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Martínez-Ortega IA, Mesas AE, Bizzozero-Peroni B, Garrido-Miguel M, Jiménez-López E, Martínez-Vizcaíno V, Fernández-Rodríguez R. Can different types of tree nuts and peanuts induce varied effects on specific blood lipid parameters? A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-15. [PMID: 38153311 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2296559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Tree nuts and peanuts have shown cardioprotective effects through the modulation of blood lipid levels. Despite the abundance of scientific evidence available, it remains uncertain whether the type of nut consumed influences these changes. The objective of this study was to evaluate and rank the effects of six types of nuts on total cholesterol (total-c), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-c), triglyceride (TG) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL-c) levels through a systematic search of randomized controlled trials (RCTs), a frequentist network meta-analysis (NMA), and the estimation of SUCRA values. A total of 76 RCTs were ultimately analyzed. The total c for pistachios, almond, and walnuts; LDL-c for cashews, walnuts, and almond; and TG for hazelnuts and walnuts significantly decreased, while only peanuts exhibited a significant increase in HDL-c levels. According to the rankings, the most effective type of nut for reducing total cholesterol was pistachio, cashew for LDL-c, hazelnut for TG, and peanut for increasing HDL-c levels. It should be noted that every type of nut analyzed exhibited a significant positive impact on some parameters, and specific types demonstrated enhanced advantages for particular blood lipids. These results endorse the use of personalized nutritional strategies to address and prevent dyslipidemia.Registration: PROSPERO database CRD42021270779.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arthur Eumann Mesas
- Health and Social Research Center, Universidad de Castilla La-Mancha, Cuenca, Spain
- Postgraduate Program in Public Health, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Bruno Bizzozero-Peroni
- Health and Social Research Center, Universidad de Castilla La-Mancha, Cuenca, Spain
- Instituto Superior de Educación Física, Universidad de la República, Rivera, Uruguay
| | - Miriam Garrido-Miguel
- Health and Social Research Center, Universidad de Castilla La-Mancha, Cuenca, Spain
- Facultad de Enfermería, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Estela Jiménez-López
- Health and Social Research Center, Universidad de Castilla La-Mancha, Cuenca, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Virgen de La Luz, Cuenca, Spain
- CIBERSAM, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Martínez-Vizcaíno
- Health and Social Research Center, Universidad de Castilla La-Mancha, Cuenca, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
| | - Rubén Fernández-Rodríguez
- Health and Social Research Center, Universidad de Castilla La-Mancha, Cuenca, Spain
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Houston L, Probst YC, Chandra Singh M, Neale EP. Tree Nut and Peanut Consumption and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Adv Nutr 2023; 14:1029-1049. [PMID: 37149262 PMCID: PMC10509427 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death globally. Habitual consumption of tree nuts and peanuts is associated with cardioprotective benefits. Food-based dietary guidelines globally recommend nuts as a key component of a healthy diet. This systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to examine the relationship between tree nut and peanut consumption and risk factors for CVD in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) (PROSPERO: CRD42022309156). MEDLINE, PubMed, CINAHL, and Cochrane Central databases were searched up to 26 September, 2021. All RCT studies that assessed the effects of tree nut or peanut consumption of any dose on CVD risk factors were included. Review Manager software was used to conduct a random effect meta-analysis for CVD outcomes from RCTs. Forest plots were generated for each outcome, between-study heterogeneity was estimated using the I2 test statistic and funnel plots and Egger's test for outcomes with ≥10 strata. The quality assessment used the Health Canada Quality Appraisal Tool, and the certainty of the evidence was assessed using grading of recommendations assessment, development, and evaluation (GRADE). A total of 153 articles describing 139 studies (81 parallel design and 58 cross-over design) were included in the systematic review, with 129 studies in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis showed a significant decrease for low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), TC:high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, LDL cholesterol:HDL cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B (apoB) following nut consumption. However, the quality of evidence was "low" for only 18 intervention studies. The certainty of the body of evidence for TC:HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol:HDL cholesterol, and apoB were "moderate" because of inconsistency, for TG were "low," and for LDL cholesterol and TC were "very low" because of inconsistency and the likelihood of publication bias. The findings of this review provide evidence of a combined effect of tree nuts and peanuts on a range of biomarkers to create an overall CVD risk reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Houston
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; School of Medical, Indigenous and Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Yasmine C Probst
- School of Medical, Indigenous and Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mamatha Chandra Singh
- School of Medical, Indigenous and Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Elizabeth P Neale
- School of Medical, Indigenous and Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
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Arnesen EK, Thorisdottir B, Bärebring L, Söderlund F, Nwaru BI, Spielau U, Dierkes J, Ramel A, Lamberg-Allardt C, Åkesson A. Nuts and seeds consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and their risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Food Nutr Res 2023; 67:8961. [PMID: 36816545 PMCID: PMC9930735 DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v67.8961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives We aimed to systematically review studies and evaluate the strength of the evidence on nuts/seeds consumption and cardiometabolic diseases and their risk factors among adults. Methods A protocol was pre-registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021270554). We searched MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and Scopus up to September 20, 2021 for prospective cohort studies and ≥12-week randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Main outcomes were cardiovascular disease (CVD), coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke and type 2 diabetes (T2D), secondary total-/low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, blood pressure and glycaemic markers. Data extraction and risk of bias (RoB) assessments (using RoB 2.0 and RoB-NObS) were performed in duplicate. Effect sizes were pooled using random-effects meta-analyses and expressed as relative risk (RR) or weighted mean differences with 95% confidence intervals (CI); heterogeneity quantified as I 2. One-stage dose-response analyses assessed the linear and non-linear associations with CVD, CHD, stroke and T2D. The strength of evidence was classified per the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Results After screening 23,244 references, we included 42 papers from cohort studies (28 unique cohorts, 1,890,573 participants) and 18 RCTs (2,266 participants). In the cohorts, mainly populations with low consumption, high versus low total nuts/seeds consumption was inversely associated with total CVD (RR 0.81; 95% CI 0.75, 0.86; I 2 = 67%), CVD mortality (0.77; 0.72, 0.82; I 2 = 59.3%), CHD (0.82; 0.76, 0.89; I 2 = 64%), CHD mortality (0.75; 0.65, 0.87; I 2 = 66.9%) and non-fatal CHD (0.85; 0.75, 0.96; I 2 = 62.2%). According to the non-linear dose-response analyses, consumption of 30 g/day of total nuts/seeds was associated with RRs of similar magnitude. For stroke and T2D the summary RR for high versus low intake was 0.91 (95% CI 0.85, 0.97; I 2 = 24.8%) and 0.95 (0.75, 1.21; I 2 = 82.2%). Intake of nuts (median ~50 g/day) lowered total (-0.15 mmol/L; -0.22, -0.08; I 2 = 31.2%) and LDL-cholesterol (-0.13 mmol/L; -0.21, -0.05; I 2 = 68.6%), but not blood pressure. Findings on fasting glucose, HbA1c and insulin resistance were conflicting. The results were robust to sensitivity and subgroup analyses. We rated the associations between nuts/seeds and both CVD and CHD as probable. There was limited but suggestive evidence for no association with stroke. No conclusion could be made for T2D. Conclusion There is a probable relationship between consumption of nuts/seeds and lower risk of CVD, mostly driven by CHD, possibly in part through effects on blood lipids. More research on stroke and T2D may affect the conclusions. The evidence of specific nuts should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Kristoffer Arnesen
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Erik Kristoffer Arnesen, Division of Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Science, University of Oslo, Box 1046 Blindern, NO-0317 Oslo, Norway.
| | | | - Linnea Bärebring
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Söderlund
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bright I. Nwaru
- Krefting Research Centre, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ulrike Spielau
- Centre for Nutrition, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway,Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jutta Dierkes
- Centre for Nutrition, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway,Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Alfons Ramel
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Agneta Åkesson
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Eslami O, Khorramrouz F, Sohouli M, Bagheri N, Shidfar F, Fernandez ML. Effect of nuts on components of metabolic syndrome in healthy adults with overweight/obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2022; 32:2459-2469. [PMID: 36058762 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2022.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Randomized controlled trials evaluating the effects of nut consumption on the metabolic profile of healthy adults with overweight/obesity have yielded conflicting results. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to summarize the effects of incorporating nuts into the diet on serum lipid profile, glycemic markers, and blood pressure in healthy adults with overweight/obesity. DATA SYNTHESIS PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library were searched up to April 2021. The random-effects model was used to determine the pooled effect sizes expressed as weighted mean difference (WMD) with % 95 confidence intervals (CIs). Ten eligible RCTs (with 12 arms) were included in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis revealed that nut intake significantly decreased serum triglycerides (TG) (WMD: -13.19 mg/dL, 95% CI: - 25.90, - 0.48). Furthermore, subgroup analysis showed a significant reduction in serum LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) following adherence to normocaloric, nut-enriched diets (WMD: - 4.56 mg/dL, 95% CI: - 8.24, - 0.88). However, nuts did not affect serum total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, glycemic markers, and blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS Overall, incorporating nuts into the diet of healthy adults with overweight/obesity have favorable effects on serum TG and LDL-C. Thus, nuts might exert protective effects against dyslipidemia in this population. REGISTRY NUMBER PROPSPERO CRD42021250662.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Eslami
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Khorramrouz
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammadhassan Sohouli
- Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloofar Bagheri
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Farzad Shidfar
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maria Luz Fernandez
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
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Rayo VU, Thayer I, Galloway SD, Hong MY, Hooshmand S, Liu C, North E, Okamoto L, O'Neal T, Philpott J, Witard OC, Kern M. Influence of pistachios on force production, subjective ratings of pain, and oxidative stress following exercise-induced muscle damage in moderately trained athletes: A randomized, crossover trial. Metabol Open 2022; 16:100215. [PMID: 36325128 PMCID: PMC9619370 DOI: 10.1016/j.metop.2022.100215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Although previous studies have focused on the role of pistachios on metabolic health, the ergogenic effects of the nut must be elucidated. This study evaluated the impact of ingesting raw, shelled, unsalted pistachios on subjective pain ratings, force production, vertical jump, and biochemical indices of recovery from eccentrically biased exercise. Using a crossover design, 27 moderately trained, male athletes completed 3 trials in a randomized counterbalanced fashion. Control received water only, low dose (1.5 oz/d; PL) and high dose (3.0 oz/d; PH) consumed pistachios for 2 weeks with a 3-4-week washout between trials. PH had lower pain ratings in most muscles after 72 h of recovery (p < 0.05). PH prevented a decrease in force production at 120°/s of knee flexion (p > 0.05); whereas force was diminished in the other trials. Creatine kinase, myoglobin, and C-reactive protein increased over time following exercise (p < 0.05); however, there were no advantages following pistachio consumption. No significant changes in vertical jump or superoxide dismutase were elicited during any trial. This study demonstrates that 3.0 oz/d of pistachios can reduce delayed onset of muscle soreness and maintain muscle strength, potentially promoting exercise tolerance and training adaptations. ClinicalTrialsgov Identifier NCT03698032.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vernon Uganiza Rayo
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States,Corresponding author. 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92182, United States.
