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Pinilla-González V, Rojas-Solé C, Gómez-Hevia F, González-Fernández T, Cereceda-Cornejo A, Chichiarelli S, Saso L, Rodrigo R. Tapping into Nature's Arsenal: Harnessing the Potential of Natural Antioxidants for Human Health and Disease Prevention. Foods 2024; 13:1999. [PMID: 38998505 PMCID: PMC11241326 DOI: 10.3390/foods13131999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Numerous natural antioxidants commonly found in our daily diet have demonstrated significant benefits for human health and various diseases by counteracting the impact of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Their chemical properties enable a range of biological actions, including antihypertensive, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, and anticancer effects. Despite promising outcomes from preclinical studies, ongoing debate persists regarding their reproducibility in human clinical models. This controversy largely stems from a lack of understanding of the pharmacokinetic properties of these compounds, coupled with the predominant focus on monotherapies in research, neglecting potential synergistic effects arising from combining different antioxidants. This study aims to provide an updated overview of natural antioxidants, operating under the hypothesis that a multitherapeutic approach surpasses monotherapy in efficacy. Additionally, this study underscores the importance of integrating these antioxidants into the daily diet, as they have the potential to prevent the onset and progression of various diseases. To reinforce this perspective, clinical findings pertaining to the treatment and prevention of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and conditions associated with ischemia and reperfusion phenomena, including myocardial infarction, postoperative atrial fibrillation, and stroke, are presented as key references.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Pinilla-González
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile; (V.P.-G.); (C.R.-S.); (F.G.-H.); (T.G.-F.); (A.C.-C.)
| | - Catalina Rojas-Solé
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile; (V.P.-G.); (C.R.-S.); (F.G.-H.); (T.G.-F.); (A.C.-C.)
| | - Francisca Gómez-Hevia
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile; (V.P.-G.); (C.R.-S.); (F.G.-H.); (T.G.-F.); (A.C.-C.)
| | - Tommy González-Fernández
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile; (V.P.-G.); (C.R.-S.); (F.G.-H.); (T.G.-F.); (A.C.-C.)
| | - Antonia Cereceda-Cornejo
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile; (V.P.-G.); (C.R.-S.); (F.G.-H.); (T.G.-F.); (A.C.-C.)
| | - Silvia Chichiarelli
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi-Fanelli”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medicine Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Ramón Rodrigo
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile; (V.P.-G.); (C.R.-S.); (F.G.-H.); (T.G.-F.); (A.C.-C.)
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Miao Q, Si X, Zhao Q, Zhang H, Qin Y, Tang C, Zhang J. Deposition and enrichment of carotenoids in livestock products: An overview. Food Chem X 2024; 21:101245. [PMID: 38426078 PMCID: PMC10901861 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
A wide range of research has illustrated that carotenoids play a key role in human health through their versatile beneficial biological functions. Traditionally, the majority dietary sources of carotenoids for humans are obtained from vegetables and fruits, however, the contribution of animal-derived foods has attracted more interest in recent years. Livestock products such as eggs, meat, and milk have been considered as the appropriate and unique carriers for the deposition of carotenoids. In addition, with the enrichment of carotenoids, the nutritional quality of these animal-origin foods would be improved as well as the economic value. Here, we offer an overview covering aspects including the physicochemical properties of carotenoids, the situation of carotenoids fortified in livestock products, and the pathways that lead to the deposition of carotenoids in livestock products. The summary of these important nutrients in livestock products will provide references for animal husbandry and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixiang Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xueyang Si
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qingyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Huiyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuchang Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chaohua Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Junmin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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Papadaki S, Tricha N, Panagiotopoulou M, Krokida M. Innovative Bioactive Products with Medicinal Value from Microalgae and Their Overall Process Optimization through the Implementation of Life Cycle Analysis-An Overview. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:152. [PMID: 38667769 PMCID: PMC11050870 DOI: 10.3390/md22040152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Microalgae are being recognized as valuable sources of bioactive chemicals with important medical properties, attracting interest from multiple industries, such as food, feed, cosmetics, and medicines. This review study explores the extensive research on identifying important bioactive chemicals from microalgae, and choosing the best strains for nutraceutical manufacturing. It explores the most recent developments in recovery and formulation strategies for creating stable, high-purity, and quality end products for various industrial uses. This paper stresses the significance of using Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) as a strategic tool with which to improve the entire process. By incorporating LCA into decision-making processes, researchers and industry stakeholders can assess the environmental impact, cost-effectiveness, and sustainability of raw materials of several approaches. This comprehensive strategy will allow for the choosing of the most effective techniques, which in turn will promote sustainable practices for developing microalgae-based products. This review offers a detailed analysis of the bioactive compounds, strain selection methods, advanced processing techniques, and the incorporation of LCA. It will serve as a valuable resource for researchers and industry experts interested in utilizing microalgae for producing bioactive products with medicinal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Papadaki
- DIGNITY Private Company, 30-32 Leoforos Alexandrou Papagou, Zografou, 157 71 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikoletta Tricha
- Laboratory of Process Analysis and Design, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Iroon Polytechneiou 9, 157 80 Athens, Greece; (N.T.); (M.P.); (M.K.)
| | - Margarita Panagiotopoulou
- Laboratory of Process Analysis and Design, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Iroon Polytechneiou 9, 157 80 Athens, Greece; (N.T.); (M.P.); (M.K.)
| | - Magdalini Krokida
- Laboratory of Process Analysis and Design, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Iroon Polytechneiou 9, 157 80 Athens, Greece; (N.T.); (M.P.); (M.K.)
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Bohn T, Balbuena E, Ulus H, Iddir M, Wang G, Crook N, Eroglu A. Carotenoids in Health as Studied by Omics-Related Endpoints. Adv Nutr 2023; 14:1538-1578. [PMID: 37678712 PMCID: PMC10721521 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids have been associated with risk reduction for several chronic diseases, including the association of their dietary intake/circulating levels with reduced incidence of obesity, type 2 diabetes, certain types of cancer, and even lower total mortality. In addition to some carotenoids constituting vitamin A precursors, they are implicated in potential antioxidant effects and pathways related to inflammation and oxidative stress, including transcription factors such as nuclear factor κB and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2. Carotenoids and metabolites may also interact with nuclear receptors, mainly retinoic acid receptor/retinoid X receptor and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, which play a role in the immune system and cellular differentiation. Therefore, a large number of downstream targets are likely influenced by carotenoids, including but not limited to genes and proteins implicated in oxidative stress and inflammation, antioxidation, and cellular differentiation processes. Furthermore, recent studies also propose an association between carotenoid intake and gut microbiota. While all these endpoints could be individually assessed, a more complete/integrative way to determine a multitude of health-related aspects of carotenoids includes (multi)omics-related techniques, especially transcriptomics, proteomics, lipidomics, and metabolomics, as well as metagenomics, measured in a variety of biospecimens including plasma, urine, stool, white blood cells, or other tissue cellular extracts. In this review, we highlight the use of omics technologies to assess health-related effects of carotenoids in mammalian organisms and models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Bohn
- Nutrition and Health Research Group, Department of Precision Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg.
| | - Emilio Balbuena
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States; Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina Research Campus, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Hande Ulus
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina Research Campus, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Mohammed Iddir
- Nutrition and Health Research Group, Department of Precision Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Genan Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, College of Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Nathan Crook
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, College of Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Abdulkerim Eroglu
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States; Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina Research Campus, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, United States.
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Borel P, Troadec R, Damiani M, Halimi C, Nowicki M, Guichard P, Couturier C, Margier M, Mounien L, Grino M, Reboul E, Landrier JF, Desmarchelier C. Vitamin A deficiency during the perinatal period induces changes in vitamin A metabolism in the offspring. The regulation of intestinal vitamin A metabolism via ISX occurs only in male rats severely vitamin A-deficient. Eur J Nutr 2023; 62:633-646. [PMID: 36178520 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-022-03019-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE 1) To test the hypothesis of the existence of a perinatal vitamin A (VA) programming of VA metabolism and to better understand the intestinal regulation of VA metabolism. METHODS Offspring from rats reared on a control (C) or a VA-deficient (D) diet from 6 weeks before mating until offspring weaning, i.e., 7 weeks after mating, were themselves reared on a C or D diet for 19 weeks, resulting in the following groups: C-C (parents fed C-offspring fed C), D-C, C-D and D-D. VA concentrations were measured in plasma and liver. β-Carotene bioavailability and its intestinal conversion rate to VA, as well as vitamin D and E bioavailability, were assessed after gavages with these vitamins. Expression of genes involved in VA metabolism and transport was measured in intestine and liver. RESULTS C-D and D-D had no detectable retinyl esters in their liver. Retinolemia, hepatic retinol concentrations and postprandial plasma retinol response to β-carotene gavage were higher in D-C than in C-C. Intestinal expression of Isx was abolished in C-D and D-D and this was concomitant with a higher expression of Bco1, Scarb1, Cd36 and Lrat in males receiving a D diet as compared to those receiving a C diet. β-Carotene, vitamin D and E bio-availabilities were lower in offspring receiving a D diet as compared to those receiving a C diet. CONCLUSION A VA-deficient diet during the perinatal period modifies the metabolism of this vitamin in the offspring. Isx-mediated regulation of Bco1 and Scarb1 expression exists only in males severely deficient in this vitamin. Severe VA deficiency impairs β-carotene and vitamin D and E bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Borel
- Center for CardioVascular and Nutrition Research (C2VN), Faculté de Médecine, INRAE, INSERM, Aix Marseille Univ, 27, boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.
