trend < 0.05) in subjects aged < 60 years: the multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for all-cause mortality in the highest intake group (third tertile) of total soy products and total isoflavones were 0.32 (0.13-0.78) and 0.35 (0.17-0.73), respectively, compared with the reference group (first tertile). In contrast, there were no significant associations of intake amounts of legumes, soybeans, and isoflavones with all-cause mortality in subjects aged 60 years or older.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings suggest that a higher intake of isoflavones might decrease the risk of all-cause mortality, especially in middle-aged Japanese.

Glycaemic and Appetite Suppression Effect of a Vegetable-Enriched Bread

Bread, a frequently consumed food, is an ideal vehicle for addition of ingredients that increase nutrient density and add health benefits. This experimental cross-over study sought to test the effect of a vegetable-enriched bread (VB) in comparison to commercial white bread (WB) and wheatmeal bread (WMB) on serum glucose, insulin response and subjective appetite suppression. On three separate occasions, 10 participants (23 ± 7 years) visited the laboratory and consumed after an overnight fast, in random order, a 75 g serve of WB, WMB or VB. Venous blood samples drawn twice before (0 min) and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min after consumption of the bread were analysed for glucose and insulin. Participants rated their subjective feelings of hunger, fullness, satisfaction and desire to eat on a 150 mm Likert scale. The mean glucose iAUC over 120 min was not different among the breads. The mean insulin iAUC for the VB was significantly lower than the WB and WMB; difference VB and WB 12,415 pmol/L*minutes (95% CI 1918, 22,912 pmol/L*minutes, p = 0.025) and difference VB and WMB 13,800 pmol/L*minutes (95% CI 1623, 25,976 pmol/L*minutes p = 0.031). The VB was associated with a higher fullness feeling in the participants over the 120-min period. The consumption of VB was associated with less insulin release and higher satiety over 120 min which may be related to the higher fibre content and texture of VB. The role of vegetable and fruit fibres such as pectin in bread and insulin response should also be further explored.

Aromatic Constituents from the Leaves of Actinidia arguta with Antioxidant and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity

As the leaf of Actinidia arguta has shown antioxidant activity, a study was conducted to identify the active ingredients. Forty-eight compounds were isolated from the leaves of A. arguta through various chromatographic techniques. Further characterization of the structures on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR and MS data identified several aromatic compounds, including phenylpropanoid derivatives, phenolics, coumarins, flavonoids and lignans. Among them, five compounds were newly reported, naturally occurring, and named argutosides A-D (1-4), which consist of phenylpropanoid glycosides that are conjugated with a phenolic moiety, and argutoside E (5), which is a coumarin glycoside that is conjugated with a phenylpropanoid unit. The isolated compounds showed good antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with differences in activity depending on the structures. Molecular docking analysis demonstrated the interaction between the hydroxyl and carbonyl groups of compounds 1 and 5 with α-glucosidase. Taken together, the leaves of A. arguta are rich in aromatic compounds with diverse structures. Therefore, the leaves of A. arguta and their aromatic components might be beneficial for oxidative stress and glucose-related diseases.

Understanding the Functional Activity of Polyphenols Using Omics-Based Approaches

Plant polyphenols are the main category of natural active substances, and are distributed widely in vegetables, fruits, and plant-based processed foods. Polyphenols have a beneficial performance in preventing diseases and maintaining body health. However, its action mechanism has not been well understood. Foodomics is a novel method to sequence and widely used in nutrition, combining genomics, proteomics, transcriptomics, microbiome, and metabolomics. Based on multi-omics technologies, foodomics provides abundant data to study functional activities of polyphenols. In this paper, physiological functions of various polyphenols based on foodomics and microbiome was discussed, especially the anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor activities and gut microbe regulation. In conclusion, omics (including microbiomics) is a useful approach to explore the bioactive activities of polyphenols in the nutrition and health of human and animals.

