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Girard V, Fragnières L, Chapuis H, Brosse N, Marchal-Heussler L, Canilho N, Parant S, Ziegler-Devin I. The Impact of Lignin Biopolymer Sources, Isolation, and Size Reduction from the Macro- to Nanoscale on the Performances of Next-Generation Sunscreen. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1901. [PMID: 39000756 PMCID: PMC11244244 DOI: 10.3390/polym16131901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, concerns about the harmful effects of synthetic UV filters on the environment have highlighted the need for natural sun blockers. Lignin, the most abundant aromatic renewable biopolymer on Earth, is a promising candidate for next-generation sunscreen due to its inherent UV absorbance and its green, biodegradable, and biocompatible properties. Lignin's limitations, such as its dark color and poor dispersity, can be overcome by reducing particle size to the nanoscale, enhancing UV protection and formulation. In this study, 100-200 nm lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) were prepared from various biomass by-products (hardwood, softwood, and herbaceous material) using an eco-friendly anti-solvent precipitation method. Pure lignin macroparticles (LMPs) were extracted from beech, spruce, and wheat straw using an ethanol-organosolv treatment and compared with sulfur-rich kraft lignin (KL). Sunscreen lotions made from these LMPs and LNPs at various concentrations demonstrated novel UV-shielding properties based on biomass source and particle size. The results showed that transitioning from the macro- to nanoscale increased the sun protection factor (SPF) by at least 2.5 times, with the best results improving the SPF from 7.5 to 42 for wheat straw LMPs and LNPs at 5 wt%. This study underscores lignin's potential in developing high-quality green sunscreens, aligning with green chemistry principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Girard
- Laboratoire d’Etude et de Recherche sur le MAtériau Bois (LERMAB), Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France; (L.F.); (H.C.); (N.B.); (I.Z.-D.)
| | - Léane Fragnières
- Laboratoire d’Etude et de Recherche sur le MAtériau Bois (LERMAB), Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France; (L.F.); (H.C.); (N.B.); (I.Z.-D.)
| | - Hubert Chapuis
- Laboratoire d’Etude et de Recherche sur le MAtériau Bois (LERMAB), Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France; (L.F.); (H.C.); (N.B.); (I.Z.-D.)
| | - Nicolas Brosse
- Laboratoire d’Etude et de Recherche sur le MAtériau Bois (LERMAB), Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France; (L.F.); (H.C.); (N.B.); (I.Z.-D.)
| | - Laurent Marchal-Heussler
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Industries Chimique (ENSIC), University of Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France;
| | - Nadia Canilho
- Laboratoire Lorrain de Chimie Moléculaire (L2CM), Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France; (N.C.); (S.P.)
| | - Stéphane Parant
- Laboratoire Lorrain de Chimie Moléculaire (L2CM), Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France; (N.C.); (S.P.)
| | - Isabelle Ziegler-Devin
- Laboratoire d’Etude et de Recherche sur le MAtériau Bois (LERMAB), Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France; (L.F.); (H.C.); (N.B.); (I.Z.-D.)
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Hegde AR, Kunder MU, Narayanaswamy M, Murugesan S, Furtado SC, Veerabhadraiah BB, Srinivasan B. Advancements in sunscreen formulations: integrating polyphenolic nanocarriers and nanotechnology for enhanced UV protection. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:38061-38082. [PMID: 38806984 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33712-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Sunscreens are essential in protecting the skin from harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation (UVR). These formulations, designed to absorb, block, or scatter UVR, offer vital protection against skin aging, sunburns, and the development of skin cancers like melanomas. However, some sunscreens, especially those containing organic/chemical compounds, can cause allergic reactions. To address this, researchers are extensively investigating formulations that incorporate plant extracts rich in polyphenols, such as flavonoids and carotenoids, which can be considered safer alternatives. Products derived from plants are commonly used in cosmetics to counteract skin aging due to their antioxidant activity that combat harmful free radicals. This review focuses on evaluating the advancements in chemical and natural sunscreens, exploring the integration of polyphenolic nanocarriers within sunscreen formulas, their interaction with UVR, and utilizing nanotechnology to enhance their effectiveness. An attempt has been made to highlight the concerns related to toxicity associated with their use and notable advancements in the regulatory aspects governing their utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswathi Raju Hegde
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Gnanagangothri Campus, New B.E.L. Road, M.S.R. Nagar, M.S.R.I.T Post, Bengaluru, 560054, Karnataka, India.