| | - Romane Troadec
- Center for CardioVascular and Nutrition Research (C2VN), Faculté de Médecine, INRAE, INSERM, Aix Marseille Univ, 27, boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Morgane Damiani
- Center for CardioVascular and Nutrition Research (C2VN), Faculté de Médecine, INRAE, INSERM, Aix Marseille Univ, 27, boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Charlotte Halimi
- Center for CardioVascular and Nutrition Research (C2VN), Faculté de Médecine, INRAE, INSERM, Aix Marseille Univ, 27, boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Marion Nowicki
- Center for CardioVascular and Nutrition Research (C2VN), Faculté de Médecine, INRAE, INSERM, Aix Marseille Univ, 27, boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Guichard
- Center for CardioVascular and Nutrition Research (C2VN), Faculté de Médecine, INRAE, INSERM, Aix Marseille Univ, 27, boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Charlene Couturier
- Center for CardioVascular and Nutrition Research (C2VN), Faculté de Médecine, INRAE, INSERM, Aix Marseille Univ, 27, boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Marielle Margier
- Center for CardioVascular and Nutrition Research (C2VN), Faculté de Médecine, INRAE, INSERM, Aix Marseille Univ, 27, boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Lourdes Mounien
- Center for CardioVascular and Nutrition Research (C2VN), Faculté de Médecine, INRAE, INSERM, Aix Marseille Univ, 27, boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Michel Grino
- Center for CardioVascular and Nutrition Research (C2VN), Faculté de Médecine, INRAE, INSERM, Aix Marseille Univ, 27, boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Emmanuelle Reboul
- Center for CardioVascular and Nutrition Research (C2VN), Faculté de Médecine, INRAE, INSERM, Aix Marseille Univ, 27, boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-François Landrier
- Center for CardioVascular and Nutrition Research (C2VN), Faculté de Médecine, INRAE, INSERM, Aix Marseille Univ, 27, boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Charles Desmarchelier
- Center for CardioVascular and Nutrition Research (C2VN), Faculté de Médecine, INRAE, INSERM, Aix Marseille Univ, 27, boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Marseille, France
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Kahremany S, Hofmann L, Gruzman A, Dinkova-Kostova AT, Cohen G. NRF2 in dermatological disorders: Pharmacological activation for protection against cutaneous photodamage and photodermatosis. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 188:262-276. [PMID: 35753587 PMCID: PMC9350913 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.06.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The skin barrier and its endogenous protective mechanisms cope daily with exogenous stressors, of which ultraviolet radiation (UVR) poses an imminent danger. Although the skin is able to reduce the potential damage, there is a need for comprehensive strategies for protection. This is particularly important when developing pharmacological approaches to protect against photocarcinogenesis. Activation of NRF2 has the potential to provide comprehensive and long-lasting protection due to the upregulation of numerous cytoprotective downstream effector proteins that can counteract the damaging effects of UVR. This is also applicable to photodermatosis conditions that exacerbate the damage caused by UVR. This review describes the alterations caused by UVR in normal skin and photosensitive disorders, and provides evidence to support the development of NRF2 activators as pharmacological treatments. Key natural and synthetic activators with photoprotective properties are summarized. Lastly, the gap in knowledge in research associated with photodermatosis conditions is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Kahremany
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel; The Skin Research Institute, The Dead Sea and Arava Science Center, Masada, 86910, Israel
| | - Lukas Hofmann
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Arie Gruzman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Albena T Dinkova-Kostova
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cellular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK; Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Guy Cohen
- The Skin Research Institute, The Dead Sea and Arava Science Center, Masada, 86910, Israel; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Eilat Campus, Eilat, 8855630, Israel.
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7
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Carotenoids in Human SkinIn Vivo: Antioxidant and Photo-Protectant Role against External and Internal Stressors. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11081451. [PMID: 35892651 PMCID: PMC9394334 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The antioxidant system of the human body plays a crucial role in maintaining redox homeostasis and has an important protective function. Carotenoids have pronounced antioxidant properties in the neutralization of free radicals. In human skin, carotenoids have a high concentration in the stratum corneum (SC)-the horny outermost layer of the epidermis, where they accumulate within lipid lamellae. Resonance Raman spectroscopy and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy are optical methods that are used to non-invasively determine the carotenoid concentration in the human SC in vivo. It was shown by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy that carotenoids support the entire antioxidant status of the human SC in vivo by neutralizing free radicals and thus, counteracting the development of oxidative stress. This review is devoted to assembling the kinetics of the carotenoids in the human SC in vivo using non-invasive optical and spectroscopic methods. Factors contributing to the changes of the carotenoid concentration in the human SC and their influence on the antioxidant status of the SC in vivo are summarized. The effect of chemotherapy on the carotenoid concentration of the SC in cancer patients is presented. A potential antioxidant-based pathomechanism of chemotherapy-induced hand-foot syndrome and a method to reduce its frequency and severity are discussed.
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8
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Li J, Qian H, Pi F, Wang BX. Bioavailability evaluation of the intestinal absorption and liver accumulation of torularhodin using a rat postprandial model. Food Funct 2022; 13:5946-5952. [PMID: 35617027 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo03707b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Torularhodin, as a new functional carotenoid, possesses great application potential in disease intervention. However, its absorption process and corresponding mechanism have not been studied. In this study, a rat postprandial model was established to explore the absorption and mechanism of torularhodin by investigating the bioavailability of torularhodin in different tissues, the expression of related enzymes and several transporters in the intestine. The results showed that torularhodin entered the intestine faster from micelles (45.21 ± 2.61% was absorbed in the duodenum), and part of it was metabolized into retinol in the anterior segment of the intestine. The expression of genes indicated that absorption of torularhodin in the intestine might require transporter CD36 and SR-B1. The special structure and target organ might be speculated to be the main reason for the low bioavailability of torularhodin in the serum and liver. The results could lay a theoretical foundation for the chemical modification, carrier and subsequent development of torularhodin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China. .,School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - He Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuwei Pi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Ben-Xin Wang
- School of Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China.
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Li B, Tochtrop GP. Rapid Access to γ-Amino-α-aryl Alcohol Scaffolds via an Enamine-Based Heck Coupling. J Org Chem 2022; 87:3851-3855. [PMID: 35175038 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c03056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The γ-amino-α-aryl alcohol is a key functional group for the design of inhibitors directed toward a critical family of metabolic enzymes. Here we report the transformation of simple aryl halides to a highly functionalized benzyl (3-oxo-3-arylpropyl)carbamate intermediate that can rapidly be converted to a high value γ-amino-α-aryl alcohol. This chemistry is realized through a two-step process involving an enamine-based Heck coupling (EBHC) followed by a one-pot catalytic Cbz-deprotection and ketone reduction of EBHC products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Li
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Chemistry, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Gregory P Tochtrop
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Chemistry, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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10
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Wang J, Hu X, Chen J, Wang T, Huang X, Chen G. The Extraction of β-Carotene from Microalgae for Testing Their Health Benefits. Foods 2022; 11:foods11040502. [PMID: 35205979 PMCID: PMC8871089 DOI: 10.3390/foods11040502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
β-carotene, a member of the carotenoid family, is a provitamin A, and can be converted into vitamin A (retinol), which plays essential roles in the regulation of physiological functions in animal bodies. Microalgae synthesize a variety of carotenoids including β-carotene and are a rich source of natural β-carotene. This has attracted the attention of researchers in academia and the biotech industry. Methods to enrich or purify β-carotene from microalgae have been investigated, and experiments to understand the biological functions of microalgae products containing β-carotene have been conducted. To better understand the use of microalgae to produce β-carotene and other carotenoids, we have searched PubMed in August 2021 for the recent studies that are focused on microalgae carotenoid content, the extraction methods to produce β-carotene from microalgae, and the bioactivities of β-carotene from microalgae. Articles published in peer-reviewed scientific journals were identified, screened, and summarized here. So far, various types and amounts of carotenoids have been identified and extracted in different types of microalgae. Diverse methods have been developed overtime to extract β-carotene efficiently and practically from microalgae for mass production. It appears that methods have been developed to simplify the steps and extract β-carotene directly and efficiently. Multiple studies have shown that extracts or whole organism of microalgae containing β-carotene have activities to promote lifespan in lab animals and reduce oxidative stress in culture cells, etc. Nevertheless, more studies are warranted to study the health benefits and functional mechanisms of β-carotene in these microalgae extracts, which may benefit human and animal health in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- College of Pharmacy, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China; (J.W.); (X.H.)
| | - Xinge Hu
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (X.H.); (T.W.)
| | - Junbin Chen
- School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China;
| | - Tiannan Wang
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (X.H.); (T.W.)
| | - Xianju Huang
- College of Pharmacy, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China; (J.W.); (X.H.)
| | - Guoxun Chen
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (X.H.); (T.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-865-974-6257
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11
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Quadro L, Iqbal J, Kim YK, Hussain MM. Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein-mediated transfer of β-carotene from donor to acceptor vesicles in vitro. Methods Enzymol 2022; 674:343-362. [PMID: 36008012 PMCID: PMC9940632 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Dietary β-carotene is the most abundant vitamin A precursor. Once absorbed by the enterocytes, the provitamin A carotenoid can either be cleaved into retinoids (vitamin A and its derivatives) or incorporated in its intact form within chylomicrons to be distributed throughout the body for utilization and/or storage by other tissues. From the liver, together with endogenous lipids, intact β-carotene can also be incorporated within very low-density lipoprotein/low-density lipoprotein (VLDL/LDL) for transport to other tissues and organs. Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) is a key regulator of lipoprotein biosynthesis in intestine and liver as it facilitates the incorporation of dietary and endogenous lipids into nascent lipoproteins. MTP is also critical for transferring β-carotene into lipoprotein particles for secretion. Here, we present an in vitro method to assess the transfer of β-carotene by MTP from donor to acceptor vesicles. This transfer can be assessed by precipitating donor vesicles and measuring amounts of β-carotene transferred to acceptor vesicles. The levels of transferred β-carotene are quantified by HPLC analysis and intrinsic fluorescence of β-carotene. This chapter demonstrates the feasibility of this method which is also useful to study the role of MTP for incorporation of other carotenoids that are known to be carried within VLDL/LDL and chylomicrons for organ distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Quadro
- Department of Food Science and Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, and New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States.
