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Bozzatello P, Novelli R, Montemagni C, Rocca P, Bellino S. Nutraceuticals in Psychiatric Disorders: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4824. [PMID: 38732043 PMCID: PMC11084672 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Correct nutrition and diet are directly correlated with mental health, functions of the immune system, and gut microbiota composition. Diets with a high content of some nutrients, such as fibers, phytochemicals, and short-chain fatty acids (omega-3 fatty acids), seem to have an anti-inflammatory and protective action on the nervous system. Among nutraceuticals, supplementation of probiotics and omega-3 fatty acids plays a role in improving symptoms of several mental disorders. In this review, we collect data on the efficacy of nutraceuticals in patients with schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders, major depression, bipolar disorder, and personality disorders. This narrative review aims to provide an overview of recent evidence obtained on this topic, pointing out the direction for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Bozzatello
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Via Cherasco 15, 10126 Turin, Italy; (R.N.); (C.M.); (P.R.); (S.B.)
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2
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Zagkos L, Drenos F, Emmett P, Blakemore AI, Nordström T, Hurtig T, Jarvelin MR, Dovey TM. Associations of adolescents' diet and meal patterns with school performance in the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986: A Mendelian randomisation study. Appetite 2023; 190:107036. [PMID: 37734238 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.107036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several observational studies indicate that dietary habits in children and adolescents are associated with school performance. These associations are heavily confounded by socio-economic characteristics, such as household income and parents' educational attainment, amongst other factors. The objective of this study was to explore the association between diet and school performance in adolescents from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 (NFBC1986). METHODS Dietary and school performance data were collected using self-reported questionnaires from adolescents in the NFBC1986 cross-sectional, 16-year follow-up study. In this work we derived exploratory factors for the dietary variables, frequency of skipping main meals and school performance variables, performed genome-wide association studies (GWAS) against these factors to obtain genetic association data and conducted one-sample and two-sample Mendelian randomisation (MR) analyses using individual level data for up to 9220 adolescents in NFBC1986 and GWAS results from external cohorts. We report observational and MR effects of diet on school performance and cognition-related phenotypes. RESULTS The observational study and the one-sample Mendelian randomisation analysis showed that high fat, salt and sugar (HFSS) consumption was associated with poor school performance in general/science subjects (-0.080, -0.128 to -0.033) and staple food consumption with better school performance in general/science subjects (0.071, 0.024 to 0.119) and physical education (0.065, 0.021 to 0.110). Findings from our two-sample MR analysis identified dietary principal components described best as whole brain bread, wheat, cheese, oat cereal and red wine to be associated with higher educational attainment and other cognition-related phenotypes. CONCLUSION Using genetics, we highlighted the potential role of HFSS food consumption and consumption of the components of a staple food diet for school performance. However, further research is required to find conclusive evidence that could support a causal role of diet on school performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loukas Zagkos
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge, London, UB8 3PH, UK; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, W2 1PG, UK.
| | - Fotios Drenos
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge, London, UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Pauline Emmett
- Bristol Medical School: Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, 69 St Michael's Hill, Bristol, BS2 8DZ, UK
| | - Alexandra I Blakemore
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge, London, UB8 3PH, UK; Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Tanja Nordström
- Northern Finland Birth Cohorts, Infrastructure for Population Studies, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Pentti Kaiteran Katu 1, 90570, Oulu, Finland; Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, PO Box 8000, FI-90014, Oulun Yliopisto, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Pentti Kaiteran Katu 1, 90570, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tuula Hurtig
- Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience and PEDEGO Research Unit, University of Oulu, Finland; Clinic of Child Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, 90230, Peltolantie 13-15, 90210, Oulu, Finland
| | - Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge, London, UB8 3PH, UK; Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, PO Box 8000, FI-90014, Oulun Yliopisto, Finland; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, W2 1PG, UK; Unit of Primary Health Care, Oulu University Hospital, OYS, Kajaanintie 50, 90220, Oulu, Finland
| | - Terence M Dovey
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge, London, UB8 3PH, UK
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Casas I, Nakaki A, Pascal R, Castro-Barquero S, Youssef L, Genero M, Benitez L, Larroya M, Boutet ML, Casu G, Gomez-Gomez A, Pozo OJ, Morilla I, Martínez-Àran A, Vieta E, Gómez-Roig MD, Casas R, Estruch R, Gratacos E, Crispi F, Crovetto F. Effects of a Mediterranean Diet Intervention on Maternal Stress, Well-Being, and Sleep Quality throughout Gestation-The IMPACT-BCN Trial. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15102362. [PMID: 37242244 DOI: 10.3390/nu15102362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress and anxiety are frequent occurrences among pregnant women. We aimed to evaluate the effects of a Mediterranean diet intervention during pregnancy on maternal stress, well-being, and sleep quality throughout gestation. In a randomized clinical trial, 1221 high-risk pregnant women were randomly allocated into three groups at 19-23 weeks' gestation: a Mediterranean diet intervention, a Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction program, or usual care. All women who provided self-reported life-style questionnaires to measure their anxiety (State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)), well-being (WHO Five Well Being Index (WHO-5)), and sleep quality (Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI)) at enrollment and at the end of the intervention (34-36 weeks) were included. In a random subgroup of 106 women, the levels of cortisol and related metabolites were also measured. At the end of the intervention (34-36 weeks), participants in the Mediterranean diet group had significantly lower perceived stress and anxiety scores (PSS mean (SE) 15.9 (0.4) vs. 17.0 (0.4), p = 0.035; STAI-anxiety mean (SE) 13.6 (0.4) vs. 15.8 (0.5), p = 0.004) and better sleep quality (PSQI mean 7.0 ± 0.2 SE vs. 7.9 ± 0.2 SE, p = 0.001) compared to usual care. As compared to usual care, women in the Mediterranean diet group also had a more significant increase in their 24 h urinary cortisone/cortisol ratio during gestation (mean 1.7 ± SE 0.1 vs. 1.3 ± SE 0.1, p < 0.001). A Mediterranean diet intervention during pregnancy is associated with a significant reduction in maternal anxiety and stress, and improvements in sleep quality throughout gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Casas
- BCNatal|Fetal Medicine Research Center (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ayako Nakaki
- BCNatal|Fetal Medicine Research Center (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosalia Pascal
- BCNatal|Fetal Medicine Research Center (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Primary Care Interventions to Prevent Maternal and Child Chronic Diseases of Perinatal and Development Origin, RD21/0012/0001, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28040 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Deu (IRSJD), 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Castro-Barquero
- BCNatal|Fetal Medicine Research Center (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Internal Medicine Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lina Youssef
- BCNatal|Fetal Medicine Research Center (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona Campus, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariona Genero
- BCNatal|Fetal Medicine Research Center (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leticia Benitez
- BCNatal|Fetal Medicine Research Center (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Larroya
- BCNatal|Fetal Medicine Research Center (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Laura Boutet
- BCNatal|Fetal Medicine Research Center (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Giulia Casu
- BCNatal|Fetal Medicine Research Center (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alex Gomez-Gomez
- Integrative Pharmacology & Systems Neuroscience Group, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oscar J Pozo
- Integrative Pharmacology & Systems Neuroscience Group, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ivette Morilla
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Hospital Clinic, Neuroscience Institute, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, CIBERSAM, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anabel Martínez-Àran
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Hospital Clinic, Neuroscience Institute, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, CIBERSAM, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Vieta
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Hospital Clinic, Neuroscience Institute, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, CIBERSAM, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Dolores Gómez-Roig
- BCNatal|Fetal Medicine Research Center (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Primary Care Interventions to Prevent Maternal and Child Chronic Diseases of Perinatal and Development Origin, RD21/0012/0001, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28040 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Deu (IRSJD), 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Casas
- Department of Internal Medicine Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramon Estruch
- Department of Internal Medicine Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduard Gratacos
- BCNatal|Fetal Medicine Research Center (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBER-ER), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fàtima Crispi
- BCNatal|Fetal Medicine Research Center (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBER-ER), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesca Crovetto
- BCNatal|Fetal Medicine Research Center (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Primary Care Interventions to Prevent Maternal and Child Chronic Diseases of Perinatal and Development Origin, RD21/0012/0001, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28040 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Deu (IRSJD), 08950 Barcelona, Spain
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Borasio F, De Cosmi V, D’Oria V, Scaglioni S, Syren MLE, Turolo S, Agostoni C, Coniglio M, Molteni M, Antonietti A, Lorusso ML. Associations between Dietary Intake, Blood Levels of Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acids and Reading Abilities in Children. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13020368. [PMID: 36830737 PMCID: PMC9952928 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Lower levels of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been described in individuals with reading difficulties, but the degree and the nature of such deficiencies as well as the role of nutrition are a matter of debate. The aim of the present study was to investigate the associations between PUFA blood levels, nutritional status, and reading/writing/phonological awareness performances in 42 school-age children with varying levels of reading ability. Significant correlations were found between PUFA levels (specific omega-6/omega-3 ratios), the ratio of omega-6-derived calories to the total amount of calories and reading scores. Mediation analysis showed a mediating effect of fatty acids on the association between reading speed scores and nutritional status. Moderation analysis, moreover, showed that the associations of omega-6/omega-3 ratios in the blood and Kcal omega-6/Kcal total in dietary intake were moderated by reading speed performances. Results of the mediation and moderation models confirm that the associations of dietary intake with PUFA levels in the blood vary depending on learning abilities. Reading skills appear to be sensitive to the effects of a complex set of favorable conditions related to the presence of higher omega-3 blood levels. These conditions may reflect the action of dietary as well as genetic and epigenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Borasio
- Scientific Institute IRCSS E. Medea, Unit of Child Psychopathology, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 20123 Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina De Cosmi
- Department of Clinical and Community Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica D’Oria
- Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva Donna-Bambino, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Scaglioni
- Fondazione De Marchi, Department of Pediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Turolo
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, SC Nephrology Dialysis and Pediatric Transplantation, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Agostoni
- Department of Clinical and Community Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
- SC Pediatria-Immunoreumatologia, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Marilena Coniglio
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, SC Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Molteni
- Scientific Institute IRCSS E. Medea, Unit of Child Psychopathology, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Alessandro Antonietti
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 20123 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Lorusso
- Scientific Institute IRCSS E. Medea, Unit of Child Psychopathology, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Binge eating among young adults: association with sociodemographic factors, nutritional intake, dietary n-6: n-3 ratio and impulsivity. Br J Nutr 2021; 126:1431-1440. [PMID: 33441196 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521000118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Binge eating behaviour (BE) is the major symptom of binge eating disorder (BED). This study aimed to compare the nutritional intake in the presence or absence of BE, with a particular focus on dietary n-6:n-3 ratio, to assess the association between BE and impulsivity and the mediating effect of BMI on this association. A total of 450 university students (age 18-28 years) participated. The self-administered questionnaires were a semi-quantitative FFQ and the UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale and the binge eating scale. The average BE score was 11·6 (se 7·388), and 20 % of the total participants scored above the cut-off of 17, thus presenting BE with 95 % CI of 16·3, 23·7 %. Our study revealed that greater BMI, higher total energy intake, greater negative urgency and positive urgency scores were significantly associated with BE. Participants with high value of dietary n-6:n-3 ratio were 1·335 more at risk to present a BE compared with those with a lower value of this ratio (P = 0·017). The relationship between BE score and UPPS domains score was not mediated by the BMI. This is the first study reporting a link between high dietary n-6:n-3 ratio and BE as well as the fact that BE was linked to both, negative and positive urgencies, and that the association between BE and impulsivity was not mediated by BMI. These findings can help to deal more efficiently with people suffering from BE, a symptom that can precede the development of BED.