| | - Manisha Uday Kunder
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Gnanagangothri Campus, New B.E.L. Road, M.S.R. Nagar, M.S.R.I.T Post, Bengaluru, 560054, Karnataka, India
| | - Megha Narayanaswamy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Gnanagangothri Campus, New B.E.L. Road, M.S.R. Nagar, M.S.R.I.T Post, Bengaluru, 560054, Karnataka, India
| | - Shruthi Murugesan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Gnanagangothri Campus, New B.E.L. Road, M.S.R. Nagar, M.S.R.I.T Post, Bengaluru, 560054, Karnataka, India
| | - Sharon Caroline Furtado
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Gnanagangothri Campus, New B.E.L. Road, M.S.R. Nagar, M.S.R.I.T Post, Bengaluru, 560054, Karnataka, India
| | - Basavaraj Basappa Veerabhadraiah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Gnanagangothri Campus, New B.E.L. Road, M.S.R. Nagar, M.S.R.I.T Post, Bengaluru, 560054, Karnataka, India
| | - Bharath Srinivasan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Gnanagangothri Campus, New B.E.L. Road, M.S.R. Nagar, M.S.R.I.T Post, Bengaluru, 560054, Karnataka, India
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Singh M, Lee SC, Won K. Lignin phenolation by graft copolymerization to boost its reactivity. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:131258. [PMID: 38556229 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Lignin is the most abundant phenolic biopolymer and a renewable resource of aromatics. It can be used as a phenol substitute in the synthesis of phenolic resins. However, lignin is not as reactive as phenol, so phenolation is generally carried out to improve lignin reactivity. In this work, we suggest a solution to circumvent the limitations of traditional phenolation (e.g., high temperature, strong acids/bases, limited reactivity, and phenol toxicity). We first attempt new lignin phenolation by graft copolymerization in which polymeric phenol, instead of toxic phenol, is introduced to lignin. Organosolv lignin from hardwood was modified with 2-bromoisobutyryl bromide to act as a lignin macroinitiator (L-Br). A protected phenolic monomer, 4-acetoxystyrene, was graft copolymerized onto L-Br using CuBr2/tris[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]amine as a catalyst/ligand, after which the resultant lignin copolymer was deacetylated to produce lignin grafted with poly(4-hydroxystyrene). This poly-phenolation process was conducted at room temperature without the strong acids/bases and toxic phenol required in conventional phenolation. The poly-phenolated lignin was analyzed using 1H-, 13C-, and 31P NMR spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography. This novel phenolation process enhanced the reactive sites of lignin more than tenfold. It also reduced the dark color of technical lignins significantly, thereby overcoming a serious obstacle to their applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Singh
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Cheon Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Keehoon Won
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea.
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Lin CH, Lin MH, Chung YK, Alalaiwe A, Hung CF, Fang JY. Exploring the potential of the nano-based sunscreens and antioxidants for preventing and treating skin photoaging. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 347:140702. [PMID: 37979799 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Excessive exposure to sunlight, especially UV irradiation, causes skin photodamage. Sunscreens, such as TiO2 and ZnO, can potentially prevent UV via scattering, reflection, and absorption. Topical antioxidants are another means of skin photoprotection. Developing nanoparticles for sunscreens and antioxidants is recommended for photoaging prevention and treatment as it can improve uncomfortable skin appearance, stability, penetration, and safety. This study reviewed the effects of nano-sized sunscreens and antioxidants on skin photoprevention by examining published studies and articles from PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, which explore the topics of skin photoaging, skin senescence, UV radiation, keratinocyte, dermal fibroblast, sunscreen, antioxidant, and nanoparticle. The researchers of this study also summarized the nano-based UV filters and therapeutics for mitigating skin photoaging. The skin photodamage mechanisms are presented, followed by the introduction of current skin photoaging treatment. The different nanoparticle types used for topical delivery were also explored in this study. This is followed by the mechanisms of how nanoparticles improve the UV filters and antioxidant performance. Lastly, recent investigations were reviewed on nanoparticulate sunscreens and antioxidants in skin photoaging management. Sunscreens and antioxidants for topical application have different concepts. Topical antioxidants are ideal for permeating into the skin to exhibit free radical scavenging activity, while UV filters are prescribed to remain on the skin surface without absorption to exert the UV-blocking effect without causing toxicity. The nanoparticle design strategy for meeting the different needs of sunscreens and antioxidants is also explored in this study. Although the benefits of using nanoparticles for alleviating photodamage are well-established, more animal-based and clinical studies are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hung Lin
- Center for General Education, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsien Lin
- Department of Dermatology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Kuo Chung
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ahmed Alalaiwe
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chi-Feng Hung
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan; PhD Program in Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan; School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jia-You Fang
- Pharmaceutics Laboratory, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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Pylypchuk IV, Karlsson M, Lindén PA, Lindström ME, Elder T, Sevastyanova O, Lawoko M. Molecular understanding of the morphology and properties of lignin nanoparticles: unravelling the potential for tailored applications. GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2023; 25:4415-4428. [PMID: 37288453 PMCID: PMC10243429 DOI: 10.1039/d3gc00703k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Studies have shown that the size of LNP depends on the molecular weight (Mw) of lignin. There is however need for deeper understanding on the role of molecular structure on LNP formation and its properties, in order to build a solid foundation on structure-property relationships. In this study, we show, for similar Mw lignins, that the size and morphology of LNPs depends on the molecular structure of the lignin macromolecule. More specifically, the molecular structure determined the molecular conformations, which in turn affects the inter-molecular assembly to yield size- and morphological-differences between LNPs. This was supported by density functional theory (DFT) modelling of representative structural motifs of three lignins sourced from Kraft and Organosolv processes. The obtained conformational differences are clearly explained by intra-molecular sandwich and/or T-shaped π-π stacking, the stacking type determined by the precise lignin structure. Moreover, the experimentally identified structures were detected in the superficial layer of LNPs in aqueous solution, confirming the theoretically predicted self-assembly patterns. The present work demonstrates that LNP properties can be molecularly tailored, consequently creating an avenue for tailored applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ievgen V Pylypchuk