| | - Jahangir Iqbal
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC)-Eastern Region, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs (MNG-HA), Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Youn-Kyung Kim
- Department of Food Science and Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, and New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - M. Mahmood Hussain
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY, USA.,Corresponding authors: (LQ); (MMH)
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12
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Carotenoid extraction and analysis from blood plasma/serum. Methods Enzymol 2022; 670:423-457. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Chen L, Yokoyama W, Alves P, Tan Y, Pan J, Zhong F. Effect of encapsulation on β-carotene absorption and metabolism in mice. Food Hydrocoll 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.107009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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14
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Zubova TV, Pleshkov VA, Smolovskaya OV, Mironov AN, Korobeynikova LN. The use of carotene-containing preparation in cows for the prevention of postpartum complications. Vet World 2021; 14:1059-1066. [PMID: 34220104 PMCID: PMC8243678 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.1059-1066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: It is known that metabolic disturbances in the animal body negatively affect parturition, uterine involution, and, ultimately, fertility, especially in cows, during the first insemination. Although the method of diet optimization with the use of a software package results in positive outcomes, adjustment is required for certain groups of animals (e.g., cows), in accordance with the period of the year. Every year, in the spring and autumn, blood is taken from animals to detect metabolic disorders, and then either the diet is balanced or, if the cows lack vitamins and minerals, they are administered to cows parenterally or with food. The aim of this study was to assess the efficiency of using carotene-containing preparation in the prevention of postpartum complications in cows. Materials and Methods: Before the start of the experiment, blood was collected from the animals of the experimental and control groups, with ten animals in each group, and its serum was examined for the presence of carotene. Low carotene content was found in the serum of all animals (from 0.2 to 0.25 mg%) with the norm within the range of 0.40-0.62 mg%. The cows of the experimental group were injected subcutaneously with the carotene-containing preparation 30, 20, and 10 days before the expected calving date at a dose of 10 mL per head. The carotene-containing preparation was a solution of crystalline β-carotene substance in deodorized sunflower oil. Moreover, the share of β-carotene was at least 0.18%. The drug was administered intramuscularly into the rump. Results: In the postpartum period, the retention of the placenta was observed in two animals of the control group. The uterine involution in the cows of the control group was 16.0 (p<0.05) days longer than that in the cows of the experimental group. The duration of placenta separation in the cows of the control group was on average 3.21 h longer (p<0.01) than that in the cows of the experimental group. The period from calving to the introduction of the embryo was 63.17±1.56 days in the control group and 48.3±0.83 days in the experimental group. The survival rate of embryos in the cows of the experimental group was 60%, and the period from the calving date to the introduction of the embryo averaged 48 days, which were 14.9 (p<0.05) days less than that in the cows of the control group. Conclusion: When the carotene-containing preparation was administered in a dose of 10 mL subcutaneously to cows 30, 20, and 10 days before the calving date, the blood carotene content increased, and the duration of the last stage and uterine involution decreased. The period from the calving date to the introduction of the embryo was reduced to 48.3±0.83 days, and the survival rate of embryos was 60%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Vladimirovna Zubova
- Zootechnical Faculty, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Kuzbass State Agricultural Academy", Markovtseva Street, 5, Kemerovo, 650056, Russia
| | - Vladimir Alexandrovich Pleshkov
- Zootechnical Faculty, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Kuzbass State Agricultural Academy", Markovtseva Street, 5, Kemerovo, 650056, Russia
| | - Oksana Vladimirovna Smolovskaya
- Zootechnical Faculty, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Kuzbass State Agricultural Academy", Markovtseva Street, 5, Kemerovo, 650056, Russia
| | - Alexander Nikolaevich Mironov
- Zootechnical Faculty, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Kuzbass State Agricultural Academy", Markovtseva Street, 5, Kemerovo, 650056, Russia
| | - Larisa Nikolaevna Korobeynikova
- Zootechnical Faculty, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Kuzbass State Agricultural Academy", Markovtseva Street, 5, Kemerovo, 650056, Russia
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15
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Dass M, Nyako J, Tortoe C, Fanou-Fogny N, Nago E, Hounhouigan J, Berger J, Wieringa F, Greffeuille V. Comparison of Micronutrient Intervention Strategies in Ghana and Benin to Cover Micronutrient Needs: Simulation of Bene-Fits and Risks in Women of Reproductive Age. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13072286. [PMID: 34371796 PMCID: PMC8308306 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Overlapping micronutrient interventions might increase the risk of excessive micronutrient intake, with potentially adverse health effects. To evaluate how strategies currently implemented in Benin and Ghana contribute to micronutrient intake in women of reproductive age (WRA), and to assess the risk for excess intakes, scenarios of basic rural and urban diets were built, and different on-going interventions were added. We estimated micronutrient intakes for all different scenarios. Four types of intervention were included in the scenarios: fortification, biofortification, supplementation and use of locally available nutrient-rich foods. Basic diets contributed poorly to daily micronutrient intake in WRA. Fortification of oil and salt were essential to reach daily requirements for vitamin A and iodine, while fortified flour contributed less. Biofortified products could make an important contribution to the coverage of vitamin A needs, while they were not sufficient to cover the needs of WRA. Iron and folic acid supplementation was a major contributor in the intake of iron and folate, but only in pregnant and lactating women. Risk of excess were found for three micronutrients (vitamin A, folic acid and niacin) in specific contexts, with excess only coming from voluntary fortified food, supplementation and the simultaneous overlap of several interventions. Better regulation and control of fortification and targeting of supplementation could avoid excess intakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamta Dass
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), BP 64501-911, av. d’Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier, France; (M.D.); (J.B.); (F.W.)
- QualiSud, Univ Montpellier, Avignon Université, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Université de La Réunion, 34394 Montpellier, France
| | - Jolene Nyako
- Nutrition Unit, Food Research Institute, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Accra P.O. Box M20, Ghana; (J.N.); (C.T.)
| | - Charles Tortoe
- Nutrition Unit, Food Research Institute, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Accra P.O. Box M20, Ghana; (J.N.); (C.T.)
| | - Nadia Fanou-Fogny
- Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques (FSA), Université d’Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Jéricho 03 BP 2819, Benin; (N.F.-F.); (E.N.); (J.H.)
| | - Eunice Nago
- Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques (FSA), Université d’Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Jéricho 03 BP 2819, Benin; (N.F.-F.); (E.N.); (J.H.)
| | - Joseph Hounhouigan
- Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques (FSA), Université d’Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Jéricho 03 BP 2819, Benin; (N.F.-F.); (E.N.); (J.H.)
| | - Jacques Berger
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), BP 64501-911, av. d’Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier, France; (M.D.); (J.B.); (F.W.)
- QualiSud, Univ Montpellier, Avignon Université, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Université de La Réunion, 34394 Montpellier, France
| | - Frank Wieringa
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), BP 64501-911, av. d’Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier, France; (M.D.); (J.B.); (F.W.)
- QualiSud, Univ Montpellier, Avignon Université, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Université de La Réunion, 34394 Montpellier, France
| | - Valerie Greffeuille
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), BP 64501-911, av. d’Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier, France; (M.D.); (J.B.); (F.W.)
- QualiSud, Univ Montpellier, Avignon Université, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Université de La Réunion, 34394 Montpellier, France
- Correspondence:
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16
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Swapnil P, Meena M, Singh SK, Dhuldhaj UP, Harish, Marwal A. Vital roles of carotenoids in plants and humans to deteriorate stress with its structure, biosynthesis, metabolic engineering and functional aspects. CURRENT PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 26:100203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpb.2021.100203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
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17
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Zhang Y, Liu M, Zhou C, Zhang Z, He P, Li Q, Liu C, Qin X. Inverse association between dietary vitamin A intake and new-onset hypertension. Clin Nutr 2021; 40:2868-2875. [PMID: 33940400 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The prospective relation of dietary vitamin A intake with hypertension remains uncertain. We aimed to investigate the relationship of dietary vitamin A intake with new-onset hypertension and examine possible effect modifiers in general population. METHODS This prospective cohort study included 12,245 participants who were free of hypertension at baseline from China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS). Dietary intake was measured by 3 consecutive 24-h dietary recalls combined with a household food inventory. The study outcome was new-onset hypertension, defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg or diagnosed by physician or under antihypertensive treatment during the follow-up. RESULTS During a median follow-up duration of 6.1 years, a total of 4,304 (35.1%) participants developed new-onset hypertension. Overall, there was an L-shaped relation of total dietary vitamin A intake with new-onset hypertension (P for nonlinearity <0.001). Accordingly, compared with participants with lower vitamin A intake (quartile 1, <227.3 μg RE/day), those with higher vitamin A intake (quartile 2-4, ≥227.3 μg RE/day) had a significantly lower risk of new-onset hypertension (adjusted HR, 0.73; 95%CI: 0.63, 0.78). Similar results were found for plant-derived vitamin A intake (adjusted HR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.61, 0.70) or animal-derived vitamin A intake (adjusted HR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.70, 0.82). CONCLUSIONS There was a L-shaped relation of dietary vitamin A intake with new-onset hypertension in general Chinese adults. Our results emphasized the importance of maintaining relatively higher vitamin A intake levels for the prevention of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China; National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangzhou, 510515, China; State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Mengyi Liu
- Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China; National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangzhou, 510515, China; State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Chun Zhou
- Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China; National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangzhou, 510515, China; State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Zhuxian Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China; National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangzhou, 510515, China; State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Panpan He
- Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China; National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangzhou, 510515, China; State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Qinqin Li
- Institute of Biomedicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Chengzhang Liu
- Institute of Biomedicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Xianhui Qin
- Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China; National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangzhou, 510515, China; State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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18
