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Somarathne RP, Amarasekara DL, Kariyawasam CS, Robertson HA, Mayatt R, Gwaltney SR, Fitzkee NC. Protein Binding Leads to Reduced Stability and Solvated Disorder in the Polystyrene Nanoparticle Corona. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2305684. [PMID: 38247186 PMCID: PMC11209821 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202305684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the conformation of proteins in the nanoparticle corona has important implications in how organisms respond to nanoparticle-based drugs. These proteins coat the nanoparticle surface, and their properties will influence the nanoparticle's interaction with cell targets and the immune system. While some coronas are thought to be disordered, two key unanswered questions are the degree of disorder and solvent accessibility. Here, a model is developed for protein corona disorder in polystyrene nanoparticles of varying size. For two different proteins, it is found that binding affinity decreases as nanoparticle size increases. The stoichiometry of binding, along with changes in the hydrodynamic size, supports a highly solvated, disordered protein corona anchored at a small number of attachment sites. The scaling of the stoichiometry versus nanoparticle size is consistent with disordered polymer dimensions. Moreover, it is found that proteins are destabilized less in the presence of larger nanoparticles, and hydrophobic exposure decreases at lower curvatures. The observations hold for proteins on flat polystyrene surfaces, which have the lowest hydrophobic exposure. The model provides an explanation for previous observations of increased amyloid fibrillation rates in the presence of larger nanoparticles, and it may rationalize how cell receptors can recognize protein disorder in therapeutic nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radha P Somarathne
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Dhanush L Amarasekara
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Chathuri S Kariyawasam
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Harley A Robertson
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Railey Mayatt
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Steven R Gwaltney
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Nicholas C Fitzkee
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
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2
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Kromer C, Katz A, Feldmann I, Laux P, Luch A, Tschiche HR. A targeted fluorescent nanosensor for ratiometric pH sensing at the cell surface. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12302. [PMID: 38811698 PMCID: PMC11137054 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62976-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
The correlation between altered extracellular pH and various pathological conditions, including cancer, inflammation and metabolic disorders, is well known. Bulk pH measurements cannot report the extracellular pH value at the cell surface. However, there is a limited number of suitable tools for measuring the extracellular pH of cells with high spatial resolution, and none of them are commonly used in laboratories around the world. In this study, a versatile ratiometric nanosensor for the measurement of extracellular pH was developed. The nanosensor consists of biocompatible polystyrene nanoparticles loaded with the pH-inert reference dye Nile red and is surface functionalized with a pH-responsive fluorescein dye. Equipped with a targeting moiety, the nanosensor can adhere to cell membranes, allowing direct measurement of extracellular pH at the cell surface. The nanosensor exhibits a sensitive ratiometric pH response within the range of 5.5-9.0, with a calculated pKa of 7.47. This range optimally covers the extracellular pH (pHe) of most healthy cells and cells in which the pHe is abnormal, such as cancer cells. In combination with the nanosensors ability to target cell membranes, its high robustness, reversibility and its biocompatibility, the pHe nanosensor proves to be well suited for in-situ measurement of extracellular pH, even over extended time periods. This pH nanosensor has the potential to advance biomedical research by improving our understanding of cellular microenvironments, where extracellular pH plays an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Kromer
- Product Materials and Nanotechnology, Department Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Aaron Katz
- Product Materials and Nanotechnology, Department Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ines Feldmann
- Material-Microbiome Interactions, Department Materials and the Environment, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Laux
- Product Materials and Nanotechnology, Department Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- Product Materials and Nanotechnology, Department Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Harald R Tschiche
- Product Materials and Nanotechnology, Department Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
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3
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Saleemi MA, Zhang Y, Zhang G. Current Progress in the Science of Novel Adjuvant Nano-Vaccine-Induced Protective Immune Responses. Pathogens 2024; 13:441. [PMID: 38921739 PMCID: PMC11206999 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13060441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaccinations are vital as they protect us from various illness-causing agents. Despite all the advancements in vaccine-related research, developing improved and safer vaccines against devastating infectious diseases including Ebola, tuberculosis and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) remains a significant challenge. In addition, some of the current human vaccines can cause adverse reactions in some individuals, which limits their use for massive vaccination program. Therefore, it is necessary to design optimal vaccine candidates that can elicit appropriate immune responses but do not induce side effects. Subunit vaccines are relatively safe for the vaccination of humans, but they are unable to trigger an optimal protective immune response without an adjuvant. Although different types of adjuvants have been used for the formulation of vaccines to fight pathogens that have high antigenic diversity, due to the toxicity and safety issues associated with human-specific adjuvants, there are only a few adjuvants that have been approved for the formulation of human vaccines. Recently, nanoparticles (NPs) have gain specific attention and are commonly used as adjuvants for vaccine development as well as for drug delivery due to their excellent immune modulation properties. This review will focus on the current state of adjuvants in vaccine development, the mechanisms of human-compatible adjuvants and future research directions. We hope this review will provide valuable information to discovery novel adjuvants and drug delivery systems for developing novel vaccines and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guoquan Zhang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, College of Sciences, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA; (M.A.S.); (Y.Z.)
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Wang Y, Xu K, Gao X, Wei Z, Han Q, Wang S, Du W, Chen M. Polystyrene nanoplastics with different functional groups and charges have different impacts on type 2 diabetes. Part Fibre Toxicol 2024; 21:21. [PMID: 38658944 PMCID: PMC11044502 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-024-00582-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing attention is being paid to the environmental and health impacts of nanoplastics (NPs) pollution. Exposure to nanoplastics (NPs) with different charges and functional groups may have different adverse effects after ingestion by organisms, yet the potential ramifications on mammalian blood glucose levels, and the risk of diabetes remain unexplored. RESULTS Mice were exposed to PS-NPs/COOH/NH2 at a dose of 5 mg/kg/day for nine weeks, either alone or in a T2DM model. The findings demonstrated that exposure to PS-NPs modified by different functional groups caused a notable rise in fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance in a mouse model of T2DM. Exposure to PS-NPs-NH2 alone can also lead the above effects to a certain degree. PS-NPs exposure could induce glycogen accumulation and hepatocellular edema, as well as injury to the pancreas. Comparing the effect of different functional groups or charges on T2DM, the PS-NPs-NH2 group exhibited the most significant FBG elevation, glycogen accumulation, and insulin resistance. The phosphorylation of AKT and FoxO1 was found to be inhibited by PS-NPs exposure. Treatment with SC79, the selective AKT activator was shown to effectively rescue this process and attenuate T2DM like lesions. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to PS-NPs with different functional groups (charges) induced T2DM-like lesions. Amino-modified PS-NPs cause more serious T2DM-like lesions than pristine PS-NPs or carboxyl functionalized PS-NPs. The underlying mechanisms involved the inhibition of P-AKT/P-FoxO1. This study highlights the potential risk of NPs pollution on T2DM, and provides a new perspective for evaluating the impact of plastics aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyi Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, 430079, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, 430079, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiao Gao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, 430079, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhaolan Wei
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, 430079, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qi Han
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, 430079, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shuxin Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, 430079, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wanting Du
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, 430079, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Mingqing Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, 430079, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Ma Y, Xu D, Wan Z, Wei Z, Chen Z, Wang Y, Han X, Chen Y. Exposure to different surface-modified polystyrene nanoparticles caused anxiety, depression, and social deficit in mice via damaging mitochondria in neurons. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 919:170739. [PMID: 38340854 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Nanoplastics (NPs) are unavoidable hazardous materials that result from the human production and use of plastics. While there is evidence that NPs can bioaccumulate in the brain, no enough research regarding the pathways by which NPs reach the brain was conducted, and it is also urgently needed to evaluate the health threat to the nervous system. Here, we observed accumulation of polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs) with different surface modifications (PS, PS-COOH, and PS-NH2) in mouse brains. Further studies showed that PS-NPs disrupted the tight junctions between endothelial cells and transport into endothelial cells via the endocytosis and macropinocytosis pathways. Additionally, NPs exposure induced a series of alternations in behavioral tests, including anxiety- and depression-like changes and impaired social interaction performance. Further results identified that NPs could be internalized into neurons and localized in the mitochondria, bringing about mitochondrial dysfunction and a concurrent decline of ATP production, which might be associated with abnormal animal behaviors. The findings provide novel insights into the neurotoxicity of NPs and provide a basis for the formulation of policy on plastic production and usage by relevant government agencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Ma
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Dihui Xu
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Zicheng Wan
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Ziyang Wei
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Zining Chen
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yuheng Wang
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xiaodong Han
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Yabing Chen
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
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6
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Somarathne RP, Misra SK, Kariyawasam CS, Kessl JJ, Sharp JS, Fitzkee NC. Exploring Residue-Level Interactions between the Biofilm-Driving R2ab Protein and Polystyrene Nanoparticles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:1213-1222. [PMID: 38174900 PMCID: PMC10843815 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
In biological systems, proteins can bind to nanoparticles to form a "corona" of adsorbed molecules. The nanoparticle corona is of significant interest because it impacts an organism's response to a nanomaterial. Understanding the corona requires knowledge of protein structure, orientation, and dynamics at the surface. A residue-level mapping of protein behavior on nanoparticle surfaces is needed, but this mapping is difficult to obtain with traditional approaches. Here, we have investigated the interaction between R2ab and polystyrene nanoparticles (PSNPs) at the level of individual residues. R2ab is a bacterial surface protein from Staphylococcus epidermidis and is known to interact strongly with polystyrene, leading to biofilm formation. We have used mass spectrometry after lysine methylation and hydrogen-deuterium exchange (HDX) NMR spectroscopy to understand how the R2ab protein interacts with PSNPs of different sizes. Lysine methylation experiments reveal subtle but statistically significant changes in methylation patterns in the presence of PSNPs, indicating altered protein surface accessibility. HDX rates become slower overall in the presence of PSNPs. However, some regions of the R2ab protein exhibit faster than average exchange rates in the presence of PSNPs, while others are slower than the average behavior, suggesting conformational changes upon binding. HDX rates and methylation ratios support a recently proposed "adsorbotope" model for PSNPs, wherein adsorbed proteins consist of unfolded anchor points interspersed with partially structured regions. Our data also highlight the challenges of characterizing complex protein-nanoparticle interactions using these techniques, such as fast exchange rates. While providing insights into how R2ab adsorbs onto PSNP surfaces, this research emphasizes the need for advanced methods to comprehend residue-level interactions in the nanoparticle corona.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radha P Somarathne
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Sandeep K Misra
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Chathuri S Kariyawasam
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Jacques J Kessl
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Joshua S Sharp
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Nicholas C Fitzkee
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
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Yang X, Zhang Z, Wu Y, Wang H, Yun Y, Sun Y, Xie H, Bogdanov B, Senyushkin P, Chi J, Lian Z, Wu D, Su M, Song Y. Printed Divisional Optical Biochip for Multiplex Visualizable Exosome Analysis at Point-of-Care. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2304935. [PMID: 37589665 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202304935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Rapid detection of various exosomes is of great significance in early diagnosis and postoperative monitoring of cancers. Here, a divisional optical biochip is reported for multiplex exosome analysis via combining the self-assembly of nanochains and precise surface patterning. Arising from resonance-induced near-field enhancement, the nanochains show distinct color changes after capturing target exosomes for direct visual detection. Then, a series of divisional nanochain-based biochips conjugated with several specific antibodies are fabricated through designed hydrophilic and hydrophobic patterns. Because of the significant wettability difference, one sample droplet is precisely self-splitting into several microdroplets enabling simultaneous identification of multiple target exosomes in 30 min with a sensitivity of 6 × 107 particles mL-1 , which is about two orders lower than enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Apart from the trace amount detection, excellent semiquantitative capability is demonstrated to distinguish clinical exosomes from glioblastoma patients and healthy people. This method is simple, versatile, and highly efficient that can be extended as a diagnostic tool for many diseases, promoting the development of liquid biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zeying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yuanbin Wu
- Department of Emergency, the Seventh Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100700, P. R. China
| | - Huadong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yang Yun
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yali Sun
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, 197101, Russia
| | - Hongfei Xie
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Bogdan Bogdanov
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, 197101, Russia
| | - Pavel Senyushkin
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, 197101, Russia
| | - Jimei Chi
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zewei Lian
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Dongdong Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, P. R. China
| | - Meng Su
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yanlin Song
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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8
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Shi C, Liu Z, Yu B, Zhang Y, Yang H, Han Y, Wang B, Liu Z, Zhang H. Emergence of nanoplastics in the aquatic environment and possible impacts on aquatic organisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167404. [PMID: 37769717 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Plastic production on a global scale is instrumental in advancing modern society. However, plastic can be broken down by mechanical and chemical forces of humans and nature, and knowledge of the fate and effects of plastic, especially nanoplastics, in the aquatic environment remains poor. We provide an overview of current knowledge on the environmental occurrence and toxicity of nanoplastics, and suggestions for future research. There are nanoplastics present in seas, rivers, and nature reserves from Asia, Europe, Antarctica, and the Arctic Ocean at levels of 0.3-488 microgram per liter. Once in the aquatic environment, nanoplastics accumulate in plankton, nekton, benthos through ingestion and adherence, with multiple toxic results including inhibited growth, reproductive abnormalities, oxidative stress, and immune system dysfunction. Further investigations should focus on chemical analysis methods for nanoplastics, effect and mechanism of nanoplastics at environmental relevant concentrations in aquatic organisms, as well as the mechanism of the Trojan horse effect of nanoplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoli Shi
- Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Zhiqun Liu
- Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Bingzhi Yu
- Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Yinan Zhang
- Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Hongmei Yang
- Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Yu Han
- Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Binhao Wang
- Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Zhiquan Liu
- Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Shanghai Academy of Environment Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China.