- Division of Wood Chemistry and Pulp Technology, Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 56-58 100 44 Stockholm Sweden +468 7908066 +46 767 762 735 +46 8 7908047 +46 73 4607647
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University Svante Arrhenius väg 16C 10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Maria Karlsson
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 56-58 100 44 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Pär A Lindén
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 56-58 100 44 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Mikael E Lindström
- Division of Wood Chemistry and Pulp Technology, Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 56-58 100 44 Stockholm Sweden +468 7908066 +46 767 762 735 +46 8 7908047 +46 73 4607647
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 56-58 100 44 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Thomas Elder
- USDA-Forest Service, Southern Research Station 521 Devall Drive Auburn AL 36849 USA
| | - Olena Sevastyanova
- Division of Wood Chemistry and Pulp Technology, Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 56-58 100 44 Stockholm Sweden +468 7908066 +46 767 762 735 +46 8 7908047 +46 73 4607647
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 56-58 100 44 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Martin Lawoko
- Division of Wood Chemistry and Pulp Technology, Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 56-58 100 44 Stockholm Sweden +468 7908066 +46 767 762 735 +46 8 7908047 +46 73 4607647
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 56-58 100 44 Stockholm Sweden
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Zhang J, Tian Z, Ji XX, Zhang F. Light-colored lignin extraction by ultrafiltration membrane fractionation for lignin nanoparticles preparation as UV-blocking sunscreen. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 231:123244. [PMID: 36639084 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A wide range of applications are available for kraft lignin (KL). However, the dark color and wide size distribution of KL make it challenging to use in cosmetics and nanoparticle preparation. In this study, we fractionated KL from a paper-making enterprise using ultrafiltration membrane fractionation, and obtained four kinds of lignin with different molecular weights, namely ultrafiltration lignin (UL). Following that, lignin nanoparticles (ULNPs) were formed by self-assembly from four types of UL. Analyzing the UL and ULNP properties, the low molecular weight lignin, such as ULA, exhibited good antioxidant properties (89.47 %, 5 mg/mL), high brightness (ISO% = 7.55), high L⁎ value (L⁎ = 72.3) and low polydispersity index (PDI = 1.41). The ULNP showed a narrow size distribution (0.8-1.4 m) and high dispersibility in sunscreen. When ULNP was added to sunscreen with 5 % load, its sun protection factor (SPF) value increased from 14.93 to 63.74. Therefore, this study offered an effective way for the comprehensive utilization of pulping waste KL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Ji'nan, Shandong 250353, China
| | - Zhongjian Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Ji'nan, Shandong 250353, China; Shandong Huatai Paper Co., Ltd, Dongying, Shandong 257355, China.
| | - Xing-Xiang Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Ji'nan, Shandong 250353, China.
| | - Fengshan Zhang
- Shandong Huatai Paper Co., Ltd, Dongying, Shandong 257355, China
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Fonseca M, Rehman M, Soares R, Fonte P. The Impact of Flavonoid-Loaded Nanoparticles in the UV Protection and Safety Profile of Topical Sunscreens. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13030493. [PMID: 36979428 PMCID: PMC10046639 DOI: 10.3390/biom13030493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive UV radiation exposure is harmful to skin cells since sunburn is accompanied by oxidative burst, leading to a rapid increase in skin cancer. However, the insufficient UV photoprotection of approved sunscreens and the negative impact of their compositions on ecosystems and human health makes the utility of sunscreen a questionable recommendation. Therefore, discovering UV filters with significant antioxidant activity and improved topical performance and photostability is an urgent need. Recently, the use of nanosized natural molecules incorporated in sunscreens has been a scientific hot topic, as it has been suggested that they provide a synergistic effect with synthetic UV filters, improving overall SPF and antioxidant activity, higher retention on the epidermis, and less toxicity. The aim of this review was to verify the usefulness of sunscreens incorporating flavonoid-loaded nanoparticles. A literature review was performed, where original and review articles published in the last 6 years were analyzed. Formulations containing nanosized flavonoids with improved UVA photoprotection and safer toxicological profiles, associated or not with synthetic filters, are promising sunscreens and more clinical investigation must be performed to validate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Fonseca
- EPI Unit, Department of Epidemiological Research, Institute of Public Health of University of Porto (ISPUP), Rua das Taipas 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mubashar Rehman
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Raquel Soares
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Al Prof Hernani Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- I3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Fonte
- Center for Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Gambelas Campus, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Gambelas Campus, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
- IBB—Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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8
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Development of colloidal lignin particles through particle design strategies and screening of their Pickering stabilizing potential. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2023.131287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
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Chotirotsukon C, Jirachavala K, Raita M, Pongchaiphol S, Hararak B, Laosiripojana N, Champreda V. Effects of thermal and physical modification on functional properties of organosolv lignin from sugarcane bagasse and its application in cosmeceutical products. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2023.1099010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Organosolv lignin is an emerging bio-additive for creating functional properties in various products with its advantages in high-purity, sulfur-free, biocompatibility, and solubility in green solvents. In this study, effects of thermal and physical modification on alterations of functional properties and particle size distribution of isolated organosolv lignin from sugarcane bagasse (OLB) were studied. Thermal treatment of OLB at increasing temperatures from 170 to 230°C in 70%w/w aqueous ethanol led to alteration of phenolic hydroxyl content, while ultrasonication resulted in homogeneous size distribution of the modified OLB according to laser diffraction and scanning electron micrograph. The highest ultraviolet light absorbance and antioxidant activities were obtained at 190°C treatment which were correlated to the highest phenolic group content. Application of the modified OLB at 3% w/w in a base cream formulation resulted in enhancement of the anti-UV activity to exceed SPF 50 with increasing antioxidant activity in the product. The work provides basis on modification of organosolv lignin for application as a potent functional additive in cosmeceutical products.