Puerarin alleviates the ototoxicity of gentamicin by inhibiting the mitochondria‑dependent apoptosis pathway

Gentamicin (GM) is a commonly used antibiotic, and ototoxicity is one of its side effects. Puerarin (PU) is an isoflavone in kudzu roots that exerts a number of pharmacological effects, including antioxidative and free radical scavenging effects. The present study investigated whether PU could protect against GM-induced ototoxicity in C57BL/6J mice and House Ear Institute-Organ of Corti 1 (HEI-OC1) cells. C57BL/6J mice and HEI-OC1 cells were used to establish models of GM-induced ototoxicity in this study. Auditory brainstem responses were measured to assess hearing thresholds, and microscopy was used to observe the morphology of cochlear hair cells after fluorescent staining. Cell viability was examined with Cell Counting Kit-8 assays. To evaluate cell apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, TUNEL assays, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, DCFH-DA staining, JC-1 staining and western blotting were performed. PU protected against GM-induced hearing damage in C57BL/6J mice. PU ameliorated the morphological changes of mouse cochlear hair cells and reduced the apoptosis rate of HEI-OC1 cells after GM-mediated damage. GM-induced ototoxicity may be closely related to the upregulation of p53 expression and the activation of endogenous mitochondrial apoptosis pathways, and PU could protect cochlear hair cells from GM-mediated damage by reducing the production of ROS and inhibiting the mitochondria-dependent apoptosis pathway.

Biochanin-A has antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, antioxidant, and protective effects on diabetic nephropathy via suppression of TGF-β1 and PAR-2 genes expression in kidney tissues of STZ-induced diabetic rats

One of the major complications of diabetes is diabetic nephropathy, and often many patients suffer from diabetic nephropathy. That is why it is important to find the mechanisms that cause nephropathy and its treatment. This study was designed to examine the antidiabetic effects of biochanin A (BCA) and evaluate its effects on oxidative stress markers and the expression of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and protease-activated receptors-2 (PAR-2) genes in the kidney of type 1 diabetic rats. After induction of diabetes using streptozotocin (STZ), 55 mg/kg bw dose, rats were randomly divided into four groups with six rats in each group as follows: normal group: normal control receiving normal saline and a single dose of citrate buffer daily; diabetic control group: diabetic control receiving 0.5% dimethyl sulfoxide daily; diabetic+BCA (10 mg/kg) group: diabetic rats receiving biochanin A at a dose of 10 mg/kg bw daily; diabetic+BCA (15 mg/kg) group: diabetic rats receiving biochanin A at a dose of 15 mg/kg bw daily. TGF-β1 and PAR-2 gene expression was assessed by real-time. Spectrophotometric methods were used to measure biochemical factors: fast blood glucose (FBG), urea, creatinine, albumin, lipids profiles malondialdehyde (MDA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). The course of treatment in this study was 42 days. The results showed that in the diabetic control group, FBG, serum urea, creatinine, expression of TGF-β1 and PAR-2 genes, and the levels of MDA in kidney tissue significantly increased and SOD activity in kidney tissue and serum albumin significantly decreased compared to the normal group (p < 0.001). The results showed that administration of biochanin A (10 and 15 mg/kg) after 42 days significantly reduced the expression of TGF-β1 and PAR-2 genes and FBG, urea, creatinine in serum compared to the diabetic control group (p < 0.001), also significantly increased serum albumin compared to the diabetic control group (p < 0.001). The level of MDA and SOD activity in the tissues of diabetic rats that used biochanin A (10 and 15 mg/kg) was significantly reduced and increased, respectively, compared to the diabetic control group (p < 0.001). Also, the result showed that in the diabetic control group lipids profiles significantly is disturbed compared to the normal group (p < 0.001), the results also showed that biochanin A (10 and 15 mg/kg) administration could significantly improved the lipids profile compared to the control diabetic group (p < 0.001). It is noteworthy that it was found that the beneficial effects of the biochanin A were dose dependent. In conclusion, administration of biochanin A for 42 days has beneficial effect and improves diabetes and nephropathy in diabetic rats. So probably biochanin A can be used as an adjunct therapy in the treatment of diabetes.