| | - Hangjun Zhang
- Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Hangzhou Internation Urbanology Research Center, Hangzhou 311121, China
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9
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Barros J, Kumar S, Seena S. Does functionalised nanoplastics modulate the cellular and physiological responses of aquatic fungi to metals? ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 337:122549. [PMID: 37730145 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Co-contamination of freshwaters by nanoplastics (NPs; ≤ 1 μm) and metals is an emerging concern. Aquatic hyphomycetes play a crucial role as primary decomposers in these ecosystems. However, concurrent impacts of NPs and metals on the cellular and physiological activities of these fungi remain poorly understood. Here, the effects of environmentally realistic concentrations of two types of polystyrene (PS) NPs (bare and -COOH; up to 25 μg L-1) and copper (Cu; up to 50 μg L-1) individually and all possible combinations (NPs types and Cu) on Articulospora tetracladia, a prevalent aquatic hyphomycete, were investigated. Endpoints measured were intracellular reactive oxygen species accumulation, plasma membrane disruption and fungal growth. The results suggest that functionalised (-COOH) NPs enhance Cu adsorption, as revealed by spectroscopic analyses. Notably, NPs, Cu and their co-exposure to A. tetracladia can lead to ROS accumulation and plasma membrane disruption. In most cases, exposure to treatments containing -COOH NPs with Cu showed greater cellular response and suppressed fungal growth. By contrast, exposure to Cu individually showed stimulatory effects on fungal growth. Overall, this study provides novel insight that functionalisation of NPs facilitates metal adsorption, thus modulating the impacts of metals on aquatic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Barros
- Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre (MARE)/Rede de Investigação Aquática (ARNET), Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, South Korea; Department of Chemistry, School of Basic & Applied Sciences, Harcourt Butler Technical University, Kanpur 208002 Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sahadevan Seena
- Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre (MARE)/Rede de Investigação Aquática (ARNET), Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal.
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10
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Yang S, Lee S, Lee Y, Cho JH, Kim SH, Ha ES, Jung YS, Chung HY, Kim MS, Kim HS, Chang SC, Min KJ, Lee J. Cationic nanoplastic causes mitochondrial dysfunction in neural progenitor cells and impairs hippocampal neurogenesis. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 208:194-210. [PMID: 37553025 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Nanoplastics (NPs) exposure to humans can occur through various routes, including the food chain, drinking water, skin contact, and respiration. NPs are plastics with a diameter of less than 100 nm and have the potential to accumulate in tissues, leading to toxic effects. This study aimed to investigate the neurotoxicity of polystyrene NPs on neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and hippocampal neurogenesis in a rodent model. Toxicity screening of polystyrene NPs based on their charge revealed that cationic amine-modified polystyrene (PS-NH3+) exhibited cytotoxicity, while anionic carboxylate-modified polystyrene (PS-COO-) and neutral NPs (PS) did not. NPCs treated with PS-NH3+ showed a significant reduction in growth rate due to G1 cell cycle arrest. PS-NH3+ increased the expression of cell cycle arrest markers p21 and p27, while decreasing cyclin D expression in NPCs. Interestingly, PS-NH3+ accumulated in mitochondria, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and energy depletion, which caused G1 cell cycle arrest. Prolonged exposure to PS-NH3+ in C17.2 NPCs increased the expression of p16 and senescence-associated secretory phenotype factors, indicating cellular senescence. In vivo studies using C57BL/6 mice demonstrated impaired hippocampal neurogenesis and memory retention after 10 days of PS-NH3+ administration. This study suggests that NPs could deplete neural stem cell pools in the brain by mitochondrial dysfunction, thereby adversely affecting hippocampal neurogenesis and neurocognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonguk Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Seulah Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea; Cognitive Science Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, 41068, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hyun Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Sou Hyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Sol Ha
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Suk Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Young Chung
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Soo Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Sik Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 2066, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Cheol Chang
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Jin Min
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Jaewon Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Kromer C, Schwibbert K, Radunz S, Thiele D, Laux P, Luch A, Tschiche HR. ROS generating BODIPY loaded nanoparticles for photodynamic eradication of biofilms. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1274715. [PMID: 37908542 PMCID: PMC10615615 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1274715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms can pose a serious health risk to humans and are less susceptible to antibiotics and disinfection than planktonic bacteria. Here, a novel method for biofilm eradication based on antimicrobial photodynamic therapy utilizing a nanoparticle in conjunction with a BODIPY derivative as photosensitizer was developed. Reactive oxygen species are generated upon illumination with visible light and lead to a strong, controllable and persistent eradication of both planktonic bacteria and biofilms. One of the biggest challenges in biofilm eradication is the penetration of the antimicrobial agent into the biofilm and its matrix. A biocompatible hydrophilic nanoparticle was utilized as a delivery system for the hydrophobic BODIPY dye and enabled its accumulation within the biofilm. This key feature of delivering the antimicrobial agent to the site of action where it is activated resulted in effective eradication of all tested biofilms. Here, 3 bacterial species that commonly form clinically relevant pathogenic biofilms were selected: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans. The development of this antimicrobial photodynamic therapy tool for biofilm eradication takes a promising step towards new methods for the much needed treatment of pathogenic biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Kromer
- Department Chemicals and Product Safety, Product Materials and Nanotechnology, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karin Schwibbert
- Department Materials and the Environment, Biodeterioration and Reference Organisms, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Dorothea Thiele
- Department Materials and the Environment, Biodeterioration and Reference Organisms, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Laux
- Department Chemicals and Product Safety, Product Materials and Nanotechnology, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- Department Chemicals and Product Safety, Product Materials and Nanotechnology, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Harald R. Tschiche
- Department Chemicals and Product Safety, Product Materials and Nanotechnology, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
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12
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Płuciennik K, Sicińska P, Duchnowicz P, Bonarska-Kujawa D, Męczarska K, Solarska-Ściuk K, Miłowska K, Bukowska B. The effects of non-functionalized polystyrene nanoparticles with different diameters on human erythrocyte membrane and morphology. Toxicol In Vitro 2023; 91:105634. [PMID: 37336462 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the potential toxicity of non-functionalized polystyrene nanoparticles (PS-NPs) in human erythrocytes has been assessed. The effect of PS-NPs with different diameters (∼30 nm, ∼45 nm, ∼70 nm) on fluidity of erythrocytes membrane, red blood cells shape, as well as haemolysis of these cells has been investigated. Erythrocytes were incubated for 24 h with non-functionalized PS-NPs in concentrations ranging from 0.001 to 200 μg/mL in order to study haemolysis and from 0.001 to 10 μg/mL to determine other parameters. Fluidity was estimated by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and the fluorimetric method. It has been shown that PS-NPs induced haemolysis, caused changes in the fluidity of red blood cells membrane, and altered their shape. Non-functionalized PS-NPs increased the membrane stiffness in the hydrophobic region of hydrocarbon chains of fatty acids. The observed changes in haemolysis and morphology were dependent on the size of the nanoparticles. The smallest PS-NPs of ∼30 nm (with the smallest absolute value of the negative zeta potential -29.68 mV) induced the greatest haemolysis, while the largest PS-NPs of ∼70 nm (with the highest absolute value of the negative zeta potential -42.00 mV) caused the greatest changes in erythrocyte shape and stomatocytes formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Płuciennik
- Department of Biophysics of Environmental Pollution, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska Str. 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Paulina Sicińska
- Department of Biophysics of Environmental Pollution, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska Str. 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Piotr Duchnowicz
- Department of Biophysics of Environmental Pollution, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska Str. 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Dorota Bonarska-Kujawa
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Męczarska
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Solarska-Ściuk
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Miłowska
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska Str. 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Bożena Bukowska
- Department of Biophysics of Environmental Pollution, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska Str. 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
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13
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Bunyatova U, Hammouda MB, Y Zhang J. Preparation of injectable hydrophilic dextran/AgNPs nanocomposite product: White light active biomolecules as an antitumor agent. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 245:125215. [PMID: 37285880 PMCID: PMC11037523 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Incidence of various cancers including melanoma continues to rise worldwide. While treatment options have expanded in the recent years, the benefit of these treatments suffer from short period of duration for many patients. Hence, new treatment options are highly desired. Here, we propose a method combining a Dextran/reactive-copolymer/AgNPs nanocomposite and a harmless visible light approach to obtain a plasma substitute carbohydrate-based nanoproduct (D@AgNP) that shows strong antitumor activity. Light-driven polysaccharide-based nanocomposite provided essential conditions for extra small (8-12nm) AgNPs capping with subsequent specific self-assembly into spherical-like cloud nanostructures. Obtained biocompatible D@AgNP are stable over six months at room temperature and demonstrated absorbance peak at 406 nm. New formulated nanoproduct revealed efficient anticancer properties against A375 with IC50 0.0035 mg/mL following 24-h incubation; complete cell death is achieved at 0.001 mg/mL and 0.0005 mg/mL by 24- and 48-h time points, respectively. SEM examination shows that D@AgNP altered the shape of the cell structure and damaged the cell membrane. TEM finding shows that D@AgNP are mostly localized at vesicles such as the endosomes, lysosomes and mitochondria. It is anticipated that the introduced new method serves as the cornerstone for improving the generation of biocompatible hydrophilic carbohydrate-based anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulviye Bunyatova
- Biomedical Department, Engineering Facility, Baskent UniversityAnkara, Turkey; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Pratt School of Engineering, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Manel Ben Hammouda
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jennifer Y Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Pathology, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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14
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Xu W, Yuan Y, Tian Y, Cheng C, Chen Y, Zeng L, Yuan Y, Li D, Zheng L, Luo T. Oral exposure to polystyrene nanoplastics reduced male fertility and even caused male infertility by inducing testicular and sperm toxicities in mice. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 454:131470. [PMID: 37116333 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Nanoplastics (NPs) are the novel hazardous materials and ubiquitous in environment with different sizes. Although recent studies showed testicular toxicity of PS-NPs, whether and how NPs affect male fertility and whether they have the size-dependent effect remain ambiguous in mammals. In this study, the male mice were orally exposed to 25-, 50-, and 100-nm polystyrene NPs (PS-NPs) for 56 days. All three sized PS-NPs reduced male fertility and even caused male infertility. They accumulated in the testes, induced oxidative stress, affected the expression of apoptosis- and inflammation-related genes, and compromised energy metabolism, resulting in damaged testicular microstructure and functions. PS-NPs caused more severe testicular toxicity in infertile mice than in fertile mice. In addition, PS-NPs inhibited sperm capacitation and capacitation-dependent processes in infertile mice but not in fertile mice. In infertile mice, PS-NPs reduced the sperm levels of two Rho GTPases (RAC1 and CDC42) via increasing their ubiquitination levels and diminished sperm filamentous actin polymerization, thus inhibiting sperm capacitation. However, these testicular and sperm toxicities showed no size-dependent effect among three sized PS-NPs. In conclusion, PS-NPs inhibit male fertility by their multifaceted toxicity on testes and sperm in mice, providing novel insights into reproductive risks of NPs to mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Xu
- Institute of Life Science and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China; Key Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology and Pathology in Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Yangyang Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology and Pathology in Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Yan Tian
- Institute of Life Science and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China; Key Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology and Pathology in Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Institute of Life Science and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China; Key Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology and Pathology in Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Institute of Life Science and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China; Key Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology and Pathology in Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Lianjie Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology and Pathology in Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Institute of Life Science and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China; Key Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology and Pathology in Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Dandan Li
- Institute of Life Science and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Liping Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology and Pathology in Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Tao Luo
- Institute of Life Science and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China; Key Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology and Pathology in Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China.