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Mandal DD, Singh G, Majumdar S, Chanda P. Challenges in developing strategies for the valorization of lignin-a major pollutant of the paper mill industry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:11119-11140. [PMID: 36504305 PMCID: PMC9742045 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24022-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Apart from protecting the environment from undesired waste impacts, wastewater treatment is a crucial platform for recovery. The exploitation of suitable technology to transform the wastes from pulp and paper industries (PPI) to value-added products is vital from an environmental and socio-economic point of view that will impact everyday life. As the volume and complexity of wastewater increase in a rapidly urbanizing world, the challenge of maintaining efficient wastewater treatment in a cost-effective and environmentally friendly manner must be met. In addition to producing treated water, the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) has a large amount of paper mill sludge (PMS) daily. Sludge management and disposal are significant problems associated with wastewater treatment plants. Applying the biorefinery concept is necessary for PPI from an environmental point of view and because of the piles of valuables contained therein in the form of waste. This will provide a renewable source for producing valuables and bio-energy and aid in making the overall process more economical and environmentally sustainable. Therefore, it is compulsory to continue inquiry on different applications of wastes, with proper justification of the environmental and economic factors. This review discusses current trends and challenges in wastewater management and the bio-valorization of paper mills. Lignin has been highlighted as a critical component for generating valuables, and its recovery prospects from solid and liquid PPI waste have been suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Dasgupta Mandal
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Mahatma Gandhi Avenue, Durgapur, 713209 West Bengal India
| | - Gaurav Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Mahatma Gandhi Avenue, Durgapur, 713209 West Bengal India
| | - Subhasree Majumdar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Mahatma Gandhi Avenue, Durgapur, 713209 West Bengal India
- Department of Zoology, Sonamukhi College, Sonamukhi, Bankura, 722207 West Bengal India
| | - Protik Chanda
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Mahatma Gandhi Avenue, Durgapur, 713209 West Bengal India
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Mili M, Hashmi SAR, Tilwari A, Rathore SKS, Naik A, Srivastava AK, Verma S. Preparation of nanolignin rich fraction from bamboo stem via green technology: assessment of its antioxidant, antibacterial and UV blocking properties. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2023; 44:416-430. [PMID: 34433389 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2021.1973574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This work reports the preparation of nano lignin-rich fraction material via green technology from the holistic use of lignocellulosic biomass bamboo. The bamboo is first chemically treated, followed by acid precipitation to extract bamboo-derived macro lignin-rich fraction material. The nano lignin-rich fraction material was then prepared via ultrasonication technique from the extracted bamboo-derived macro lignin-rich fraction material. The confirmation of the distinct lignin functional groups in the extracted lignin-rich fractions has been done by FTIR. Surface morphology by FESEM and TEM revealed spherical nano-lignin-rich fraction materials from extracted bamboo-derived macro lignin-rich fraction materials. DPPH assays indicated that both the obtained fractions depict beneficial antioxidant characteristics. They were found to be effective in terms of their antibacterial activity against both gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) and gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli (E.coli), using the disc diffusion method. These fractions have UV blocking property, and nano-lignin-rich fraction material acts as a more potential UV blocking agent than others. Thus, the nano-lignin-rich fraction material has great potential as a high antioxidant, antibacterial, and UV blocking agent useful in biomedical applications.Highlights Extraction of macro-lignin rich fraction material using chemical treatment of lignocellulosic biomass bamboo via refluxing followed by acid precipitation.Preparation of nano-lignin rich fraction material from extracted bamboo-derived macro-lignin rich fraction material via ultrasonication technique as a green technology.Structural and surface morphology of the extracted macro-lignin & nano lignin-rich fraction materials have been analyzed by XRD, FTIR, EDX, SEM and TEM.The macro lignin & nano lignin-rich fraction materials showed good antioxidant, antibacterial activity and UV-blocking properties, but the nano-lignin rich fraction material exhibited more efficient properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medha Mili
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), Bhopal, India
| | - S A R Hashmi
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), Bhopal, India
| | - Anita Tilwari
- Centre of Excellence in Biotechnology, MP Council of Science and Technology, Bhopal, India
| | - S K S Rathore
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), Bhopal, India
| | - Ajay Naik
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), Bhopal, India
| | - A K Srivastava
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), Bhopal, India
| | - Sarika Verma
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), Bhopal, India
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12
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Nanoparticles for Topical Application in the Treatment of Skin Dysfunctions-An Overview of Dermo-Cosmetic and Dermatological Products. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415980. [PMID: 36555619 PMCID: PMC9780930 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanomaterials (NM) arouse interest in various fields of science and industry due to their composition-tunable properties and the ease of modification. They appear currently as components of many consumer products such as sunscreen, dressings, sports clothes, surface-cleaning agents, computer devices, paints, as well as pharmaceutical and cosmetics formulations. The use of NPs in products for topical applications improves the permeation/penetration of the bioactive compounds into deeper layers of the skin, providing a depot effect with sustained drug release and specific cellular and subcellular targeting. Nanocarriers provide advances in dermatology and systemic treatments. Examples are a non-invasive method of vaccination, advanced diagnostic techniques, and transdermal drug delivery. The mechanism of action of NPs, efficiency of skin penetration, and potential threat to human health are still open and not fully explained. This review gives a brief outline of the latest nanotechnology achievements in products used in topical applications to prevent and treat skin diseases. We highlighted aspects such as the penetration of NPs through the skin (influence of physical-chemical properties of NPs, the experimental models for skin penetration, methods applied to improve the penetration of NPs through the skin, and methods applied to investigate the skin penetration by NPs). The review summarizes various therapies using NPs to diagnose and treat skin diseases (melanoma, acne, alopecia, vitiligo, psoriasis) and anti-aging and UV-protectant nano-cosmetics.