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Böhm V, Lietz G, Olmedilla-Alonso B, Phelan D, Reboul E, Bánati D, Borel P, Corte-Real J, de Lera AR, Desmarchelier C, Dulinska-Litewka J, Landrier JF, Milisav I, Nolan J, Porrini M, Riso P, Roob JM, Valanou E, Wawrzyniak A, Winklhofer-Roob BM, Rühl R, Bohn T. From carotenoid intake to carotenoid blood and tissue concentrations - implications for dietary intake recommendations. Nutr Rev 2021; 79:544-573. [PMID: 32766681 PMCID: PMC8025354 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuaa008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is uncertainty regarding carotenoid intake recommendations, because positive and negative health effects have been found or are correlated with carotenoid intake and tissue levels (including blood, adipose tissue, and the macula), depending on the type of study (epidemiological vs intervention), the dose (physiological vs supraphysiological) and the matrix (foods vs supplements, isolated or used in combination). All these factors, combined with interindividual response variations (eg, depending on age, sex, disease state, genetic makeup), make the relationship between carotenoid intake and their blood/tissue concentrations often unclear and highly variable. Although blood total carotenoid concentrations <1000 nmol/L have been related to increased chronic disease risk, no dietary reference intakes (DRIs) exist. Although high total plasma/serum carotenoid concentrations of up to 7500 nmol/L are achievable after supplementation, a plateauing effect for higher doses and prolonged intake is apparent. In this review and position paper, the current knowledge on carotenoids in serum/plasma and tissues and their relationship to dietary intake and health status is summarized with the aim of proposing suggestions for a "normal," safe, and desirable range of concentrations that presumably are beneficial for health. Existing recommendations are likewise evaluated and practical dietary suggestions are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Böhm
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Georg Lietz
- Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Begoña Olmedilla-Alonso
- Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Phelan
- Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Science, Carriganore House, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland
| | | | | | - Patrick Borel
- C2VN, INRAE, INSERM, Aix Marseille Univ, Marseille, France
| | - Joana Corte-Real
- Population Health Department, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Angel R de Lera
- Departmento de Química Orgánica, Centro De Investigaciones Biomédicas and Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Vigo, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Irina Milisav
- University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ljubljana, Slovenia and with University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - John Nolan
- Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Science, Carriganore House, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Marisa Porrini
- Universitàdegli Studi di Milano, Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Division of Human Nutrition, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Riso
- Universitàdegli Studi di Milano, Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Division of Human Nutrition, Milan, Italy
| | - Johannes M Roob
- Research Unit Chronic Inflammation in Nephrology, Clinical Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Agata Wawrzyniak
- Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Brigitte M Winklhofer-Roob
- Human Nutrition & Metabolism Research and Training Center, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Karl-Franzens University, Graz, Austria
| | - Ralph Rühl
- Paprika Bioanalytics BT, Debrecen, Hungary and with CISCAREX UG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Torsten Bohn
- Population Health Department, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
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19
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Steinhoff JS, Lass A, Schupp M. Biological Functions of RBP4 and Its Relevance for Human Diseases. Front Physiol 2021; 12:659977. [PMID: 33790810 PMCID: PMC8006376 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.659977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) is a member of the lipocalin family and the major transport protein of the hydrophobic molecule retinol, also known as vitamin A, in the circulation. Expression of RBP4 is highest in the liver, where most of the body’s vitamin A reserves are stored as retinyl esters. For the mobilization of vitamin A from the liver, retinyl esters are hydrolyzed to retinol, which then binds to RBP4 in the hepatocyte. After associating with transthyretin (TTR), the retinol/RBP4/TTR complex is released into the bloodstream and delivers retinol to tissues via binding to specific membrane receptors. So far, two distinct RBP4 receptors have been identified that mediate the uptake of retinol across the cell membrane and, under specific conditions, bi-directional retinol transport. Although most of RBP4’s actions depend on its role in retinoid homeostasis, functions independent of retinol transport have been described. In this review, we summarize and discuss the recent findings on the structure, regulation, and functions of RBP4 and lay out the biological relevance of this lipocalin for human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia S Steinhoff
- Institute of Pharmacology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Achim Lass
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Michael Schupp
- Institute of Pharmacology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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20
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Quadro L, Giordano E, Costabile BK, Nargis T, Iqbal J, Kim Y, Wassef L, Hussain MM. Interplay between β-carotene and lipoprotein metabolism at the maternal-fetal barrier. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158591. [PMID: 31863969 PMCID: PMC7302977 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.158591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin A is an essential nutrient, critical for proper embryonic development in mammals. Both embryonic vitamin A-deficiency or -excess lead to congenital malformations or lethality in mammals, including humans. This is due to the defective transcriptional action of retinoic acid, the active form of vitamin A, that regulates in a spatial- and temporal-dependent manner the expression of genes essential for organogenesis. Thus, an adequate supply of vitamin A from the maternal circulation is vital for normal mammalian fetal development. Provitamin A carotenoids circulate in the maternal bloodstream and are available to the embryo. Of all the dietary carotenoids, β-carotene is the main vitamin A precursor, contributing at least 30% of the vitamin A intake in the industrialized countries and often constituting the sole source of retinoids (vitamin A and its derivatives) in the developing world. In humans, up to 40% of the absorbed dietary β-carotene is incorporated in its intact form in chylomicrons for distribution to other organs within the body, including the developing tissues. Here, it can serve as a source of vitamin A upon conversion into apocarotenoids by its cleavage enzymes. Given that β-carotene is carried in the bloodstream by lipoproteins, and that the placenta acquires, assembles and secretes lipoproteins, it is becoming evident that the maternal-fetal transfer of β-carotene relies on lipoprotein metabolism. Here, we will explore the current knowledge about this important biological process, the cross-talk between carotenoid and lipid metabolism in the context of the maternal-fetal transfer of this provitamin A precursor, and the mechanisms whereby β-carotene is metabolized by the developing tissues. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Carotenoids recent advances in cell and molecular biology edited by Johannes von Lintig and Loredana Quadro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Quadro
- Food Science Department, Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA;,Corresponding author: Loredana Quadro, PhD; Department of Food Science, Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; Tel: +1 848 9325491; Fax: +1 732 9326776;
| | - Elena Giordano
- Food Science Department, Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Brianna K. Costabile
- Food Science Department, Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA;,Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Titli Nargis
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, and Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, NYU Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, New York, USA
| | - Jahangir Iqbal
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA;,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Eastern Region, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Younkyung Kim
- Food Science Department, Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Lesley Wassef
- Food Science Department, Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - M. Mahmood Hussain
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, and Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, NYU Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, New York, USA;,Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
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21
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Widjaja-Adhi MAK, Golczak M. The molecular aspects of absorption and metabolism of carotenoids and retinoids in vertebrates. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158571. [PMID: 31770587 PMCID: PMC7244374 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.158571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin A is an essential nutrient necessary for numerous basic physiological functions, including reproduction and development, immune cell differentiation and communication, as well as the perception of light. To evade the dire consequences of vitamin A deficiency, vertebrates have evolved specialized metabolic pathways that enable the absorption, transport, and storage of vitamin A acquired from dietary sources as preformed retinoids or provitamin A carotenoids. This evolutionary advantage requires a complex interplay between numerous specialized retinoid-transport proteins, receptors, and enzymes. Recent advances in molecular and structural biology resulted in a rapid expansion of our understanding of these processes at the molecular level. This progress opened new avenues for the therapeutic manipulation of retinoid homeostasis. In this review, we summarize current research related to the biochemistry of carotenoid and retinoid-processing proteins with special emphasis on the structural aspects of their physiological actions. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Carotenoids recent advances in cell and molecular biology edited by Johannes von Lintig and Loredana Quadro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Made Airanthi K Widjaja-Adhi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Marcin Golczak
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America.
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Harrison EH, Kopec RE. Enzymology of vertebrate carotenoid oxygenases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158653. [PMID: 32035229 PMCID: PMC10655466 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Mammals and higher vertebrates including humans have only three members of the carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase family of enzymes. This review focuses on the two that function as carotenoid oxygenases. β-Carotene 15,15'-dioxygenase (BCO1) catalyzes the oxidative cleavage of the central 15,15' carbon-carbon double of β-carotene bond by addition of molecular oxygen. The product of the reaction is retinaldehyde (retinal or β-apo-15-carotenal). Thus, BCO1 is the enzyme responsible for the conversion of provitamin A carotenoids to vitamin A. It also cleaves the 15,15' bond of β-apocarotenals to yield retinal and of lycopene to yield apo-15-lycopenal. β-Carotene 9',10'-dioxygenase (BCO2) catalyzes the cleavage of the 9,10 and 9',10' double bonds of a wider variety of carotenoids, including both provitamin A and non-provitamin A carotenoids, as well as the xanthophylls, lutein and zeaxanthin. Indeed, the enzyme shows a marked preference for utilization of these xanthophylls and other substrates with hydroxylated terminal rings. Studies of the phenotypes of BCO1 null, BCO2 null, and BCO1/2 double knockout mice and of humans with polymorphisms in the enzymes, has clarified the role of these enzymes in whole body carotenoid and vitamin A homeostasis. These studies also demonstrate the relationship between enzyme expression and whole body lipid and energy metabolism and oxidative stress. In addition, relationships between BCO1 and BCO2 and the development or risk of metabolic diseases, eye diseases and cancer have been observed. While the precise roles of the enzymes in the pathophysiology of most of these diseases is not presently clear, these gaps in knowledge provide fertile ground for rigorous future investigations. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Carotenoids: Recent Advances in Cell and Molecular Biology edited by Johannes von Lintig and Loredana Quadro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Earl H Harrison
- Program in Human Nutrition, Department of Human Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Ohio State Biochemistry Program, USA.