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15
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Somarathne RP, Amarasekara DL, Kariyawasam CS, Robertson HA, Mayatt R, Fitzkee NC. Protein Binding Leads to Reduced Stability and Solvated Disorder in the Polystyrene Nanoparticle Corona. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.06.548033. [PMID: 37461509 PMCID: PMC10350082 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.06.548033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the conformation of proteins in the nanoparticle corona has important implications in how organisms respond to nanoparticle-based drugs. These proteins coat the nanoparticle surface, and their properties will influence the nanoparticle's interaction with cell targets and the immune system. While some coronas are thought to be disordered, two key unanswered questions are the degree of disorder and solvent accessibility. Here, using a comprehensive thermodynamic approach, along with supporting spectroscopic experiments, we develop a model for protein corona disorder in polystyrene nanoparticles of varying size. For two different proteins, we find that binding affinity decreases as nanoparticle size increases. The stoichiometry of binding, along with changes in the hydrodynamic size, support a highly solvated, disordered protein corona anchored at a small number of enthalpically-driven attachment sites. The scaling of the stoichiometry vs. nanoparticle size is consistent disordered polymer dimensions. Moreover, we find that proteins are destabilized less severely in the presence of larger nanoparticles, and this is supported by measurements of hydrophobic exposure, which becomes less pronounced at lower curvatures. Our observations hold for flat polystyrene surfaces, which, when controlled for total surface area, have the lowest hydrophobic exposure of all systems. Our model provides an explanation for previous observations of increased amyloid fibrillation rates in the presence of larger nanoparticles, and it may rationalize how cell receptors can recognize protein disorder in therapeutic nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radha P. Somarathne
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA
| | | | | | - Harley A. Robertson
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA
| | - Railey Mayatt
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA
| | - Nicholas C. Fitzkee
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA
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16
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Asandulesa M, Solonaru AM, Resmerita AM, Honciuc A. Thermal and Dielectric Investigations of Polystyrene Nanoparticles as a Viable Platform-Toward the Next Generation of Fillers for Nanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2899. [PMID: 37447544 DOI: 10.3390/polym15132899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles are often used as fillers for enhancing various properties of polymer composites such as mechanical, electrical, or dielectric. Among them, polymer nanoparticles are considered ideal contenders because of their compatibility with a polymer matrix. For this reason, it is important that they are synthesized in a surfactant-free form, to obtain predictable surface and structural properties. Here, we synthesized a series of polystyrene nanoparticles (PS NPs), by emulsion polymerization of styrene, using varying amounts of divinylbenzene as a crosslinking agent and sodium 4-vinylbenzenesulfonate as a copolymerizing monomer surfactant-"surfmer". Using "surfmers" we obtained surfactant-free nanoparticles that are monodisperse, with a high degree of thermal stability, as observed by scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetric investigations. The prepared series of NPs were investigated by means of broadband dielectric spectroscopy and we demonstrate that by fine-tuning their chemical composition, fine changes in their dielectric and thermal properties are obtained. Further, we demonstrate that the physical transformations in the nanoparticles, such as the glass transition, can be predicted by performing the first derivative of dielectric permittivity for all investigated samples. The glass transition temperature of PS NPs appears to be inversely correlated with the dielectric permittivity and the average diameter of NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai Asandulesa
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ana-Maria Solonaru
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ana-Maria Resmerita
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Andrei Honciuc
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
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17
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Pelegrini K, Pereira TCB, Maraschin TG, Teodoro LDS, Basso NRDS, De Galland GLB, Ligabue RA, Bogo MR. Micro- and nanoplastic toxicity: A review on size, type, source, and test-organism implications. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 878:162954. [PMID: 36948318 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric wastes are among the current major environmental problems due to potential pollution and contamination. Within the spectrum of polymeric waste, microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) have gained ground in recent research since these particles can affect the local biota, inducing toxic effects on several organisms. Different outcomes have been reported depending on particle sizes, shape, types, and exposed organisms and conditions, among other variables. This review aimed to compile and discuss the current knowledge and possible literature gaps regarding the MPs and NPs generation and their toxicological effects as stressors, considering polymer type (as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, or others), size (micro- or nano-scale), source (commercial, lab-synthesized, or environmental) and test organism group. In that sense, 615 publications were analyzed, among which 72 % discussed micro-sized plastics, while <28 % assayed the toxicity of NPs (<1 μm). For most polymers, MPs and NPs were commercially purchased and used without additional size reduction processes; except for polyethylene terephthalate studies that mostly used grinding and cutting methods to obtain MPs. Polystyrene (PS) was the main polymer studied, as both MPs and NPs. PS accounts for >90 % of NPs reports evaluated, reflecting a major literature gap if compared to its 35.3 % share on MPs studies. Among the main organisms, arthropods and fish combined accounted for nearly 40 % of toxicity testing. Overall, the different types of plastics showed a tendency to report toxic effects, except for the 'Survival/lethality' category, which might indicate that polymeric particles induce mostly sublethal toxic effects. Furthermore, despite differences in publication numbers, we observed greater toxicity reported for NPs than MPs with oxidative stress among the majorly investigated endpoints. This study allowed a hazard profile overview of micro/nanoplastics (MNPs) and the visualization of literature gaps, under a broad diversity of toxicological evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kauê Pelegrini
- Escola Politécnica, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS). Av. Ipiranga, 6681, CEP: 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Engenharia e Tecnologia de Materiais, Escola Politécnica, PUCRS, Av. Ipiranga, 6690, CEP: 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Talita Carneiro Brandão Pereira
- Laboratório de Biologia Genômica e Molecular, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS). Av. Ipiranga, 6681, CEP: 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Escola de Medicina, PUCRS, Av. Ipiranga, 6690, CEP: 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Thuany Garcia Maraschin
- Escola Politécnica, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS). Av. Ipiranga, 6681, CEP: 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Engenharia e Tecnologia de Materiais, Escola Politécnica, PUCRS, Av. Ipiranga, 6690, CEP: 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Lilian De Souza Teodoro
- Laboratório de Biologia Genômica e Molecular, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS). Av. Ipiranga, 6681, CEP: 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, PUCRS, Av. Ipiranga, 6681, CEP: 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Nara Regina De Souza Basso
- Escola Politécnica, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS). Av. Ipiranga, 6681, CEP: 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Engenharia e Tecnologia de Materiais, Escola Politécnica, PUCRS, Av. Ipiranga, 6690, CEP: 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Griselda Ligia Barrera De Galland
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, CEP: 91570-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Rosane Angelica Ligabue
- Escola Politécnica, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS). Av. Ipiranga, 6681, CEP: 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Engenharia e Tecnologia de Materiais, Escola Politécnica, PUCRS, Av. Ipiranga, 6690, CEP: 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Mauricio Reis Bogo
- Laboratório de Biologia Genômica e Molecular, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS). Av. Ipiranga, 6681, CEP: 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Escola de Medicina, PUCRS, Av. Ipiranga, 6690, CEP: 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, PUCRS, Av. Ipiranga, 6681, CEP: 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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18
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Xu D, Ma Y, Peng C, Gan Y, Wang Y, Chen Z, Han X, Chen Y. Differently surface-labeled polystyrene nanoplastics at an environmentally relevant concentration induced Crohn's ileitis-like features via triggering intestinal epithelial cell necroptosis. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 176:107968. [PMID: 37201399 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Nanoplastics (NPs), regarded as the emerging contaminants, can enter and be mostly accumulated in the digest tract, which pose the potential threat to intestinal health. In this study, mice were orally exposed to polystyrene (PS), PS-COOH and PS-NH2 NPs with the size of ∼100 nm at a human equivalent dose for 28 consecutive days. All three kinds of PS-NPs triggered Crohn's ileitis-like features, such as ileum structure impairment, increased proinflammatory cytokines and intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) necroptosis, and PS-COOH/PS-NH2 NPs exhibited higher adverse effects on ileum tissues. Furthermore, we found PS-NPs induced necroptosis rather than apoptosis via activating RIPK3/MLKL pathway in IECs. Mechanistically, we found that PS-NPs accumulated in the mitochondria and subsequently caused mitochondrial stress, which initiated PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy. However, mitophagic flux was blocked due to lysosomal deacidification caused by PS-NPs, and thus led to IEC necroptosis. We further found that mitophagic flux recovery by rapamycin can alleviate NP-induced IEC necroptosis. Our findings revealed the underlying mechanisms concerning NP-triggered Crohn's ileitis-like features and might provide new insights for the further safety assessment of NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dihui Xu
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yuhan Ma
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Chunyan Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Zhongshan Road No. 321, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China
| | - Yibin Gan
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yuheng Wang
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Zining Chen
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xiaodong Han
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Yabing Chen
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
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19
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Lee Y, Cho S, Park K, Kim T, Kim J, Ryu DY, Hong J. Potential lifetime effects caused by cellular uptake of nanoplastics: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 329:121668. [PMID: 37087090 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plastics have been used for about 100 years, and daily-use products composed of plastics are now prevalent. As a result, humans are very easily exposed to the plastic particles generated from the daily-use plastics. However, studies on cellular uptake of nanoplastics in "human cells" have only recently begun to attract attention. In previous studies, definitions of nanoplastics and microplastics were vague, but recently, they have been considered to be different and are being studied separately. However, nanoplastics, unlike plastic particles of other sizes such as macro- and microplastics, can be absorbed by human cells, and thus can cause various risks such as cytotoxicity, inflammation, oxidative stress, and even diseases such as cancer82, 83. and diabetes (Fan et al., 2022; Wang et al., 2023). Thus, in this review, we defined microplastics and nanoplastics to be different and described the potential risks of nanoplastics to human caused by cellular uptake according to their diverse factors. In addition, during and following plastic product usage a substantial number of fragments of different sizes can be generated, including nanoplastics. Fragmentation of microplastics into nanoplastics may also occur during ingestion and inhalation, which can potentially cause long-term hazards to human health. However, there are still few in vivo studies conducted on the health effect of nanoplastics ingestion and inhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoojin Lee
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, College of Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seongeun Cho
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, College of Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungtae Park
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, College of Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Taihyun Kim
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, College of Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyu Kim
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, College of Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Du-Yeol Ryu
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, College of Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinkee Hong
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, College of Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Gao M, Wang Z, Jia Z, Zhang H, Wang T. Brassinosteroids alleviate nanoplastic toxicity in edible plants by activating antioxidant defense systems and suppressing nanoplastic uptake. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 174:107901. [PMID: 37003216 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
As emerging pollutants of global concern, absorbed nanoplastics might have negative impacts on plant development and nutrient uptake, thereby decreasing yields. If nanoplastics are transferred to the edible parts of plants, they may pose a threat to human health when large quantities are ingested. While nanoplastic-induced phytotoxicity is attracting increasing attention, little is known about how to inhibit nanoplastic accumulation in plants and reduce the subsequent adverse effects. Here we investigated the absorption and accumulation of polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs) in different plant species and the role of brassinosteroids in alleviating PS-NP toxicity. Brassinosteroids inhibited accumulation of PS-NPs in tomato fruit and reversed PS-NP-induced phytotoxicity to promote plant growth and increase fresh weight and plant height. Brassinosteroids also reversed the induction of aquaporin-related genes by PS-NPs including TIP2-1, TIP2-2, PIP2-6, PIP2-8, PIP2-9, SIP2-1, and NIP1-2, providing a potential stress mechanism by which PS-NPs accumulate in the edible parts and targets for inhibition. In transcriptomic analyses, brassinosteroids enhanced fatty acid and amino acid metabolism and synthesis. In conclusion, exogenous application of 50 nM brassinosteroids alleviated the adverse effects of PS-NPs on plants, and exogenous application of brassinosteroids might be an effective means to minimize PS-NP-induced phytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety of Shandong Normal University, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
| | - Zhongtang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety of Shandong Normal University, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
| | - Zhenzhen Jia
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety of Shandong Normal University, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety of Shandong Normal University, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China.