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13
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Sadeghifar H, Ragauskas A. Lignin as a bioactive polymer and heavy metal absorber- an overview. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 309:136564. [PMID: 36155017 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As a pulping and bio-refinery by-product with phenolic chemical structure, lignin indicated high potential as natural antioxidant activity, UV blocker, antibacterial and toxic material absorbent properties. Presence of phenolic hydroxyl groups in lignin structure plays the main role of its antioxidant activity. However, lignin antioxidant power can change depending on its other structural features and functional groups like ortho-methoxy groups, -OCH3 groups, the α-CH2 groups, the aliphatic carbonyl groups, and the size of π-conjugated systems. Lignin in mixture with synthetic polymers, improved their thermal stability. Lignin has high UV light absorbing potential in broad-spectrum (UVA, UVB). Adding 1-5% of lignin into hand cream indicated excellent range of sun protection factor (SPF) with more than 95% UV light absorption. Lignin also indicated strong UV light protection when applied in different transparent film and protect paint, oil, and varnish from UV degradation. Lignosulfonate and other modified lignin including chemically modification, nano-particles and lignin hydrogel indicated high potential as heavy metal absorber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Sadeghifar
- Hollingsworth & Vose, R&D Center, 219 Townsend Road, Groton, MA, 01450, USA.
| | - Arthur Ragauskas
- Center for Renewable Carbon, Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Tennessee (UT), Knoxville, TN, USA; Joint Institute for Biological Sciences, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.
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14
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Piccinino D, Capecchi E, Trifero V, Tomaino E, Marconi C, Del Giudice A, Galantini L, Poponi S, Ruggieri A, Saladino R. Lignin Nanoparticles as Sustainable Photoprotective Carriers for Sunscreen Filters. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:37070-37077. [PMID: 36312404 PMCID: PMC9608391 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Sunscreen filters may be degraded after prolonged UV exposure with loss of their shielding property and generation of harmful radical species. They are contained in cosmetic formulations in high concentrations, so the improvement of photostability is of relevance for safety concerns. We report here that lignin nanoparticles are sustainable carriers and photostabilizers of two common UV chemical filters, namely, avobenzone and octyl methoxycinnamate. These compounds have been encapsulated by nanoprecipitation into kraft lignin nanoparticles using eco-certified dimethyl isosorbide as a primary solvent and deionized water as an antisolvent. After the encapsulation, both compounds significantly prolonged the half-life stability against UV irradiation. The stabilizing properties of lignin nanoparticles were further improved by coencapsulation of avobenzone and octyl methoxycinnamate with hydroxytyrosol, a natural phenol with antioxidant activity recovered from olive oil wastes and characterized by skin regenerative properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Piccinino
- Department
of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University
of Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis, 01100Viterbo, Italy
| | - Eliana Capecchi
- Department
of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University
of Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis, 01100Viterbo, Italy
| | - Valentina Trifero
- Department
of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University
of Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis, 01100Viterbo, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Tomaino
- Department
of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University
of Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis, 01100Viterbo, Italy
| | - Claudia Marconi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rome La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Del Giudice
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rome La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185Rome, Italy
| | - Luciano Galantini
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rome La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Poponi
- Department
of Economics, Engineering, Society, and Enterprise, University of Tuscia, Via del Paradiso 47, 01100Viterbo, Italy
| | - Alessandro Ruggieri
- Department
of Economics, Engineering, Society, and Enterprise, University of Tuscia, Via del Paradiso 47, 01100Viterbo, Italy
| | - Raffaele Saladino
- Department
of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University
of Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis, 01100Viterbo, Italy
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15
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Chen K, Zhou X, Wang D, Li J, Qi D. Synthesis and characterization of a broad-spectrum TiO2@lignin UV-protection agent with high antioxidant and emulsifying activity. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 218:33-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.06.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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16
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Liu K, Zhuang Y, Chen J, Yang G, Dai L. Research Progress on the Preparation and High-Value Utilization of Lignin Nanoparticles. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:7254. [PMID: 35806259 PMCID: PMC9266533 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lignin nanoparticles, the innovative achievements in the development and utilization of lignin, combine the structural characteristics of nanomaterials and lignin molecules and have a wide range of applications. In this review, we summarize the methods for preparing lignin nanoparticles by solvent exchange method, mechanical method, biological enzymatic method, interface polymerization/crosslinking method, and spray freezing method, and emphatically introduce the application prospects of lignin nanoparticles in ultraviolet protection, antibacterial, nano-filler, drug delivery, and adsorption, aiming to provide a certain reference direction for additional high-value applications of lignin nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kefeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; (Y.Z.); (J.C.)
| | - Yuntang Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; (Y.Z.); (J.C.)
| | - Jiachuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; (Y.Z.); (J.C.)
| | - Guihua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; (Y.Z.); (J.C.)