| | - Rachel E Kopec
- Program in Human Nutrition, Department of Human Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Foods for Health Discovery Theme, Ohio State University, USA
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23
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Lietz G. Overlapping Vitamin A Intervention Programs: Should We Be Concerned with Excessive Intakes? J Nutr 2020; 150:2849-2851. [PMID: 33021314 PMCID: PMC7675028 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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24
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Jeong H, Vacanti NM. Systemic vitamin intake impacting tissue proteomes. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2020; 17:73. [PMID: 32863845 PMCID: PMC7449053 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-020-00491-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinetics and localization of the reactions of metabolism are coordinated by the enzymes that catalyze them. These enzymes are controlled via a myriad of mechanisms including inhibition/activation by metabolites, compartmentalization, thermodynamics, and nutrient sensing-based transcriptional or post-translational regulation; all of which are influenced as a network by the activities of metabolic enzymes and have downstream potential to exert direct or indirect control over protein abundances. Considering many of these enzymes are active only when one or more vitamin cofactors are present; the availability of vitamin cofactors likely yields a systems-influence over tissue proteomes. Furthermore, vitamins may influence protein abundances as nuclear receptor agonists, antioxidants, substrates for post-translational modifications, molecular signal transducers, and regulators of electrolyte homeostasis. Herein, studies of vitamin intake are explored for their contribution to unraveling vitamin influence over protein expression. As a body of work, these studies establish vitamin intake as a regulator of protein abundance; with the most powerful demonstrations reporting regulation of proteins directly related to the vitamin of interest. However, as a whole, the field has not kept pace with advances in proteomic platforms and analytical methodologies, and has not moved to validate mechanisms of regulation or potential for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heesoo Jeong
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA
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25
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Tun S, Spainhower CJ, Cottrill CL, Lakhani HV, Pillai SS, Dilip A, Chaudhry H, Shapiro JI, Sodhi K. Therapeutic Efficacy of Antioxidants in Ameliorating Obesity Phenotype and Associated Comorbidities. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1234. [PMID: 32903449 PMCID: PMC7438597 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity has been a worldwide epidemic for decades. Despite the abundant increase in knowledge regarding the etiology and pathogenesis of obesity, the prevalence continues to rise with estimates predicting considerably higher numbers by the year 2030. Obesity is characterized by an abnormal lipid accumulation, however, the physiological consequences of obesity are far more concerning. The development of the obesity phenotype constitutes dramatic alterations in adipocytes, along with several other cellular mechanisms which causes substantial increase in systemic oxidative stress mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). These alterations promote a chronic state of inflammation in the body caused by the redox imbalance. Together, the systemic oxidative stress and chronic inflammation plays a vital role in maintaining the obese state and exacerbating onset of cardiovascular complications, Type II diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, and other conditions where obesity has been linked as a significant risk factor. Because of the apparent role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of obesity, there has been a growing interest in attenuating the pro-oxidant state in obesity. Hence, this review aims to highlight the therapeutic role of antioxidants, agents that negate pro-oxidant state of cells, in ameliorating obesity and associated comorbidities. More specifically, this review will explore how various antioxidants target unique and diverse pathways to exhibit an antioxidant defense mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Tun
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Caleb James Spainhower
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Cameron Lee Cottrill
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Hari Vishal Lakhani
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Sneha S Pillai
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Anum Dilip
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Hibba Chaudhry
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Joseph I Shapiro
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Komal Sodhi
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, United States
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Biofortified Crops for Combating Hidden Hunger in South Africa: Availability, Acceptability, Micronutrient Retention and Bioavailability. Foods 2020; 9:foods9060815. [PMID: 32575819 PMCID: PMC7353603 DOI: 10.3390/foods9060815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In many poorer parts of the world, biofortification is a strategy that increases the concentration of target nutrients in staple food crops, mainly by genetic manipulation, to alleviate prevalent nutrient deficiencies. We reviewed the (i) prevalence of vitamin A, iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) deficiencies; (ii) availability of vitamin A, iron and Zn biofortified crops, and their acceptability in South Africa. The incidence of vitamin A and iron deficiency among children below five years old is 43.6% and 11%, respectively, while the risk of Zn deficiency is 45.3% among children aged 1 to 9 years. Despite several strategies being implemented to address the problem, including supplementation and commercial fortification, the prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies is still high. Biofortification has resulted in the large-scale availability of βcarotene-rich orange-fleshed sweet potatoes (OFSP), while provitamin A biofortified maize and Zn and/or iron biofortified common beans are at development stages. Agronomic biofortification is being investigated to enhance yields and concentrations of target nutrients in crops grown in agriculturally marginal environments. The consumer acceptability of OFSP and provitamin A biofortified maize were higher among children compared to adults. Accelerating the development of other biofortified staple crops to increase their availability, especially to the target population groups, is essential. Nutrition education should be integrated with community health programmes to improve the consumption of the biofortified crops, coupled with further research to develop suitable recipes/formulations for biofortified foods.
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27
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Bonet ML, Ribot J, Galmés S, Serra F, Palou A. Carotenoids and carotenoid conversion products in adipose tissue biology and obesity: Pre-clinical and human studies. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158676. [PMID: 32120014 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Antiobesity activities of carotenoids and carotenoid conversion products (CCPs) have been demonstrated in pre-clinical studies, and mechanisms behind have begun to be unveiled, thus suggesting these compounds may help obesity prevention and management. The antiobesity action of carotenoids and CCPs can be traced to effects in multiple tissues, notably the adipose tissues. Key aspects of the biology of adipose tissues appear to be affected by carotenoid and CCPs, including adipogenesis, metabolic capacities for energy storage, release and inefficient oxidation, secretory function, and modulation of oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways. Here, we review the connections of carotenoids and CCPs with adipose tissue biology and obesity as revealed by cell and animal intervention studies, studies addressing the role of endogenous retinoid metabolism, and human epidemiological and intervention studies. We also consider human genetic variability influencing carotenoid and vitamin A metabolism, particularly in adipose tissues, as a potentially relevant aspect towards personalization of dietary recommendations to prevent or manage obesity and optimize metabolic health. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Carotenoids recent advances in cell and molecular biology edited by Johannes von Lintig and Loredana Quadro.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Luisa Bonet
- Grup de Recerca Nutrigenòmica i Obesitat, Laboratori de Biologia Molecular, Nutrició i Biotecnologia (LBNB), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Spain.
| | - Joan Ribot
- Grup de Recerca Nutrigenòmica i Obesitat, Laboratori de Biologia Molecular, Nutrició i Biotecnologia (LBNB), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Spain
| | | | - Francisca Serra
- Grup de Recerca Nutrigenòmica i Obesitat, Laboratori de Biologia Molecular, Nutrició i Biotecnologia (LBNB), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Spain
| | - Andreu Palou
- Grup de Recerca Nutrigenòmica i Obesitat, Laboratori de Biologia Molecular, Nutrició i Biotecnologia (LBNB), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Spain
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28
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Zheng X, Giuliano G, Al-Babili S. Carotenoid biofortification in crop plants: citius, altius, fortius. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158664. [PMID: 32068105 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids are indispensable for human health, required as precursors of vitamin A and efficient antioxidants. However, these plant pigments that play a vital role in photosynthesis are represented at insufficient levels in edible parts of several crops, which creates a need for increasing their content or optimizing their composition through biofortification. In particular, vitamin A deficiency, a severe health problem affecting the lives of millions in developing countries, has triggered the development of a series of high-provitamin A crops, including Golden Rice as the best-known example. Further carotenoid-biofortified crops have been generated by using genetic engineering approaches or through classical breeding. In this review, we depict carotenoid metabolism in plants and provide an update on the development of carotenoid-biofortified plants and their potential to meet needs and expectations. Furthermore, we discuss the possibility of using natural variation for carotenoid biofortification and the potential of gene editing tools. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Carotenoids recent advances in cell and molecular biology edited by Johannes von Lintig and Loredana Quadro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongjie Zheng
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, Center for Desert Agriculture, the BioActives Lab, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Giovanni Giuliano
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Casaccia Research Center, Via Anguillarese 301, Roma 00123, Italy
| | - Salim Al-Babili
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, Center for Desert Agriculture, the BioActives Lab, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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29
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Sirbu IO, Chiş AR, Moise AR. Role of carotenoids and retinoids during heart development. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158636. [PMID: 31978553 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The nutritional requirements of the developing embryo are complex. In the case of dietary vitamin A (retinol, retinyl esters and provitamin A carotenoids), maternal derived nutrients serve as precursors to signaling molecules such as retinoic acid, which is required for embryonic patterning and organogenesis. Despite variations in the composition and levels of maternal vitamin A, embryonic tissues need to generate a precise amount of retinoic acid to avoid congenital malformations. Here, we summarize recent findings regarding the role and metabolism of vitamin A during heart development and we survey the association of genes known to affect retinoid metabolism or signaling with various inherited disorders. A better understanding of the roles of vitamin A in the heart and of the factors that affect retinoid metabolism and signaling can help design strategies to meet nutritional needs and to prevent birth defects and disorders associated with altered retinoid metabolism. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Carotenoids recent advances in cell and molecular biology edited by Johannes von Lintig and Loredana Quadro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioan Ovidiu Sirbu
- Biochemistry Department, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; Timisoara Institute of Complex Systems, V. Lucaciu 18, 300044 Timisoara, Romania.
| | - Aimée Rodica Chiş
- Biochemistry Department, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Alexander Radu Moise
- Medical Sciences Division, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Biology and Biomolecular Sciences Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada.
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Zoccali M, Giuffrida D, Granese R, Salafia F, Dugo P, Mondello L. Determination of free apocarotenoids and apocarotenoid esters in human colostrum. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:1335-1342. [PMID: 31900534 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02359-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The presence of carotenoids in human colostrum has been reported in the literature, and xanthophyll esters in human colostrum were recently detected for the first time. However, no published studies have reported whether apocarotenoids, which are metabolites derived from carotenoid enzymatic or nonenzymatic oxidative cleavage, are present in human colostrum. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to search for the possible occurrence of apocarotenoids, including apocarotenoid esters, in human colostrum for the first time by applying an online supercritical fluid extraction-supercritical fluid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methodology. Recent evidence related to apocarotenoid transcriptional activity has suggested that they may have beneficial health properties superior to those of their parent carotenoids. Three different apocarotenoids, namely apo-8'-β-carotenal, apo-8'-lycopenal, and β-citraurin, were identified in intact human colostrum samples, with average concentrations of 85 nmol L-1, 54.6 nmol L-1, and 75.4 nmol L-1, respectively. The overall detection of 16 different free apocarotenoids and 10 different apocarotenoid fatty acid esters in human colostrum was achieved here for the first time. Their occurrence in human colostrum certainly has implications for newborn health status, since colostrum is the only form of food for the newborn during the very first days of life. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariosimone Zoccali
- Department of Mathematical and Computer Science, Physical Sciences and Earth Sciences, University of Messina, 98122, Messina, Italy
| | - Daniele Giuffrida
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125, Messina, Italy.