| | - Tian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety of Shandong Normal University, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China.
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21
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Gu Y, Xu D, Liu J, Chen Y, Wang J, Song Y, Sun B, Xia B. Bioaccumulation of functionalized polystyrene nanoplastics in sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka, 1867) and their toxic effects on oxidative stress, energy metabolism and mitochondrial pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 319:121015. [PMID: 36610653 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Micro/nano-plastics (M/NPs) are emerging contaminants in aquatic environment, however, little knowledge regarding the adverse effects of functionalized NPs has been documented so far. This study investigated the accumulation of different polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs, i.e., plain PS, carboxyl-functional PS-COOH and amino-functional PS-NH2) at two particle sizes of 100 nm and 200 nm, and evaluated the impacts on oxidative stress, energy metabolism and mitochondrial pathway responses in intestine and respiratory tree of Apostichopus japonicus during the 20-d exposure experiment. The results showed that there were significant interactions of particle size and nanoplastic type on the accumulation of different PS-NPs. Exposure to NPs significantly increased the production of malondialdehyde, glutathione and reactive oxygen species, as well as the activities of antioxidant enzymes including glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase and catalase, resulting in various degrees of oxidative damage in sea cucumber. The significant decrease in adenosine triphosphate content and increases in alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase activities suggested that NPs impaired energy metabolism and modified their energy allocation. After 20-d exposure, the complex I, II and III activities in mitochondrial respiratory chain were significantly inhibited. Meanwhile, the Bax and Caspase-3 gene expression were significantly up-regulated, and Bacl-2 was down-regulated, indicating the toxicity on mitochondrial pathway of A. japonicus. The calculated IBR values elucidated the greater detriment to mitochondrial pathway than oxidative stress and energy metabolism. For 100 nm particle size, plain PS has stronger influence on all the biomarkers compared to PS-COOH/NH2, however, the opposite trends were observed in 200 nm PS-NPs. Furthermore, 100 nm PS-NPs were recognized to be more hazardous to sea cucumber than 200 nm microbeads. These findings provide new insights for understanding the differentiated toxic effects of functionalized NPs in marine invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxue Gu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, China
| | - Dongxue Xu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, China
| | - Ji Liu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, China
| | - Yanru Chen
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, China
| | - Jinye Wang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, China
| | - Yize Song
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, China
| | - Baiqin Sun
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, China
| | - Bin Xia
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, China.
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22
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Jemec Kokalj A, Heinlaan M, Novak S, Drobne D, Kühnel D. Defining Quality Criteria for Nanoplastic Hazard Evaluation: The Case of Polystyrene Nanoplastics and Aquatic Invertebrate Daphnia spp. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:536. [PMID: 36770497 PMCID: PMC9919956 DOI: 10.3390/nano13030536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Polystyrene nanoparticles are the most investigated type of nanoplastics in environmental hazard studies. It remains unclear whether nanoplastic particles pose a hazard towards aquatic organisms. Thus, it was our aim to investigate whether the existing studies and data provided therein are reliable in terms of data completeness. We used the example of Daphnia spp. studies for the purpose of polystyrene nanoplastic (nanoPS) hazard evaluation. First, a set of quality criteria recently proposed for nanoplastic ecotoxicity studies was applied. These rather general criteria for all types of nanoplastics and different test organisms were then, in the second step, tailored and refined specifically for Daphnia spp. and nanoPS. Finally, a scoring system was established by setting mandatory (high importance) as well as desirable (medium importance) criteria and defining a threshold to pass the evaluation. Among the existing studies on nanoPS ecotoxicity for Daphnia spp. (n = 38), only 18% passed the evaluation for usability in hazard evaluation. The few studies that passed the evaluation did not allow for conclusions on the hazard potential of nanoPS because there was no consensus among the studies. The greatest challenge we identified is in data reporting, as only a few studies presented complete data for hazard evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Jemec Kokalj
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Margit Heinlaan
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Sara Novak
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damjana Drobne
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dana Kühnel
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 03418 Leipzig, Germany
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23
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Ullah R, Tsui MTK, Chow A, Chen H, Williams C, Ligaba-Osena A. Micro(nano)plastic pollution in terrestrial ecosystem: emphasis on impacts of polystyrene on soil biota, plants, animals, and humans. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 195:252. [PMID: 36585967 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10769-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Pollution with emerging microscopic contaminants such as microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) including polystyrene (PS) in aquatic and terrestrial environments is increasingly recognized. PS is largely used in packaging materials and is dumped directly into the ecosystem. PS micro-nano-plastics (MNPs) can be potentially bioaccumulated in the food chain and can cause human health concerns through food consumption. Earlier MP research has focused on the aquatic environments, but recent researches show significant MP and NP contamination in the terrestrial environments especially agricultural fields. Though PS is the hotspot of MPs research, however, to our knowledge, this systematic review represents the first of its kind that specifically focused on PS contamination in agricultural soils, covering sources, effects, and ways of PS mitigation. The paper also provides updated information on the effects of PS on soil organisms, its uptake by plants, and effects on higher animals as well as human beings. Directions for future research are also proposed to increase our understanding of the environmental contamination of PS in terrestrial environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raza Ullah
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27402, USA
| | - Martin Tsz-Ki Tsui
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27402, USA
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Shatin, New Territories, China
| | - Alex Chow
- Biogeochemistry & Environmental Quality Research Group, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29442, USA
- Dep. of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Huan Chen
- Biogeochemistry & Environmental Quality Research Group, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29442, USA
- Dep. of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Clinton Williams
- USDA-ARS, US Arid Land Agricultural Research Center, Cardon Ln, Maricopa, AZ, USA
| | - Ayalew Ligaba-Osena
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27402, USA.
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24
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Yedgar S, Barshtein G, Gural A. Hemolytic Activity of Nanoparticles as a Marker of Their Hemocompatibility. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13122091. [PMID: 36557391 PMCID: PMC9783501 DOI: 10.3390/mi13122091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The potential use of nanomaterials in medicine offers opportunities for novel therapeutic approaches to treating complex disorders. For that reason, a new branch of science, named nanotoxicology, which aims to study the dangerous effects of nanomaterials on human health and on the environment, has recently emerged. However, the toxicity and risk associated with nanomaterials are unclear or not completely understood. The development of an adequate experimental strategy for assessing the toxicity of nanomaterials may include a rapid/express method that will reliably, quickly, and cheaply make an initial assessment. One possibility is the characterization of the hemocompatibility of nanomaterials, which includes their hemolytic activity as a marker. In this review, we consider various factors affecting the hemolytic activity of nanomaterials and draw the reader's attention to the fact that the formation of a protein corona around a nanoparticle can significantly change its interaction with the red cell. This leads us to suggest that the nanomaterial hemolytic activity in the buffer does not reflect the situation in the blood plasma. As a recommendation, we propose studying the hemocompatibility of nanomaterials under more physiologically relevant conditions, in the presence of plasma proteins in the medium and under mechanical stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saul Yedgar
- Department of Biochemistry, The Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Gregory Barshtein
- Department of Biochemistry, The Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Alexander Gural
- Blood Bank, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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25
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Qu M, Chen H, Lai H, Liu X, Wang D, Zhang X. Exposure to nanopolystyrene and its 4 chemically modified derivatives at predicted environmental concentrations causes differently regulatory mechanisms in nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 305:135498. [PMID: 35777546 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanoplastics represented by nanopolystyrene (NPS) and its chemically modified derivatives are environmentally ecotoxicological hotpots in recent years, but their toxicity and underlying mechanisms have not been fully identified. Here we employed Caenorhabditis elegans as an animal model to systematically compare the toxicity between nanopolystyrene and its 4 chemically modified derivatives (PS-PEG, PS-COOH, PS-SOOOH and PS-NH2) at predicted environmental concentrations. Our study demonstrated that compared with PS exposed group, PS-NH2 exposure (15 μg/L) caused a significant decline in lifespan by suppressed DAF-16/insulin signaling and shortened body length by inhibiting DBL-1/TGF β signaling. Different from PS-NH2 exposed group, PS-SOOOH exposure (15 μg/L) could not cause changes in lifespan, but shortened body length by inhibiting DBL-1/TGF β signaling. In addition, PS-COOH, PS-SOOOH or PS-NH2 exposure (1 μg/L or 15 μg/L) caused more serious toxicity in reducing locomotion behavior and causing gut barrier deficit. Hence the rank order in toxicity of PS-NH2>PS-SOOOH>PS-COOH>PS>PS-PEG was identified. Furthermore, we also presented evidence to support the contention that the observed toxic effects on nematodes were linked to oxide stress and activation of anti-oxidative molecules for reversing the adverse effects induced by nanopolystyrene and its 4 chemically modified derivatives. Our data highlighted nanoplastics may be charge-dependently toxic to environmental organisms, and the screened low toxic modification may support polystyrene nanoparticles continued application for daily consumer goods and biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Qu
- School of Nursing & School of Public Health, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225000, China.