| | - Lin Dai
- College of Light Industry and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
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17
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Zhang Y, Haque ANMA, Naebe M. Lignin-Cellulose Nanocrystals from Hemp Hurd as Light-Coloured Ultraviolet (UV) Functional Filler for Enhanced Performance of Polyvinyl Alcohol Nanocomposite Films. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:3425. [PMID: 34947774 PMCID: PMC8708339 DOI: 10.3390/nano11123425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lignin is a natural light-coloured ultraviolet (UV) absorber; however, conventional extraction processes usually darken its colour and could be detrimental to its UV-shielding ability. In this study, a sustainable way of fabricating lignin-cellulose nanocrystals (L-CNCs) from hemp hurd is proposed. A homogeneous morphology of the hemp particles was achieved by ball milling, and L-CNCs with high aspect ratio were obtained through mild acid hydrolysis on the ball-milled particles. The L-CNCs were used as filler in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) film, which produced a light-coloured nanocomposite film with high UV-shielding ability and enhanced tensile properties: the absorption of UV at wavelength of 400 nm and transparency in the visible-light region at wavelength of 550 nm was 116 times and 70% higher than that of pure PVA, respectively. In addition to these advantages, the nanocomposite film showed a water vapour transmission property comparable with commercial food package film, indicating potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maryam Naebe
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia; (Y.Z.); (A.N.M.A.H.)
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18
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Lignin/Carbohydrate Complex Isolated from Posidonia oceanica Sea Balls (Egagropili): Characterization and Antioxidant Reinforcement of Protein-Based Films. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179147. [PMID: 34502058 PMCID: PMC8431013 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A lignin fraction (LF) was extracted from the sea balls of Posidonia oceanica (egagropili) and extensively dialyzed and characterized by FT-IR and NMR analyses. LF resulted water soluble and exhibited a brownish-to-black color with the highest absorbance in the range of 250-400 nm, attributed to the chromophore functional groups present in the phenylpropane-based polymer. LF high-performance size exclusion chromatography analysis showed a highly represented (98.77%) species of 34.75 kDa molecular weight with a polydispersity index of 1.10 and an intrinsic viscosity of 0.15. Quantitative analysis of carbohydrates indicated that they represented 28.3% of the dry weight of the untreated egagropili fibers and 72.5% of that of LF. In particular, eight different monosaccharides were detected (fucose, arabinose, rhamnose, galactose, glucose, xylose, glucosamine and glucuronic acid), glucuronic acid (46.6%) and rhamnose (29.6%) being the most present monosaccharides in the LF. Almost all the phenol content of LF (113.85 ± 5.87 mg gallic acid eq/g of extract) was water soluble, whereas around 22% of it consisted of flavonoids and only 10% of the flavonoids consisted of anthocyanins. Therefore, LF isolated from egagropili lignocellulosic material could be defined as a water-soluble lignin/carbohydrate complex (LCC) formed by a phenol polymeric chain covalently bound to hemicellulose fragments. LCC exhibited a remarkable antioxidant activity that remained quite stable during 6 months and could be easily incorporated into a protein-based film and released from the latter overtime. These findings suggest egagropili LCC as a suitable candidate as an antioxidant additive for the reinforcement of packaging of foods with high susceptibility to be deteriorated in aerobic conditions.
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19
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Piccinino D, Capecchi E, Delfino I, Crucianelli M, Conte N, Avitabile D, Saladino R. Green and Scalable Preparation of Colloidal Suspension of Lignin Nanoparticles and Its Application in Eco-friendly Sunscreen Formulations. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:21444-21456. [PMID: 34471747 PMCID: PMC8387983 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c02268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) are applied in several industrial applications. The nanoprecipitation of LNPs is fast and inexpensive but currently still limited to the use of hazardous organic solvents, making it difficult to apply them on a large scale. Here, we report a scalable nanoprecipitation procedure for the preparation of colloidal lignin nanoparticles (cLNPs) by the use of the green solvents dimethylisosorbide and isopropylidene glycerol. Irrespective of the experimental conditions, cLNPs showed higher UV absorbing properties and radical scavenging activity than parent LNPs and raw lignin. cLNPs were successively used in the preparation of eco-friendly sunscreen formulations (SPF 15, 30, and 50+, as evaluated by the COLIPA assay), which showed high UV-shielding activity even in the absence of synthetic boosters (microplastics) and physical filters (TiO2 and ZnO). Biological assays on human HaCaT keratinocytes and human skin equivalents demonstrated the absence of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity, associated with an optimal protection of the skin from UV-A damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Piccinino
- Department
of Biological and Ecological Sciences, University
of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Eliana Capecchi
- Department
of Biological and Ecological Sciences, University
of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Ines Delfino
- Department
of Biological and Ecological Sciences, University
of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Marcello Crucianelli
- Department
of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University
of Aquila, Via Vetoio
I, Coppito, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Nicola Conte
- IDI
Farmaceutici, Via dei castelli Romani 73/75, Pomezia 00071, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Avitabile
- IDI
Farmaceutici, Via dei castelli Romani 73/75, Pomezia 00071, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele Saladino
- Department
of Biological and Ecological Sciences, University
of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
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20