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Bozzatello P, Blua C, Rocca P, Bellino S. Mental Health in Childhood and Adolescence: The Role of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids. Biomedicines 2021; 9:850. [PMID: 34440053 PMCID: PMC8389598 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9080850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing awareness of the importance of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) for optimal brain development and function. In recent decades, researchers have confirmed the central role of PUFAs in a variety of patho-physiological processes. These agents modulate the mechanisms of brain cell signalling including the dopaminergic and serotonergic pathways. Therefore, nutritional insufficiencies of PUFAs may have adverse effects on brain development and developmental outcomes. The role of n-3 PUFAs has been studied in several psychiatric disorders in adulthood: schizophrenia, major depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorders, eating disorders, substance use disorder, and borderline personality disorder. In contrast to the great number of studies conducted in adults, there are only limited data on the effects of n-3 PUFA supplementation in children and adolescents who suffer from mental disorders or show a high risk of developing psychiatric disorders. The aim of this review is to provide a complete and updated account of the available evidence of the impact of polyunsaturated fatty acids on developmental psychopathology in children and adolescents and the effect of fatty acid supplementation during developmental milestones, particularly in high-risk populations of children with minimal but detectable signs or symptoms of mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Silvio Bellino
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (P.B.); (C.B.); (P.R.)
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Meyer BJ, Byrne MK, Cortie CH, Parletta N, Jones A, Eckermann S, Butler T, Greenberg D, Batterham M, Fernandez F, Schofield PW, Winberg PC, Bowles K, Dally J, Martin AM, Grant L. The effect of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on aggressive behaviour in adult male prisoners: a structured study protocol for a multi-centre, double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial and translation into policy and practice. Trials 2021; 22:318. [PMID: 33934704 PMCID: PMC8088826 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-021-05252-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interventions to better manage aggressive behaviour and reduce recidivism are a primary concern for corrective services. Nutritional interventions to correct prisoner behaviour have been largely overlooked in the literature. Emerging evidence suggests that dietary intake influences aggressive behaviours and that nutritional supplementation with omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFA) could attenuate both the severity and frequency of aggressive behaviour. METHODS Adult male prisoners who have a history of aggressive behaviour (n = 600) will be recruited from at least 6 Correctional Centres and randomised to receive either n-3 LCPUFA or placebo supplementation for a 16-week duration. Treatment will be with either 1 g/day of n-3 LCPUFA (694 mg DHA and 397 mg EPA) or placebo capsules, which are a corn/soy oil blend and are identical in size and colour. The primary outcome measure is the Inmate Behavioural Observation Scale (IBOS): an objective measure of aggressive behaviour. Secondary outcome measures include questionnaires (including aggression, attention deficit disorder, impulsivity, depression/anxiety/stress scales), engagement in programmes, recidivism and quality of life. Baseline and post-intervention assessments include the IBOS, questionnaires and blood to measure the levels of n-3 LCPUFA. DISCUSSION To conclusively test the potential that increasing n-3 LCPUFA intakes can improve rates of prisoner aggression and associated mental health and violence-related social system management costs, we propose an adequately powered multi-centre, double-blind, randomised controlled trial, examining the effects of n-3 LCPUFA supplementation on aggressive behaviour in adult male prisoners. If successful, this study will inform prisoner policy with respect to nutrition and by inference contribute to a broader community approach to preventative mental health practices. TRIAL REGISTRATION Australian New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry (ANZCTR) ACTRN12618001665224 . Registered on 10 October 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara J Meyer
- School of Medicine, Lipid Research Centre, Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong and Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.
| | - Mitchell K Byrne
- School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Colin H Cortie
- School of Medicine, Lipid Research Centre, Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong and Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Natalie Parletta
- Centre for Population Health Research, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia
| | - Alison Jones
- DVC (Health and Communities), University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Simon Eckermann
- Australian Health Services Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Tony Butler
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - David Greenberg
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Justice Health & Forensic Mental Health Network, Anzac Pde., Matraville, NSW, 2035, Australia
| | - Marijka Batterham
- School of Mathematics & Applied Statistics, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Francesca Fernandez
- School of Health and Behavioural Science, Australian Catholic University, Banyo, QLD, 4014, Australia
| | - Peter W Schofield
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, 2300, Australia
| | - Pia C Winberg
- Venus Shell Systems, PO Box 2149, Bomaderry, NSW, 2541, Australia
| | - Kate Bowles
- School of the Arts, English and Media, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Jean Dally
- Corrective Services NSW, 20 Lee St, Haymarket, NSW, 2000, Australia
| | | | - Luke Grant
- Corrective Services NSW, 20 Lee St, Haymarket, NSW, 2000, Australia
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Qureshi FM, Kunaratnam N, Kolla NJ, Konkolÿ Thege B. Nutritional supplementation in the treatment of violent and aggressive behavior: A systematic review. Aggress Behav 2021; 47:296-309. [PMID: 33580517 DOI: 10.1002/ab.21953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Aggression in correctional and psychiatric settings is relatively common and has a negative effect on physical and mental health both among inmates/clients and staff, as well as organizational-level functioning. The aim of the present study was to critically review the evidence on the effectiveness of nutritional supplements in reducing aggression and violence to contribute to a better understanding of options available for managing aggressive behaviors in adults. The EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library, and PubMed databases were searched for effectiveness studies published in English anytime up until March 2020. Study quality was assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Altogether, 14 studies met inclusion criteria; 2 investigated micronutrients, 10 examined macronutrients, while further 2 examined a combination of micro and macronutrients. Out of the 14 studies, 5 reported a beneficial effect of nutritional supplementation (omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins/minerals, S-adenosyl-l-methionine, or tryptophan). Five studies did not report a significant beneficial effect of nutritional supplementation (omega-3 fatty acids, folic acid, tryptophan, broad range supplement containing vitamins and fatty acids, and fatty acids in augmentation with valproic acid), while four studies reported mixed effects (on l-tryptophan, broad-range micronutrient formula, folic acid, and omega-3 fatty acids). The results overall indicated that research in this area is in its infancy: very few studies examined the same composition of nutritional supplementation and when they did so the results were contradictory. The methodological shortcoming of existing studies and directions for future research are discussed to facilitate high-quality research in this evolving area of nutritional psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad M. Qureshi
- Faculty of Medicine University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Nirsan Kunaratnam
- SickKids Research Institute The Hospital for Sick Children Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Nathan J. Kolla
- Waypoint Research Institute Waypoint Centre for Mental Health Care Penetanguishene Ontario Canada
- Department of Psychiatry University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Barna Konkolÿ Thege
- Waypoint Research Institute Waypoint Centre for Mental Health Care Penetanguishene Ontario Canada
- Department of Psychiatry University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
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9
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Foods, Nutrients and Dietary Patterns in Relation to Irrational Beliefs and Related Psychological Disorders: The ATTICA Epidemiological Study. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051472. [PMID: 33925406 PMCID: PMC8146573 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We explored the differences in dietary habits and dietary patterns between individuals characterized by irrational beliefs with no or low anxiety and depressive symptoms and individuals characterized by irrational beliefs with high anxiety and depressive symptomatology. Within the context of the ATTICA cohort study (2002–2012), 853 participants without evidence of cardiovascular disease (453 men (45 ± 13 years) and 400 women (44 ± 18 years)) underwent mental health assessment through the irrational beliefs inventory (IBI), the Zung self-rating depression scale (ZDRS) and the state–trait anxiety inventory (STAI). Demographic characteristics, a thorough medical history, dietary behaviour and other lifestyle behaviours were also evaluated and analysed using factor analysis. Five main factors related to dietary patterns were extracted for the high-IBI/low-STAI group of participants (explaining the 63% of the total variation in consumption), whereas four factors were extracted for the high-IBI/high-STAI participants, the high-IBI/low-ZDRS participants and the high-IBI/high-ZDRS participants, explaining 53%, 54% and 54% of the total variation, respectively. A Western-type dietary pattern was the most dominant factor for individuals reporting irrational beliefs and anxiety or depressive symptomatology. The high refined carbohydrates and fats dietary pattern was the most dominant factor for individuals with irrational beliefs but without psychopathology. Linear regression analysis showed that irrational beliefs, in combination with anxiety or depression, age, sex and BMI, were important predictors of adherence to the Mediterranean diet. Dietary habits interact with irrational beliefs and, in association with the consequent psychological disorders, are associated with overall diet, and presumably may affect the health status of individuals.
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Antraco VJ, Hirata BKS, de Jesus Simão J, Cruz MM, da Silva VS, da Cunha de Sá RDC, Abdala FM, Armelin-Correa L, Alonso-Vale MIC. Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Prevent Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) and Stimulate Adipogenesis. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020622. [PMID: 33671850 PMCID: PMC7918199 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing impact of obesity on global human health intensifies the importance of studies focusing on agents interfering with the metabolism and remodeling not only of the white adipose tissue (WAT) but also of the liver. In the present study, we have addressed the impact of n-3 PUFA in adipose cells' proliferation and adipogenesis, as well as in the hepatic lipid profile and morphology. Mice were induced to obesity by the consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD) for 16 weeks. At the 9th week, the treatment with fish oil (FO) was initiated and maintained until the end of the period. The FO treatment reduced the animals' body mass, plasma lipids, glucose, plasma transaminases, liver mass, triacylglycerol, and cholesterol liver content when compared to animals consuming only HFD. FO also decreased the inguinal (ing) WAT mass, reduced adipocyte volume, increased adipose cellularity (hyperplasia), and increased the proliferation of adipose-derived stromal cells (AdSCs) which corroborates the increment in the proliferation of 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes or AdSCs treated in vitro with n-3 PUFA. After submitting the in vitro treated (n-3 PUFA) cells, 3T3-L1 and AdSCs, to an adipogenic cocktail, there was an increase in the mRNA expression of adipogenic transcriptional factors and other late adipocyte markers, as well as an increase in lipid accumulation when compared to not treated cells. Finally, the expression of browning-related genes was also higher in the n-3 PUFA treated group. We conclude that n-3 PUFA exerts an attenuating effect on body mass, dyslipidemia, and hepatic steatosis induced by HFD. FO treatment led to decreasing adiposity and adipocyte hypertrophy in ingWAT while increasing hyperplasia. Data suggest that FO treatment might induce recruitment (by increased proliferation and differentiation) of new adipocytes (white and/or beige) to the ingWAT, which is fundamental for the healthy expansion of WAT.