| | - He Chen
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230000, China
| | - Hanpeng Lai
- School of Nursing & School of Public Health, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225000, China
| | - Xing Liu
- School of Nursing & School of Public Health, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225000, China
| | - Dayong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering in Ministry of Education, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug Development, Jiangsu Simcere Diagnostics Co., Ltd., Nanjing, 210009, China
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26
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Shen F, Li D, Guo J, Chen J. Mechanistic toxicity assessment of differently sized and charged polystyrene nanoparticles based on human placental cells. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 223:118960. [PMID: 35988336 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanoplastics, as emerging contaminants, may be degraded from microplastics and released into aquatic systems globally, which pose threats to human health via ingestion with food or water. Although plastic fragments have been isolated from placental tissues in pregnant women, little is known about the direct toxicity of nanoplastics on human placental cells that plays a critical role in maintaining healthy growth of fetus. This study explored the mechanistic toxicity of polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs) with different sizes (25, 50, 100 and 500 nm) and surface charges (-NH2, -COOH and unlabeled) on human placental cells. Results showed that PS-NPs had size- and surface charge-specific toxicity pattern. The smaller the PS-NP size was, the greater the toxicity induced on human placental cells. In terms of surface charges, NH2-labeled PS-NPs caused greater effects on cytotoxicity, inhibition of protein kinase A (PKA) activity, oxidative stress, and cell cycle arrest compared to COOH-labeled and unmodified PS-NPs. PS-NPs also induced size- and surface charge-dependent expression profiles of genes involved in various and interrelated toxicity pathways. In particular, PS-NPs increased intracellular reactive oxygen species in human placental cells, which can induce DNA damage and lead to cell cycle arrest in G1or G2 phase, inflammation and apoptosis. Our findings provide empirical evidences that the negative effects of nanoplastics on human placental cells, and highlight the necessity to conduct risk assessment of nanoplastics on female reproduction and fetal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanglin Shen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Fudan Tyndall Center, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Dan Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Fudan Tyndall Center, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Jianhua Guo
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology (ACWEB, formerly AWMC), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Fudan Tyndall Center, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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27
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Banerjee A, Billey LO, McGarvey AM, Shelver WL. Effects of polystyrene micro/nanoplastics on liver cells based on particle size, surface functionalization, concentration and exposure period. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 836:155621. [PMID: 35513145 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Micro/nanoplastics (MP/NP) contaminate our food and drinking water but their impact on human health has not been well-documented. The liver is one of the first organs that ingested MP/NP encounter and it has a major role in the clearance of xenobiotics. Therefore, the effects of polystyrene MP/NP on liver HepG2 cells were studied. Cellular responses to particles of various sizes (50-5000 nm) and surface functionalization (aminated, carboxylated or non-functionalized) were determined at different concentrations (0.1-100 μg/mL) and exposure periods (1-24 h). Smaller sized particles were internalized by HepG2 cells more avidly than larger particles regardless of functionalization; the highest uptake being for 50 and 100 nm aminated particles at lower concentrations. Confocal microscopy images of cells corroborated quantitative uptake results. Aminated particles were more toxic to the cells than carboxylated or non-functionalized particles. Among aminated particles smaller particles (50 and 100 nm) were more detrimental to cell viability compared to larger particles (1000 or 5000 nm) with toxicity increasing with concentration. Treatment with the particles for 4 h increased intracellular concentrations of Caspase-3 by 1.5-2.8 fold, but 24 h exposure to the particles attenuated this increase in Caspase-3 concentrations. A slight trend of higher Caspase-3 concentration in cells treated with larger particles (500-5000 nm) compared to smaller particles (50-200 nm) was observed, indicating that larger particles are more likely to direct cells toward apoptotic cell death upon 4 h exposure. Exposure of cells to large PS particles (500-5000 nm) upregulated interleukin-8 and the effect was enhanced at 24 h. Overall, the study demonstrated that smaller aminated particles were most toxic to hepatocytes, but larger particles induced apoptotic cell death or an inflammatory response depending on the length of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Banerjee
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Biosciences Research Laboratory, 1616 Albrecht Blvd N, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
| | - Lloyd O Billey
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Biosciences Research Laboratory, 1616 Albrecht Blvd N, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
| | - Amy M McGarvey
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Biosciences Research Laboratory, 1616 Albrecht Blvd N, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
| | - Weilin L Shelver
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Biosciences Research Laboratory, 1616 Albrecht Blvd N, Fargo, ND 58102, USA.
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28
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Krovi SA, Moreno Caffaro MM, Aravamudhan S, Mortensen NP, Johnson LM. Fabrication of Nylon-6 and Nylon-11 Nanoplastics and Evaluation in Mammalian Cells. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:2699. [PMID: 35957130 PMCID: PMC9370135 DOI: 10.3390/nano12152699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) exist in certain environments, beverages, and food products. However, the ultimate risk and consequences of MPs and NPs on human health remain largely unknown. Studies involving the biological effects of small-scale plastics have predominantly used commercially available polystyrene beads, which cannot represent the breadth of globally dominant plastics. Nylon is a commodity plastic that is used across various industry sectors with substantial global production. Here, a series of well-characterized nylon-11 and nylon-6 NPs were successfully fabricated with size distributions of approximately 100 nm and 500 nm, respectively. The facile fabrication steps enabled the incorporation of fluorescent tracers in these NPs to aid the intracellular tracking of particles. RAW 264.7 macrophages were exposed to nylon NPs in a dose-dependent manner and cytotoxic concentrations and cellular uptake were determined. These well-characterized nylon NPs support future steps to assess how the composition and physicochemical properties may affect complex biological systems and ultimately human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Archana Krovi
- RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Drive, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | | | - Shyam Aravamudhan
- Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, North Carolina A&T State University, 2907 E. Gate City Blvd., Greensboro, NC 27401, USA
| | - Ninell P. Mortensen
- RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Drive, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - Leah M. Johnson
- RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Drive, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709, USA
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29
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La Barbera L, Mauri E, D’Amelio M, Gori M. Functionalization strategies of polymeric nanoparticles for drug delivery in Alzheimer’s disease: Current trends and future perspectives. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:939855. [PMID: 35992936 PMCID: PMC9387393 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.939855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common form of dementia, is a progressive and multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder whose primary causes are mostly unknown. Due to the increase in life expectancy of world population, including developing countries, AD, whose incidence rises dramatically with age, is at the forefront among neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, a definitive cure is not yet within reach, imposing substantial medical and public health burdens at every latitude. Therefore, the effort to devise novel and effective therapeutic strategies is still of paramount importance. Genetic, functional, structural and biochemical studies all indicate that new and efficacious drug delivery strategies interfere at different levels with various cellular and molecular targets. Over the last few decades, therapeutic development of nanomedicine at preclinical stage has shown to progress at a fast pace, thus paving the way for its potential impact on human health in improving prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of age-related neurodegenerative disorders, including AD. Clinical translation of nano-based therapeutics, despite current limitations, may present important advantages and innovation to be exploited in the neuroscience field as well. In this state-of-the-art review article, we present the most promising applications of polymeric nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery for bypassing the blood-brain barrier of AD preclinical models and boost pharmacological safety and efficacy. In particular, novel strategic chemical functionalization of polymeric nanocarriers that could be successfully employed for treating AD are thoroughly described. Emphasis is also placed on nanotheranostics as both potential therapeutic and diagnostic tool for targeted treatments. Our review highlights the emerging role of nanomedicine in the management of AD, providing the readers with an overview of the nanostrategies currently available to develop future therapeutic applications against this chronic neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia La Barbera
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
- Santa Lucia Foundation, IRCSS, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Mauri
- Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello D’Amelio
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
- Santa Lucia Foundation, IRCSS, Rome, Italy
| | - Manuele Gori
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC) - National Research Council (CNR), Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Manuele Gori,
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Nanomaterials Used in Fluorescence Polarization Based Biosensors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158625. [PMID: 35955779 PMCID: PMC9369394 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence polarization (FP) has been applied in detecting chemicals and biomolecules for early-stage diagnosis, food safety analyses, and environmental monitoring. Compared to organic dyes, inorganic nanomaterials such as quantum dots have special fluorescence properties that can enhance the photostability of FP-based biosensing. In addition, nanomaterials, such as metallic nanoparticles, can be used as signal amplifiers to increase fluorescence polarization. In this review paper, different types of nanomaterials used in in FP-based biosensors have been reviewed. The role of each type of nanomaterial, acting as a fluorescent element and/or the signal amplifier, has been discussed. In addition, the advantages of FP-based biosensing systems have been discussed and compared with other fluorescence-based techniques. The integration of nanomaterials and FP techniques allows biosensors to quickly detect analytes in a sensitive and cost-effective manner and positively impact a variety of different fields including early-stage diagnoses.
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Kumar M, Dogra R, Mandal UK. Nanomaterial-based delivery of vaccine through nasal route: Opportunities, challenges, advantages, and limitations. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Srivastava P, Tavernaro I, Genger C, Welker P, Hübner O, Resch-Genger U. Multicolor Polystyrene Nanosensors for the Monitoring of Acidic, Neutral, and Basic pH Values and Cellular Uptake Studies. Anal Chem 2022; 94:9656-9664. [PMID: 35731967 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A first tricolor fluorescent pH nanosensor is presented, which was rationally designed from biocompatible carboxylated polystyrene nanoparticles and two analyte-responsive molecular fluorophores. Its fabrication involved particle staining with a blue-red-emissive dyad, consisting of a rhodamine moiety responsive to acidic pH values and a pH-inert quinoline fluorophore, followed by the covalent attachment of a fluorescein dye to the particle surface that signals neutral and basic pH values with a green fluorescence. These sensor particles change their fluorescence from blue to red and green, depending on the pH and excitation wavelength, and enable ratiometric pH measurements in the pH range of 3.0-9.0. The localization of the different sensor dyes in the particle core and at the particle surface was confirmed with fluorescence microscopy utilizing analogously prepared polystyrene microparticles. To show the application potential of these polystyrene-based multicolor sensor particles, fluorescence microscopy studies with a human A549 cell line were performed, which revealed the cellular uptake of the pH nanosensor and the differently colored emissions in different cell organelles, that is, compartments of the endosomal-lysosomal pathway. Our results demonstrate the underexplored potential of biocompatible polystyrene particles for multicolor and multianalyte sensing and bioimaging utilizing hydrophobic and/or hydrophilic stimuli-responsive luminophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Srivastava
- Division Biophotonics, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Isabella Tavernaro
- Division Biophotonics, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Genger
- nanoPET Pharma GmbH, Robert-Koch-Platz 4, Luisencarée, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Pia Welker
- nanoPET Pharma GmbH, Robert-Koch-Platz 4, Luisencarée, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Oskar Hübner
- Division Biophotonics, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ute Resch-Genger
- Division Biophotonics, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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Cyto-Genotoxic Effect Causing Potential of Polystyrene Micro-Plastics in Terrestrial Plants. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12122024. [PMID: 35745363 PMCID: PMC9228652 DOI: 10.3390/nano12122024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The polystyrene micro-plastics (Ps-MPs) is one of the leading pollutants found in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. While most of the studies on the morphology and cyto-toxicity of MPs have been based on aquatic organisms, their effects on terrestrial plants are still scarcely known. The present study was an attempt to measure the effect of different sizes (80, 100, 200, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, and 8000 nm) and concentrations (100 and 400 mg/L) of Ps-MPs on the root length and chromosomes of root tip cells of Allium cepa using A. cepa root chromosomal aberration assay. Large size Ps-MPs (4000 and 8000 nm) showed the highest reduction in A. cepa root length; however, the differences were not significant (at p ≤ 0.05), with respect to negative control (Milli-Q water). The mitotic index showed both significant size- and concentration-dependent decreases, being the lowest (12.06%) in 100 nm at 100 mg/L concentration, with respect to the control (25.05%). The chromosomal abnormality index (CAI) and nuclear abnormality index (NAI) showed significant decreases, with respect to negative control. In addition, the induction of micro-nucleated cells was also observed in Allium root tip cells, when treated with MPs of all sizes, which can predict direct DNA damage to the plant cells. Hence, we conclude that most of the MP sizes caused cyto-toxic and nuclear damage by adversely impacting the spindle formation and induction of micro-nucleated cells in Allium cepa root tip cells. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that showed the effect of considerable size range of Ps-MP sizes on the root length and cell division in plants.