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Bhatia E, Kumari D, Sharma S, Ahamad N, Banerjee R. Nanoparticle platforms for dermal antiaging technologies: Insights in cellular and molecular mechanisms. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 14:e1746. [PMID: 34423571 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a continuous process defined by a progressive functional decline in physiological parameters. Skin, being one of the most vulnerable organs, shows early signs of aging which are predominantly affected by intrinsic factors like hormone, gender, mood, enzymes, and genetic predisposition, and extrinsic factors like exposure to radiation, air pollution, and heat. Visible morphological and anatomical changes associated with skin aging occur due to underlying physiological aberrations governed by numerous complex interactions at cellular and subcellular levels. Nanoparticles are perceived as a powerful tool in the cosmeceutical industry both for augmenting the efficacy of existing agents and as a novel standalone therapy. Both organic and inorganic nanoparticles have been extensively investigated in antiaging applications. The use of nanoparticles helps to enhance the activity of antiaging molecules by selectively targeting cellular and molecular pathways. On the other hand, the nanoparticle platforms also gained increasing popularity as the skin protectant against extrinsic factors such as UV radiation and pollutants. This review comprehensively discusses skin aging and its mechanism by highlighting the impact on cellular, subcellular, and epigenetic elements. Importantly, the review elaborates on the examples of organic and inorganic nanoparticle-based formulations developed for antiaging application and provides mechanistic insights on how they modulate the mechanisms of skin aging. The clinical progress of nanoparticle antiaging technologies and factors that impact clinical translation are also explored. This article is categorized under: Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eshant Bhatia
- Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Durga Kumari
- Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Shivam Sharma
- Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Nadim Ahamad
- Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Rinti Banerjee
- Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
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21
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Zhang Z, Terrasson V, Guénin E. Lignin Nanoparticles and Their Nanocomposites. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11051336. [PMID: 34069477 PMCID: PMC8159083 DOI: 10.3390/nano11051336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Lignin nanomaterials have emerged as a promising alternative to fossil-based chemicals and products for some potential added-value applications, which benefits from their structural diversity and biodegradability. This review elucidates a perspective in recent research on nanolignins and their nanocomposites. It summarizes the different nanolignin preparation methods, emphasizing anti-solvent precipitation, self-assembly and interfacial crosslinking. Also described are the preparation of various nanocomposites by the chemical modification of nanolignin and compounds with inorganic materials or polymers. Additionally, advances in numerous potential high-value applications, such as use in food packaging, biomedical, chemical engineering and biorefineries, are described.
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22
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Abstract
According to previous research studies, consumers worldwide are searching for new natural-oriented hair products that are both skin and environmentally friendly. Worldwide waste and air pollution, with the consequent environmental disasters, represent the greatest risk to human health and economy, further increased by the COVID-19 pandemic. Among others, non-biodegradable molecules are present in hair products (fossil-based additives, surfactants, etc.) and macromolecules (plastics). Plastics waste is considered the most serious problem, representing a forecast amount of 460 million tons per year by 2030, 12% of which is reused or recycled. Most plastics consumed, therefore, go to landfills and incineration, also if their recycling is considered an important driver of industrial profitability. Thus, the use of biopolymers represents an interesting alternative to produce biodegradable goods and tissues. After an introduction to the worldwide waste problem and the hair structure, the present review proposes the possibility to make biodegradable tissues that, realized by chitin nanofibrils and nano-lignin as natural polymers, may be used to produce an innovative and smart cosmetic hairline. Chitin-derived compounds are considered interesting polymers to produce non-woven tissues able to repair the hair damages provoked by the aggressiveness of both the environment and some aggressive cosmetic treatments, such as setting, bleaching, permanent waving, and oxidative coloring. The possible activity, that positively charged polymers such as chitin could have, has been speculated, interfering with the constitution and organization of the hair fibrils’ structure, which is negatively charged. The possibility of selecting biopolymers for their packaging is also discussed. Moreover, the use of these biopolymers, obtained from forestry-agro-food waste, may be of help to safeguard the further consumption of natural raw materials, necessary for future generations, also maintaining the earth’s biodiversity.
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23
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Piccinino D, Capecchi E, Tomaino E, Gabellone S, Gigli V, Avitabile D, Saladino R. Nano-Structured Lignin as Green Antioxidant and UV Shielding Ingredient for Sunscreen Applications. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:274. [PMID: 33578879 PMCID: PMC7916605 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Green, biocompatible, and biodegradable antioxidants represent a milestone in cosmetic and cosmeceutical applications. Lignin is the most abundant polyphenol in nature, recovered as a low-cost waste from the pulp and paper industry and biorefinery. This polymer is characterized by beneficial physical and chemical properties which are improved at the nanoscale level due to the emergence of antioxidant and UV shielding activities. Here we review the use of lignin nanoparticles in cosmetic and cosmeceutical applications, focusing on sunscreen and antiaging formulations. Advances in the technology for the preparation of lignin nanoparticles are described highlighting structure activity relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Piccinino
- Department of Ecology and Biology, University of Tuscia, San Camillo De Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (E.C.); (E.T.); (S.G.); (V.G.)
| | - Eliana Capecchi
- Department of Ecology and Biology, University of Tuscia, San Camillo De Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (E.C.); (E.T.); (S.G.); (V.G.)
| | - Elisabetta Tomaino
- Department of Ecology and Biology, University of Tuscia, San Camillo De Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (E.C.); (E.T.); (S.G.); (V.G.)
| | - Sofia Gabellone
- Department of Ecology and Biology, University of Tuscia, San Camillo De Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (E.C.); (E.T.); (S.G.); (V.G.)
| | - Valeria Gigli
- Department of Ecology and Biology, University of Tuscia, San Camillo De Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (E.C.); (E.T.); (S.G.); (V.G.)
| | - Daniele Avitabile
- IDI Farmaceutici, Via dei Castelli Romani 73/75, 00071 Pomezia, Italy;
| | - Raffaele Saladino
- Department of Ecology and Biology, University of Tuscia, San Camillo De Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (E.C.); (E.T.); (S.G.); (V.G.)