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Raine A, Fung ALC, Gao Y, Lee TMC. Omega-3 supplementation, child antisocial behavior, and psychopathic personality: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, stratified, parallel group trial. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2021; 30:303-312. [PMID: 32222821 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-020-01513-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
While some RCTs have observed efficacy for omega-3 supplementation in reducing antisocial behavior, the role of psychopathic personality and gender in moderating treatment outcome has not been examined. This study examines whether omega-3 supplementation reduces antisocial behavior, and whether any treatment effects are a function of gender and psychopathy. Three hundred and twenty-four schoolchildren with a mean age of 11.9 years were randomized into 3 groups: omega-3 (N = 108), placebo (N = 110), and no-treatment controls (N = 106). Parent and child reports of child antisocial and aggressive behavior and psychopathic-like personality were collected at 0 months (baseline), 6 months (end of treatment), and 12 months (6 months post-treatment). A group × time × gender interaction (p = .016) indicated that only females in the omega-3 group showed a significant reduction in antisocial behavior 6 months post-treatment compared to baseline (d = .35), whereas the females in the two control groups showed no change over time. A group x time x psychopathy interaction (p < .006) was also observed, with psychopathic personality levels moderating treatment outcome. Children in the omega-3 group with high (but not low) psychopathic-like personality showed significant improvements in child-reported antisocial behavior at the end of treatment (d = .19) Results suggest that omega-3 supplementation may be helpful in reducing childhood antisocial and aggressive behavior in females, and those with psychopathic-like personalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Raine
- Departments of Criminology, Psychiatry, and Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, McNeil Building, Room 483, 3718 Locust Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6286, USA.
| | - Annis Lai Chu Fung
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu Gao
- Department of Psychology, Brooklyn College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Tatia M C Lee
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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12
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Preventing dementia? Interventional approaches in mild cognitive impairment. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 122:143-164. [PMID: 33440197 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is defined as an intermediate state between normal cognitive aging and dementia. It describes a status of the subjective impression of cognitive decline and objectively detectible memory impairment beyond normal age-related changes. Activities of daily living are not affected. As the population ages, there is a growing need for early, proactive programs that can delay the consequences of dementia and improve the well-being of people with MCI and their caregivers. Various forms and approaches of intervention for older people with MCI have been suggested to delay cognitive decline. Pharmacological as well as non-pharmacological approaches (cognitive, physiological, nutritional supplementation, electric stimulation, psychosocial therapeutic) and multicomponent interventions have been proposed. Interventional approaches in MCI from 2009 to April 2019 concerning the cognitive performance are presented in this review.
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de Groot RHM, Meyer BJ. ISSFAL Official Statement Number 6: The importance of measuring blood omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid levels in research. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2020; 157:102029. [PMID: 31740196 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2019.102029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A statement on measuring blood omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid levels was developed and edited based on input from ISSFAL members and accepted by vote of the ISSFAL Board of Directors. Summary of Statement: Omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 LCPUFA) levels at baseline and post-intervention should be assessed and reported in future research to evaluate the efficacy of n-3 LCPUFA supplementation: b ecause; 1. there are numerous factors that affect n-3 LCPUFA levels in humans as described in the systematic literature review [1]; 2. assessing intake of n-3 LCPUFA from the diet and/or supplements is not sufficient to accurately determine n-3 LCPUFA levels in humans; 3. some studies do not provide sufficient doses of n-3 LCPUFA to produce a significant impact on bloodstream/organ content and there is substantial variability in the uptake of n-3 LPCUFA into tissues between individuals. In secondary analyses, clinical trials should consider the influence of fatty acid status (baseline, endpoint and change from baseline to endpoint) on the outcome variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate H M de Groot
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Welten Institute, Research Centre for Learning, Teaching and Technology, Open University of the Netherlands, Valkenburgerweg 177, 6419AT Heerlen, the Netherlands
| | - Barbara J Meyer
- School of Medicine, Lipid Research Centre, Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong and Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
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Impact of evening primrose oil consumption on psychological symptoms of postmenopausal women: a randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled clinical trial. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 27:194-198. [PMID: 31738736 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000001434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy and safety of evening primrose oil on women's psychological symptoms during menopause. METHODS A double-blinded randomized placebo-controlled trial carried out from September 2018 to February 2019 in Bandar Abbas, Iran. Eligible women randomly received either 1,000 mg of evening primrose oil capsules daily or matching placebo for 8 weeks. The Main outcome measures were psychological symptoms based on the psychological subscale of the Menopause Rating Scale. Independent samples t test was used for intergroup comparisons and paired samples t test for pre- and post-treatment comparisons. P ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS The 8-week treatment was completed by 189 women. The mean baseline psychological score did not differ among the two groups. After intervention, the psychological score, however, differed significantly among groups (P < 0.01). To distinguish the effect of evening primrose oil, we compared the reduction in the psychological score in each group. Regarding mean differences of the psychological score in both groups, there was a prominent alleviation in the intervention group mean difference: -3.44 (95% confidence interval of difference: -4.01 to -1.20) (P < 0.01). In addition, only one patient reported gastric upset in the intervention group. CONCLUSIONS This study could provide evidence regarding the potential benefits of evening primrose oil for the psychological symptoms of postmenopausal women. Longer trials are necessary to make more reliable decisions about the use of evening primrose oil and its safety in clinical practice.
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Bozzatello P, Rocca P, Mantelli E, Bellino S. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: What is Their Role in Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5257. [PMID: 31652770 PMCID: PMC6862261 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the central nervous system omega-3 fatty acids modulate cell signaling and affect dopaminergic and serotonergic pathways. On this basis, a new application for omega-3 fatty acids has been proposed, concerning the treatment of several psychiatric disorders. The present article is an update of a previous systematic review and is aimed to provide a complete report of data published in the period between 1980 and 2019 on efficacy and tolerability of omega-3 fatty acids in psychiatric disorders. In July 2019, an electronic search on PUBMED, Medline and PsychINFO of all RCTs, systematic reviews and meta-analyses on omega-3 fatty acids and psychiatric disorders without any filter or MESH restriction was performed. After eligibility processes, the final number of records included in this review was 126. One hundred and two of these studies were RCTs, while 24 were reviews and meta-analyses. The role of omega-3 fatty acids was studied in schizophrenia, major depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorders, eating disorders, substance use disorder and borderline personality disorder. The main evidence of the efficacy of omega-3 fatty acids has been obtained in treating depressive symptoms in patients with major depression and, to a lesser degree, bipolar depression. Some efficacy was also found in early phases of schizophrenia in addition to antipsychotic treatment, but not in the chronic phases of psychosis. Small beneficial effects of omega-3 fatty acids were observed in ADHD and positive results were reported in a few trials on core symptoms of borderline personality disorder. For other psychiatric disorders results are inconsistent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Bozzatello
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy.
| | - Paola Rocca
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy.
| | - Emanuela Mantelli
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy.
| | - Silvio Bellino
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy.
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Deák F, Anderson RE, Fessler JL, Sherry DM. Novel Cellular Functions of Very Long Chain-Fatty Acids: Insight From ELOVL4 Mutations. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:428. [PMID: 31616255 PMCID: PMC6763723 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Elongation of Very Long chain fatty acids-4 (ELOVL4) protein is a member of the ELOVL family of fatty acid elongases that is collectively responsible for catalyzing formation of long chain fatty acids. ELOVL4 is the only family member that catalyzes production of Very Long Chain Saturated Fatty Acids (VLC-SFA) and Very Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (VLC-PUFA) with chain lengths ≥28 carbons. ELOVL4 and its VLC-SFA and VLC-PUFA products are emerging as important regulators of synaptic signaling and neuronal survival in the central nervous system (CNS). Distinct sets of mutations in ELOVL4 cause three different neurological diseases in humans. Heterozygous inheritance of one set of autosomal dominant ELOVL4 mutations that leads to truncation of the ELOVL4 protein causes Stargardt-like macular dystrophy (STGD3), an aggressive juvenile-onset retinal degeneration. Heterozygous inheritance of a different set of autosomal dominant ELOVL4 mutations that leads to a full-length protein with single amino acid substitutions causes spinocerebellar ataxia 34 (SCA34), a late-onset neurodegenerative disease characterized by gait ataxia and cerebellar atrophy. Homozygous inheritance of a different set of ELOVL4 mutations causes a more severe disease with infantile onset characterized by seizures, spasticity, intellectual disability, ichthyosis, and premature death. ELOVL4 is expressed widely in the CNS and is found primarily in neurons. ELOVL4 is expressed in cell-specific patterns within different regions of the CNS that are likely to be related to disease symptoms. In the retina, ELOVL4 is expressed exclusively in photoreceptors and produces VLC-PUFA that are incorporated into phosphatidylcholine and enriched in the light sensitive membrane disks of the photoreceptor outer segments. VLC-PUFA are enzymatically converted into "elovanoid" compounds that appear to provide paracrine signals that promote photoreceptor and neuronal survival. In the brain, the main ELOVL4 products are VLC-SFA that are incorporated into sphingolipids and enriched in synaptic vesicles, where they regulate kinetics of presynaptic neurotransmitter release. Understanding the function of ELOVL4 and its VLC-SFA and VLC-PUFA products will advance our understanding of basic mechanisms in neural signaling and has potential for developing novel therapies for seizure and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferenc Deák
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States.,Oklahoma Center for Neurosciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States.,Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Robert E Anderson
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States.,Oklahoma Center for Neurosciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States.,Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Jennifer L Fessler
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - David M Sherry
- Oklahoma Center for Neurosciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
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Abstract
Numerous health benefits are attributed to the n-3 long-chain PUFA (n-3 LCPUFA); EPA and DHA. A systematic literature review was conducted to investigate factors, other than diet, that are associated with the n-3 LCPUFA levels. The inclusion criteria were papers written in English, carried out in adult non-pregnant humans, n-3 LCPUFA measured in blood or tissue, data from cross-sectional studies, or baseline data from intervention studies. The search revealed 5076 unique articles of which seventy were included in the qualitative synthesis. Three main groups of factors potentially associated with n-3 LCPUFA levels were identified: (1) unmodifiable factors (sex, genetics, age), (2) modifiable factors (body size, physical activity, alcohol, smoking) and (3) bioavailability factors (chemically bound form of supplements, krill oil v. fish oil, and conversion of plant-derived α-linolenic acid (ALA) to n-3 LCPUFA). Results showed that factors positively associated with n-3 LCPUFA levels were age, female sex (women younger than 50 years), wine consumption and the TAG form. Factors negatively associated with n-3 LCPUFA levels were genetics, BMI (if erythrocyte EPA and DHA levels are <5·6 %) and smoking. The evidence for girth, physical activity and krill oil v. fish oil associated with n-3 LCPUFA levels is inconclusive. There is also evidence that higher ALA consumption leads to increased levels of EPA but not DHA. In conclusion, sex, age, BMI, alcohol consumption, smoking and the form of n-3 LCPUFA are all factors that need to be taken into account in n-3 LCPUFA research.