| | - Imogene Thayer
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
| | | | - Mee Young Hong
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Shirin Hooshmand
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Changqi Liu
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Elise North
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Lauren Okamoto
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Timothy O'Neal
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Mark Kern
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
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Markiewicz-Żukowska R, Puścion-Jakubik A, Grabia M, Perkowski J, Nowakowski P, Bielecka J, Soroczyńska J, Kańgowski G, Bołtryk JM, Socha K. Nuts as a Dietary Enrichment with Selected Minerals-Content Assessment Supported by Chemometric Analysis. Foods 2022; 11:3152. [PMID: 37430901 PMCID: PMC9601893 DOI: 10.3390/foods11203152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Nuts used as a snack and meal accompaniment supply plant protein and fatty acids that are beneficial for human health; however, they can also provide minerals. The aim of this study was to determine the content of selected elements that are often deficient in the diet (calcium, potassium, magnesium, selenium, and zinc) in nuts and determine whether they can be used to supplement deficiencies in the diet. In this study, we analyzed 10 types of nuts (n = 120 samples) that are consumed and available for sale in Poland. The content of calcium, magnesium, selenium, and zinc was determined by the atomic absorption spectrometry method, and flame atomic emission spectrometry was used for determination of potassium contents. The highest median calcium content was found in almonds (2825.8 mg/kg), the highest potassium content in pistachio nuts (15,730.5 mg/kg), the highest magnesium and selenium contents in Brazil nuts (10,509.2 mg/kg and 4348.7 μg/kg, respectively), and the highest zinc content in pine nuts (72.4 mg/kg). All the tested nuts are a source of magnesium, eight types of tested nuts are a source of potassium, six nut types are a source of zinc, and four nut types are a source of selenium; however, among the tested nuts, only almonds can be considered a source of calcium. Moreover, we found that selected chemometric methods can be useful in the classification of nuts. The studied nuts are valuable products that can be used to supplement the diet with selected minerals and can therefore be labelled as functional products crucial for disease prevention.
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Li X, Wang Y, Zhou J, Wang Z, Wang Y, Zheng J, Sun M, Jin L, Qi C, Sun J. Mixed nuts with high nutrient density improve insulin resistance in mice by gut microbiota remodeling. Food Funct 2022; 13:9904-9917. [PMID: 36053223 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo01479c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
The consumption of mixed nuts is a healthy dietary strategy to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and has a prebiotic effect on the gut microbiota. However, there is a lack of basic research based on mixed nut formulation. This study established a new method for optimizing mixed nut formulations using the Nutrient Rich Food (NRF) index model. Nutrient indices were adjusted by combining 10 and 8 encouraging nutrients and 3 limiting nutrients of nuts and dried fruits, respectively. The optimized mixed nut formulation had the highest total NRF and the lowest energy, which was achieved by applying linear programming. The effect of an optimized mixed nut formulation on insulin resistance and gut microbiota was investigated in an animal model of metabolic disorders caused by a high-fat diet. Male C57BL/6J mice (n = 12 per group) were fed a low-fat diet, a high-fat diet (HFD), HFD with a supplemented classical randomized controlled trial mixed nut formula (MN1), a commercially available mixed nut formula (MN2), a high-nutrient density mixed nut formula (MN3), or ellagic acid (positive control). MN3 treatment decreased total plasma cholesterol, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance index, high sensitivity C-reactive protein, and zonulin levels, strengthened the intestinal barrier, and significantly altered the β-diversity of the intestinal microbiota as compared to the HFD group. These effects of MN3 were superior to MN1 and MN2. In conclusion, MN3 had the highest nutrient density and improved insulin resistance in low-grade inflammation via gut microbiota remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Li
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, China.
| | - Youjiao Wang
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, China.
| | - Jingbo Zhou
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, China.
| | - Zhongya Wang
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, China.
| | - Yiying Wang
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, China.
| | - Jie Zheng
- National R&D Center for Nuts Processing Technology, Qiaqia Food Co., Ltd, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Mei Sun
- National R&D Center for Nuts Processing Technology, Qiaqia Food Co., Ltd, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Long Jin
- National R&D Center for Nuts Processing Technology, Qiaqia Food Co., Ltd, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Ce Qi
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, China.
| | - Jin Sun
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, China.
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Effects of Hazelnut Consumption on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors and Acceptance: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19052880. [PMID: 35270573 PMCID: PMC8910742 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19052880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Despite being rich sources of monounsaturated fat and a number of vitamins, minerals, and phytonutrients, hazelnuts have received less attention than some other nut types. A qualitative systematic review was carried out to determine the effects of hazelnut consumption on acceptance and markers of cardiometabolic health, including blood lipids and lipoproteins, apolipoproteins A1 and B100, body weight and composition, blood pressure, glycemia, antioxidant status, oxidative stress, inflammation, and endothelial function. In total, 22 intervention studies (25 publications) met our inclusion criteria. The findings indicate some improvements in cardiometabolic risk factors; however, limitations in study design mean interpretation is problematic. The inclusion of hazelnuts in the diet did not adversely affect body weight and composition. Acceptance of hazelnuts remained stable over time confirming nut consumption guidelines are feasible and sustainable. Future studies using more robust study designs in a variety of populations are required to draw more definitive conclusions on the health benefits of hazelnut consumption.
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Gunathilake M, Van NTH, Kim J. Effects of nut consumption on blood lipid profile: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2022; 32:537-549. [PMID: 35144856 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2022.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have assessed the effects of nut consumption on blood lipid profile. The aim of this study was to conduct a meta-analysis to quantitatively estimate the effects of nut consumption on blood lipid profile. METHODS AND RESULTS The PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar databases were systematically searched to identify RCTs examining the effects of nut intake on blood total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides (TGs) from inception until March 2021. A random-effects model was used to pool standardized mean differences (SMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Potential publication bias was assessed using Begg's test and Egger's test. Sensitivity analysis was performed to assess the impact of each individual study on the pooled results. The meta-analysis showed that nut consumption had no significant effect on the blood lipid profile. However, there was a significant reduction in TC (SMD: -2.89, 95% CI: -4.80, -0.98, I2 = 97.4) for pistachio consumption, and cashew consumption significantly increased HDL-C (SMD: 0.24, 95% CI: 0.04, 0.43, I2 = 0.0) compared with that in controls. There was no significant publication bias in the meta-analysis. The sensitivity analysis showed that removing one study at a time did not change the significance of the results. CONCLUSION There was no overall effect of nut consumption on lipid profile, and the results may vary depending on nut type. We found that pistachio consumption may reduce TC levels, while cashew consumption increases HDL-C. REGISTRY NUMBER PROSPERO CRD42021249147.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhawa Gunathilake
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, Goyang-si, 10408, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Nhung Thi Hong Van
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, Goyang-si, 10408, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Jeongseon Kim
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, Goyang-si, 10408, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea.