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Göttert S, Salomatov I, Eder S, Seyfang BC, Sotelo DC, Osma JF, Weiss CK. Continuous Nanoprecipitation of Polycaprolactone in Additively Manufactured Micromixers. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14081509. [PMID: 35458259 PMCID: PMC9032806 DOI: 10.3390/polym14081509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The polymeric ouzo effect is an energy-efficient and robust method to create nanoparticles with biologically degradable polymers. Usually, a discontinuous or semi-continuous process is employed due to its low technical effort and the fact that the amount of dispersions needed in a laboratory is relatively small. However, the number of particles produced in this method is not enough to make this process economically feasible. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the productivity of the process and create a controllable and robust continuous process with the potential to control parameters, such as the particle size or surface properties. In this study, nanoparticles were formulated from polycaprolactone (PCL) in a continuous process using additively manufactured micromixers. The main goal was to be able to exert control on the particle parameters in terms of size and zeta potential. The results showed that particle size could be adjusted in the range of 130 to 465 nm by using different flow rates of the organic and aqueous phase and varying concentrations of PCL dissolved in the organic phase. Particle surface charge was successfully shifted from a slightly negative potential of −14.1 mV to a negative, positive, or neutral value applying the appropriate surfactant. In summary, a continuous process of nanoprecipitation not only improves the cost of the method, but furthermore increases the control over the particle’s parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simeon Göttert
- Technische Hochschule Bingen, Life Sciences and Engineering, Berlinstrasse 109, 55411 Bingen, Germany; (S.G.); (I.S.); (S.E.); (B.C.S.)
| | - Irina Salomatov
- Technische Hochschule Bingen, Life Sciences and Engineering, Berlinstrasse 109, 55411 Bingen, Germany; (S.G.); (I.S.); (S.E.); (B.C.S.)
| | - Stephan Eder
- Technische Hochschule Bingen, Life Sciences and Engineering, Berlinstrasse 109, 55411 Bingen, Germany; (S.G.); (I.S.); (S.E.); (B.C.S.)
| | - Bernhard C. Seyfang
- Technische Hochschule Bingen, Life Sciences and Engineering, Berlinstrasse 109, 55411 Bingen, Germany; (S.G.); (I.S.); (S.E.); (B.C.S.)
| | - Diana C. Sotelo
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Cra. 1E No. 19A-40, Bogotá 111711, Colombia; (D.C.S.); (J.F.O.)
| | - Johann F. Osma
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Cra. 1E No. 19A-40, Bogotá 111711, Colombia; (D.C.S.); (J.F.O.)
| | - Clemens K. Weiss
- Technische Hochschule Bingen, Life Sciences and Engineering, Berlinstrasse 109, 55411 Bingen, Germany; (S.G.); (I.S.); (S.E.); (B.C.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-6721-409270
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Tan HY, Wong YH, Kasbollah A, Md Shah MN, Abdullah BJJ, Perkins AC, Yeong CH. Development of neutron-activated samarium-153-loaded polystyrene microspheres as a potential theranostic agent for hepatic radioembolization. Nucl Med Commun 2022; 43:410-422. [PMID: 35045548 DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0000000000001529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hepatic radioembolization is an effective minimally invasive treatment for primary and metastatic liver cancers. Yttrium-90 [90Y]-labelled resin or glass beads are typically used as the radioembolic agent for this treatment; however, these are not readily available in many countries. In this study, novel samarium-153 oxide-loaded polystyrene ([153Sm]Sm2O3-PS) microspheres were developed as a potential alternative to 90Y microspheres for hepatic radioembolization. METHODS The [152Sm]Sm2O3-PS microspheres were synthesized using solid-in-oil-in-water solvent evaporation. The microspheres underwent neutron activation using a 1 MW open-pool research reactor to produce radioactive [153Sm]Sm2O3-PS microspheres via 152Sm(n,γ)153Sm reaction. Physicochemical characterization, gamma spectroscopy and in-vitro radionuclide retention efficiency were carried out to evaluate the properties and stability of the microspheres before and after neutron activation. RESULTS The [153Sm]Sm2O3-PS microspheres achieved specific activity of 5.04 ± 0.52 GBq·g-1 after a 6 h neutron activation. Scanning electron microscopy and particle size analysis showed that the microspheres remained spherical with an average diameter of ~33 μm before and after neutron activation. No long half-life radionuclide and elemental impurities were found in the samples. The radionuclide retention efficiencies of the [153Sm]Sm2O3-PS microspheres at 550 h were 99.64 ± 0.07 and 98.76 ± 1.10% when tested in saline solution and human blood plasma, respectively. CONCLUSIONS A neutron-activated [153Sm]Sm2O3-PS microsphere formulation was successfully developed for potential application as a theranostic agent for liver radioembolization. The microspheres achieved suitable physical properties for radioembolization and demonstrated high radionuclide retention efficiency in saline solution and human blood plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hun Yee Tan
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Selangor
| | - Yin How Wong
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Selangor
| | | | - Mohammad Nazri Md Shah
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Basri Johan Jeet Abdullah
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Selangor
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Chai Hong Yeong
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Selangor
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Liu Y, Gould OEC, Kratz K, Lendlein A. On Demand Sequential Release of (Sub)Micron Particles Controlled by Size and Temperature. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2104621. [PMID: 34825471 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202104621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric devices capable of releasing submicron particles (subMP) on demand are highly desirable for controlled release systems, sensors, and smart surfaces. Here, a temperature-memory polymer sheet with a programmable smooth surface served as matrix to embed and release polystyrene subMP controlled by particle size and temperature. subMPs embedding at 80 °C can be released sequentially according to their size (diameter D of 200 nm, 500 nm, 1 µm) when heated. The differences in their embedding extent are determined by the various subMPs sizes and result in their distinct release temperatures. Microparticles of the same size (D ≈ 1 µm) incorporated in films at different programming temperatures Tp (50, 65, and 80 °C) lead to a sequential release based on the temperature-memory effect. The change of apparent height over the film surface is quantified using atomic force microscopy and the realization of sequential release is proven by confocal laser scanning microscopy. The demonstration and quantification of on demand subMP release are of technological impact for assembly, particle sorting, and release technologies in microtechnology, catalysis, and controlled release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- Institute of Active Polymers and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Kantstr. 55, 14513, Teltow, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Oliver E C Gould
- Institute of Active Polymers and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Kantstr. 55, 14513, Teltow, Germany
| | - Karl Kratz
- Institute of Active Polymers and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Kantstr. 55, 14513, Teltow, Germany
| | - Andreas Lendlein
- Institute of Active Polymers and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Kantstr. 55, 14513, Teltow, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
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Screening for polystyrene nanoparticle toxicity on kidneys of adult male albino rats using histopathological, biochemical, and molecular examination results. Cell Tissue Res 2022; 388:149-165. [PMID: 35088181 PMCID: PMC8976822 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-022-03581-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Polystyrene Nanoparticles (PS-NPs) used for packaging foam, disposable cups, and food containers. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate PS- NPs toxic effects on kidney of adult male albino rats. A total of 30 rats divided into three groups (n = 10): group I negative control group; group II orally administered 3% PS-NPs (3 mg/kg body weight/day) and group III orally administered 3% PS-NPs (10 mg/kg body weight/day) for 35 days. Blood and kidney samples collected and processed for biochemical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical examinations. Results showed that low and high doses PS-NPs had significantly increased serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, malondialdehyde, significantly further reduced glutathione, downregulation of nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 and glutathione peroxidase, upregulation of caspase-3 and Cytochrome-c. Histopathological examination revealed several alterations. Low dose of PS-NPs exhibited dilated glomerular capillaries, hypotrophy of some renal corpuscles significantly decreases their diameter to 62 μm. Some proximal convoluted tubules and distal convoluted tubules showed loss of cellular architecture with pyknotic nuclei. Hyalinization and vacuolation in renal medulla. In high dose PS-NPs, alterations increased in severity. A significant increase in percentage area of cyclooxygenase-2 in low and high-doses. In conclusion, PS-NPs are a nephrotoxic causing renal dysfunction.
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Dong XJ, Li WY, Guan Q, Li YA, Dong YB. A CuS- and BODIPY-loaded nanoscale covalent organic framework for synergetic photodynamic and photothermal therapy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:2387-2390. [PMID: 35081192 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06330h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report an inorganic photothermal agent, CuS- and an organic photosensitizer, BODIPY-loaded composite nanoscale COF material via a stepwise post-synthetic modification. The obtained CuS@COF-BDP can be a dual-modal therapeutic agent to highly inhibit MCF-7 tumor cell proliferation due to its efficient singlet oxygen generation and photothermal conversion abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jie Dong
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China.
| | - Wen-Yan Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China.
| | - Qun Guan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China.
| | - Yan-An Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China.
| | - Yu-Bin Dong
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China.
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Kelpsiene E, Ekvall MT, Lundqvist M, Torstensson O, Hua J, Cedervall T. Review of ecotoxicological studies of widely used polystyrene nanoparticles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:8-16. [PMID: 34825687 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00375e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
With polystyrene nanoparticles being widely used in various applications, there is a great need for deeper knowledge on the safety, fate and biological effects of these particles on both individual living organisms and the whole ecosystems. Due to this, there is a growing interest in performing ecotoxicological studies using model plastic nanoparticles, and consequently it generates an increasing number of published papers describing the negative impact on wildlife caused by such nanoparticles. Polystyrene is the most studied nanosized plastic, therefore this review focuses on research conducted with manufactured polystyrene nanoparticles. The aim of the present article is to provide a critical methodological outline of the existing ecotoxicological studies on the effects of polystyrene nanoparticles on aquatic organisms. Going through the published articles, we noted that particle characterization especially in the test medium, can be improved. The analysis also highlights the importance of purifying the polystyrene nanoparticles before studying its toxicity. Furthermore, the size characterization of such nanoparticles is underemphasized, and in future studies, authors should consider including more techniques to achieve this goal. Finally, short-term or direct exposure scenarios do not add the most environmentally relevant knowledge in terms of the toxicity caused by polystyrene nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egle Kelpsiene
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden.
- NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Mikael T Ekvall
- Aquatic Ecology Unit, Department of Biology, Ecology Building, Lund University, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin Lundqvist
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden.
- NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Oscar Torstensson
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Jing Hua
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Tommy Cedervall
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden.
- NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
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Tagorti G, Kaya B. Genotoxic effect of microplastics and COVID-19: The hidden threat. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 286:131898. [PMID: 34411929 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous anthropogenic contaminants, and their abundance in the entire ecosystem raises the question of how far is the impact of these MPs on the biota, humans, and the environment. Recent research has overemphasized the occurrence, characterization, and direct toxicity of MPs; however, determining and understanding their genotoxic effect is still limited. Thus, the present review addresses the genotoxic potential of these emerging contaminants in aquatic organisms and in human peripheral lymphocytes and identified the research gaps in this area. Several genotoxic endpoints were implicated, including the frequency of micronuclei (MN), nucleoplasmic bridge (NPB), nuclear buds (NBUD), DNA strand breaks, and the percentage of DNA in the tail (%Tail DNA). In addition, the mechanism of MPs-induced genotoxicity seems to be closely associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, inflammatory responses, and DNA repair interference. However, the gathered information urges the need for more studies that present environmentally relevant conditions. Taken into consideration, the lifestyle changes within the COVID-19 pandemic, we discussed the impact of the pandemic on enhancing the genotoxic potential of MPs whether through increasing human exposure to MPs via inappropriate disposal and overconsumption of plastic-based products or by disrupting the defense system owing to unhealthy food and sleep deprivation as well as stress. Overall, this review provided a reference for the genotoxic effect of MPs, their mechanism of action, as well as the contribution of COVID-19 to increase the genotoxic risk of MPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada Tagorti
- Akdeniz University, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology, 07058-Campus, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Bülent Kaya
- Akdeniz University, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology, 07058-Campus, Antalya, Turkey.
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Banerjee A, Billey LO, Shelver WL. Uptake and toxicity of polystyrene micro/nanoplastics in gastric cells: Effects of particle size and surface functionalization. PLoS One 2022; 16:e0260803. [PMID: 34971556 PMCID: PMC8719689 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxicity of micro or nanoplastics (MP/NP) in aquatic life is well-documented, however, information about the consequences of exposure to these particles in terrestrial species is scarce. This study was used to evaluate the uptake and/or toxicity of polystyrene MP/NP in human gastric cells, comparing doses, particle sizes (50, 100, 200, 500, 1000 or 5000 nm) and surface functionalization (aminated, carboxylated or non-functionalized). In general, the uptake of 50 nm particles was significantly higher than 1000 nm particles. Among the 50 nm particles, the aminated particles were more avidly taken up by the cells and were cytotoxic at a lower concentration (≥ 7.5 μg/mL) compared to same sized carboxylated or non-functionalized particles (≥ 50 μg/mL). High toxicity of 50 nm aminated particles corresponded well with significantly high rates of apoptosis-necrosis induced by these particles in 4 h (29.2% of total cells) compared to all other particles (≤ 16.8%). The trend of apoptosis-necrosis induction by aminated particles in 4 h was 50 > 5000 > 1000 > 500 > 200 > 100 nm. The 50 nm carboxylated or non-functionalized particles also induced higher levels of apoptosis-necrosis in the cells compared to 100, 1000 and 5000 nm particles with same surface functionalization but longer exposure (24 h) to 50 nm carboxylated or non-functionalized particles significantly (p<0.0001) increased apoptosis-necrosis in the cells. The study demonstrated that the toxicity of MP/NP to gastric cells was dependent on particle size, dose surface functionalization and exposure period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Banerjee
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Biosciences Research Laboratory, Fargo, ND, United States of America
| | - Lloyd O. Billey
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Biosciences Research Laboratory, Fargo, ND, United States of America
| | - Weilin L. Shelver
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Biosciences Research Laboratory, Fargo, ND, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Saroj SK, Panigrahi PK. Magnetophoretic Control of Diamagnetic Particles Inside an Evaporating Droplet. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:14950-14967. [PMID: 34910880 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The present study reports the magnetophoresis of diamagnetic particles in an evaporating ferrofluid droplet. Both solid and ring magnet arrangements are used to investigate the effect of magnetic field distribution. The distance of the magnet from the droplet is varied to study the effect of magnetic field strength. The magnetic field distribution is computed using COMSOL multiphysics software. Magnetometer measurements have been carried out to validate the simulation results. The motion of particles and the drying pattern of evaporating ferrofluid droplets are visualized using the confocal microscopy technique. Both bright-field and fluorescence imagings have been carried out to observe the differential deposition of the fluorescent particle (microparticle) and magnetic nanoparticles in the absence and presence of a magnetic field. The velocity of diamagnetic particles as a function of magnetic field distribution and strength has been studied using the micro-PIV technique. In the absence of the magnetic field, a ring-shaped deposition pattern is observed. The mixture of microparticles (diamagnetic) and nanoparticles (magnetic) is deposited between the outer and inner edges of the ring. The diamagnetic particles occupy the inner and outer edges of the ring. Magnetic particles travel toward the higher magnetic field zone and diamagnetic particles move toward the smaller magnetic field zone when a magnetic field is applied by a solid magnet placed over the droplet. This can be attributed to the negative magnetic force originating from the difference between the susceptibility of magnetic and nonmagnetic particles. The negative magnetic force on the microparticle increases as the magnetic field intensity increases, causing the microparticle to convect faster toward the contact line. The deposition behavior can be reversed or suppressed using a ring magnet in place of a solid magnet. In this case, the negative magnetic force is stronger at the contact line region of the droplet and decreases as it approaches the center region of the droplet. The deposition behavior of diamagnetic particle depends on the balance between the Marangoni force and the magnetophoretic force. Overall, the present study demonstrates the capability of the controlled deposition of diamagnetic polystyrene particles by suitable arrangement of the solid and ring magnet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar Saroj
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
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Bazban-Shotorbani S, Gavins F, Kant K, Dufva M, Kamaly N. A Biomicrofluidic Screening Platform for Dysfunctional Endothelium‐Targeted Nanoparticles and Therapeutics. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202100092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Salime Bazban-Shotorbani
- Department of Health Technology DTU Health Tech Technical University of Denmark Lyngby 2800 Kgs. Denmark
- Department of Chemistry Molecular Sciences Research Hub (MSRH) Imperial College London London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Felicity Gavins
- Department of Life Sciences Centre for Inflammation Research and Translational Medicine (CIRTM) Brunel University London London UB8 3PH UK
| | - Krishna Kant
- Department of Physical Chemistry Biomedical Research Center of Galicia (CINBIO) University of Vigo Vigo 36310 Spain
| | - Martin Dufva
- Department of Health Technology DTU Health Tech Technical University of Denmark Lyngby 2800 Kgs. Denmark
| | - Nazila Kamaly
- Department of Chemistry Molecular Sciences Research Hub (MSRH) Imperial College London London W12 0BZ UK
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44
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Toledano-Magaña Y, Flores-Santos L, Montes de Oca G, González-Montiel A, García-Ramos JC, Mora C, Saavedra-Ávila NA, Gudiño-Zayas M, González-Ramírez LC, Laclette JP, Carrero JC. Toxicological Evaluations in Macrophages and Mice Acutely and Chronically Exposed to Halloysite Clay Nanotubes Functionalized with Polystyrene. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:29882-29892. [PMID: 34778661 PMCID: PMC8582073 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Halloysite clay nanotubes (HNTs) have been proposed as highly biocompatible for several biomedical applications. Various polymers have been used to functionalize HNTs, but scarce information exists about polystyrene for this purpose. This work evaluated polystyrene-functionalized HNTs (FHNTs) by comparing its effects with non-FHNTs and innocuous talc powder on in vitro and in vivo models. Monocyte-derived human or murine macrophages and the RAW 264.7 cell line were treated with 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 100 μg mL-1 FHNTs, HNTs, or talc to evaluate the cytotoxic and cytokine response. Our results show that nanoclays did not cause cytotoxic damage to macrophages. Only the 100 μg mL-1 concentration induced slight proinflammatory cytokine production at short exposure, followed by an anti-inflammatory response that increases over time. CD1 mice treated with a single dose of 1, 2.5, or 5 mg Kg-1 of FHNTs or HNTs by oral and inhalation routes caused aluminum accumulation in the kidneys and lungs, without bodily signs of distress or histopathological changes in any treated mice, evaluated at 48 h and 30 days post-treatment. Nanoclay administration simultaneously by four different parenteral routes (20 mg Kg-1) or the combination of administration routes (parenteral + oral or parenteral + inhalation; 25 mg Kg-1) showed accumulation on the injection site and slight surrounding inflammation 30 days post-treatment. CD1 mice chronically exposed to HNTs or FHNTs in the bedding material (ca 1 mg) throughout the parental generation and two successive inbred generations for 8 months did not cause any inflammatory process or damage to the abdominal organs and the reproductive system of the mice of any of the generations, did not affect the number of newborn mice and their survival, and did not induce congenital malformations in the offspring. FHNTs showed a slightly less effect than HNTs in all experiments, suggesting that functionalization makes them less cytotoxic. Doses of up to 25 mg Kg-1 by different administration routes and permanent exposure to 1 mg of HNTs or FHNTs for 8 months seem safe for CD1 mice. Our in vivo and in vitro results indicate that nanoclays are highly biocompatible, supporting their possible safe use for future biomedical and general-purpose applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanis Toledano-Magaña
- Escuela
de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma
de Baja California, Ensenada, Baja California 22890, México
| | | | - Georgina Montes de Oca
- CIATEQ
Centro de Tecnología Avanzada, Circuito de la Industria Pte Lte 11 Mza 3 No 11, Parque Industrial
Ex Hacienda Doña Rosa, Lerma Edo de
México 52004, México
| | | | - Juan-Carlos García-Ramos
- Escuela
de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma
de Baja California, Ensenada, Baja California 22890, México
| | - Conchi Mora
- Immunology
Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lleida, Lleida 25002, Spain
- Institut
de Recerca Biomèdica Lleida (IRB-Lleida), Lleida 25002, Spain
| | | | - Marco Gudiño-Zayas
- Laboratorio
de Bioinformática, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina
Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Ciudad de México 06720, México
| | - Luisa-Carolina González-Ramírez
- Grupo
de Investigación “Análisis de Muestras Biológicas
y Forenses”, Carrera Laboratorio Clínico, Facultad de
Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional
de Chimborazo, Riobamba 0601003, Ecuador
| | - Juan P. Laclette
- Departamento
de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México,
Cd. Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, México
| | - Julio C. Carrero
- Departamento
de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México,
Cd. Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, México
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Villetti MA, Clementino AR, Dotti I, Ebani PR, Quarta E, Buttini F, Sonvico F, Bianchera A, Borsali R. Design and Characterization of Maltoheptaose- b-Polystyrene Nanoparticles, as a Potential New Nanocarrier for Oral Delivery of Tamoxifen. Molecules 2021; 26:6507. [PMID: 34770918 PMCID: PMC8587208 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tamoxifen citrate (TMC), a non-steroidal antiestrogen drug used for the treatment of breast cancer, was loaded in a block copolymer of maltoheptaose-b-polystyrene (MH-b-PS) nanoparticles, a potential drug delivery system to optimize oral chemotherapy. The nanoparticles were obtained from self-assembly of MH-b-PS using the standard and reverse nanoprecipitation methods. The MH-b-PS@TMC nanoparticles were characterized by their physicochemical properties, morphology, drug loading and encapsulation efficiency, and release kinetic profile in simulated intestinal fluid (pH 7.4). Finally, their cytotoxicity towards the human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cell line was assessed. The standard nanoprecipitation method proved to be more efficient than reverse nanoprecipitation to produce nanoparticles with small size and narrow particle size distribution. Moreover, tamoxifen-loaded nanoparticles displayed spherical morphology, a positive zeta potential and high drug content (238.6 ± 6.8 µg mL-1) and encapsulation efficiency (80.9 ± 0.4 %). In vitro drug release kinetics showed a burst release at early time points, followed by a sustained release profile controlled by diffusion. MH-b-PS@TMC nanoparticles showed higher cytotoxicity towards MCF-7 cells than free tamoxifen citrate, confirming their effectiveness as a delivery system for administration of lipophilic anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Antonio Villetti
- Laboratório de Espectroscopia e Polímeros (Lepol), Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil; (M.A.V.); (P.R.E.)
| | | | - Ilaria Dotti
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (I.D.); (E.Q.)
| | - Patricia Regina Ebani
- Laboratório de Espectroscopia e Polímeros (Lepol), Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil; (M.A.V.); (P.R.E.)
| | - Eride Quarta
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (I.D.); (E.Q.)
| | - Francesca Buttini
- Biopharmanet-TEC, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (A.R.C.); (F.B.); (F.S.)