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Almeida CRD, Coutinho ESF, Silva DA, Oliveira ERAD, Bloch KV, Viana MC. Exposição ao aleitamento materno e transtornos mentais comuns na adolescência. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2019; 35:e00093718. [DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00093718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo: O objetivo foi avaliar o efeito da exposição e do tempo de exposição ao aleitamento materno na ocorrência de transtornos mentais comuns (TMC) entre adolescentes escolares brasileiros. Este trabalho analisou dados do Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes (ERICA), avaliando aqueles que tiveram o questionário referente ao aleitamento materno respondido pelos pais ou responsáveis. A presença de TMC foi identificada pelo General Health Questionnaire, versão 12 itens (GHQ-12), considerando-se dois pontos de corte (escores ≥ 3 e ≥ 5). As associações foram testadas em análises bivariadas e por meio de modelos de regressão logística múltipla, com ajustes por variáveis potenciais de confusão. Dentre os 41.723 adolescentes avaliados, a maioria foi composta por estudantes do sexo feminino (54,6%), que tinham idades entre 12 e 15 anos (71%), estudavam em escolas públicas (83,1%), residiam na Região Sudeste (51,9%) e eram das classes econômicas B (53,8%) e C (34,1%). Cerca de metade das mães dos adolescentes não tinha o ensino médio completo (51,7%). O grupo de adolescentes com mais de seis meses de aleitamento materno (51,8%) apresentou uma menor prevalência de TMC para os dois pontos de corte do GHQ-12 avaliados, quando comparado com o grupo que não recebeu aleitamento materno ou que o recebeu por período ≤ 1 mês (RI = 0,82; IC95%:0,69-0,97 e RI = 0,74; IC95%: 0,59-0,91 para 3 e 5 pontos, respectivamente). O aleitamento materno prolongado parece desempenhar um papel protetor para a ocorrência de TMC na adolescência.
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Wade AT, Davis CR, Dyer KA, Hodgson JM, Woodman RJ, Keage HAD, Murphy KJ. A Mediterranean diet supplemented with dairy foods improves mood and processing speed in an Australian sample: results from the MedDairy randomized controlled trial. Nutr Neurosci 2018; 23:646-658. [PMID: 30409085 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2018.1543148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background The Mediterranean diet has been linked to improved cognitive function and reduced risk of dementia. However, a traditional Mediterranean diet may not meet calcium requirements for older non-Mediterranean populations, which could limit long-term sustainability in Western countries. The current study therefore aimed to determine the cognitive and psychological effects of a Mediterranean diet with adequate calcium for an ageing Australian population. Method: A randomized controlled cross-over design trial compared a Mediterranean diet with 3-4 daily serves of dairy food (MedDairy) with a low-fat (LF) control diet. Forty-one participants aged ≥45 years with systolic blood pressure ≥120 mm Hg and at least two other risk factors for cardiovascular disease completed each dietary intervention for 8 weeks, with an 8-week washout period separating interventions. Attention, processing speed, memory and planning were assessed at the start and end of each intervention using the Cambridge Automated Neuropsychological Test Battery. Mood and health-related quality of life were evaluated using the Profile of Mood States (POMS) and Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36). Dementia risk was also measured using the Framingham Vascular Risk and CAIDE scores. Results Significant improvements were observed for processing speed (P = .04), Total Mood Disturbance (P = .01), Tension (P = .03), Depression (P = .03), Anger (P = .02), and Confusion (P = .004) following the MedDairy intervention. No significant effects were found for attention, memory and planning, or measures of dementia risk. Conclusion Our study provides evidence that a Mediterranean diet supplemented with dairy foods may benefit cognitive function and psychological well-being in an ageing population at risk of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra T Wade
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide 5001, South Australia
| | - Courtney R Davis
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide 5001, South Australia
| | - Kathryn A Dyer
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide 5001, South Australia
| | - Jonathan M Hodgson
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia.,Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth
| | - Richard J Woodman
- Flinders Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100 Adelaide 5001, South Australia
| | - Hannah A D Keage
- Cognitive Ageing and Impairment Neurosciences, School of Psychology, Social Work and Social Policy, University of South Australian, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Karen J Murphy
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide 5001, South Australia
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Farioli Vecchioli S, Sacchetti S, Nicolis di Robilant V, Cutuli D. The Role of Physical Exercise and Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Depressive Illness in the Elderly. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:308-326. [PMID: 28901279 PMCID: PMC5843982 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170912113852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: In adulthood, depression is the most common type of mental illness and will be the second leading cause of disease by 2020. Major depression dramatically affects the function of the central nervous system and degrades the quality of life, especially in old age. Several mechanisms underlie the pathophysiology of depressive illness, since it has a multifactorial etiology. Human and an-imal studies have demonstrated that depression is mainly associated with imbalances in neurotransmitters and neurotrophins, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis alterations, brain volume changes, neurogenesis dysfunction, and dysregulation of in-flammatory pathways. Also the gut microbiota may influence mental health outcomes. Although depression is not a consequence of normal aging, depressive disorders are common in later life, even if often undi-agnosed or mis-diagnosed in old age. When untreated, depression reduces life expectancy, worsens medical illnesses, en-hances health care costs and is the primary cause of suicide among older people. To date, the underpinnings of depression in the elderly are still to be understood, and the pharmacological treatment is the most commonly used therapy. Objective: Since a sedentary lifestyle and poor eating habits have recently emerged as crucial contributors to the genesis and course of depression, in the present review, we have focused on the effects of physical activity and omega-3 fatty acids on depressive illness in the elderly. Results: A growing literature indicates that both exercise and dietary interventions can promote mental health throughout one’s lifespan. Conclusion: There thus emerges the awareness that an active lifestyle and a balanced diet may constitute valid low-cost pre-vention strategies to counteract depressive illness in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Farioli Vecchioli
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, CNR/Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Sacchetti
- Laboratory of Experimental and Behavioral Neurophysiology, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy.,Department of Psychology, University Sapienza of Rome, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - V Nicolis di Robilant
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, CNR/Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Debora Cutuli
- Laboratory of Experimental and Behavioral Neurophysiology, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy.,Department of Psychology, University Sapienza of Rome, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185, Rome, Italy
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Gabbay V, Freed RD, Alonso CM, Senger S, Stadterman J, Davison BA, Klein RG. A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial of Omega-3 Fatty Acids as a Monotherapy for Adolescent Depression. J Clin Psychiatry 2018; 79:17m11596. [PMID: 29985566 PMCID: PMC6625364 DOI: 10.4088/jcp.17m11596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Reports are mixed on the efficacy of omega-3 fatty acids (O3FA) for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD), with only limited data in adolescents. The present trial aimed to investigate systematically the efficacy of O3FA as a monotherapy, compared to a placebo, in adolescents with MDD. Secondarily, we explored O3FA effects on anhedonia, irritability, and suicidality-all key features of adolescent MDD. METHODS Fifty-one psychotropic medication-free adolescents with DSM-IV-TR diagnoses of MDD (aged 12-19 years; 57% female) were randomized to receive O3FA or a placebo for 10 weeks. Data were collected between January 2006 and June 2013. O3FA and a placebo were administered on a fixed-flexible dose titration schedule based on clinical response and side effects. The initial dose of 1.2 g/d was increased 0.6 g/d every 2 weeks, up to a maximum of 3.6 g/d. Clinician-rated and self-rated depression severity, along with treatment response, served as primary outcome measures. Additionally, we examined O3FA effects on depression-related symptoms, including anhedonia, irritability, and suicidality. Treatment differences were analyzed via intent-to-treat analyses. RESULTS O3FA were not superior to a placebo on any clinical feature, including depression severity and levels of anhedonia, irritability, or suicidality. Additionally, response rates were comparable between treatment groups. Within-treatment analyses indicated that both treatments were associated with significant improvement in depression severity on self- (O3FA: t = -4.38, P < .001; placebo: t = -3.52, P = .002) and clinician (O3FA: t = -6.47, P < .001; placebo: t = -8.10, P < .001) ratings. CONCLUSIONS In adolescents with MDD, O3FA do not appear to be superior to placebo. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00962598.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilma Gabbay
- Pediatric Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Pl, New York, NY 10029. .,Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Rachel G. Klein
- New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
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Portnoy J, Raine A, Liu J, Hibbeln JR. Reductions of intimate partner violence resulting from supplementing children with omega-3 fatty acids: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, stratified, parallel-group trial. Aggress Behav 2018; 44:491-500. [PMID: 29781086 DOI: 10.1002/ab.21769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Omega-3 supplementation has been found to reduce externalizing behavior in children. Reciprocal models of parent-child behavior suggest that improving child behavior could lead to improvements in parent behavior, however no study has examined whether omega-3 supplementation in children could reduce intimate partner violence or child maltreatment by their adult caregivers. In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, stratified, parallel group trial, a community sample of children were randomized to receive either a fruit drink containing 1 gm of omega-3 fats (Smartfish Recharge; Omega-3 group, n = 100) or the same fruit drink without omega-3's (Placebo group, n = 100). Child participants, adult caregivers, and research staff were blinded to group assignment. Adult caregivers reported inter-partner and child-directed physical assault and psychological aggression at baseline, 6 months (end of treatment) and 12 months (6 months post-treatment) using the Conflicts Tactics Scale. Caregivers of children in the omega-3 group reported long-term reductions in psychological aggression in a group × time interaction. Improvements in adult psychological aggression were correlated with improvements in child externalizing behavior scores. No differences were reported for child maltreatment. This study is the first to show that omega-3 supplementation in children can reduce inter-partner psychological aggression among adult caregivers not receiving supplements. Findings suggest that improving child behavior through omega-3 supplementation could have long-term benefits to the family system as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Portnoy
- School of Criminology and Justice Studies, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts
| | - Adrian Raine
- Departments of Criminology, Psychiatry, and Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jianghong Liu
- School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph R Hibbeln
- Section on Nutritional Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland
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Hauser J, Stollberg E, Reissmann A, Kaunzinger I, Lange KW. Alterations of attention and impulsivity in the rat following a transgenerational decrease in dietary omega-3 fatty acids. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Wiley NC, Dinan TG, Ross RP, Stanton C, Clarke G, Cryan JF. The microbiota-gut-brain axis as a key regulator of neural function and the stress response: Implications for human and animal health. J Anim Sci 2018; 95:3225-3246. [PMID: 28727115 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016.1256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain-gut-microbiota axis comprises an extensive communication network between the brain, the gut, and the microbiota residing there. Development of a diverse gut microbiota is vital for multiple features of behavior and physiology, as well as many fundamental aspects of brain structure and function. Appropriate early-life assembly of the gut microbiota is also believed to play a role in subsequent emotional and cognitive development. If the composition, diversity, or assembly of the gut microbiota is impaired, this impairment can have a negative impact on host health and lead to disorders such as obesity, diabetes, inflammatory diseases, and even potentially neuropsychiatric illnesses, including anxiety and depression. Therefore, much research effort in recent years has focused on understanding the potential of targeting the intestinal microbiota to prevent and treat such disorders. This review aims to explore the influence of the gut microbiota on host neural function and behavior, particularly those of relevance to stress-related disorders. The involvement of microbiota in diverse neural functions such as myelination, microglia function, neuronal morphology, and blood-brain barrier integrity across the life span, from early life to adolescence to old age, will also be discussed. Nurturing an optimal gut microbiome may also prove beneficial in animal science as a means to manage stressful situations and to increase productivity of farm animals. The implications of these observations are manifold, and researchers are hopeful that this promising body of preclinical work can be successfully translated to the clinic and beyond.