In Vitro Tests for a Rapid Evaluation of Antidiabetic Potential of Plant Species Containing Caffeic Acid Derivatives: A Validation by Two Well-Known Antidiabetic Plants, Ocimum gratissimum L. Leaf and Musanga cecropioides R. Br. ex Tedlie (Mu) Stem Bark

Plant bioactive extracts represent a major resource for identifying drugs and adjuvant therapy for type 2 diabetes. To promote early screening of plants' antidiabetic potential, we designed a four in vitro tests strategy to anticipate in vivo bioactivity. Two antidiabetic plants were studied: Ocimum gratissimum L. (Oc) leaf extract and Musanga cecropoides R. Br. ex Tedlie (Mu) stem bark extract. Chemical compositions were analyzed by LCMS and HPLC. Antidiabetic properties were measured based on (1) INS-1 cells for insulin secretion, (2) L6 myoblast cells for insulin sensitization (Glut-4 translocation), (3) L6 myoblast cells for protection against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) oxidative stress (cell mortality), and (4) liver microsomial fraction for glucose-6-phosphastase activity (G6P). Oc extract increased insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity, whereas it decreased oxidative stress-induced cell mortality and G6P activity. Mu extract decreased insulin secretion and had no effect on insulin sensitivity or G6P activity, but it increased oxidative stress-induced cell mortality. Results were compared with NCRAE, an antidiabetic plant extract used as reference, previously characterized and reported with increased insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity, protection against oxidative stress, and decreased G6P activity. The proposed set of four in vitro tests combined with chemical analysis provided insight into the interest in rapid early screening of plant extract antidiabetic potential to anticipate pharmaco-toxicological in vivo effects.

Beneficial effects of dietary supplementation with olive oil, oleic acid, or hydroxytyrosol in metabolic syndrome: Systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Olive oil and components might have a beneficial effect on Metabolic Syndrome (MetS). The aim of this review and meta-analysis was to assess whether those effects are related to hydroxytyrosol or oleic acid contents, or the combination of them as olive oil, and how powerful is this effect.

METHODS

A systematic literature search was performed in MEDLINE via Pubmed, Web of Science (WOS) core collection, and Virtual Health Library (VHL) via LILACS and IBECS (Spain). MeSH terms used were "obesity", "body weight", "body mass index", "adipose tissue", "lipid metabolism", "LDL", "HDL", "VLDL", "insulin resistance", "glucose", "insulin", "hypertension", "arterial pressure", "olive oil", "oleic acid", and other (non-MeSH) terms: "total antioxidant capacity", "total antioxidant status", "hydroxytyrosol" (PROSPERO ID: CRD42021247614). Results of the included studies were meta-analyzed with the RevMan 5.3 program, assuming a random effects model.

RESULTS

76 articles (67 different trials) were identified. Hydroxytyrosol had no effect on MetS [combined standardized mean differences (SMD) = 0.01 (CI 95%: [-0.23, 0.25], I² = 83%; p = 0.920)]. Oleic acid had no significant beneficial effect on MetS [SMD = 0.03 (CI 95%: [-0.01, 0.07], I² = 0%); p = 0.150], but it improved lipid profile [SMD = 0.06 (CI 95%: [-0.00, 0.12], I² = 0%); p = 0. 050]. Olive oil had no effect on MetS [SMD = -0.01 (CI 95%: [-0.05, 0.03]), I² = 55%; p = 0.550)]. The supplementation with hydroxytyrosol, oleic acid or olive oil showed a beneficial effect on antioxidant capacity related to components of MetS [SMD = 0.31 (CI 95%: [-0.34, 0.95], I² = 81%)]; p = 0.35).

CONCLUSION

Most articles compared olive oil and oleic acid with other strategies specially designed for MetS management. Our findings suggest that olive oil or oleic acid consumption are as good as the other strategies to manage MetS.