| | - Roberta Granese
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Childhood "G. Barresi", University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125, Messina, Italy
| | - Fabio Salafia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, University of Messina, Polo Annunziata - Viale Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Paola Dugo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, University of Messina, Polo Annunziata - Viale Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy.,Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168, Messina, Italy.,BeSep s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168, Messina, Italy.,Unit of Food Science and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Mondello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, University of Messina, Polo Annunziata - Viale Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy.,Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168, Messina, Italy.,BeSep s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168, Messina, Italy.,Unit of Food Science and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128, Rome, Italy
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Xu M, Xu L, Du H, Shan W, Feng J, Zhai G, Yang X. Decreased Serum Retinoic Acid May Predict Poor Outcome in Ischemic Stroke Patients. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2020; 16:1483-1491. [PMID: 32606701 PMCID: PMC7293911 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s254591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Decreased serum retinoic acid (RA) levels have been shown to be linked with increased mortality in cardiovascular diseases. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between serum RA and 3-month functional outcome after ischemic stroke. METHODS Between January 2019 and September 2019, we prospectively recruited ischemic stroke patients within 24 hrs of symptom onset. Serum RA levels were measured for all patients at admission. The primary outcome was defined as poor functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale 3-6) at 90 days. The secondary outcome was defined as early neurological deterioration (END), which is considered as an increase of ≥1 point in motor power or total National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score of ≥2 points within 7 days. RESULTS A total of 217 patients were included in the analysis. The median RA levels were 2.9 ng/mL. Ninety-four (43.3%) and 65 (30.0%) patients experienced 3-month poor outcome and END, respectively. After adjusted for potential confounders, decreased levels of serum RA were associated with a higher risk of poor outcome (P for trend = 0.001) and END (P for trend = 0.002). Adding RA quartile to the existing risk factors improved risk prediction for poor outcome [net reclassification improvement (NRI) = 42.6%, P = 0.001; integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) = 5.7%, P = 0.001] and END (NRI index = 45.4%, P = 0.001; IDI = 4.3%; P = 0.005). CONCLUSION Low serum RA levels at baseline were associated with poor prognosis at 90 days after ischemic stroke, suggesting that RA may be a potential prognostic biomarker for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengshi Xu
- Department of Neurology, Suzhou Ninth People's Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215200, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaping Du
- Department of Neurology, Suzhou Ninth People's Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215200, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanying Shan
- Department of Neurology, Suzhou Ninth People's Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215200, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Feng
- Department of Neurology, Suzhou Ninth People's Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215200, People's Republic of China
| | - Guojie Zhai
- Department of Neurology, Suzhou Ninth People's Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215200, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuyan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Suzhou Ninth People's Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215200, People's Republic of China
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Belyaeva OV, Adams MK, Popov KM, Kedishvili NY. Generation of Retinaldehyde for Retinoic Acid Biosynthesis. Biomolecules 2019; 10:biom10010005. [PMID: 31861321 PMCID: PMC7022914 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The concentration of all-trans-retinoic acid, the bioactive derivative of vitamin A, is critically important for the optimal performance of numerous physiological processes. Either too little or too much of retinoic acid in developing or adult tissues is equally harmful. All-trans-retinoic acid is produced by the irreversible oxidation of all-trans-retinaldehyde. Thus, the concentration of retinaldehyde as the immediate precursor of retinoic acid has to be tightly controlled. However, the enzymes that produce all-trans-retinaldehyde for retinoic acid biosynthesis and the mechanisms responsible for the control of retinaldehyde levels have not yet been fully defined. The goal of this review is to summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the identities of physiologically relevant retinol dehydrogenases, their enzymatic properties, and tissue distribution, and to discuss potential mechanisms for the regulation of the flux from retinol to retinaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V. Belyaeva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (K.M.P.); (N.Y.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-205-996-4024
| | - Mark K. Adams
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA;
| | - Kirill M. Popov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (K.M.P.); (N.Y.K.)
| | - Natalia Y. Kedishvili
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (K.M.P.); (N.Y.K.)
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Duan Z, Shan W, Du H, Xu M, Feng J, Qiu C, Ling Y. Association between serum retinoic acid levels and risk of post-stroke depression in patients with ischemic stroke. Asian J Psychiatr 2019; 46:87-91. [PMID: 31639555 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2019.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies suggest that retinoic acid (RA) can exert neuroprotective function in ischemic stroke. However, its role in post-stroke depression (PSD) has still been unclear. We sought to investigate the relationship between circulating RA levels and PSD in patients with ischemic stroke. From September 2018 to March 2019, we prospectively screened patients with ischemic stroke who were hospitalized within 7 days of symptoms onset. RA levels were measured after admission. All patients were followed up at 3 months after stroke. Diagnosis of PSD was made in line with the Chinese version of Structured Clinical Interview of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria. PSD risk was estimated using multivariable regression models. In total, 352 ischemic stroke patients were enrolled for the final analysis. Up to 3 months after symptoms onset, 102 subjects experienced PSD. PSD patients showed significantly lower RA levels at baseline as compared to non-PSD patients. In univariate logistic analysis, reduced levels of RA was a significant predictor of PSD. These results were further confirmed in multivariate regression additionally controlled for possible relevant confounders. Our study shows that decreased serum RA levels at admission might be associated with 3-month PSD in ischemic stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipei Duan
- Department of Oncology, Suzhou Ninth People's Hospital, Suzhou 215200, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wanying Shan
- Department of Neurology, Suzhou Ninth People's Hospital, Suzhou 215200, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huaping Du
- Department of Neurology, Suzhou Ninth People's Hospital, Suzhou 215200, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mengshi Xu
- Department of Neurology, Suzhou Ninth People's Hospital, Suzhou 215200, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Feng
- Department of Neurology, Suzhou Ninth People's Hospital, Suzhou 215200, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunfang Qiu
- Department of Neurology, Suzhou Ninth People's Hospital, Suzhou 215200, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yunao Ling
- Department of Neurology, Suzhou Ninth People's Hospital, Suzhou 215200, Jiangsu, China.
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Polyphenols in human nutrition: from the in vitro antioxidant capacity to the beneficial effects on cardiometabolic health and related inter-individual variability - an overview and perspective. Br J Nutr 2019; 123:241-254. [PMID: 31658907 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114519002733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative damage of cells and tissues is broadly implicated in human pathophysiology, including cardiometabolic diseases. Polyphenols, as important constituents of the human diet and potent in vitro free radical scavengers, have been extensively studied for their beneficial effects on cardiometabolic health. However, it has been demonstrated that the in vivo antioxidant activity of polyphenols is distinct from their in vitro free radical-scavenging capacity. Indeed, bioavailability of nutritional polyphenols is low and conditioned by complex mechanisms of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. Nowadays, it is commonly accepted that the cellular antioxidant activity of polyphenols is mainly carried out via modification of transcription of genes involved in antioxidant defence. Importantly, polyphenols also contribute to cardiometabolic health by modulation of a plethora of cellular processes that are not directly associated with antioxidant enzymes, through nutri(epi)genomic mechanisms. Numerous human intervention studies have demonstrated beneficial effects of polyphenols on the key cardiometabolic risk factors. However, inconsistency of the results of some studies led to identification of the inter-individual variability in response to consumption of polyphenols. In perspective, a detailed investigation of the determinants of this inter-individual variability will potentially lead us towards personalised dietary recommendations. The phenomenon of inter-individual variability is also of relevance for supplementation with antioxidant (pro)vitamins.
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Chai C, Xu X, Sun W, Zhang F, Ye C, Ding G, Li J, Zhong G, Xiao W, Liu B, von Lintig J, Lu C. Characterization of the novel role of NinaB orthologs from Bombyx mori and Tribolium castaneum. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 109:106-115. [PMID: 30871993 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids can be enzymatically converted to apocarotenoids by carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases. Insect genomes encode only one member of this ancestral enzyme family. We cloned and characterized the ninaB genes from the silk worm (Bombyx mori) and the flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum). We expressed BmNinaB and TcNinaB in E. coli and analyzed their biochemical properties. Both enzymes catalyzed a conversion of carotenoids into cis-retinoids. The enzymes catalyzed a combined trans to cis isomerization at the C11, C12 double bond and oxidative cleavage reaction at the C15, C15' bond of the carotenoid carbon backbone. Analyses of the spatial and temporal expression patterns revealed that ninaB genes were differentially expressed during the beetle and moth life cycles with high expression in reproductive organs. In Bombyx mori, ninaB was almost exclusively expressed in female reproductive organs of the pupa and adult. In Tribolium castaneum, low expression was found in reproductive organs of females but high expressions in male reproductive organs of the pupa and imagoes. We performed RNAi experiments to characterize the role of NinaB in insect reproduction. We observed that RNAi treatment significantly decreased the expression levels of BmninaB and TcninaB and reduced the egg laying capacity of both insects. Together, our study revealed that NinaB's unique enzymatic properties are well conserved among insects and implicate NinaB function in insect reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Weizhong Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Chuan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Guangshu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jiantao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Guoxuan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Life Sciences Institute and the Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Binbin Liu
- Sericulture Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Science, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Johannes von Lintig
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Cheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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Coronel J, Pinos I, Amengual J. β-carotene in Obesity Research: Technical Considerations and Current Status of the Field. Nutrients 2019; 11:E842. [PMID: 31013923 PMCID: PMC6521044 DOI: 10.3390/nu11040842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, obesity has become a rising health problem as the accessibility to high calorie, low nutritional value food has increased. Research shows that some bioactive components in fruits and vegetables, such as carotenoids, could contribute to the prevention and treatment of obesity. Some of these carotenoids are responsible for vitamin A production, a hormone-like vitamin with pleiotropic effects in mammals. Among these effects, vitamin A is a potent regulator of adipose tissue development, and is therefore important for obesity. This review focuses on the role of the provitamin A carotenoid β-carotene in human health, emphasizing the mechanisms by which this compound and its derivatives regulate adipocyte biology. It also discusses the physiological relevance of carotenoid accumulation, the implication of the carotenoid-cleaving enzymes, and the technical difficulties and considerations researchers must take when working with these bioactive molecules. Thanks to the broad spectrum of functions carotenoids have in modern nutrition and health, it is necessary to understand their benefits regarding to metabolic diseases such as obesity in order to evaluate their applicability to the medical and pharmaceutical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johana Coronel
- Department of Food Sciences and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Ivan Pinos
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Jaume Amengual