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10
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Feng Y, Bi Y, Tang X, Zhang P, Tong J, Peng X, Tian J, Liang X. Protective Effects of Appropriate Amount of Nuts Intake on Childhood Blood Pressure Level: A Cross-Sectional Study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 8:793672. [PMID: 35118090 PMCID: PMC8806033 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.793672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increased blood pressure (BP) is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in adults. Regular consumption of nuts may improve some BP in adults whereas evidence in children is relatively lacking. This study aimed to determine the efficacy of nuts intake on BP in children. METHODS Stratified cluster sampling was performed to include a total of 15,268 primary school children aged 6-12 years in urban and rural areas in Southwest China. The daily nuts intake dosage was collected by questionnaires, and generalized linear model (GLM) and logistic regression were used to analyze the relationship between nuts intake and BP. RESULTS For the total subjects, 11,130 (72.9%) participants consumed <35 g/day of nuts, 1,145 (7.5%) participants consumed 35 g/day ≤ nut <50 g/day of nuts, 2,053 (13.4%) participants consumed 50~100 g/day of nuts, and 940 (6.2%) participants consumed over 100 g/day of nut. For sex subgroup, 1,074 (13.53%) boys and 979 (13.35%) girls consumed 50~100 g/day of nuts. Compared with the 50~100 g/day of nuts intake group, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were significantly different in <35 g/day, 35g/day ≤ nut <50 g/day, and >100 g/day nuts intake groups (all p < 0.001). The logistic regression showed that compared with the 50~100 g/day group, the other three groups are more likely associated with childhood hypertension (all p < 0.001). Therefore, a U-shaped relationship between nuts intake and BP level was identified. CONCLUSIONS The finding suggests that intake of 50~100 g/day nuts is the recommended dose of nuts intake to control childhood hypertension, as well as for cardioprotection purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Feng
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Health and Nutrition, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Bi
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Health and Nutrition, Chongqing, China
| | - Xian Tang
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Health and Nutrition, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Health and Nutrition, Chongqing, China
| | - Jishuang Tong
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Health and Nutrition, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Peng
- School of Computing, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Jie Tian
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaohua Liang
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Health and Nutrition, Chongqing, China
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11
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Nishi SK, Viguiliouk E, Blanco Mejia S, Kendall CWC, Bazinet RP, Hanley AJ, Comelli EM, Salas Salvadó J, Jenkins DJA, Sievenpiper JL. Are fatty nuts a weighty concern? A systematic review and meta-analysis and dose-response meta-regression of prospective cohorts and randomized controlled trials. Obes Rev 2021; 22:e13330. [PMID: 34494363 PMCID: PMC9285885 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Nuts are recommended for cardiovascular health, yet concerns remain that nuts may contribute to weight gain due to their high energy density. A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohorts and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was conducted to update the evidence, provide a dose-response analysis, and assess differences in nut type, comparator and more in subgroup analyses. MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane were searched, along with manual searches. Data from eligible studies were pooled using meta-analysis methods. Interstudy heterogeneity was assessed (Cochran Q statistic) and quantified (I2 statistic). Certainty of the evidence was assessed by Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE). Six prospective cohort studies (7 unique cohorts, n = 569,910) and 86 RCTs (114 comparisons, n = 5873) met eligibility criteria. Nuts were associated with lower incidence of overweight/obesity (RR 0.93 [95% CI 0.88 to 0.98] P < 0.001, "moderate" certainty of evidence) in prospective cohorts. RCTs presented no adverse effect of nuts on body weight (MD 0.09 kg, [95% CI -0.09 to 0.27 kg] P < 0.001, "high" certainty of evidence). Meta-regression showed that higher nut intake was associated with reductions in body weight and body fat. Current evidence demonstrates the concern that nut consumption contributes to increased adiposity appears unwarranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie K. Nishi
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Toronto 3D (Diet, Digestive Tract and Disease) Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials UnitTorontoOntarioCanada
- Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification CenterSt. Michael's HospitalTorontoOntarioCanada
- Biomedical Research Centre for Obesity Physiopathology and Nutrition Network (CIBEROBN)Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII)MadridSpain
- Departament de Bioquimica i Biotecnologia, Unitat de Nutrició HumanaUniversitat Rovira i VirgiliReusSpain
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV)ReusSpain
| | - Effie Viguiliouk
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Toronto 3D (Diet, Digestive Tract and Disease) Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials UnitTorontoOntarioCanada
- Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification CenterSt. Michael's HospitalTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Sonia Blanco Mejia
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Toronto 3D (Diet, Digestive Tract and Disease) Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials UnitTorontoOntarioCanada
- Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification CenterSt. Michael's HospitalTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Cyril W. C. Kendall
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Toronto 3D (Diet, Digestive Tract and Disease) Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials UnitTorontoOntarioCanada
- Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification CenterSt. Michael's HospitalTorontoOntarioCanada
- College of Pharmacy and NutritionUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
| | - Richard P. Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Anthony J. Hanley
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of MedicineUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Dalla Lana School of Public HealthUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Joannah and Brian Lawson Centre for Child NutritionUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Elena M. Comelli
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Joannah and Brian Lawson Centre for Child NutritionUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Jordi Salas Salvadó
- Biomedical Research Centre for Obesity Physiopathology and Nutrition Network (CIBEROBN)Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII)MadridSpain
- Departament de Bioquimica i Biotecnologia, Unitat de Nutrició HumanaUniversitat Rovira i VirgiliReusSpain
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV)ReusSpain
| | - David J. A. Jenkins
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Toronto 3D (Diet, Digestive Tract and Disease) Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials UnitTorontoOntarioCanada
- Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification CenterSt. Michael's HospitalTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of MedicineUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Division of Endocrinology & MetabolismSt. Michael's HospitalTorontoOntarioCanada
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge InstituteSt. Michael's HospitalTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - John L. Sievenpiper
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Toronto 3D (Diet, Digestive Tract and Disease) Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials UnitTorontoOntarioCanada
- Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification CenterSt. Michael's HospitalTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of MedicineUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Division of Endocrinology & MetabolismSt. Michael's HospitalTorontoOntarioCanada
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge InstituteSt. Michael's HospitalTorontoOntarioCanada
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12
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Is a Handful an Effective Way to Guide Nut Recommendations? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18157812. [PMID: 34360105 PMCID: PMC8345392 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18157812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dietary guidelines recommend consuming 30 g of nuts per day to reduce the risk of chronic disease. A 'handful' is commonly used to guide consumers. Research is lacking on how this translates into actual gram amounts. This study quantified the grams of nuts represented by different portion size measures, including a 'handful' and '30 g serving' among 120 participants. Each participant was randomised to a sequence where they received three of six different nut types (from almonds, cashews, hazelnuts, macadamias, peanuts, and walnuts) and were instructed to take a: 'usual serving', 'handful', 'small handful', 'large handful', and '30 g serving' of each. Combining all nut types, the median 'handful' was 36.3 g, compared to 28.7 g for the estimated '30 g serving' and 24.8 for the 'usual serving'. The 'large handful' was approximately double the 'handful' (61.3 g), whereas the 'small handful' was about half (16.7 g). Eighty-three percent of portions chosen were at least 80% of the recommended 30 g intake when participants were asked to take a 'handful', compared to 63% for the '30 g serving'. It appears a 'handful' can be used as a practical tool to guide recommended nut intakes, and increases the amount selected compared to instructions to take a '30 g serving'.
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Fernández-Rodríguez R, Mesas AE, Garrido-Miguel M, Martínez-Ortega IA, Jiménez-López E, Martínez-Vizcaíno V. The Relationship of Tree Nuts and Peanuts with Adiposity Parameters: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13072251. [PMID: 34208812 PMCID: PMC8308485 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The network meta-analysis and systematic review conducted aim to comparatively assess the effects of tree nuts and peanuts on body weight (BW), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and body fat percentage (BF%). A systematic search up to 31 December 2020 was performed. A random-effects network meta-analysis was conducted following the PRISMA-NMA statement. A total of 105 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with measures of BW (n = 6768 participants), BMI (n = 2918), WC (n = 5045), and BF% (n = 1226) were included. The transitivity assumption was met based on baseline characteristics. In the comparisons of nut consumption versus a control diet, there was no significant increase observed in any of the adiposity-related measures examined except for hazelnut-enriched diets, which raised WC. Moreover, almond-enriched diets significantly reduced WC compared to the control diet and to the pistachio-, mixed nuts-, and hazelnut-enriched diets. In subgroup analyses with only RCTs, designed to assess whether nut consumption affected weight loss, almonds were associated with reduced BMI and walnuts with reduced %BF. The evidence supports that: (1) tree nut and peanut consumption do not influence adiposity, and (2) compared to a control diet, the consumption of almond-enriched diets was associated with a reduced waist circumference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Fernández-Rodríguez
- Health and Social Research Center, Universidad de Castilla La-Mancha, 16071 Cuenca, Spain; (R.F.-R.); (M.G.-M.); (I.A.M.-O.); (E.J.-L.); (V.M.-V.)
| | - Arthur E. Mesas
- Health and Social Research Center, Universidad de Castilla La-Mancha, 16071 Cuenca, Spain; (R.F.-R.); (M.G.-M.); (I.A.M.-O.); (E.J.-L.); (V.M.-V.)
- Health Science Centre, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86038-350, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-969179100 (ext. 4686)
| | - Miriam Garrido-Miguel
- Health and Social Research Center, Universidad de Castilla La-Mancha, 16071 Cuenca, Spain; (R.F.-R.); (M.G.-M.); (I.A.M.-O.); (E.J.-L.); (V.M.-V.)
- Facultad de Enfermería, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02006 Albacete, Spain
| | - Isabel A. Martínez-Ortega
- Health and Social Research Center, Universidad de Castilla La-Mancha, 16071 Cuenca, Spain; (R.F.-R.); (M.G.-M.); (I.A.M.-O.); (E.J.-L.); (V.M.-V.)
| | - Estela Jiménez-López
- Health and Social Research Center, Universidad de Castilla La-Mancha, 16071 Cuenca, Spain; (R.F.-R.); (M.G.-M.); (I.A.M.-O.); (E.J.-L.); (V.M.-V.)
| | - Vicente Martínez-Vizcaíno
- Health and Social Research Center, Universidad de Castilla La-Mancha, 16071 Cuenca, Spain; (R.F.-R.); (M.G.-M.); (I.A.M.-O.); (E.J.-L.); (V.M.-V.)