Thermally driven formation of polyphenolic carbonized nanogels with high anticoagulant activity from polysaccharides

We have demonstrated that alginate with negligible anticoagulant activity can be converted into carbonized nanogels with potent anticoagulant activity through a solid-state heating process. The conversion of alginate into graphene-like nanosheet (GNS)-embedded polyphenolic-alginate nanogels (GNS/Alg-NGs) has been carried out through condensation and carbonization processes. The GNS/Alg-NGs exhibit much stronger anticoagulant activity (>520-fold) compared to untreated alginate, mainly because their polyphenolic structures have a high binding affinity [dissociation constant (K_d) = 2.1 × 10^-10 M] toward thrombin. In addition, the thrombin clotting time delay caused by the GNS/Alg-NGs is 10-fold longer than that of natural polyphenolic compounds, such as quercetin, catechin, naringenin, caffeic acid, and ferulic acid. The thrombin- or kaolin-activated thromboelastography of whole-blood coagulation reveals that the GNS/Alg-NGs display a much stronger anticoagulant ability than that of untreated alginate and naturally sulfated polysaccharides (fucoidan). The GNS/Alg-NGs exhibit superior biocompatibility and anticoagulant activity, as observed with an in vivo rat model, revealing their potential as a blood thinner for the treatment of thrombotic disorders.

Recent Advances in Heterologous Synthesis Paving Way for Future Green-Modular Bioindustries: A Review With Special Reference to Isoflavonoids

Isoflavonoids are well-known plant secondary metabolites that have gained importance in recent time due to their multiple nutraceutical and pharmaceutical applications. In plants, isoflavonoids play a role in plant defense and can confer the host plant a competitive advantage to survive and flourish under environmental challenges. In animals, isoflavonoids have been found to interact with multiple signaling pathways and have demonstrated estrogenic, antioxidant and anti-oncologic activities in vivo. The activity of isoflavonoids in the estrogen pathways is such that the class has also been collectively called phytoestrogens. Over 2,400 isoflavonoids, predominantly from legumes, have been identified so far. The biosynthetic pathways of several key isoflavonoids have been established, and the genes and regulatory components involved in the biosynthesis have been characterized. The biosynthesis and accumulation of isoflavonoids in plants are regulated by multiple complex environmental and genetic factors and interactions. Due to this complexity of secondary metabolism regulation, the export and engineering of isoflavonoid biosynthetic pathways into non-endogenous plants are difficult, and instead, the microorganisms Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Escherichia coli have been adapted and engineered for heterologous isoflavonoid synthesis. However, the current ex-planta production approaches have been limited due to slow enzyme kinetics and traditionally laborious genetic engineering methods and require further optimization and development to address the required titers, reaction rates and yield for commercial application. With recent progress in metabolic engineering and the availability of advanced synthetic biology tools, it is envisaged that highly efficient heterologous hosts will soon be engineered to fulfill the growing market demand.

Biofunctional Feed Supplemented With By-products of Olive Oil Production Improves Tissue Antioxidant Profile of Lambs

BACKGROUND/AIM

Olive mill wastewater (OMW) is a byproduct of olive oil production. The aim of the study was to estimate the redox profile of lambs' vital organs after consumption of an OMW-supplemented feed.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Twenty-four lambs received breast milk until day 15. Then, they were divided in two groups: control and OMW, n=12 each. The control group received standard ration, while the OMW group received OMW enriched feed along with mother's milk until day 42 and animals (n=6 per group) were sacrificed. The remaining 12 received the feeds until day 70 and sacrificed. Tissue samples were collected at day 42 and 70 and specific redox biomarkers were assessed.

RESULTS

Overall, the OMW feed improved tissue redox profile by affecting the glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity and γ-glutamate-cysteine ligase (γ-GCL) expression in all tested tissues. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was not affected.

CONCLUSION

The polyphenol-rich byproduct reinforced lamb redox profile and may putatively improve their wellness and productivity.