- Department of Food Sciences and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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Camagna M, Grundmann A, Bär C, Koschmieder J, Beyer P, Welsch R. Enzyme Fusion Removes Competition for Geranylgeranyl Diphosphate in Carotenogenesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 179:1013-1027. [PMID: 30309967 PMCID: PMC6393812 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.01026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP), a prenyl diphosphate synthesized by GGPP synthase (GGPS), represents a metabolic hub for the synthesis of key isoprenoids, such as chlorophylls, tocopherols, phylloquinone, gibberellins, and carotenoids. Protein-protein interactions and the amphipathic nature of GGPP suggest metabolite channeling and/or competition for GGPP among enzymes that function in independent branches of the isoprenoid pathway. To investigate substrate conversion efficiency between the plastid-localized GGPS isoform GGPS11 and phytoene synthase (PSY), the first enzyme of the carotenoid pathway, we used recombinant enzymes and determined their in vitro properties. Efficient phytoene biosynthesis via PSY strictly depended on simultaneous GGPP supply via GGPS11. In contrast, PSY could not access freely diffusible GGPP or time-displaced GGPP supply via GGPS11, presumably due to liposomal sequestration. To optimize phytoene biosynthesis, we applied a synthetic biology approach and constructed a chimeric GGPS11-PSY metabolon (PYGG). PYGG converted GGPP to phytoene almost quantitatively in vitro and did not show the GGPP leakage typical of the individual enzymes. PYGG expression in Arabidopsis resulted in orange-colored cotyledons, which are not observed if PSY or GGPS11 are overexpressed individually. This suggests insufficient GGPP substrate availability for chlorophyll biosynthesis achieved through GGPP flux redirection to carotenogenesis. Similarly, carotenoid levels in PYGG-expressing callus exceeded that in PSY- or GGPS11-overexpression lines. The PYGG chimeric protein may assist in provitamin A biofortification of edible plant parts. Moreover, other GGPS fusions may be used to redirect metabolic flux into the synthesis of other isoprenoids of nutritional and industrial interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Camagna
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Cornelia Bär
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Peter Beyer
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Welsch
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Yu Y, Zhang H, Song Y, Lin T, Zhou Z, Guo H, Liu L, Wang B, Liu C, Li J, Zhang Y, Huo Y, Wang C, Wang X, Hou FF, Qin X, Xu X. Plasma retinol and the risk of first stroke in hypertensive adults: a nested case-control study. Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 109:449-456. [PMID: 30624586 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Identification of novel risk factors is needed to further lower stroke risk. Data concerning the association between plasma retinol concentrations and the risk of stroke are limited. Objectives We aimed to evaluate the effect of plasma retinol on the risk of first stroke and to examine any possible effect modifiers in hypertensive patients. Methods The study sample population was drawn from the China Stroke Primary Prevention Trial (CSPPT), using a nested case-control design, including 620 cases with first stroke and 620 matched controls. In the CSPPT, a total of 20,702 hypertensive patients were randomly assigned to a double-blind, daily treatment with either 10 mg enalapril and 0.8 mg folic acid or 10 mg enalapril alone. The median treatment duration was 4.5 y. Results There was a significant inverse association between plasma retinol and the risk of first stroke (per 10-μg/dL increment; OR: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.86, 0.97) and first ischemic stroke (OR: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.86, 0.98). When retinol was assessed as quartiles, significantly lower risks of first stroke (OR: 0.64; 95% CI: 0.46, 0.88) and first ischemic stroke (OR: 0.67; 95% CI: 0.46, 0.96) were found in participants in quartiles 2-4 compared with those in quartile 1. Furthermore, a stronger inverse association between plasma retinol and first stroke was observed in participants with baseline total homocysteine (<10 compared with ≥10 μmol/L; P-interaction = 0.049). However, plasma retinol had no significant effect on first hemorrhagic stroke (per 10-μg/dL increment; OR: 0.98; 95% CI: 0.79, 1.18). Conclusions Our data showed a significant inverse association between plasma retinol and the risk of first stroke among Chinese hypertensive adults. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00794885.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaren Yu
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Song
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tengfei Lin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ziyi Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Huiyuan Guo
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lishun Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Binyan Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Biomedicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | | | - Jianping Li
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Huo
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chaofu Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Xingyi People's Hospital, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiaobin Wang
- Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Fan Fan Hou
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianhui Qin
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Biomedicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiping Xu
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Institute of Biomedicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Poliak P, Škorňa P, Klein E, Lukeš V. Thermodynamics of radical scavenging of symmetric carotenoids and their charged species. Food Chem 2018; 268:542-549. [PMID: 30064795 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
For nine symmetric natural carotenoids, a comprehensive thermodynamics study of processes associated with their radical scavenging activity is proposed. We have investigated the hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) from the parent carotenoid, mono-radical species, radical cations and radical anions. Electron transfer and proton transfer reactions were also studied. Terminal units and carbon atoms in their vicinity were identified as thermodynamically favoured reaction sites of the HAT mechanism. Rhodoxanthin, canthaxanthin and astaxanthin, as strong antioxidants, without any pro-oxidative effect, were found to have bond dissociation enthalpies (BDE) higher than 300 kJ mol-1 and the most negative electron affinities. The electron transfer to a carotenoid is exothermic, while other studied reactions are endothermic. In solvent, the electron transfer reactions may be preferred instead of hydrogen atom transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Poliak
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Peter Škorňa
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-845 36 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Erik Klein
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Vladimír Lukeš
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Gao S, Parmar T, Palczewska G, Dong Z, Golczak M, Palczewski K, Jastrzebska B. Protective Effect of a Locked Retinal Chromophore Analog against Light-Induced Retinal Degeneration. Mol Pharmacol 2018; 94:1132-1144. [PMID: 30018116 DOI: 10.1124/mol.118.112581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Continuous regeneration of the 11-cis-retinal visual chromophore from all-trans-retinal is critical for vision. Insufficiency of 11-cis-retinal arising from the dysfunction of key proteins involved in its regeneration can impair retinal health, ultimately leading to loss of human sight. Delayed recovery of visual sensitivity and night blindness caused by inadequate regeneration of the visual pigment rhodopsin are typical early signs of this condition. Excessive concentrations of unliganded, constitutively active opsin and increased levels of all-trans-retinal and its byproducts in photoreceptors also accelerate retinal degeneration after light exposure. Exogenous 9-cis-retinal iso-chromophore can reduce the toxicity of ligand-free opsin but fails to prevent the buildup of retinoid photoproducts when their clearance is defective in human retinopathies, such as Stargardt disease or age-related macular degeneration. Here we evaluated the effect of a locked chromophore analog, 11-cis-6-membered ring-retinal against bright light-induced retinal degeneration in Abca4-/-Rdh8-/- mice. Using in vivo imaging techniques, optical coherence tomography, scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, and two-photon microscopy, along with in vitro histologic analysis of retinal morphology, we found that treatment with 11-cis-6-membered ring-retinal before light stimulation prevented rod and cone photoreceptor degradation and preserved functional acuity in these mice. Moreover, additive accumulation of 11-cis-6-membered ring-retinal measured in the eyes of these mice by quantitative liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry indicated stable binding of this retinoid to opsin. Together, these results suggest that eliminating excess of unliganded opsin can prevent light-induced retinal degeneration in Abca4-/-Rdh8-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songqi Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine (S.G., T.P., M.G., K.P., B.J.) and Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology (M.G., K.P., B.J.), Case Western Reserve University, and Polgenix Inc., Department of Medical Devices (G.P., Z.D.), Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Tanu Parmar
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine (S.G., T.P., M.G., K.P., B.J.) and Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology (M.G., K.P., B.J.), Case Western Reserve University, and Polgenix Inc., Department of Medical Devices (G.P., Z.D.), Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Grazyna Palczewska
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine (S.G., T.P., M.G., K.P., B.J.) and Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology (M.G., K.P., B.J.), Case Western Reserve University, and Polgenix Inc., Department of Medical Devices (G.P., Z.D.), Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Zhiqian Dong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine (S.G., T.P., M.G., K.P., B.J.) and Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology (M.G., K.P., B.J.), Case Western Reserve University, and Polgenix Inc., Department of Medical Devices (G.P., Z.D.), Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Marcin Golczak
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine (S.G., T.P., M.G., K.P., B.J.) and Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology (M.G., K.P., B.J.), Case Western Reserve University, and Polgenix Inc., Department of Medical Devices (G.P., Z.D.), Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Krzysztof Palczewski
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine (S.G., T.P., M.G., K.P., B.J.) and Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology (M.G., K.P., B.J.), Case Western Reserve University, and Polgenix Inc., Department of Medical Devices (G.P., Z.D.), Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Beata Jastrzebska
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine (S.G., T.P., M.G., K.P., B.J.) and Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology (M.G., K.P., B.J.), Case Western Reserve University, and Polgenix Inc., Department of Medical Devices (G.P., Z.D.), Cleveland, Ohio
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β-apo-10'-carotenoids support normal embryonic development during vitamin A deficiency. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8834. [PMID: 29892071 PMCID: PMC5995931 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27071-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A deficiency is still a public health concern affecting millions of pregnant women and children. Retinoic acid, the active form of vitamin A, is critical for proper mammalian embryonic development. Embryos can generate retinoic acid from maternal circulating β-carotene upon oxidation of retinaldehyde produced via the symmetric cleavage enzyme β-carotene 15,15'-oxygenase (BCO1). Another cleavage enzyme, β-carotene 9',10'-oxygenase (BCO2), asymmetrically cleaves β-carotene in adult tissues to prevent its mitochondrial toxicity, generating β-apo-10'-carotenal, which can be converted to retinoids (vitamin A and its metabolites) by BCO1. However, the role of BCO2 during mammalian embryogenesis is unknown. We found that mice lacking BCO2 on a vitamin A deficiency-susceptible genetic background (Rbp4-/-) generated severely malformed vitamin A-deficient embryos. Maternal β-carotene supplementation impaired fertility and did not restore normal embryonic development in the Bco2-/-Rbp4-/- mice, despite the expression of BCO1. These data demonstrate that BCO2 prevents β-carotene toxicity during embryogenesis under severe vitamin A deficiency. In contrast, β-apo-10'-carotenal dose-dependently restored normal embryonic development in Bco2-/-Rbp4-/- but not Bco1-/-Bco2-/-Rbp4-/- mice, suggesting that β-apo-10'-carotenal facilitates embryogenesis as a substrate for BCO1-catalyzed retinoid formation. These findings provide a proof of principle for the important role of BCO2 in embryonic development and invite consideration of β-apo-10'-carotenal as a nutritional supplement to sustain normal embryonic development in vitamin A-deprived pregnant women.
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Eggersdorfer M, Wyss A. Carotenoids in human nutrition and health. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 652:18-26. [PMID: 29885291 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 430] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are naturally occurring pigments found in most fruits and vegetables, plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Humans cannot synthesize carotenoids and must ingest them in food or via supplementation. Carotenoids have a range of functions in human health. They primarily exert antioxidant effects, but individual carotenoids may also act through other mechanisms; for example, β-carotene has a pro-vitamin A function, while lutein/zeaxanthin constitute macular pigment in the eye. The benefit of lutein in reducing progression of age-related macular eye disease and cataracts is strengthening; an intake recommendation would help to generate awareness in the general population to have an adequate intake of lutein rich foods. There is evidence that carotenoids, in addition to beneficial effects on eye health, also produce improvements in cognitive function and cardiovascular health, and may help to prevent some types of cancer. Despite the evidence for the health benefits of carotenoids, large population-based supplementation studies have produced mixed results for some of the carotenoids. To establish and confirm the health benefits of the different carotenoids more research, including clinical studies, is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Eggersdorfer
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands; Nutrition Science & Advocacy, DSM Nutritional Products, Wurmisweg 576, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Wyss
- DSM Nutritional Products, R&D Human Nutrition, Wurmisweg 576, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland.