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca 1101, Chile
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Gervasi T, Barreca D, Laganà G, Mandalari G. Health Benefits Related to Tree Nut Consumption and Their Bioactive Compounds. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115960. [PMID: 34073096 PMCID: PMC8198490 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/1970] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term studies with regular tree nut consumption have indicated positive outcomes for multiple health benefits. Here, we review the beneficial effects of tree nuts, highlighting the impact on glucose modulation, body weight management, cardiovascular risk, inflammation, oxidative stress, cognitive performance, and gut microbiota. Nuts are important sources of nutrients and phytochemicals, which, together with a healthy lipid profile, could help prevent certain chronic diseases, protect against oxidative stress and inflammation, and improve cognitive performance, thus reducing the impact of aging and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Gervasi
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy;
| | - Davide Barreca
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (G.L.); (G.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-(0)906765187
| | - Giuseppina Laganà
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (G.L.); (G.M.)
| | - Giuseppina Mandalari
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (G.L.); (G.M.)
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15
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Guarneiri LL, Cooper JA. Intake of Nuts or Nut Products Does Not Lead to Weight Gain, Independent of Dietary Substitution Instructions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials. Adv Nutr 2021; 12:384-401. [PMID: 32945861 PMCID: PMC8009751 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Several clinical interventions report that consuming nuts will not cause weight gain. However, it is unclear if the type of instructions provided for how to incorporate nuts into the diet impacts weight outcomes. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of published nut-feeding trials with and without dietary substitution instructions to determine if there are changes in body weight (BW) or composition. PubMed and Web of Science were searched through 31 December 2019 for clinical trials involving the daily consumption of nuts or nut-based snacks/meals by adults (≥18 y) for >3 wk that reported BW, BMI, waist circumference (WC), or total body fat percentage (BF%). Each study was categorized by whether or not it contained dietary substitution instructions. Within these 2 categories, an aggregated mean effect size and 95% CI was produced using a fixed-effects model. Quality of studies was assessed through the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool. Fifty-five studies were included in the meta-analysis. In studies without dietary substitution instructions, there was no change in BW [standardized mean difference (SMD): 0.01 kg; 95% CI: -0.07, 0.08; I2 = 0%] or BF% (SMD: -0.05%; 95% CI: -0.19, 0.09; I2 = 0%). In studies with dietary substitution instructions, there was no change in BW (SMD: -0.01 kg; 95% CI: -0.11, 0.09; I2 = 0%); however, there was a significant decrease in BF% (SMD: -0.32%; 95% CI: -0.61%, -0.03%; I2 = 35.4%; P < 0.05). There was no change in BMI or WC for either category of studies. Nut-enriched diet interventions did not result in changes in BW, BMI, or WC in studies either with or without substitution instructions. Slight decreases in BF% may occur if substitution instructions are used, but more research is needed. Limitations included varying methodologies between included studies and the frequency of unreported outcome variables in excluded studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana L Guarneiri
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jamie A Cooper
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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16
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Luvián-Morales J, Varela-Castillo FO, Flores-Cisneros L, Cetina-Pérez L, Castro-Eguiluz D. Functional foods modulating inflammation and metabolism in chronic diseases: a systematic review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:4371-4392. [PMID: 33506690 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1875189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic diseases are responsible for approximately 71% global deaths. These are characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation and metabolic alterations. "Functional foods" have been attributed with anti-inflammatory properties, demonstrated in cell lines and murine models; however, studies in humans are inconclusive. The purpose of this systematic review is to identify clinical trials that analyzed changes in inflammatory and metabolic mediators, in response to consumption of specific functional foods. A total of 3581 trials were screened and 88 were included for this review. Foods identified to regulate inflammation included cranberries, grapes, pomegranate, strawberries, wheat, whole grain products, low fat dairy products, yogurt, green tea, cardamom, turmeric, soy foods, almonds, chia seeds, flaxseed, pistachios, algae oil, flaxseed oil and grape seed oil. Clinical trials that focus on a dietary pattern rich in functional foods are necessary to explore if the additive effect of these foods lead to more clinically relevant outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julissa Luvián-Morales
- Department of Clinical Research, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico.,Department of Postgraduate Unit, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Laura Flores-Cisneros
- Department of Clinical Research, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico.,Department of Postgraduate Unit, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lucely Cetina-Pérez
- Department of Clinical Research, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Denisse Castro-Eguiluz
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) - Department of Clinical Research, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico
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17
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Effect of a nut-enriched low-calorie diet on body weight and selected markers of inflammation in overweight and obese stable coronary artery disease patients: a randomized controlled study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2021; 75:1099-1108. [PMID: 33420472 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-020-00819-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Weight loss through a low-calorie diet (LCD) could improve low-grade inflammation evident in the obese state. Few studies have evaluated the effect of the mixed nuts consumption in the context of a LCD on inflammatory biomarkers. This study compared the effects of a nut-enriched LCD (NELCD) with a nut-free LCD (NFLCD) on body weight and inflammatory markers in overweight or obese coronary artery disease (CAD) patients. SUBJECTS/METHOD In this randomized controlled parallel trial, patients with stable CAD of both genders were randomly allocated to 8-week NELCD or NFLCD. Body weight, plasma C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin 10 (IL-10), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1) were assessed at baseline and 8 weeks. RESULTS Overall, 67 patients (aged 58.8 ± 7.4 years; BMI 30.9 ± 3.9 kg/m2) completed the study. Participants in both groups lost weight to a comparable extent. Patients in the NELCD group showed a decrease in ICAM-1 (p = 0.04) and IL-6 (p = 0.02) concentrations compared to NFLCD group. No significant difference in concentrations of MCP-1, IL-10, or CRP was observed between diet groups. CONCLUSIONS Nuts are healthy energy-dense foods that if included in controlled amounts in a weight management program can still result in weight reduction and may improve some plasma concentration of inflammatory factors, such as ICAM-1 and IL-6.
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18
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Liu K, Hui S, Wang B, Kaliannan K, Guo X, Liang L. Comparative effects of different types of tree nut consumption on blood lipids: a network meta-analysis of clinical trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2020; 111:219-227. [PMID: 31773150 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent evidence has confirmed that nuts are one of the best food groups at reducing LDL cholesterol and total cholesterol (TC). However, the comparative effects of different types of nuts on blood lipids are unclear. OBJECTIVES This network meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials aimed to assess the comparative effects of walnuts, pistachios, hazelnuts, cashews, and almonds on typical lipid profiles. METHODS We conducted literature searches to identify studies comparing ≥2 of the following diets-walnut-enriched, pistachio-enriched, hazelnut-enriched, cashew-enriched, almond-enriched, and control diets-for the management of triglycerides (TGs), LDL cholesterol, TC, and HDL cholesterol. Random-effects network meta-analyses, ranking analyses based on the surface under the cumulative ranking (SUCRA) curves, and sensitivity analyses according to the potential sources of heterogeneity across the included studies were performed for each outcome. RESULTS Thirty-four trials enrolling 1677 participants were included in this study. The pistachio-enriched diet was ranked best for TG (SUCRA: 85%), LDL cholesterol (SUCRA: 87%), and TC (SUCRA: 96%) reductions. For TG and TC reductions, the walnut-enriched diet was ranked as the second-best diet. Regarding LDL cholesterol reduction, the almond-enriched diet was ranked second best. The pistachio-enriched and walnut-enriched diets were more effective at lowering TG, LDL cholesterol, and TC compared with the control diet. Regarding TG and TC reductions, the pistachio-enriched diet was also more effective than the hazelnut-enriched diet. For TG reduction, the walnut-enriched diet was better than the hazelnut-enriched diet. However, these findings are limited by the low quality of evidence ratings. In addition, the quality of this network meta-analysis was limited by the small number and generally poor reporting of available studies. CONCLUSIONS The pistachio-enriched and walnut-enriched diet could be better alternatives for lowering TGs, LDL cholesterol, and TC compared with other nut-enriched diets included in this study. The findings warrant further evaluation by more high-quality studies.This network meta-analysis was registered at www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO as CRD42019131128.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.,Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.,Department of Health Supervision, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.,Research Center for Nutrition and Food Safety, Institute of Military Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Suocheng Hui
- Research Center for Nutrition and Food Safety, Institute of Military Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Wang
- Research Center for Nutrition and Food Safety, Institute of Military Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Kanakaraju Kaliannan
- Laboratory for Lipid Medicine and Technology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaozhong Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Linlang Liang
- Department of Endocrinology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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19
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Effects of high-oleic peanuts within a hypoenergetic diet on inflammatory and oxidative status of overweight men: a randomised controlled trial. Br J Nutr 2019; 123:673-680. [PMID: 31813384 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114519003246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The consumption of food with MUFA has been associated with improvement of inflammation and oxidative stress in overweight individuals. In the present study, we evaluate the effect of high-oleic peanut intake within a hypoenergetic diet on inflammatory and oxidative status markers in overweight men. Sixty-four overweight men (BMI 26-35 kg/m2, 18-50 years old) participated in this randomised controlled study for 4 weeks, allocated into three groups: control (CT, n 22), conventional peanut (CVP, n 21) and high-oleic peanut (HOP, n 21). They followed a hypoenergetic diet (-250 kcal/d; -1045 kJ/d) with or without 56 g of high-oleic or conventional peanuts. After the intervention, the inflammatory markers did not show significant changes in fasting concentrations or postprandial response among the experimental groups (P > 0·05). The activity of oxidative status markers remained unchanged after the intervention. However, in the CT, malondialdehyde showed lower concentration in comparison with the baseline (P = 0·020) and among the groups (P = 0·002). In the present study, the daily intake of high-oleic peanuts within a hypoenergetic diet did not modify the inflammatory markers and oxidative status in overweight men. More studies are needed to better understand the effect of high-oleic peanut intake on health outcomes.