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (I.D.); (E.Q.)
| | - Fabio Sonvico
- Biopharmanet-TEC, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (A.R.C.); (F.B.); (F.S.)
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (I.D.); (E.Q.)
| | - Annalisa Bianchera
- Biopharmanet-TEC, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (A.R.C.); (F.B.); (F.S.)
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (I.D.); (E.Q.)
| | - Redouane Borsali
- Department of Chemistry, University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, 38000 Grenoble, France
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Khoshnamvand M, Hanachi P, Ashtiani S, Walker TR. Toxic effects of polystyrene nanoplastics on microalgae Chlorella vulgaris: Changes in biomass, photosynthetic pigments and morphology. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 280:130725. [PMID: 33964753 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Presence of nanoplastics within aqueous media has raised concerns about their adverse impacts on aquatic organisms. This study evaluated toxic effects of amino-functionalized polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NH2) with diameters of 90 (PS-NH2-90), 200 (PS-NH2-200) and 300 (PS-NH2-300) nm on green microalgae Chlorella vulgaris. A dose-dependent toxicity response by PS-NH2-90 and/or PS-NH2-200 on biomass and photosynthetic pigment (chlorophyll a) end-points of C. vulgaris was observed. Whereas varied concentrations of PS-NH2-300 had no significant toxic effect on biomass and chlorophyll a end-points compared to control groups (p > 0.05). A comparison of toxicity of similar concentrations of PS-NH2-90, PS-NH2-200 and PS-NH2-300 showed small-sized PS-NH2 were more toxic than large-sized PS-NH2 (toxicity of PS-NH2 increased in the order PS-NH2-300 < PS-NH2-200 < PS-NH2-90). With decreasing PS-NH2 size, greater morphological changes and loss of original shape were observed, so that algal density/size reduced, and cell aggregations increased. Since PS-NH2 have high affinity to C. vulgaris due to electrostatic interaction with polysaccharide wall of algae, this could be as the main reason for formation of large aggregates at high concentrations of PS-NH2 compared to low concentrations of PS-NH2 used in algae medium. At high concentrations, PS-NH2 may act as intermediaries for connection of algal cells and therefore formation of aggregates. Field emission scanning electron microscopy images confirmed that high amounts of PS-NH2-90 were found to be embedded and adsorbed on algal cells, thereby limiting transfer of materials, gas exchange and energy between the aqueous medium and algal cells. These data may have serious ecological health implications, as C. vulgaris are important primary producers responsible for producing oxygen in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Khoshnamvand
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parichehr Hanachi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Saeed Ashtiani
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 5, Prague, 16628, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Tony R Walker
- School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
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47
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Wang M, Jiang K, Gao Y, Liu Y, Zhang Z, Zhao W, Ji H, Zheng T, Feng H. A facile fabrication of conjugated fluorescent nanoparticles and micro-scale patterned encryption via high resolution inkjet printing. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:14337-14345. [PMID: 34473162 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr03062k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated fluorescent materials are getting more and more attention in the biomedical arena due to their high fluorescence intensity, non-bleaching and good biocompatibility. However, conjugated fluorescent materials are still not widely used in the field of anti-counterfeiting and pattern encryption due to their extremely low solubility and enormous difficulties in processing. Here, we use a facile approach to fabricate conjugated polymer fluorescent nanoparticles through a classic micro-emulsion method to address these issues. The particle size, loading materials and fluorescence intensity can be tuned as demanded. Later, these particles are transformed into invisible inks for inkjet printers to achieve micro-scale pattern encryption. These patterns show an ultra-high accuracy of around 30 micrometres. They can be used as QR codes for information encryption with 3 times more information encryption and great anti-counterfeiting ability. Finally, we establish an identification recognition system to check their validity. The scenario is the patient identification system of a hospital. The results show that these tags can be read in less than 3 seconds and they can last for 12 months at least. This facile approach holds great potential and bright prospects in the field of privacy protection, information encryption and anti-counterfeiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, Flexible Printed Electronic Technology Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Kunkun Jiang
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, Flexible Printed Electronic Technology Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Yifan Gao
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, Flexible Printed Electronic Technology Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Yaming Liu
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, Flexible Printed Electronic Technology Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Zhenchao Zhang
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, Flexible Printed Electronic Technology Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Weiwei Zhao
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, Flexible Printed Electronic Technology Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Hongjun Ji
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, Flexible Printed Electronic Technology Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Tingting Zheng
- Peking University Shenzhen Hospital & Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen-PKU-HKUST Medical Center, Shenzhen, 518036, China
| | - Huanhuan Feng
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, Flexible Printed Electronic Technology Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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48
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Banerjee A, Shelver WL. Micro- and Nanoplastic-Mediated Pathophysiological Changes in Rodents, Rabbits, and Chickens: A Review. J Food Prot 2021; 84:1480-1495. [PMID: 34347096 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-21-117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Plastics provide tremendous societal benefits and are an indispensable part of our lives. However, fragmented plastics or those intentionally manufactured in small sizes (microplastics and nanoplastics) are of concern because they can infiltrate soils and enter the human food chain through trophic transfer. The pathophysiological impacts of micro- and nanoplastics in humans are not characterized, but their effects in terrestrial mammals may help elucidate their potential effects in humans. Rodent studies have demonstrated that micro- and nanoplastics can breach the intestinal barrier, accumulate in various organs, cause gut dysbosis, decrease mucus secretion, induce metabolic alterations, and cause neurotoxicity, among other pathophysiologic effects. Larger mammals such as rabbits can also absorb microplastics orally. In farm animals such as chickens, microplastics have been detected in the gut, thereby raising food safety concerns. This review mostly focuses on studies conducted to assess effects of micro- and nanoplastic exposure through food and water in terrestrial mammals and farm animals including rodents, rabbits, and chickens; identifies main knowledge gaps; and provides recommendations for further research to understand foodborne micro- and nanoplastic toxicity in humans. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Banerjee
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Biosciences Research Laboratory, 1616 Albrecht Boulevard N, Fargo, North Dakota 58102, USA
| | - Weilin L Shelver
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Biosciences Research Laboratory, 1616 Albrecht Boulevard N, Fargo, North Dakota 58102, USA
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49
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Dahanayake V, Lyons T, Kerwin B, Rodriguez O, Albanese C, Parasido E, Lee Y, Keuren EV, Li L, Maxey E, Paunesku T, Woloschak G, Stoll SL. Paramagnetic Mn 8Fe 4- co-Polystyrene Nanobeads as a Potential T 1-T 2 Multimodal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agent with In Vivo Studies. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:39042-39054. [PMID: 34375073 PMCID: PMC10506655 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c09232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In developing a cluster-nanocarrier design, as a magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent, we have investigated the enhanced relaxivity of a manganese and iron-oxo cluster grafted within a porous polystyrene nanobead with increased relaxivity due to a higher surface area. The synthesis of the cluster-nanocarrier for the cluster Mn8Fe4O12(O2CC6H4CH═CH2)16(H2O)4, cross-linked with polystyrene (the nanocarrier), under miniemulsion conditions is described. By including a branched hydrophobe, iso-octane, the resulting nanobeads are porous and ∼70 nm in diameter. The increased surface area of the nanobeads compared to nonporous nanobeads leads to an enhancement in relaxivity; r1 increases from 3.8 to 5.2 ± 0.1 mM-1 s-1, and r2 increases from 11.9 to 50.1 ± 4.8 mM-1 s-1, at 9.4 teslas, strengthening the potential for T1 and T2 imaging. Several metrics were used to assess stability, and the porosity produced no reduction in metal stability. Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence microscopy was used to demonstrate that the nanobeads remain intact in vivo. In depth, physicochemical characteristics were determined, including extensive pharmacokinetics, in vivo imaging, and systemic biodistribution analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidumin Dahanayake
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets NW, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
| | - Trevor Lyons
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets NW, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
| | - Brendan Kerwin
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets NW, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
| | - Olga Rodriguez
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
| | - Christopher Albanese
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
- Department of Radiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
| | - Erika Parasido
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
| | - Yichien Lee
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
| | - Edward Van Keuren
- Department of Physics and Institute for Soft Matter Synthesis and Metrology, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets NW, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
| | - Luxi Li
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Evan Maxey
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Tatjana Paunesku
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern University, 303 E. Chicago Ave., Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Gayle Woloschak
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern University, 303 E. Chicago Ave., Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Sarah L Stoll
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets NW, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
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50
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An Integrated Analysis of Intracellular Metabolites and Virulence Gene Expression during Biofilm Development of a Clinical Isolate of Candida tropicalis on Distinct Surfaces. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22169038. [PMID: 34445744 PMCID: PMC8396647 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22169038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Emergence of Candida tropicalis, which causes potential life-threatening invasive candidiasis, is often associated with colonization of medical devices as biofilm. Biofilm plays an important role in the virulence of the pathogen because of its complex structure, which provides resistance to conventional antimicrobials. In this study, the metabolic response of a clinical strain of C. tropicalis colonizing three distinct surfaces (polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polystyrene, and polycarbonate) as well as the expression of virulence and stress related genes (ALS3, Hsp21, SAP1, SAP2, SAP3, and CYR1), were explored. Our results showed that lesser biofilm was developed on PTFE compared to polystyrene and polycarbonate. GS-MS metabolic analysis identified a total of 36 metabolites in the intracellular extract of cells grown on polystyrene, polycarbonate, and PTFE, essentially belonging to central carbon metabolism, amino acids, and lipids metabolism. The metabolic analysis showed that saturated and unsaturated fatty acids are preferentially produced during biofilm development on polycarbonate, whereas trehalose and vitamin B6, known as cellular protectors against a variety of stressors, were characteristic of biofilm on PTFE. The results of the transcriptomic analysis consider the different degrees of colonization of the three substrates, being CYR1, which encodes the component of signaling pathway of hyphal formation-cAMP-PKA, downregulated in PTFE biofilm compared to polycarbonate or polystyrene biofilms, while Hsp21 was upregulated in concomitance with the potential unfavorable conditions for biofilm formation on PTFE. Overall, this work provides new insights into the knowledge of C. tropicalis biofilm development on surfaces of medical relevance in the perspective of improving the management of Candida infections.
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