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Parletta N, Zarnowiecki D, Cho J, Wilson A, Bogomolova S, Villani A, Itsiopoulos C, Niyonsenga T, Blunden S, Meyer B, Segal L, Baune BT, O'Dea K. A Mediterranean-style dietary intervention supplemented with fish oil improves diet quality and mental health in people with depression: A randomized controlled trial (HELFIMED). Nutr Neurosci 2017; 22:474-487. [PMID: 29215971 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2017.1411320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated whether a Mediterranean-style diet (MedDiet) supplemented with fish oil can improve mental health in adults suffering depression. METHODS Adults with self-reported depression were randomized to receive fortnightly food hampers and MedDiet cooking workshops for 3 months and fish oil supplements for 6 months, or attend social groups fortnightly for 3 months. Assessments at baseline, 3 and 6 months included mental health, quality of life (QoL) and dietary questionnaires, and blood samples for erythrocyte fatty acid analysis. RESULTS n = 152 eligible adults aged 18-65 were recruited (n = 95 completed 3-month and n = 85 completed 6-month assessments). At 3 months, the MedDiet group had a higher MedDiet score (t = 3.95, P < 0.01), consumed more vegetables (t = 3.95, P < 0.01), fruit (t = 2.10, P = 0.04), nuts (t = 2.29, P = 0.02), legumes (t = 2.41, P = 0.02) wholegrains (t = 2.63, P = 0.01), and vegetable diversity (t = 3.27, P < 0.01); less unhealthy snacks (t = -2.10, P = 0.04) and red meat/chicken (t = -2.13, P = 0.04). The MedDiet group had greater reduction in depression (t = -2.24, P = 0.03) and improved mental health QoL scores (t = 2.10, P = 0.04) at 3 months. Improved diet and mental health were sustained at 6 months. Reduced depression was correlated with an increased MedDiet score (r = -0.298, P = 0.01), nuts (r = -0.264, P = 0.01), and vegetable diversity (r = -0.303, P = 0.01). Other mental health improvements had similar correlations, most notably for increased vegetable diversity and legumes. There were some correlations between increased omega-3, decreased omega-6 and improved mental health. DISCUSSION This is one of the first randomized controlled trials to show that healthy dietary changes are achievable and, supplemented with fish oil, can improve mental health in people with depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Parletta
- a Centre for Population Health Research , University of South Australia , GPO Box 2471, Adelaide , South Australia 5001 , Australia
| | - Dorota Zarnowiecki
- a Centre for Population Health Research , University of South Australia , GPO Box 2471, Adelaide , South Australia 5001 , Australia
| | - Jihyun Cho
- a Centre for Population Health Research , University of South Australia , GPO Box 2471, Adelaide , South Australia 5001 , Australia
| | - Amy Wilson
- b Ehrenberg-Bass Institute for Marketing Science , University of South Australia , GPO Box 2471, Adelaide , South Australia 5001 , Australia
| | - Svetlana Bogomolova
- b Ehrenberg-Bass Institute for Marketing Science , University of South Australia , GPO Box 2471, Adelaide , South Australia 5001 , Australia
| | - Anthony Villani
- c Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering , University of the Sunshine Coast , 90 Sippy Downs, Sippy Downs , Queensland 4556 , Australia
| | - Catherine Itsiopoulos
- d Discipline of Dietetics and Human Nutrition , La Trobe University , Melbourne , Victoria 3086 , Australia
| | - Theo Niyonsenga
- a Centre for Population Health Research , University of South Australia , GPO Box 2471, Adelaide , South Australia 5001 , Australia.,e Centre for Research and Action in Public Health, Faculty of Health , University of Canberra , Canberra , Australian Capital Territory , Australia
| | - Sarah Blunden
- f School of Human Health and Social Sciences , Central Queensland University , 44 Greenhill Road, Wayville , South Australia 5034 , Australia
| | - Barbara Meyer
- g School of Medicine , University of Wollongong , Northfields Avenue, Wollongong , NSW 2522 , Australia
| | - Leonie Segal
- a Centre for Population Health Research , University of South Australia , GPO Box 2471, Adelaide , South Australia 5001 , Australia
| | - Bernhard T Baune
- h Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine , Royal Adelaide Hospital, University of Adelaide , Level 4, Eleanor Harrald Building, Adelaide 5005 , Australia
| | - Kerin O'Dea
- a Centre for Population Health Research , University of South Australia , GPO Box 2471, Adelaide , South Australia 5001 , Australia
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Agostoni C, Nobile M, Ciappolino V, Delvecchio G, Tesei A, Turolo S, Crippa A, Mazzocchi A, Altamura CA, Brambilla P. The Role of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Developmental Psychopathology: A Systematic Review on Early Psychosis, Autism, and ADHD. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2608. [PMID: 29207548 PMCID: PMC5751211 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this systematic review, we will consider and debate studies that have explored the effects of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in three major, and somehow related, developmental psychiatric disorders: Autism, Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity disorder and Psychosis. The impact of ω-3 PUFAs on clinical symptoms and, if possible, brain trajectory in children and adolescents suffering from these illnesses will be reviewed and discussed, considering the biological plausibility of the effects of omega-3 fatty acids, together with their potential perspectives in the field. Heterogeneity in study designs will be discussed in the light of differences in results and interpretation of studies carried out so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Agostoni
- Pediatric Intermediate Care Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Cà Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy.
- SIGENP (Italian Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition), via Libero Temolo 4 (Torre U8), 20126 Milan, Italy.
| | - Maria Nobile
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, via Don Luigi Monza 20, Bosisio Parini, 23842 Lecco, Italy.
| | - Valentina Ciappolino
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Cà Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Delvecchio
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Cà Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Tesei
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, via Don Luigi Monza 20, Bosisio Parini, 23842 Lecco, Italy.
| | - Stefano Turolo
- Pediatric Nephrology & Dialysis, Milano Fondazione IRCCS Cà Grande Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Crippa
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, via Don Luigi Monza 20, Bosisio Parini, 23842 Lecco, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Mazzocchi
- Pediatric Intermediate Care Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Cà Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Carlo A Altamura
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Cà Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Paolo Brambilla
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Cà Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, University of Texas at Houston, Houston, 77021 TX, USA.
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28
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Poton WL, Soares ALG, Menezes AMB, Wehrmeister FC, Gonçalves H. [Breastfeeding and externalizing behaviors in childhood and adolescence in a birth cohort]. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2017; 41:e142. [PMID: 29466523 PMCID: PMC6645300 DOI: 10.26633/rpsp.2017.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the association between breastfeeding duration and externalizing behaviors in childhood and adolescence. METHODS Data from the 1993 Pelotas Birth Cohort was used. Information on breastfeeding was assessed at 12 months of age. Behavior was assessed at 4 years of age using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), and at ages 11 and 15 years using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), both administered to the mother or caretaker. Of 5 249 cohort participants, those with complete data on breastfeeding and externalizing behaviors were included: 630 children at 4 years of age, 1 277 adolescents at 11 years, and 1 199 at 15 years. Poisson regression with robust variance was used to assess the association between breastfeeding duration and externalizing behaviors. RESULTS After adjustment for confounders, children who were breastfed for least 6 months had lower risk of hyperactivity (RR = 0.54; 95%CI: 0.32-0.91) at age 11 compared to those breastfed for less than 1 month. However, no association was observed between breastfeeding duration and externalizing behaviors at ages 4 and 15. CONCLUSIONS Although breastfeeding for at least 6 months was inversely associated with hyperactivity at 11 years of age no association was observed at 4 and 15 years of age. Further longitudinal studies should focus on other aspects influencing externalizing behaviors, such as presence of the father in the family, domestic violence and abuse, and the quality of mother-child relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanêssa Lacerda Poton
- Universidade Vila VelhaFaculdade de MedicinaVila Velha (ES)BrasilUniversidade Vila Velha, Faculdade de Medicina, Vila Velha (ES), Brasil.,Correspondência:
| | - Ana Luiza Gonçalves Soares
- University of Bristol, MRC Integrative Epidemiology UnitPopulation Health Sciences, Bristol Medical SchoolBristolReino UnidoUniversity of Bristol, MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Bristol, Reino Unido.
| | - Ana Maria Baptista Menezes
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPEL), Faculdade de MedicinaPrograma de Pós-Graduação em EpidemiologiaPelotas (RS)BrasilUniversidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPEL), Faculdade de Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia, Pelotas (RS), Brasil.
| | - Fernando César Wehrmeister
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPEL), Faculdade de MedicinaPrograma de Pós-Graduação em EpidemiologiaPelotas (RS)BrasilUniversidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPEL), Faculdade de Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia, Pelotas (RS), Brasil.
| | - Helen Gonçalves
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPEL), Faculdade de MedicinaPrograma de Pós-Graduação em EpidemiologiaPelotas (RS)BrasilUniversidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPEL), Faculdade de Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia, Pelotas (RS), Brasil.
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29
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Skotheim S, Handeland K, Kjellevold M, Øyen J, Frøyland L, Lie Ø, Eide Graff I, Baste V, Stormark KM, Dahl L. The effect of school meals with fatty fish on adolescents' self-reported symptoms for mental health: FINS-TEENS - a randomized controlled intervention trial. Food Nutr Res 2017; 61:1383818. [PMID: 29056893 PMCID: PMC5642191 DOI: 10.1080/16546628.2017.1383818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing body of evidence linking fish consumption and n-3 LCPUFAs to mental health. Still, the results from randomized trials with n-3 LCPUFAs show conflicting results, and it is possible that the combined effect of several nutrients in fish may explain the observed associations. To aim of the present study was to investigate if school meals with fatty fish three times per week for 12 weeks could alter mental health in a sample of typically developing adolescents. In the Fish Intervention Studies-TEENS (FINS-TEENS), adolescents from eight secondary schools (n=425) in Norway, were randomized to receive school meals with fatty fish, meat or n-3 LCPUFA supplements. Mental health was assessed with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and the differences between the groups were assessed with linear mixed effect models, unadjusted and adjusted for baseline and dietary compliance. The results showed no effects of school meals with fatty fish compared to similar meals with meat or n-3 LCPUFAs on the adolescents' self-reported symptom scores for mental health. Among adolescents scoring above the SDQ cut-offs (high-scorers), the fish- improved less than the meat group in the self-reported symptom scores for total difficulties- and emotional problems. However, the findings should be regarded as preliminary, as the analyses for the high-scorer group were underpowered. In conclusion, serving school meals with fatty fish did not alter mental health in a typically developing sample of adolescents. It is possible that serving healthy school meals with meat is more beneficial than similar meals with fatty fish in adolescents scoring high on mental health problems. However, the results should be seen as preliminary, as the dietary compliance in the fish group was low and the analyses in the high score group underpowered. Thus, further studies should investigate the associations between fish consumption and adolescents' mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siv Skotheim
- Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, Uni Research Health, Bergen, Norway
| | - Katina Handeland
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Marian Kjellevold
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), Bergen, Norway
| | - Jannike Øyen
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), Bergen, Norway
| | - Livar Frøyland
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), Bergen, Norway
| | - Øyvind Lie
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), Bergen, Norway
| | - Ingvild Eide Graff
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Kjell Morten Stormark
- Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, Uni Research Health, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Health Promotion and Development, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lisbeth Dahl
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), Bergen, Norway
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Buchhorn R, Koenig J, Jarczok MN, Eichholz H, Willaschek C, Thayer JF, Kaess M. A case series on the potential effect of omega-3-fatty acid supplementation on 24-h heart rate variability and its circadian variation in children with attention deficit (hyperactivity) disorder. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 10:135-139. [PMID: 28975530 DOI: 10.1007/s12402-017-0240-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Attention deficit disorder with and without hyperactivity (ADHD) in children is associated with decreased 24-h heart rate variability (HRV). Previous research has shown that supplementation of omega-3-fatty acid increases HRV. Here, we aimed to investigate whether the supplementation of omega-3-fatty acids would increase 24-h HRV in an uncontrolled case series of children with ADHD. HRV was recorded in 18 children and adolescents (age 13.35 ± 2.8 years) before and after omega-3 supplementation. Preliminary results indicate that omega-3 supplementation in children with AD(H)D may reduce mean heart rate and increase its variability. Future studies would do well to implement randomized, placebo-controlled designs with greater methodological rigor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiner Buchhorn
- Department of Paediatrics, Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Caritas Krankenhaus, Uhlandstr. 7, 97980, Bad Mergentheim, Germany.