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20
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Kim Y, Keogh JB, Clifton PM. Does Nut Consumption Reduce Mortality and/or Risk of Cardiometabolic Disease? An Updated Review Based on Meta-Analyses. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16244957. [PMID: 31817639 PMCID: PMC6950421 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16244957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Aim We aimed to determine if nut consumption decreases mortality and/or the risk of cardiometabolic diseases based on updated meta-analyses of epidemiological and intervention studies. Methods. An updated electronic search was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), and the Cochrane Library databases for original meta-analyses to investigate the effects of nut consumption on cardiometabolic disease in humans. Results. Seven new meta-analyses were included in this updated review. Findings similar to our previous review were observed, showing that nut consumption significantly decreased cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality (−19% to −25%; n = 4), coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality (−24% to −30%; n = 3), stroke mortality (−17% to −18%; n = 3), CVD incidence (−15% to −19 %; n = 4), CHD [or coronary artery disease (CAD)] incidence (−17% to −34%; n = 8), and stroke incidence (−10% to −11%; n = 6) comparing high with low categories of nut consumption. Fasting glucose levels (0.08 to 0.15 mmol/L; n = 6), total cholesterol (TC; 0.021 to 0.30 mmol/L; n = 10), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C; 0.017 to 0.26 mmol/L; n = 10) were significantly decreased with nut consumption compared with control diets. Body weight and blood pressure were not significantly affected by nut consumption. Conclusion. Nut consumption appears to exert a protective effect on cardiometabolic disease, possibly through improved concentrations of fasting glucose, total cholesterol, and LDL-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoona Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition/Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea;
| | - Jennifer B Keogh
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, General Post Office Box 2471, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia;
| | - Peter M Clifton
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, General Post Office Box 2471, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-8-8302-1357
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Lu JH, Hsia K, Lin CH, Chen CC, Yang HY, Lin MH. Dietary Supplementation with Hazelnut Oil Reduces Serum Hyperlipidemia and Ameliorates the Progression of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Hamsters Fed a High-Cholesterol Diet. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11092224. [PMID: 31540081 PMCID: PMC6770627 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Hazelnut oil (HO) is rich in monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids. This study intended to analyze the effects of hazelnut oil supplementation on the serum lipid profile and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in hamsters fed a high-cholesterol (HC) diet. Methods: Hamsters were fed a basic diet (control group) and an HC diet (HC group) for 16 weeks (n = 10 in each group). Hamsters were fed an HC diet for four weeks to induce hyperlipidemia and were then fed an HC diet enriched with 5% (low-dose HC + HO group; n = 10) and 10% HO (high-dose HC + HO group; n = 10) for 12 weeks. Serum lipid levels, hepatic changes (including steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis), and hepatic prooxidant-antioxidant status (malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione S-transferase (GST)) were evaluated after the treatment period. Results: Hamsters in the control group showed normal serum lipid profiles, normal liver function, and moderate glycogen storage without hepatic steatosis. Hamsters in the HC group showed severe hyperlipidemia, severe hepatic steatosis, and moderate steatohepatitis (mononuclear cell and neutrophil infiltration, oval cell hyperplasia, and fibrosis). Compared to the HC group, both the low-dose and the high-dose HC + HO groups showed a significant reduction of hyperlipidemia (serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C levels)) and improved liver function (serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT)). Additionally, compared to the HC group, intrahepatic triglyceride accumulation (IHTC) was significantly higher in the HC + HO group, while the incidence of steatohepatitis was significantly lower. The intake of the HC diet was associated with a higher level of lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde, MDA) and a lower concentration of hepatic antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GPx, and GST), and all these factors were partially improved in the low-dose and high-dose HC + HO groups. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that the intake of HO reduced serum hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress and ameliorated the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in hamsters fed a high-cholesterol diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Her Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.
- Department of Pediatrics and Surgery, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
| | - Kai Hsia
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.
- Department of Pediatrics and Surgery, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Hsun Lin
- Department of Pediatrics and Surgery, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Chin Chen
- Department of Pathology, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 600, Taiwan.
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan.
| | - Hsin-Yu Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.
- Department of Pediatrics and Surgery, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Huei Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.
- Department of Pediatrics and Surgery, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
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Cowan SF, Leeming ER, Sinclair A, Dordevic AL, Truby H, Gibson SJ. Effect of whole foods and dietary patterns on markers of subclinical inflammation in weight-stable overweight and obese adults: a systematic review. Nutr Rev 2019; 78:19-38. [DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuz030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Context
Reduction of subclinical inflammation is a potential target for chronic disease management. Adiposity is a known modifier of meta-inflammation; however, the influence of dietary factors is less clear.
Objective
This review examines evidence from human trials evaluating effects of whole foods or dietary patterns on circulating inflammatory markers in weight-stable overweight and obese adults. It is the first review to investigate effects of diet on inflammation, independent of changes in adiposity.
Data Sources
The Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Cochrane databases were searched.
Data Extraction
Data extraction was conducted using the Cochrane Collaboration Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions.
Data Analysis
Study quality was evaluated using the Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias Assessment tool. Thirty-three studies were included assessing effects of 17 foods and dietary patterns on 39 inflammatory markers.
Conclusions
Overall, foods and dietary patterns were not found to have significant effects on inflammatory markers in weight-stable individuals. Inconsistencies among studies were largely due to methodological limitations. Future research should invest in longer intervention periods and standardization of inflammatory marker panels paired with novel technologies, while ensuring anthropometric measures are monitored and adequately controls are used.
Systematic Review Registration
Prospero registration number CRD42017067765.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie F Cowan
- S. Cowan, E. Leeming, A. Sinclair, A. Dordevic, H. Truby, and S. Gibson are with the Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emily R Leeming
- S. Cowan, E. Leeming, A. Sinclair, A. Dordevic, H. Truby, and S. Gibson are with the Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew Sinclair
- S. Cowan, E. Leeming, A. Sinclair, A. Dordevic, H. Truby, and S. Gibson are with the Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aimee L Dordevic
- S. Cowan, E. Leeming, A. Sinclair, A. Dordevic, H. Truby, and S. Gibson are with the Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helen Truby
- S. Cowan, E. Leeming, A. Sinclair, A. Dordevic, H. Truby, and S. Gibson are with the Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simone J Gibson
- S. Cowan, E. Leeming, A. Sinclair, A. Dordevic, H. Truby, and S. Gibson are with the Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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A Hazelnut-Enriched Diet Modulates Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Gene Expression without Weight Gain. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:4683723. [PMID: 31354906 PMCID: PMC6637671 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4683723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Inflammation is associated with obesity condition and plays a pivotal role in the onset and progression of many chronic diseases. Among several nutraceutical foods, hazelnuts (Corylus avellana L.) are considered an excellent anti-inflammatory and hypolipidemic food being the second richest source of monounsaturated fatty acids among nuts and because they are rich in vitamins, minerals, and phenolic compounds. Materials and Methods A prospective pilot clinical trial on 24 healthy volunteers who consumed daily, as a snack, 40 g of hazelnuts (261.99 kcal/1096.17 kJ) for six weeks was conducted. Anthropometric measurements, body composition analysis, and nutrigenomic analysis on 12 anti-inflammatory and antioxidant genes were evaluated at baseline (T0) and after hazelnut intervention (T1). Results No significant changes were detected on body composition analysis after hazelnut consumption. Conversely, significant upregulation was detected for SOD1 (2−ΔΔCt = 2.42), CAT (2−ΔΔCt = 2.41), MIF (2−ΔΔCt = 4.12), PPARγ (2−ΔΔCt = 5.89), VDR (2−ΔΔCt = 3.61), MTHFR (2−ΔΔCt = 2.40), and ACE (2−ΔΔCt = 2.16) at the end of the study. Conclusions According to emerging evidences, hazelnut consumption does not lead to weight gain probably due to the improvement of the body's antioxidant capacity by the upregulation of genes implied in oxidant reactions and inflammation.