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Giordano E, Quadro L. Lutein, zeaxanthin and mammalian development: Metabolism, functions and implications for health. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 647:33-40. [PMID: 29654731 PMCID: PMC5949277 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
It is now widely accepted that nutrition during critical periods in early development, both pre- and postnatal, may have lifetime consequences in determining health or onset of major diseases in the adult life. Dietary carotenoids have shown beneficial health effects throughout the life cycle due to their potential antioxidant properties, their ability to serves as precursors of vitamin A and to the emerging signaling functions of their metabolites. The non-provitamin A carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin are emerging as important modulators of infant and child visual and cognitive development, as well as critical effectors in the prevention and treatment of morbidity associated with premature births. This review provides a general overview of lutein and zeaxanthin metabolism in mammalian tissues and highlights the major advancements and remaining gaps in knowledge in regards to their metabolism and health effects during pre- and early post-natal development. Furthering our knowledge in this area of research will impact dietary recommendation and supplementation strategies aimed at sustaining proper fetal and infant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Giordano
- Department of Food Science; Rutgers Center for Lipid Research; New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States
| | - Loredana Quadro
- Department of Food Science; Rutgers Center for Lipid Research; New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States.
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Abstract
Apocarotenoids are cleavage products of C40 isoprenoid pigments, named carotenoids, synthesized exclusively by plants and microorganisms. The colors of flowers and fruits and the photosynthetic process are examples of the biological properties conferred by carotenoids to these organisms. Mammals do not synthesize carotenoids but obtain them from foods of plant origin. Apocarotenoids are generated upon enzymatic and nonenzymatic cleavage of the parent compounds both in plants and in the tissues of mammals that have ingested carotenoid-containing foods. The best-characterized apocarotenoids are retinoids (vitamin A and its derivatives), generated upon central oxidative cleavage of provitamin A carotenoids, mainly β-carotene. In addition to the well-known biological actions of vitamin A, it is becoming apparent that nonretinoid apocarotenoids also have the potential to regulate a broad spectrum of critical cellular functions, thus influencing mammalian health. This review discusses the current knowledge about the generation and biological activities of nonretinoid apocarotenoids in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Earl H Harrison
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA;
| | - Loredana Quadro
- Department of Food Science; Rutgers Center for Lipid Research; and New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA;
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45
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Toti E, Chen CYO, Palmery M, Villaño Valencia D, Peluso I. Non-Provitamin A and Provitamin A Carotenoids as Immunomodulators: Recommended Dietary Allowance, Therapeutic Index, or Personalized Nutrition? OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:4637861. [PMID: 29861829 PMCID: PMC5971251 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4637861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Vegetables and fruits contain non-provitamin A (lycopene, lutein, and zeaxanthin) and provitamin A (β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, and α-carotene) carotenoids. Within these compounds, β-carotene has been extensively studied for its health benefits, but its supplementation at doses higher than recommended intakes induces adverse effects. β-Carotene is converted to retinoic acid (RA), a well-known immunomodulatory molecule. Human interventions suggest that β-carotene and lycopene at pharmacological doses affect immune functions after a depletion period of low carotenoid diet. However, these effects appear unrelated to carotenoids and retinol levels in plasma. Local production of RA in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue, as well as the dependency of RA-induced effects on local inflammation, suggests that personalized nutrition/supplementation should be considered in the future. On the other hand, the differential effect of RA and lycopene on transforming growth factor-beta suggests that lycopene supplementation could improve immune functions without increasing risk for cancers. However, such preclinical evidence must be confirmed in human interventions before any recommendations can be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Toti
- Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA-AN), Rome, Italy
| | - C.-Y. Oliver Chen
- Antioxidants Research Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maura Palmery
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, “V. Erspamer”, La Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Ilaria Peluso
- Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA-AN), Rome, Italy
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Rodriguez-Concepcion M, Avalos J, Bonet ML, Boronat A, Gomez-Gomez L, Hornero-Mendez D, Limon MC, Meléndez-Martínez AJ, Olmedilla-Alonso B, Palou A, Ribot J, Rodrigo MJ, Zacarias L, Zhu C. A global perspective on carotenoids: Metabolism, biotechnology, and benefits for nutrition and health. Prog Lipid Res 2018; 70:62-93. [PMID: 29679619 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 458] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids are lipophilic isoprenoid compounds synthesized by all photosynthetic organisms and some non-photosynthetic prokaryotes and fungi. With some notable exceptions, animals (including humans) do not produce carotenoids de novo but take them in their diets. In photosynthetic systems carotenoids are essential for photoprotection against excess light and contribute to light harvesting, but perhaps they are best known for their properties as natural pigments in the yellow to red range. Carotenoids can be associated to fatty acids, sugars, proteins, or other compounds that can change their physical and chemical properties and influence their biological roles. Furthermore, oxidative cleavage of carotenoids produces smaller molecules such as apocarotenoids, some of which are important pigments and volatile (aroma) compounds. Enzymatic breakage of carotenoids can also produce biologically active molecules in both plants (hormones, retrograde signals) and animals (retinoids). Both carotenoids and their enzymatic cleavage products are associated with other processes positively impacting human health. Carotenoids are widely used in the industry as food ingredients, feed additives, and supplements. This review, contributed by scientists of complementary disciplines related to carotenoid research, covers recent advances and provides a perspective on future directions on the subjects of carotenoid metabolism, biotechnology, and nutritional and health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Javier Avalos
- Department of Genetics, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - M Luisa Bonet
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Albert Boronat
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lourdes Gomez-Gomez
- Instituto Botánico, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - Damaso Hornero-Mendez
- Department of Food Phytochemistry, Instituto de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - M Carmen Limon
- Department of Genetics, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Antonio J Meléndez-Martínez
- Food Color & Quality Laboratory, Area of Nutrition & Food Science, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | | | - Andreu Palou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Joan Ribot
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Maria J Rodrigo
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC), 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Zacarias
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC), 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Changfu Zhu
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, Universitat de Lleida-Agrotecnio, 25198 Lleida, Spain
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Hashimoto H, Uragami C, Yukihira N, Gardiner AT, Cogdell RJ. Understanding/unravelling carotenoid excited singlet states. J R Soc Interface 2018; 15:20180026. [PMID: 29643225 PMCID: PMC5938589 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2018.0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids are essential light-harvesting pigments in natural photosynthesis. They absorb in the blue-green region of the solar spectrum and transfer the absorbed energy to (bacterio-)chlorophylls, and thus expand the wavelength range of light that is able to drive photosynthesis. This process is an example of singlet-singlet excitation energy transfer, and carotenoids serve to enhance the overall efficiency of photosynthetic light reactions. The photochemistry and photophysics of carotenoids have often been interpreted by referring to those of simple polyene molecules that do not possess any functional groups. However, this may not always be wise because carotenoids usually have a number of functional groups that induce the variety of photochemical behaviours in them. These differences can also make the interpretation of the singlet excited states of carotenoids very complicated. In this article, we review the properties of the singlet excited states of carotenoids with the aim of producing as coherent a picture as possible of what is currently known and what needs to be learned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Hashimoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| | - Chiasa Uragami
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| | - Nao Yukihira
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| | - Alastair T Gardiner
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Richard J Cogdell
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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Schaub P, Rodriguez-Franco M, Cazzonelli CI, Álvarez D, Wüst F, Welsch R. Establishment of an Arabidopsis callus system to study the interrelations of biosynthesis, degradation and accumulation of carotenoids. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192158. [PMID: 29394270 PMCID: PMC5796706 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The net amounts of carotenoids accumulating in plant tissues are determined by the rates of biosynthesis and degradation. While biosynthesis is rate-limited by the activity of PHYTOENE SYNTHASE (PSY), carotenoid losses are caused by catabolic enzymatic and non-enzymatic degradation. We established a system based on non-green Arabidopsis callus which allowed investigating major determinants for high steady-state levels of β-carotene. Wild-type callus development was characterized by strong carotenoid degradation which was only marginally caused by the activity of carotenoid cleavage oxygenases. In contrast, carotenoid degradation occurred mostly non-enzymatically and selectively affected carotenoids in a molecule-dependent manner. Using carotenogenic pathway mutants, we found that linear carotenes such as phytoene, phytofluene and pro-lycopene resisted degradation and accumulated while β-carotene was highly susceptible towards degradation. Moderately increased pathway activity through PSY overexpression was compensated by degradation revealing no net increase in β-carotene. However, higher pathway activities outcompeted carotenoid degradation and efficiently increased steady-state β-carotene amounts to up to 500 μg g-1 dry mass. Furthermore, we identified oxidative β-carotene degradation products which correlated with pathway activities, yielding β-apocarotenals of different chain length and various apocarotene-dialdehydes. The latter included methylglyoxal and glyoxal as putative oxidative end products suggesting a potential recovery of carotenoid-derived carbon for primary metabolic pathways. Moreover, we investigated the site of β-carotene sequestration by co-localization experiments which revealed that β-carotene accumulated as intra-plastid crystals which was confirmed by electron microscopy with carotenoid-accumulating roots. The results are discussed in the context of using the non-green calli carotenoid assay system for approaches targeting high steady-state β-carotene levels prior to their application in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Schaub
- University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Institute for Biology II, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Christopher Ian Cazzonelli
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury Campus, Richmond, NSW Australia
| | - Daniel Álvarez
- University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Institute for Biology II, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Florian Wüst
- University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Institute for Biology II, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Welsch
- University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Institute for Biology II, Freiburg, Germany
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49
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Lazzarino G, Longo S, Amorini AM, Di Pietro V, D’Urso S, Lazzarino G, Belli A, Tavazzi B. Single-step preparation of selected biological fluids for the high performance liquid chromatographic analysis of fat-soluble vitamins and antioxidants. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1527:43-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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50
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Desmarchelier C, Borel P. Overview of carotenoid bioavailability determinants: From dietary factors to host genetic variations. Trends Food Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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