| | - Julian Koenig
- Section for Translational Psychobiology in Child and Adolescents Psychiatry, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc N Jarczok
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hanna Eichholz
- Department of Paediatrics, Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Caritas Krankenhaus, Uhlandstr. 7, 97980, Bad Mergentheim, Germany
| | - Christian Willaschek
- Department of Paediatrics, Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Caritas Krankenhaus, Uhlandstr. 7, 97980, Bad Mergentheim, Germany
| | - Julian F Thayer
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Michael Kaess
- Section for Translational Psychobiology in Child and Adolescents Psychiatry, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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31
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Mitra S, Natarajan R, Ziedonis D, Fan X. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory nutrient status, supplementation, and mechanisms in patients with schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2017; 78:1-11. [PMID: 28499901 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Over 50 million people around the world suffer from schizophrenia, a severe mental illness characterized by misinterpretation of reality. Although the exact causes of schizophrenia are still unknown, studies have indicated that inflammation and oxidative stress may play an important role in the etiology of the disease. Pro-inflammatory cytokines are crucial for normal central nervous development and proper functioning of neural networks and neurotransmitters. Patients with schizophrenia tend to have abnormal immune activation resulting in elevated pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, ultimately leading to functional brain impairments. Patients with schizophrenia have also been found to suffer from oxidative stress, a result of an imbalance between the production of free radicals and the ability to detoxify their harmful effects. Furthermore, inflammation and oxidative stress are implicated to be related to the severity of psychotic symptoms. Several nutrients are known to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant functions through various mechanisms in our body. The present review evaluates studies and literature that address the status and supplementation of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamin D, B vitamins (B6, folate, B12), vitamin E, and carotenoids in different stages of schizophrenia. The possible anti-inflammatory and antioxidant mechanisms of action of each nutrient are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumedha Mitra
- Department of Psychiatry, UMass Memorial Medical Center/University of Massachusetts Medical School, One Biotech, 365 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Radhika Natarajan
- Department of Psychiatry, UMass Memorial Medical Center/University of Massachusetts Medical School, One Biotech, 365 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Douglas Ziedonis
- Department of Psychiatry, UMass Memorial Medical Center/University of Massachusetts Medical School, One Biotech, 365 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Xiaoduo Fan
- Department of Psychiatry, UMass Memorial Medical Center/University of Massachusetts Medical School, One Biotech, 365 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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32
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Kuszewski JC, Wong RHX, Howe PRC. Effects of Long-Chain Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Endothelial Vasodilator Function and Cognition-Are They Interrelated? Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9050487. [PMID: 28498345 PMCID: PMC5452217 DOI: 10.3390/nu9050487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCn-3 PUFA) may improve brain functions by acting on endothelial cells in the cerebrovasculature to facilitate vasodilatation and perfusion. The aim of this review is to explore this hypothesis by analyzing the effect of LCn-3 PUFA supplementation on systemic vasodilator and cognitive function and finding evidence to link LCn-3 PUFA intake, vasodilator function and cognition. Forty randomized controlled trials examining the effect of LCn-3 PUFA supplementation in humans on either endothelial vasodilator function or cognition were identified and pooled effects measured with a weighted analysis. Compared to placebo, LCn-3 PUFA tended to increase flow-mediated dilatation and significantly improved cognitive function. Emerging evidence links vasodilator dysfunction to cognitive impairment, but evidence that LCn-3 PUFA can improve cognition through enhancements of vasodilator function is still lacking. Further research is needed to determine: (1) whether LCn-3 PUFA can enhance dilatation of cerebral vessels; (2) if improvements in cerebrovascular responsiveness by LCn-3 PUFA are accompanied by cognitive benefits; and (3) the target population groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia C Kuszewski
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Rachel H X Wong
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Peter R C Howe
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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Wade AT, Davis CR, Dyer KA, Hodgson JM, Woodman RJ, Keage HAD, Murphy KJ. A Mediterranean Diet to Improve Cardiovascular and Cognitive Health: Protocol for a Randomised Controlled Intervention Study. Nutrients 2017; 9:E145. [PMID: 28212320 PMCID: PMC5331576 DOI: 10.3390/nu9020145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Mediterranean diet has demonstrated efficacy for improving cardiovascular and cognitive health. However, a traditional Mediterranean diet delivers fewer serves of dairy and less dietary calcium than is currently recommended in Australia, which may limit long-term sustainability. The present study aims to evaluate whether a Mediterranean diet with adequate dairy and calcium can improve cardiovascular and cognitive function in an at-risk population, and thereby reduce risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cognitive decline. A randomised, controlled, parallel, crossover design trial will compare a Mediterranean diet supplemented with dairy foods against a low-fat control diet. Forty participants with systolic blood pressure above 120 mmHg and at least two other risk factors of CVD will undertake each dietary intervention for eight weeks, with an eight-week washout period between interventions. Systolic blood pressure will be the primary measure of interest. Secondary outcomes will include measures of cardiometabolic health, dietary compliance, cognitive function, assessed using the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB), psychological well-being and dementia risk. This research will provide empirical evidence as to whether the Mediterranean diet can be modified to provide recommended dairy and calcium intakes while continuing to deliver positive effects for cardiovascular and cognitive health. The findings will hold relevance for the field of preventative healthcare and may contribute to revisions of national dietary guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra T Wade
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia.
| | - Courtney R Davis
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia.
| | - Kathryn A Dyer
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia.
| | - Jonathan M Hodgson
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Australia.
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup WA 6027, Australia.
| | - Richard J Woodman
- Flinders Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia.
| | - Hannah A D Keage
- Cognitive Ageing and Impairment Neurosciences, School of Psychology, Social Work and Social Policy, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia.
| | - Karen J Murphy
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia.
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Cutuli D. Functional and Structural Benefits Induced by Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids During Aging. Curr Neuropharmacol 2017; 15:534-542. [PMID: 27306037 PMCID: PMC5543674 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666160614091311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) are structural components of the brain and are indispensable for neuronal membrane synthesis. Along with decline in cognition, decreased synaptic density and neuronal loss, normal aging is accompanied by a reduction in n-3 PUFA concentration in the brain in both humans and rodents. Recently, many clinical and experimental studies have demonstrated the importance of n-3 PUFA in counteracting neurodegeneration and agerelated dysfunctions. METHODS This review will focus on the neuroprotective effects of n-3 PUFA on cognitive impairment, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration during normal aging. Multiple pathways of n-3 PUFA preventive action will be examined. RESULTS Namely, n-3 PUFA have been shown to increase the levels of several signaling factors involved in synaptic plasticity, thus leading to the increase of dendritic spines and synapses as well as the enhancement of hippocampal neurogenesis even at old age. In elderly subjects n-3 PUFA exert anti-inflammatory effects associated with improved cognitive functions. Interestingly, growing evidence highlights n-3 PUFA efficacy in preventing the loss of both gray and white matter volume and integrity. CONCLUSION This review shows that n-3 PUFA are essential for a successful aging and appear as ideal cognitive enhancers to be implemented in nutritional interventions for the promotion of healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Cutuli
- Fondazione Santa Lucia of Rome, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy
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Pusceddu MM, Kelly P, Stanton C, Cryan JF, Dinan TG. N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids through the Lifespan: Implication for Psychopathology. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 19:pyw078. [PMID: 27608809 PMCID: PMC5203760 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyw078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The impact of lifetime dietary habits and their role in physical, mental, and social well-being has been the focus of considerable recent research. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids as a dietary constituent have been under the spotlight for decades. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids constitute key regulating factors of neurotransmission, neurogenesis, and neuroinflammation and are thereby fundamental for development, functioning, and aging of the CNS. Of note is the fact that these processes are altered in various psychiatric disorders, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, depression, and Alzheimer's disease. DESIGN Relevant literature was identified through a search of MEDLINE via PubMed using the following words, "n-3 PUFAs," "EPA," and "DHA" in combination with "stress," "cognition," "ADHD," "anxiety," "depression," "bipolar disorder," "schizophrenia," and "Alzheimer." The principal focus was on the role of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids throughout the lifespan and their implication for psychopathologies. Recommendations for future investigation on the potential clinical value of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids were examined. RESULTS The inconsistent and inconclusive results from randomized clinical trials limits the usage of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in clinical practice. However, a body of literature demonstrates an inverse correlation between omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid levels and quality of life/ psychiatric diseases. Specifically, older healthy adults showing low habitual intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids benefit most from consuming them, showing improved age-related cognitive decline. CONCLUSIONS Although further studies are required, there is an exciting and growing body of research suggesting that omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids may have a potential clinical value in the prevention and treatment of psychopathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo M Pusceddu
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland (Drs Pusceddu, Cryan, and Dinan); Teagasc, Moorepark, Cork, Ireland (Drs Kelly and Stanton); Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience (Dr Cryan), and Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science (Dr Dinan), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Philip Kelly
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland (Drs Pusceddu, Cryan, and Dinan); Teagasc, Moorepark, Cork, Ireland (Drs Kelly and Stanton); Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience (Dr Cryan), and Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science (Dr Dinan), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Catherine Stanton
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland (Drs Pusceddu, Cryan, and Dinan); Teagasc, Moorepark, Cork, Ireland (Drs Kelly and Stanton); Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience (Dr Cryan), and Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science (Dr Dinan), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland (Drs Pusceddu, Cryan, and Dinan); Teagasc, Moorepark, Cork, Ireland (Drs Kelly and Stanton); Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience (Dr Cryan), and Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science (Dr Dinan), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland (Drs Pusceddu, Cryan, and Dinan); Teagasc, Moorepark, Cork, Ireland (Drs Kelly and Stanton); Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience (Dr Cryan), and Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science (Dr Dinan), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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Gajos JM, Beaver KM. The effect of omega-3 fatty acids on aggression: A meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 69:147-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Radcliffe J, Thomas J, Bramley A, Kouris-Blazos A, Radford B, Scholey A, Pipingas A, Thomas C, Itsiopoulos C. Controversies in omega-3 efficacy and novel concepts for application. JOURNAL OF NUTRITION & INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnim.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Steullet P, Cabungcal JH, Monin A, Dwir D, O'Donnell P, Cuenod M, Do KQ. Redox dysregulation, neuroinflammation, and NMDA receptor hypofunction: A "central hub" in schizophrenia pathophysiology? Schizophr Res 2016; 176:41-51. [PMID: 25000913 PMCID: PMC4282982 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence points to altered GABAergic parvalbumin-expressing interneurons and impaired myelin/axonal integrity in schizophrenia. Both findings could be due to abnormal neurodevelopmental trajectories, affecting local neuronal networks and long-range synchrony and leading to cognitive deficits. In this review, we present data from animal models demonstrating that redox dysregulation, neuroinflammation and/or NMDAR hypofunction (as observed in patients) impairs the normal development of both parvalbumin interneurons and oligodendrocytes. These observations suggest that a dysregulation of the redox, neuroimmune, and glutamatergic systems due to genetic and early-life environmental risk factors could contribute to the anomalies of parvalbumin interneurons and white matter in schizophrenia, ultimately impacting cognition, social competence, and affective behavior via abnormal function of micro- and macrocircuits. Moreover, we propose that the redox, neuroimmune, and glutamatergic systems form a "central hub" where an imbalance within any of these "hub" systems leads to similar anomalies of parvalbumin interneurons and oligodendrocytes due to the tight and reciprocal interactions that exist among these systems. A combination of vulnerabilities for a dysregulation within more than one of these systems may be particularly deleterious. For these reasons, molecules, such as N-acetylcysteine, that possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and can also regulate glutamatergic transmission are promising tools for prevention in ultra-high risk patients or for early intervention therapy during the first stages of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Steullet