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Abbaspour N, Roberts T, Hooshmand S, Kern M, Hong MY. Mixed Nut Consumption May Improve Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Overweight and Obese Adults. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11071488. [PMID: 31261928 PMCID: PMC6683273 DOI: 10.3390/nu11071488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging research indicates that nuts are a source of health-promoting compounds demonstrating cardioprotective benefits. However, most studies have assessed the effect of single nuts rather than a nut mixture. The objective of this study was, therefore, to examine the effect of mixed-nut consumption on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in overweight and obese adults. In a randomized, parallel-arm, controlled trial, 48 participants consumed isocaloric (250 kcal) amounts of pretzels or mixed-nuts. Body weight (BW) (p = 0.024), BMI (p = 0.043), and insulin levels (p = 0.032) were significantly lower in the nut group compared to the pretzel group. Mixed-nut consumption also significantly reduced glucose (p = 0.04) and insulin (p = 0.032) levels after 4 and 8 weeks compared to baseline, respectively. Lactate dehydrogenase of the nut group was significantly lower than the pretzel group (p = 0.002). No significant differences were detected between groups for triglycerides, LDL-C, and HDL-C. However, pretzel consumption increased triglycerides (p = 0.048) from 4 weeks to 8 weeks. Moreover, LDL-C increased (p = 0.038) while HDL-C transiently decreased (p = 0.044) from baseline to 4 weeks. No significant lipid changes were detected within the nut group. Our results suggest that supplementing the diet with mixed-nuts could improve CVD risk factors by improving BW and glucose regulation in comparison to a common carbohydrate-rich snack without promoting the negative effects on lipids detected with pretzels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Abbaspour
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Traci Roberts
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Shirin Hooshmand
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Mark Kern
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Mee Young Hong
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
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Kim Y, Keogh J, Clifton PM. Nuts and Cardio-Metabolic Disease: A Review of Meta-Analyses. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1935. [PMID: 30563231 PMCID: PMC6316378 DOI: 10.3390/nu10121935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Accumulating epidemiological and intervention evidence suggest that nut consumption is associated with reduced incidence of some cardiometabolic diseases. However, to date no review of meta-analyses of epidemiological and intervention studies has evaluated the effects of nut consumption on cardiometabolic disease. Design/Results: Electronic searches for meta-analyses of epidemiological and intervention studies were undertaken in PubMed®/MEDLINE®. Meta-analyses of prospective studies show that nut consumption appears to be associated with reduced all-cause mortality by 19⁻20% (n = 6), cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence (19%; n = 3) and mortality (25%; n = 3), coronary heart disease (CHD) incidence (20⁻34%; n = 2) and mortality (27⁻30%; n = 2) and stroke incidence (10⁻11%; n = 7) and mortality (18%; n = 2). No association between nut consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was observed in meta-analyses of prospective studies, whereas a decrease in fasting blood glucose ranging from 0.08 to 0.15 mmol/L was observed in 3 meta-analyses of intervention studies. In the interventions, nut consumption also had favorable effects on total cholesterol (0.021 to 0.28 mmol/L reduction from 8 meta-analyses of interventions) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (0.017 to 0.26 mmol/L reduction from 8 meta-analyses of interventions) and endothelial function (0.79 to 1.03% increase in flow-mediated dilation from 4 meta-analyses of interventions). Nut consumption did not significantly affect body weight. Nut consumption had no effect on inflammatory markers in intervention studies. The effect on blood pressure was inconsistent. A higher nut consumption was associated with a lower incidence of hypertension in prospective studies, while nut consumption did not improve blood pressure in intervention studies. CONCLUSIONS Nut consumption appeared to be associated with lower all-cause mortality and CVD and CHD mortality. There was no association between nut consumption and the incidence of T2DM although fasting blood glucose is decreased in intervention studies. In intervention studies nuts lower total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoona Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition/Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea.
| | - Jennifer Keogh
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, General Post Office Box 2471, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
| | - Peter M Clifton
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, General Post Office Box 2471, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
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26
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Michels AJ, Leonard SW, Uesugi SL, Bobe G, Frei B, Traber MG. Daily Consumption of Oregon Hazelnuts Affects α-Tocopherol Status in Healthy Older Adults: A Pre-Post Intervention Study. J Nutr 2018; 148:1924-1930. [PMID: 30517727 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inadequate vitamin E and magnesium intakes are of concern for older adults owing to the associated incidence of age-related diseases. Objective This study was designed to determine the extent to which a 16-wk intervention with hazelnuts alters vitamin E and magnesium status in a group of older men and women, and used a pre-post intervention design without a control group to adjust for temporal changes. Methods Participants (n = 32 including 22 women; mean ± SD age: 63 ± 6 y) consumed hazelnuts (∼57 g/d) for 16 wk. Blood and urine samples and anthropomorphic measures were taken at the start and end of the intervention to determine plasma concentrations of α-tocopherol and serum concentrations of magnesium, lipids, glucose, insulin, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein along with urinary vitamin E metabolites; several other micronutrients were measured by a lymphocyte proliferation assay. There were 3 primary endpoints, calculated as the mean changes in measurements between baseline and the end of the 16-wk intervention for 1) plasma α-tocopherol, 2) urinary α-carboxyethyl hydroxychromanol (α-CEHC; an α-tocopherol metabolite), and 3) serum magnesium. Results Hazelnut consumption increased concentrations of the urinary α-tocopherol metabolite α-CEHC (mean ± SD: 0.84 ± 0.45 to 1.14 ± 0.50 µmol/g creatinine; P = 0.0006). In addition, hazelnut consumption increased serum concentrations of magnesium (+2.1%, P = 0.05), decreased concentrations of fasting glucose (-3.4%, P = 0.03) and LDL cholesterol (-6.0%, P = 0.02), and decreased total:HDL cholesterol ratios (-4.5%, P = 0.009). No significant changes were observed in blood pressure, lymphocyte proliferation assays, and serum concentrations of insulin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, triglyceride, α-tocopherol, or HDL cholesterol. Conclusions Consuming hazelnuts improves a biomarker of vitamin E status in older adults. Vitamin E is a shortfall micronutrient, as identified by the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015-2020, which frequently is consumed at levels less than the Estimated Average Requirement of 12 mg/d; thus, hazelnuts should be considered as part of a healthy dietary pattern. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03485989.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott W Leonard
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - Sandra L Uesugi
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - Gerd Bobe
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - Balz Frei
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - Maret G Traber
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
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27
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Akhlaghi M, Ghobadi S, Zare M, Foshati S. Effect of nuts on energy intake, hunger, and fullness, a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 60:84-93. [PMID: 30422677 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1514486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite high energy content, nut consumption has not been associated with weight gain in epidemiological and clinical investigations. Since a satiety effect a decreased sense of hunger in the following meals has been proposed as the mechanism of nuts against obesity, the present meta-analysis was performed to examine how nut consumption affects "energy intake", "hunger", and "fullness". "Weight" was not included among the search terms but weight data were extracted from the collected articles in order to help interpreting the results. A total of 1048 trials were found, of which 31 passed the eligibility process. Daily energy intake was mostly assessed by 3-day food records, and hunger and fullness were estimated by visual analog scale (VAS). Nut consumption was associated with increased energy intake (mean difference (MD) (nuts - control) = 76.3 kcal; 95% CI: 22.7, 130 kcal; P = 0.005). In contrast, hunger suppressed following nut consumption (MD = -6.54 mm VAS; 95% CI: -12.7, -0.42 mm VAS; P = 0.03). Nuts did not affect sense of fullness and weight in the overall estimate. Subgroup analysis based on participants' BMI revealed that energy intake of overweight/obese individuals was increased following nut consumption while such effect was not observed in normal weight participants. In conclusion, pooled estimates of available clinical trials showed increased energy intake following nut consumption in overweight/obese individuals but not in persons with normal weight. Nut consumption was associated with decreased hunger but no effect was observed on fullness and weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Akhlaghi
- Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeed Ghobadi
- Student Research Committee, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Morteza Zare
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Sahar Foshati
- Department of Clinical Nutrition School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Tan SY, Tey SL, Brown R. Can Nuts Mitigate Malnutrition in Older Adults? A Conceptual Framework. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1448. [PMID: 30301198 PMCID: PMC6213172 DOI: 10.3390/nu10101448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The proportion of adults aged over 60 years in the world is expected to reach 20% by the year 2050. Ageing is associated with several physiological changes that increase the risk of malnutrition among this population. Malnutrition is characterized by deficiencies or insufficiencies of macro- and micronutrients. Malnutrition has detrimental effects on the health, wellbeing, and quality of life in older adults. Nuts are rich in energy, unsaturated fats, and protein, as well as other nutrients that provide a range of health benefits. While the effects of nuts on overnutrition have been studied extensively, very few studies have been specifically designed to understand the role of nuts in mitigating undernutrition in the elderly. Therefore, this review explores the potential role of nuts in improving the nutritional status of older adults who are at risk of undernutrition. Several properties of whole nuts, some of which appear important for addressing overnutrition, (e.g., hardness, lower-than-expected nutrient availability, satiety-enhancing effects) may limit their effectiveness as a food to combat undernutrition. However, we propose that modifications such as transforming the physical form of nuts, addressing the timing of nut ingestion, and introducing variety may overcome these barriers. This review also discusses the feasibility of using nuts to prevent and reverse undernutrition among older adults. We conclude with a recommendation to conduct clinical studies in the future to test this conceptual framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sze-Yen Tan
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia.