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24
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Adamcyk J, Beisl S, Amini S, Jung T, Zikeli F, Labidi J, Friedl A. Production and Properties of Lignin Nanoparticles from Ethanol Organosolv Liquors-Influence of Origin and Pretreatment Conditions. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:384. [PMID: 33530559 PMCID: PMC7866125 DOI: 10.3390/polym13030384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite major efforts in recent years, lignin as an abundant biopolymer is still underutilized in material applications. The production of lignin nanoparticles with improved properties through a high specific surface area enables easier applicability and higher value applications. Current precipitation processes often show poor yields, as a portion of the lignin stays in solution. In the present work, lignin was extracted from wheat straw, spruce, and beech using ethanol organosolv pretreatment at temperatures from 160-220 °C. The resulting extracts were standardized to the lowest lignin content and precipitated by solvent-shifting to produce lignin micro- and nanoparticles with mean hydrodynamic diameters from 67.8 to 1156.4 nm. Extracts, particles and supernatant were analyzed on molecular weight, revealing that large lignin molecules are precipitated while small lignin molecules stay in solution. The particles were purified by dialysis and characterized on their color and antioxidant activity, reaching ASC equivalents between 19.1 and 50.4 mg/mg. This work gives detailed insight into the precipitation process with respect to different raw materials and pretreatment severities, enabling better understanding and optimization of lignin nanoparticle precipitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Adamcyk
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (S.B.); (S.A.); (T.J.); (F.Z.); (A.F.)
| | - Stefan Beisl
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (S.B.); (S.A.); (T.J.); (F.Z.); (A.F.)
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain;
| | - Samaneh Amini
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (S.B.); (S.A.); (T.J.); (F.Z.); (A.F.)
| | - Thomas Jung
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (S.B.); (S.A.); (T.J.); (F.Z.); (A.F.)
| | - Florian Zikeli
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (S.B.); (S.A.); (T.J.); (F.Z.); (A.F.)
| | - Jalel Labidi
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain;
| | - Anton Friedl
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (S.B.); (S.A.); (T.J.); (F.Z.); (A.F.)
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25
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Barhoum A, Jeevanandam J, Rastogi A, Samyn P, Boluk Y, Dufresne A, Danquah MK, Bechelany M. Plant celluloses, hemicelluloses, lignins, and volatile oils for the synthesis of nanoparticles and nanostructured materials. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:22845-22890. [PMID: 33185217 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr04795c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A huge variety of plants are harvested worldwide and their different constituents can be converted into a broad range of bionanomaterials. In parallel, much research effort in materials science and engineering is focused on the formation of nanoparticles and nanostructured materials originating from agricultural residues. Cellulose (40-50%), hemicellulose (20-40%), and lignin (20-30%) represent major plant ingredients and many techniques have been described that separate the main plant components for the synthesis of nanocelluloses, nano-hemicelluloses, and nanolignins with divergent and controllable properties. The minor components, such as essential oils, could also be used to produce non-toxic metal and metal oxide nanoparticles with high bioavailability, biocompatibility, and/or bioactivity. This review describes the chemical structure, the physical and chemical properties of plant cell constituents, different techniques for the synthesis of nanocelluloses, nanohemicelluloses, and nanolignins from various lignocellulose sources and agricultural residues, and the extraction of volatile oils from plants as well as their use in metal and metal oxide nanoparticle production and emulsion preparation. Furthermore, details about the formation of activated carbon nanomaterials by thermal treatment of lignocellulose materials, a few examples of mineral extraction from agriculture waste for nanoparticle fabrication, and the emerging applications of plant-based nanomaterials in different fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, environment protection, environmental remediation, or energy production and storage, are also included. This review also briefly discusses the recent developments and challenges of obtaining nanomaterials from plant residues, and the issues surrounding toxicity and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Barhoum
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, 11795 Cairo, Egypt.
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Abstract
This review covers the latest developments and challenges in the field of broad-spectrum sunscreens and how sunscreens based on lignin address their requirements in terms of sunlight protection, antioxidants, and preservatives.
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Plant Complexity and Cosmetic Innovation. iScience 2020; 23:101358. [PMID: 32738608 PMCID: PMC7394851 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants have been used in cosmetic products since ancient times and are the subject of scientific investigation even nowadays. During the years, a deeper understanding of both the behavior of skin and of plants have become available drawing increasingly complex pictures. Plants are complex organisms that produce different metabolites responding to the environment they live in. Applied to the skin, phytomolecules interact with skin cells and affect the skin well-being and appearance. Ethnobotanical studies on the one hand and physico-chemical analyses on the other have pictured a rich inventory of plants with potential to enrich modern cosmetic products.
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Lignin as a UV Light Blocker-A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12051134. [PMID: 32429134 PMCID: PMC7284897 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lignin is the by-product of pulp and paper industries and bio-refining operations. It is available as the leading natural phenolic biopolymer in the market. It has chromophore functional groups and can absorb a broad spectrum of UV light in range of 250–400 nm. Using lignin as a natural ingredient in sunscreen cream, transparent film, paints, varnishes and microorganism protection has been actively investigated. Both in non-modified and modified forms, lignin provides enhancing UV protection of commercial products with less than a 10% blend with other material. In mixtures with other synthetic UV blockers, lignin indicated synergic effects and increased final UV blocking potential in compare with using only synthetic UV blocker or lignin. However, using lignin as a UV blocker is also challenging due to its complex structure, polydispersity in molecular weight, brownish color and some impurities that require more research in order to make it an ideal bio-based UV blocker.
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