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Site de Cery, 1008 Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - J H Cabungcal
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Site de Cery, 1008 Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A Monin
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Site de Cery, 1008 Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - D Dwir
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Site de Cery, 1008 Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - P O'Donnell
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Pfizer, Inc., 700 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - M Cuenod
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Site de Cery, 1008 Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - K Q Do
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Site de Cery, 1008 Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Zarnowiecki D, Cho J, Wilson A, Bogomolova S, Villani A, Itsiopoulos C, Niyonsenga T, O’Dea K, Blunden S, Meyer B, Segal L, Parletta N. A 6-month randomised controlled trial investigating effects of Mediterranean-style diet and fish oil supplementation on dietary behaviour change, mental and cardiometabolic health and health-related quality of life in adults with depression (HELFIMED): study protocol. BMC Nutr 2016. [DOI: 10.1186/s40795-016-0095-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Bozzatello P, Brignolo E, De Grandi E, Bellino S. Supplementation with Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Psychiatric Disorders: A Review of Literature Data. J Clin Med 2016; 5:E67. [PMID: 27472373 PMCID: PMC4999787 DOI: 10.3390/jcm5080067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A new application for omega-3 fatty acids has recently emerged, concerning the treatment of several mental disorders. This indication is supported by data of neurobiological research, as highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) are highly concentrated in neural phospholipids and are important components of the neuronal cell membrane. They modulate the mechanisms of brain cell signaling, including the dopaminergic and serotonergic pathways. The aim of this review is to provide a complete and updated account of the empirical evidence of the efficacy and safety that are currently available for omega-3 fatty acids in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. The main evidence for the effectiveness of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has been obtained in mood disorders, in particular in the treatment of depressive symptoms in unipolar and bipolar depression. There is some evidence to support the use of omega-3 fatty acids in the treatment of conditions characterized by a high level of impulsivity and aggression and borderline personality disorders. In patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, small-to-modest effects of omega-3 HUFAs have been found. The most promising results have been reported by studies using high doses of EPA or the association of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. In schizophrenia, current data are not conclusive and do not allow us either to refuse or support the indication of omega-3 fatty acids. For the remaining psychiatric disturbances, including autism spectrum disorders, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, eating disorders and substance use disorder, the data are too scarce to draw any conclusion. Concerning tolerability, several studies concluded that omega-3 can be considered safe and well tolerated at doses up to 5 g/day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Bozzatello
- Centre for Personality Disorders, Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy.
| | - Elena Brignolo
- Centre for Personality Disorders, Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy.
| | - Elisa De Grandi
- Centre for Personality Disorders, Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy.
| | - Silvio Bellino
- Centre for Personality Disorders, Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy.
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Parletta N, Zarnowiecki D, Cho J, Wilson A, Procter N, Gordon A, Bogomolova S, O'Dea K, Strachan J, Ballestrin M, Champion A, Meyer BJ. People with schizophrenia and depression have a low omega-3 index. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2016; 110:42-7. [PMID: 27255642 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is higher in people with mental illness and is associated with a 30 year higher mortality rate in this population. Erythrocyte docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) plus eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (omega-3 index)≤4% is a marker for increased mortality risk from CVD while >8% is protective. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are also important for brain function and may ameliorate symptoms of mental illness. We investigated the erythrocyte omega-3 index in people with mental illness. One hundred and thirty adults aged 18-65 years (32.6% male) with schizophrenia (n=14) and depression (n=116) provided blood samples and completed physiological assessments and questionnaires. Both populations had risk factors for metabolic syndrome and CVD. The average omega-3 index was 3.95% (SD=1.06), compared to an estimated 5% in the Australian population. These data indicate an unfavourable omega-3 profile in people with mental illness that could contribute to higher CVD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Parletta
- Centre for Population Health Research, Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Dorota Zarnowiecki
- Centre for Population Health Research, Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Jihyun Cho
- Centre for Population Health Research, Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Amy Wilson
- School of Business and Marketing, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Nicholas Procter
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Andrea Gordon
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Svetlana Bogomolova
- School of Business and Marketing, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Kerin O'Dea
- Centre for Population Health Research, Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - John Strachan
- Mental Health Directorate, Local Southern Adelaide Health Network, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Matt Ballestrin
- Mental Health Directorate, Local Southern Adelaide Health Network, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Andrew Champion
- Mental Health Directorate, Local Southern Adelaide Health Network, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Barbara J Meyer
- School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
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Sancak EB, Oguz U, Aykac A, Demirelli E, Bozkurt OF, Cimen S. The effect of breastfeeding on spontan resolution of monosymptomatic enuresis. Int Braz J Urol 2016; 42:550-7. [PMID: 27286120 PMCID: PMC4920574 DOI: 10.1590/s1677-5538.ibju.2015.0485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to examine whether the duration of breastfeeding during infancy was associated with the time of spontaneous resolution of monosymptomatic enuresis (SRME). Materials and Methods A total of 1500 people were surveyed at four centers. One hundred and eighty-one people with a history of monosymptomatic enuresis (ME) who received no treatment and had no day time symptoms were included in the study. The relationship between the duration of breastfeeding and SRME was assessed by considering the duration of breastfeeding as both continuous and categorical (cut-off value 5 months) variable. The multivariate general linear model was used to identify independent predictors such as gender, family history, and educational status of parents. Results Pearson correlation analysis of the age of SRME and duration of breastfeeding found no statistically significant relationship. However, there was a significant difference in the age of SRME of those who were breastfed for 5 months or less compared to those who were breastfed for more than 5 months. According to the multivariate analysis, gender and educational status of parents were not effective on the age of SRME. Stepwise linear regression model showed that breastfeeding for five months or less and family history could affect the age of SRME. The regression formula was: age of SRME=9.599 + (3.807×five months or less of breastfeeding) + (1.258×positive family history). Conclusions It was found that when breastfeeding lasted for more than 5 months, there was a positive contribution to SRME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyup Burak Sancak
- Department of Urology, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Medicine, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Ural Oguz
- Department of Urology, Giresun University, School of Medicine, Giresun, Turkey
| | - Aykut Aykac
- Department of Urology, Bursa Orhangazi State Hospital, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Erhan Demirelli
- Department of Urology, Giresun University, School of Medicine, Giresun, Turkey
| | - Omer Faruk Bozkurt
- Department of Urology, Kecioren Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sertac Cimen
- Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Department of Urology, Ankara, Turkey
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Parletta N, Niyonsenga T, Duff J. Omega-3 and Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Levels and Correlations with Symptoms in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Autistic Spectrum Disorder and Typically Developing Controls. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156432. [PMID: 27232999 PMCID: PMC4883772 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is evidence that children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) have lower omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) levels compared with controls and conflicting evidence regarding omega-6 (n-6) PUFA levels. Objectives This study investigated whether erythrocyte n-3 PUFAs eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were lower and n-6 PUFA arachidonic acid (AA) higher in children with ADHD, ASD and controls, and whether lower n-3 and higher n-6 PUFAs correlated with poorer scores on the Australian Twin Behaviour Rating Scale (ATBRS; ADHD symptoms) and Test of Variable Attention (TOVA) in children with ADHD, and Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) in children with ASD. Methods Assessments and blood samples of 565 children aged 3–17 years with ADHD (n = 401), ASD (n = 85) or controls (n = 79) were analysed. One-way ANOVAs with Tukey’s post-hoc analysis investigated differences in PUFA levels between groups and Pearson’s correlations investigated correlations between PUFA levels and ATBRS, TOVA and CARS scores. Results Children with ADHD and ASD had lower DHA, EPA and AA, higher AA/EPA ratio and lower n-3/n-6 than controls (P<0.001 except AA between ADHD and controls: P = 0.047). Children with ASD had lower DHA, EPA and AA than children with ADHD (P<0.001 for all comparisons). ATBRS scores correlated negatively with EPA (r = -.294, P<0.001), DHA (r = -.424, P<0.001), n-3/n-6 (r = -.477, P<0.001) and positively with AA/EPA (r = .222, P <.01). TOVA scores correlated positively with DHA (r = .610, P<0.001), EPA (r = .418, P<0.001) AA (r = .199, P<0.001), and n-3/n-6 (r = .509, P<0.001) and negatively with AA/EPA (r = -.243, P<0.001). CARS scores correlated significantly with DHA (r = .328, P = 0.002), EPA (r = -.225, P = 0.038) and AA (r = .251, P = 0.021). Conclusions Children with ADHD and ASD had low levels of EPA, DHA and AA and high ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFAs and these correlated significantly with symptoms. Future research should further investigate abnormal fatty acid metabolism in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Parletta
- Centre for Population Health Research, School of Health Sciences,University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Theophile Niyonsenga
- Centre for Population Health Research, School of Health Sciences,University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jacques Duff
- Behavioural Neurotherapy Clinic, Doncaster, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Autism ADHD Foundation, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Cutuli D, Pagani M, Caporali P, Galbusera A, Laricchiuta D, Foti F, Neri C, Spalletta G, Caltagirone C, Petrosini L, Gozzi A. Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation on Cognitive Functions and Neural Substrates: A Voxel-Based Morphometry Study in Aged Mice. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:38. [PMID: 26973513 PMCID: PMC4777728 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human and experimental studies have revealed putative neuroprotective and pro-cognitive effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) in aging, evidencing positive correlations between peripheral n-3 PUFA levels and regional grey matter (GM) volume, as well as negative correlations between dietary n-3 PUFA levels and cognitive deficits. We recently showed that n-3 PUFA supplemented aged mice exhibit better hippocampal-dependent mnesic functions, along with enhanced cellular plasticity and reduced neurodegeneration, thus supporting a role of n-3 PUFA supplementation in preventing cognitive decline during aging. To corroborate these initial results and develop new evidence on the effects of n-3 PUFA supplementation on brain substrates at macro-scale level, here we expanded behavioral analyses to the emotional domain (anxiety and coping skills), and carried out a fine-grained regional GM volumetric mapping by using high-resolution MRI-based voxel-based morphometry. The behavioral effects of 8 week n-3 PUFA supplementation were measured on cognitive (discriminative, spatial and social) and emotional (anxiety and coping) abilities of aged (19 month-old at the onset of study) C57B6/J mice. n-3 PUFA supplemented mice showed better mnesic performances as well as increased active coping skills. Importantly, these effects were associated with enlarged regional hippocampal, retrosplenial and prefrontal GM volumes, and with increased post mortem n-3 PUFA brain levels. These findings indicate that increased dietary n-3 PUFA intake in normal aging can improve fronto-hippocampal GM structure and function, an effect present also when the supplementation starts at late age. Our data are consistent with a protective role of n-3 PUFA supplementation in counteracting cognitive decline, emotional dysfunctions and brain atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Cutuli