| | - Siew Ling Tey
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
| | - Rachel Brown
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
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29
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Nutraceutical potential of Corylus avellana daily supplements for obesity and related dysmetabolism. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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30
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Dhillon J, Thorwald M, De La Cruz N, Vu E, Asghar SA, Kuse Q, Diaz Rios LK, Ortiz RM. Glucoregulatory and Cardiometabolic Profiles of Almond vs. Cracker Snacking for 8 Weeks in Young Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2018; 10:E960. [PMID: 30044438 PMCID: PMC6115851 DOI: 10.3390/nu10080960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The transition to nutritional independence makes new college students vulnerable to alterations in eating patterns, which can increase the risk of cardiometabolic disorders. The aim of the study was to examine the potential benefits of almond vs. cracker snacking in improving glucoregulatory and cardiometabolic profiles in new college students. A randomized controlled, parallel-arm, 8-week intervention of 73 college students (BMI: 18⁻41 kg/m²) with no cardiometabolic disorders was conducted. Participants were randomized into either an almond snack group (56.7 g/day; 364 kcal; n = 38) or Graham cracker control group (77.5 g/day; 338 kcal/d; n = 35). Chronic, static changes were assessed from fasting serum/plasma samples at baseline, and after 4 and 8 weeks. Acute, dynamic effects were assessed during a 2-h oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) at 8 weeks. Almond snacking resulted in a smaller decline in HDL cholesterol over 8 weeks (13.5% vs. 24.5%, p < 0.05), 13% lower 2-h glucose area under the curve (AUC), 34% lower insulin resistance index (IRI) and 82% higher Matsuda index (p < 0.05) during the OGTT, despite similar body mass gains over 8 weeks compared with the cracker group. In general, both almond and cracker snacking reduced fasting glucose, and LDL cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS Incorporating a morning snack in the dietary regimen of predominantly breakfast-skipping, first-year college students had some beneficial effects on glucoregulatory and cardiometabolic health. Almond consumption has the potential to benefit postprandial glucoregulation in this cohort. These responses may be influenced by cardiometabolic risk factor status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaapna Dhillon
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA.
| | - Max Thorwald
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA.
| | - Natalie De La Cruz
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA.
| | - Emily Vu
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA.
| | - Syed Asad Asghar
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA.
| | - Quintin Kuse
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA.
| | - L Karina Diaz Rios
- Cooperative Extension Specialist, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA.
| | - Rudy M Ortiz
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA.
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Li H, Li X, Yuan S, Jin Y, Lu J. Nut consumption and risk of metabolic syndrome and overweight/obesity: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies and randomized trials. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2018; 15:46. [PMID: 29977320 PMCID: PMC6013998 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-018-0282-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nut consumption has been shown to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. However, its role in the prevention of metabolic disorders, such as metabolic syndrome (Mets) and overweight/obesity, remains controversial. We therefore conducted a meta-analysis to determine the association of nut consumption with Mets and overweight/obesity. Methods Eligible studies were identified by searching the PubMed and Embase databases and by reviewing the references of relevant literatures. We used random effect models to pool the studies-specific risk ratio (RR) and weighted mean difference (WMD). Results This meta-analysis included six prospective cohort studies with 420,890 subjects and 62 randomized feeding trials with 7184 participants. Among the cohort studies, the summary RR for every 1-serving/week increase in nut intake was 0.96 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.92 to 0.99; n = 3) for Mets, 0.97 (95% CI: 0.95 to 0.98; n = 2) for overweight/obesity, and 0.95 (95% CI: 0.89 to 1.02; n = 2) for obesity. Pooling of randomized trials indicated that nut consumption was related to a significant reduction in body weight (WMD: - 0.22 Kg, 95% CI: -0.40 to - 0.04), body mass index (WMD: - 0.16 Kg/m2, 95% CI: -0.31 to - 0.01), and waist circumference (WMD: - 0.51 cm, 95% CI: -0.95 to - 0.07). These findings remained stable in the sensitivity analysis, and no publication bias was detected. Conclusion Nut consumption may be beneficial in the prevention of Mets and overweight/obesity. Additional prospective studies are needed to enhance these findings and to explore the metabolic benefits for specific subclasses of nut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071 China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Geratology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071 China
| | - Sheng Yuan
- Department of Geratology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071 China
| | - Yalei Jin
- Department of Geratology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071 China
| | - Jinping Lu
- Department of Geratology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071 China
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Effects of nut consumption on selected inflammatory markers: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutrition 2018; 54:129-143. [PMID: 29852452 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2018.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have assessed the effects of nut consumption on inflammatory markers. However, the results have been inconsistent. The aim of this meta-analysis of RCTs was to quantitatively evaluate the effects of nut consumption on selected inflammatory markers. METHODS PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library database, and Google Scholar were searched for published RCTs that reported the effects of nuts on inflammatory markers as primary or secondary outcomes in an adult population (aged ≥18 y). Summary estimates of weighted mean differences (WMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using random-effects meta-analysis. RESULTS Twenty-three RCTs met the inclusion criteria. Overall, nut consumption significantly reduced the levels of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 (WMD, -0.17; 95% CI, -0.32 to -0.03; P = 0.01), but had no significant effect on other inflammatory markers. In the subgroup analyses by nut types, mixed nuts had a significant effect on ICAM-1 reduction. The significant effect of nuts on ICAM-1 reduction was only observed in parallel, but not crossover RCTs. Additionally, nut consumption significantly reduced ICAM-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 levels in long-term (≥12 wk), but not short-term (<12 wk) RCTs. No significant heterogeneity or publication bias was observed in the studies included. CONCLUSIONS Nut consumption significantly reduced ICAM-1 levels, but had no effect on other inflammatory markers. More studies are needed to assess the effects of nuts on inflammation.
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García-Conesa MT, Chambers K, Combet E, Pinto P, Garcia-Aloy M, Andrés-Lacueva C, de Pascual-Teresa S, Mena P, Konic Ristic A, Hollands WJ, Kroon PA, Rodríguez-Mateos A, Istas G, Kontogiorgis CA, Rai DK, Gibney ER, Morand C, Espín JC, González-Sarrías A. Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Foods and Derived Products Containing Ellagitannins and Anthocyanins on Cardiometabolic Biomarkers: Analysis of Factors Influencing Variability of the Individual Responses. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19030694. [PMID: 29495642 PMCID: PMC5877555 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding interindividual variability in response to dietary polyphenols remains essential to elucidate their effects on cardiometabolic disease development. A meta-analysis of 128 randomized clinical trials was conducted to investigate the effects of berries and red grapes/wine as sources of anthocyanins and of nuts and pomegranate as sources of ellagitannins on a range of cardiometabolic risk biomarkers. The potential influence of various demographic and lifestyle factors on the variability in the response to these products were explored. Both anthocyanin- and ellagitannin-containing products reduced total-cholesterol with nuts and berries yielding more significant effects than pomegranate and grapes. Blood pressure was significantly reduced by the two main sources of anthocyanins, berries and red grapes/wine, whereas waist circumference, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose were most significantly lowered by the ellagitannin-products, particularly nuts. Additionally, we found an indication of a small increase in HDL-cholesterol most significant with nuts and, in flow-mediated dilation by nuts and berries. Most of these effects were detected in obese/overweight people but we found limited or non-evidence in normoweight individuals or of the influence of sex or smoking status. The effects of other factors, i.e., habitual diet, health status or country where the study was conducted, were inconsistent and require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-Teresa García-Conesa
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, P.O. Box 164, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Karen Chambers
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK.
| | - Emilie Combet
- Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G31 2ER, UK.
| | - Paula Pinto
- Biotechnology and Nutrition, Department of Food Technology, ESA, Polytechnic Institute of Santarem, 2001-904 Santarém, Portugal.
- Molecular Nutrition Health Laboratory, iBET/ITQB, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Mar Garcia-Aloy
- Biomarkers and Nutrimetabolomic Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, XaRTA, INSA, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciencies, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Cristina Andrés-Lacueva
- Biomarkers and Nutrimetabolomic Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, XaRTA, INSA, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciencies, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Sonia de Pascual-Teresa
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), Jose Antonio Novais 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Pedro Mena
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food Drug, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy.
| | - Alekxandra Konic Ristic
- Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Wendy J Hollands
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK.
| | - Paul A Kroon
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK.
| | - Ana Rodríguez-Mateos
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, UK.
| | - Geoffrey Istas
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, UK.
| | - Christos A Kontogiorgis
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Protection, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece.
| | - Dilip K Rai
- Teagasc Food Research Centre Ashtown, D15 KN3K Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Eileen R Gibney
- UCD Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Christine Morand
- INRA, Human Nutrition Unit, UCA, CRNH Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Juan Carlos Espín
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, P.O. Box 164, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Antonio González-Sarrías
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, P.O. Box 164, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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Current nut recommendation practices differ between health professionals in New Zealand. Public Health Nutr 2017; 21:1065-1074. [PMID: 29199633 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980017003469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite evidence linking regular nut consumption with reduced chronic disease risk, population-level intakes remain low. Research suggests nut-promoting advice from doctors facilitates regular nut consumption. However, there is no information on current nut recommendation practices of health professionals. The aim of the present study was to examine the advice provided by health professionals regarding nut consumption. DESIGN In this cross-sectional study, participants were invited to complete a survey including questions about their nut recommendation practices. SETTING New Zealand (NZ). SUBJECTS The NZ Electoral Roll was used to identify dietitians, general practitioners and practice nurses. RESULTS In total 318 dietitians, 292 general practitioners and 149 practice nurses responded. Dietitians were more likely (82·7 %) to recommend patients increase consumption of nuts than general practitioners (55·5 %) and practice nurses (63·1 %; both P<0·001). The most popular nuts recommended were almonds, Brazil nuts and walnuts, with most health professionals recommending raw nuts. The most common recommendation for frequency of consumption by dietitians and practice nurses was to eat nuts every day, while general practitioners most frequently recommended 2-4 times weekly, although not statistically significantly different between professions. Dietitians recommended a significantly greater amount of nuts (median 30 g/d) than both general practitioners and practice nurses (20 g/d; both P<0·001). CONCLUSIONS Dietitians were most likely to recommend consumption of nuts in accordance with current guidelines, but there are opportunities to improve the adoption of nut consumption recommendations for all professions. This may be a viable strategy for increasing population-level nut intakes to reduce chronic disease.