Virgin Coconut Oil Resists Arsenic-Induced Cerebral Neurotoxicity and Cholesterol Imbalance via Suppression of Oxidative Stress, Adenosine Deaminase and Acetylcholinesterase Activities in Rats

Arsenic (As) is a classic neurotoxicant; its pathogenesis is associated with oxidative stress and oxidative stress-mediated cholinergic deficits. This study explored antioxidant activity of virgin coconut oil (VCO) against sodium arsenite-induced oxidative stress-mediated cerebral neurotoxicity in rats. Eighteen rats were divided into 3 groups- Normal control, As control and VCO + As. The VCO (5 mL/kg) was given once daily by oral gavage from day 1 to day 21, while As (10 mg/kg) was given once daily by oral gavage from day 15 to day 21. Cerebral superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), malondialdehyde (MDA), adenosine deaminase (ADA) and acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activities were analysed. Nitric oxide (NO), lipid profile, phospholipid (PL), and reduced glutathione (GSH) were also evaluated in cerebral homogenate. The cerebrum was sectioned for histological analysis. Administration of As induced significant depressions in antioxidant enzymes, GSH, PL, and HDL-c compared to normal control. Levels of MDA, NO, total cholesterol and activities of ADA, AchE in the cerebrum were markedly increased by As compared to normal rats. Lipid profile indices and PL were prominently altered by As. Histopathological study supported the biochemical findings through extensive cerebral damage. In contrast, oral supplementation of VCO prior to and along with As treatment significantly attenuated the As-induced biochemical alterations and restored near-normal histology. VCO attenuates cerebral neurotoxicity by strengthening endogenous antioxidant defence and cholinergic function via counteracting free-radical-mediated arsenic toxicity.

Evolving Interplay Between Dietary Polyphenols and Gut Microbiota-An Emerging Importance in Healthcare

Polyphenols are natural plant compounds and are the most abundant antioxidants in the human diet. As the gastrointestinal tract is the primary organ provided to diet sections, the diet may be regarded as one of the essential factors in the functionality, integrity, and composition of intestinal microbiota. In the gastrointestinal tract, many polyphenols remain unabsorbed and may accumulate in the large intestine, where the intestinal microbiota are most widely metabolized. When assuming primary roles for promoting host well-being, this intestinal health environment is presented to the effect of external influences, including dietary patterns. A few different methodologies have been developed to increase solvency and transport across the gastrointestinal tract and move it to targeted intestinal regions to resolve dietary polyphenols at the low bioavailability. Polyphenols form a fascinating community among the different nutritional substances, as some of them have been found to have critical biological activities that include antioxidant, antimicrobial, or anticarcinogenic activities. Besides, it affects metabolism and immunity of the intestines and has anti-inflammatory properties. The well-being status of subjects can also benefit from the development of bioactive polyphenol-determined metabolites, although the mechanisms have not been identified. Even though the incredible variety of health-advancing activities of dietary polyphenols has been widely studied, their effect on intestinal biology adaptation, and two-way relationship between polyphenols and microbiota is still poorly understood. We focused on results of polyphenols in diet with biological activities, gut ecology, and the influence of their proportional links on human well-being and disease in this study.

Exploring the role of polyphenols in rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, inflammatory and autoimmune disorder which is mainly characterized by inflammation in joints, bone erosions and cartilaginous destruction that leads to joint dysfunction, deformation, and/or permanent functional impairment. The prevalence of RA is increasing, incurring a considerable burden on healthcare systems globally. The exact etiology of RA is unknown, with various pathways implicated in its pathophysiology. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) including celecoxib, diclofenac and ibuprofen, disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARD) including azathioprine, methotrexate and cyclosporine, biological agents including anakinra, infliximab, and rituximab and immunosuppressants are used for symptomatic relief in patients with RA, but these medications have severe adverse effects such as gastric ulcers, hypertension, hepatotoxicity and renal abnormalities which restrict their use in the treatment of RA; new RA treatments with minimal side-effects are urgently required. There is accumulating evidence that dietary polyphenols may show therapeutic efficacy in RA through their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, apoptotic, and immunosuppressant activities and modulation of the tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), IL-1β, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and nuclear factor κ light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell (NF-κB) pathways. While resveratrol, genistein, carnosol, epigallocatechin gallate, curcumin, kaempferol, and hydroxytyrosol have also been studied for the treatment of RA, the majority of data are derived from animal models. Here, we review the various pathways involved in the development of RA and the preclinical and clinical data supporting polyphenols as potential therapeutic agents in RA patients. Our review highlights that high-quality clinical studies are required to decisively establish the anti-rheumatic efficacy of polyphenolic compounds.