- Santa Lucia FoundationRome, Italy; University of Rome "Sapienza"Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Pagani
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaRovereto, Italy; Center for Mind and Brain Sciences, University of TrentoRovereto, Italy
| | - Paola Caporali
- Santa Lucia FoundationRome, Italy; University of Rome "Sapienza"Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Galbusera
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Rovereto, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Foti
- Santa Lucia FoundationRome, Italy; University of Rome "Sapienza"Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Carlo Caltagirone
- Santa Lucia FoundationRome, Italy; University of Rome "Tor Vergata"Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Petrosini
- Santa Lucia FoundationRome, Italy; University of Rome "Sapienza"Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Gozzi
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Rovereto, Italy
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Meyer BJ. Australians are not Meeting the Recommended Intakes for Omega-3 Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: Results of an Analysis from the 2011-2012 National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey. Nutrients 2016; 8:111. [PMID: 26927162 PMCID: PMC4808841 DOI: 10.3390/nu8030111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Health benefits have been attributed to omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFA). Therefore it is important to know if Australians are currently meeting the recommended intake for n-3 LCPUFA and if they have increased since the last National Nutrition Survey in 1995 (NNS 1995). Dietary intake data was obtained from the recent 2011–2012 National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey (2011–2012 NNPAS). Linoleic acid (LA) intakes have decreased whilst alpha-linolenic acid (LNA) and n-3 LCPUFA intakes have increased primarily due to n-3 LCPUFA supplements. The median n-3 LCPUFA intakes are less than 50% of the mean n-3 LCPUFA intakes which highlights the highly-skewed n-3 LCPUFA intakes, which shows that there are some people consuming high amounts of n-3 LCPUFA, but the vast majority of the population are consuming much lower amounts. Only 20% of the population meets the recommended n-3 LCPUFA intakes and only 10% of women of childbearing age meet the recommended docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) intake. Fish and seafood is by far the richest source of n-3 LCPUFA including DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara J Meyer
- School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
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Rathod R, Kale A, Joshi S. Novel insights into the effect of vitamin B₁₂ and omega-3 fatty acids on brain function. J Biomed Sci 2016; 23:17. [PMID: 26809263 PMCID: PMC4727338 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-016-0241-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of psychiatric disorders which are characterized by cognitive decline is increasing at an alarming rate and account for a significant proportion of the global disease burden. Evidences from human and animal studies indicate that neurocognitive development is influenced by various environmental factors including nutrition. It has been established that nutrition affects the brain throughout life. However, the mechanisms through which nutrition modulates mental health are still not well understood. It has been suggested that the deficiencies of both vitamin B12 and omega-3 fatty acids can have adverse effects on cognition and synaptic plasticity. Studies indicate a need for supplementation of vitamin B12 and omega-3 fatty acids to reduce the risk of cognitive decline, although the results of intervention trials using these nutrients in isolation are inconclusive. In the present article, we provide an overview of vitamin B12 and omega-3 fatty acids, the possible mechanisms and the evidences through which vitamin B12 and omega-3 fatty acids modulate mental health and cognition. Understanding the role of vitamin B12 and omega-3 fatty acids on brain functioning may provide important clues to prevent early cognitive deficits and later neurobehavioral disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Rathod
- Department of Nutritional Medicine, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune Satara Road, Pune, 411043, India
| | - Anvita Kale
- Department of Nutritional Medicine, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune Satara Road, Pune, 411043, India
| | - Sadhana Joshi
- Department of Nutritional Medicine, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune Satara Road, Pune, 411043, India.
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Luke AK, Evans EW, Bond DS, Thomas JG. Associations between omega fatty acid consumption and depressive symptoms among individuals seeking behavioural weight loss treatment. Obes Sci Pract 2016; 2:75-82. [PMID: 27812381 PMCID: PMC5066746 DOI: 10.1002/osp4.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The typical Western diet is deficient in omega-3 and high in omega-6 fatty acids (FAs). These FAs may play a role in depressive symptoms via inflammatory processes, especially in the context of obesity, a pro-inflammatory state. This study investigated associations between omega-3 and omega-6 FA intake and depressive symptoms in adults seeking behavioural weight loss treatment (BWLT). METHODS One hundred eighty-eight persons with overweight or obesity (83.50% women, 93.10% White, 55.01 ± 10.09 years old, body mass index 36.02 ± 15.79 kg/m) seeking BWLT completed the Block Food Frequency Questionnaire, which provides estimates of dietary FA intake, daily total energy intake (TEI) and macronutrient composition of the diet. Depressive symptoms were measured via the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. Correlation and linear regression estimated associations between depressive symptoms and FAs. RESULTS On average, participants reported consuming 1866.2 ± 665.1 kcals/d, with 38% of TEI from fat and an omega-6:3 ratio of 9.2 (13.9 g omega-6 to 1.5 g omega-3). In univariate models, omega-6 intake was associated with depressive symptoms (r = .182, p = .012); however, this association was no longer statistically significant after controlling for TEI. Omega-3 intake was not associated with depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION The expected association between omega-3 and omega-6 FAs and depressive symptoms was largely unsupported. A robust association between FA intake and depressive symptoms may have been masked by a high level of chronic inflammation in this sample caused by excess weight and overall poor diet. Additional research is needed to determine whether BWLT improves FA intake, and whether associations between FA intake and depressive symptoms are strengthened after successful weight loss and improved diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Luke
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behaviour, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University The Miriam Hospital/Weight Control and Diabetes Research Center Providence RI USA
| | - E Whitney Evans
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behaviour, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University The Miriam Hospital/Weight Control and Diabetes Research Center Providence RI USA
| | - Dale S Bond
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behaviour, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University The Miriam Hospital/Weight Control and Diabetes Research Center Providence RI USA
| | - J Graham Thomas
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behaviour, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University The Miriam Hospital/Weight Control and Diabetes Research Center Providence RI USA
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Knight A, Bryan J, Murphy K. Is the Mediterranean diet a feasible approach to preserving cognitive function and reducing risk of dementia for older adults in Western countries? New insights and future directions. Ageing Res Rev 2016; 25:85-101. [PMID: 26542489 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The rise in the ageing population has resulted in increased incident rates of cognitive impairment and dementia. The subsequent financial and societal burden placed on an already strained public health care system is of increasing concern. Evidence from recent studies has revealed modification of lifestyle and dietary behaviours is, at present, the best means of prevention. Some of the most important findings, in relation to the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) and the contemporary Western diet, and potential molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of these two diets on age-related cognitive function, are discussed in this review. A major aim of this review was to discuss whether or not a MedDiet intervention would be a feasible preventative approach against cognitive decline for older adults living in Western countries. Critical appraisal of the literature does somewhat support this idea. Demonstrated evidence highlights the MedDiet as a potential strategy to reduce cognitive decline in older age, and suggests the Western diet may play a role in the aetiology of cognitive decline. However, strong intrinsic Western socio-cultural values, traditions and norms may impede on the feasibility of this notion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa Knight
- School of Psychology, Social Work and Social Policy, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia; Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Australia.
| | - Janet Bryan
- School of Psychology, Social Work and Social Policy, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia; Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Australia
| | - Karen Murphy
- School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Australia; Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Australia
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Königs A, Kiliaan AJ. Critical appraisal of omega-3 fatty acids in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder treatment. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2016; 12:1869-82. [PMID: 27555775 PMCID: PMC4968854 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s68652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder. The classical treatment of ADHD where stimulant medication is used has revealed severe side effects and intolerance. Consequently, the demand to search for alternative treatment has increased rapidly. When comparing levels of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) in ADHD patients with those in age-matching controls, lower levels are found in ADHD patients' blood. ω-3 PUFAs are essential nutrients and necessary for a proper brain function and development. Additionally, there are strong indications that ω-3 PUFA supplements could have beneficial effects on ADHD. However, the results of ω-3 PUFA supplementation studies show a high variability. Therefore, we reviewed recent studies published between 2000 and 2015 to identify effective treatment combinations, the quality of design, and safety and tolerability of ω-3-containing food supplements. We searched the databases MEDLINE, PubMed, and Web of Science with keywords such as "ADHD" and "ω-3/6 PUFA" and identified 25 studies that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results of these ω-3 PUFA studies are contradictory but, overall, show evidence for a successful treatment of ADHD symptoms. Tolerability of the given supplements was high, and only mild side effects were reported. In conclusion, there is evidence that a ω-3 PUFA treatment has a positive effect on ADHD. It should be added that treatment could be more effective in patients with mild forms of ADHD. Moreover, the dosage of stimulant medication could be reduced when used in combination with ω-3 PUFA supplements. Further studies are necessary to investigate underlying mechanisms that can lead to a reduction of ADHD symptoms due to ω-3 PUFA treatments and also to determine the optimal concentrations of ω-3 PUFAs, whether used as single treatment or in combination with other medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Königs
- Department of Anatomy, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition & Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Amanda J Kiliaan
- Department of Anatomy, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition & Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Street SJ, Parletta N, Milte C, Sullivan K, Hills AP, Buckley J, Howe P. Interaction of erythrocyte eicosapentaenoic acid and physical activity predicts reduced risk of mild cognitive impairment. Aging Ment Health 2015; 19:885-91. [PMID: 25374153 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2014.971705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate relationships between self-reported physical activity, proportions of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCn3) in erythrocyte content (percentage of total fatty acids) and risk of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in older adults. METHOD A cross-sectional study was conducted. Community-dwelling male and female (n = 84) participants over the age of 65 years with and without MCI were tested for erythrocyte proportions of the LCn3s eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Physical activity was measured using a validated questionnaire. RESULTS The interaction between erythrocyte EPA, but not DHA, and increased physical activity was associated with increased odds of a non-MCI classification. CONCLUSION An interaction between physical activity and erythrocyte EPA content (percentage of fatty acids) significantly predicted MCI status in older adults. Randomised control trials are needed to examine the potential for supplementation with EPA in combination with increased physical activity to mitigate the risk of MCI in ageing adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven John Street
- a School of Psychology and Counselling , Queensland University of Technology , Kelvin Grove , Australia
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