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Nuts and Human Health Outcomes: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9121311. [PMID: 29207471 PMCID: PMC5748761 DOI: 10.3390/nu9121311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been increasing interest in nuts and their outcome regarding human health. The consumption of nuts is frequently associated with reduction in risk factors for chronic diseases. Although nuts are high calorie foods, several studies have reported beneficial effects after nut consumption, due to fatty acid profiles, vegetable proteins, fibers, vitamins, minerals, carotenoids, and phytosterols with potential antioxidant action. However, the current findings about the benefits of nut consumption on human health have not yet been clearly discussed. This review highlights the effects of nut consumption on the context of human health.
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Neale EP, Tapsell LC, Guan V, Batterham MJ. The effect of nut consumption on markers of inflammation and endothelial function: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e016863. [PMID: 29170286 PMCID: PMC5719316 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the effect of nut consumption on inflammatory biomarkers and endothelial function. DESIGN A systematic review and meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES MEDLINE, PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (all years to 13 January 2017). ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials (with a duration of 3 weeks or more) or prospective cohort designs conducted in adults; studies assessing the effect of consumption of tree nuts or peanuts on C-reactive protein (CRP), adiponectin, tumour necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, vascular cell adhesion protein 1 and flow-mediated dilation (FMD). DATA EXTRACTION AND ANALYSIS Relevant data were extracted for summary tables and analyses by two independent researchers. Random effects meta-analyses were conducted to explore weighted mean differences (WMD) in change or final mean values for each outcome. RESULTS A total of 32 studies (all randomised controlled trials) were included in the review. The effect of nut consumption on FMD was explored in nine strata from eight studies (involving 652 participants), with consumption of nuts resulting in significant improvements in FMD (WMD: 0.79%(95% CI 0.35 to 1.23)). Nut consumption resulted in small, non-significant differences in CRP (WMD: -0.01 mg/L (95% CI -0.06 to 0.03)) (26 strata from 25 studies), although sensitivity analyses suggest results for CRP may have been influenced by two individual studies. Small, non-significant differences were also found for other biomarkers of inflammation. CONCLUSIONS This systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of nut consumption on inflammation and endothelial function found evidence for favourable effects on FMD, a measure of endothelial function. Non-significant changes in other biomarkers indicate a lack of consistent evidence for effects of nut consumption on inflammation. The findings of this analysis suggest a need for more research in this area, with a particular focus on randomised controlled trials. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42016045424.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth P Neale
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Linda C Tapsell
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Vivienne Guan
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Marijka J Batterham
- Statistical Consulting Service, School of Mathematics and Applied Statistics, Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
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Telle-Hansen VH, Christensen JJ, Ulven SM, Holven KB. Does dietary fat affect inflammatory markers in overweight and obese individuals?-a review of randomized controlled trials from 2010 to 2016. GENES AND NUTRITION 2017; 12:26. [PMID: 29043006 PMCID: PMC5628471 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-017-0580-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Obesity, a major cause of death and disability, is increasing worldwide. Obesity is characterized by a chronic, low-grade inflammatory state which is suggested to play a critical role in the development of obesity-related diseases like cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes. In fact, in the hours following consumption of a meal, a transient increase in inflammatory markers occurs, a response that is exaggerated in obese subjects. Dietary composition, including content of dietary fatty acids, may affect this inflammatory response both acutely and chronically, and thereby be predictive of progression of disease. The aim of the review was to summarize the literature from 2010 to 2016 regarding the effects of dietary fat intake on levels of inflammatory markers in overweight and obesity in human randomized controlled trials. Methods and results We performed a literature search in MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PubMed databases. The literature search included human randomized controlled trials, both postprandial and long-term interventions, from January 2010 to September 2016. In total, 37 articles were included. Interventions with dairy products, vegetable oils, or nuts showed minor effects on inflammatory markers. The most consistent inflammatory-mediating effects were found in intervention with whole diets, which suggests that many components of the diet reduce inflammation synergistically. Furthermore, interventions with weight reduction and different fatty acids did not clearly show beneficial effects on inflammatory markers. Conclusion Most interventions showed either no or minor effects of dietary fat intake on inflammatory markers in overweight and obese subjects. To progress our understanding on how diet and dietary components affect our health, mechanistic studies are required. Hence, future studies should include whole diets and characterization of obese phenotypes at a molecular level, including omics data and gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibeke H Telle-Hansen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Postbox 4, St. Olavsplass, 0130 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jacob J Christensen
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Postbox 1046, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway.,The Lipid Clinic, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, P.P. box 4950, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Stine M Ulven
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Postbox 1046, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kirsten B Holven
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Postbox 1046, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Familial Hypercholesterolemia, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, P.O. box 4950, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
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Taylor H, Webster K, Gray AR, Tey SL, Chisholm A, Bailey K, Kumari S, Brown RC. The effects of ‘activating’ almonds on consumer acceptance and gastrointestinal tolerance. Eur J Nutr 2017; 57:2771-2783. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-017-1543-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Adamo M, Labate AM, Ferrulli A, Macrì C, Terruzzi I, Luzi L. Effects of hazelnuts and cocoa on vascular reactivity in healthy subjects: a randomised study. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2017; 69:223-234. [DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2017.1348492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michela Adamo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases Unit, San Donato Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Anna Ferrulli
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases Unit, San Donato Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Concetta Macrì
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases Unit, San Donato Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Ileana Terruzzi
- Division of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Science, Metabolism, Nutrigenomics and Cellular Differentiation Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Livio Luzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases Unit, San Donato Hospital, Milan, Italy
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MONSALVE BERNARDITA, CONCHA-MEYER ANIBAL, PALOMO IVÁN, FUENTES EDUARDO. Mechanisms of Endothelial Protection by Natural Bioactive Compounds from Fruit and Vegetables. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 89:615-633. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201720160509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - EDUARDO FUENTES
- Universidad de Talca, Chile; CONICYT, Chile; Universidad de Talca, Chile
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Wibisono C, Probst Y, Neale E, Tapsell L. Changes in diet quality during a 12 month weight loss randomised controlled trial. BMC Nutr 2017; 3:38. [PMID: 32153818 PMCID: PMC7050806 DOI: 10.1186/s40795-017-0157-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reductions in energy intake are seen in weight loss trials, but whether this occurs with improvements to diet quality (DQ) is less established. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in diet quality in a sample of volunteers in a weight loss trial. METHODS This was a secondary analysis of dietary data from a lifestyle intervention trial (the HealthTrack study) which advised on dietary guidelines. The trial ran for 12 months with three treatment groups: control (general advice C), intervention (individualised advice, I), and intervention plus a supplement of walnuts (IW). Both the published a priori diet quality score (APDQS, maximum score 164) and a study specific Diet Quality Tracker (DQT, maximum score 44) indicated compliance to dietary advice. DQ scores calculated at 0, 3months and 12months were evaluated using two-way RMANOVA, one-way ANOVA and one-way RMANOVA. Changes in intakes of food groups and nutrients were analysed using Kruskal-Wallis and Friedman's tests. RESULTS There were no differences between groups at baseline, but at 3months IW recorded higher DQ scores (APDQS:96 ± 10; DQT:22 ± 5, P < 1 × 10-3 for both) compared to I (APDQS:91 ± 13, P < 1 × 10-3; DQT:21 ± 4, P < 1 × 10-2) and C (APDQS:87 ± 12, P < 5 × 10-2; DQT:19 ± 4, P > 5 × 10-2), and a higher consumption of nuts at 3 months (P < 1 × 10-3), and 12months (P < 1 × 10-2). All groups reported decreased intakes of discretionary foods/beverages assessed by the DQT (P < 1 × 10-3 for IW and I; P < 1 × 10-2 for C). The APDQS showed this as reduced intakes of grain based desserts (P < 1 × 10-3 at 3 and 12months), and salty snacks at 12months (P < 1 × 10-3 for IW and I; P < 5 × 10-2 for C). Intakes of monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids were lowest, and polyunsaturated fatty acids highest for IW (P < 1 × 10-3), resulting in a higher dietary polyunsaturated:saturated fat ratio (P < 1 × 10-3). CONCLUSIONS Lifestyle intervention addressing dietary guidelines can lead to significant reductions in consumption of discretionary foods and saturated fat, but individualised advice may have a greater impact on improving overall DQ regardless of DQI used. Providing a healthy food supplement may help assure higher DQ and where the food is walnuts, produce commensurate differences in dietary fatty acid profiles. TRIAL REGISTRATION ANZCTRN 12614000581662. Date of registration: 30th May 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinthya Wibisono
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522 Australia
| | - Yasmine Probst
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522 Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522 Australia
| | - Elizabeth Neale
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522 Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522 Australia
| | - Linda Tapsell
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522 Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522 Australia
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Effects of Hazelnut Consumption on Blood Lipids and Body Weight: A Systematic Review and Bayesian Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8120747. [PMID: 27897978 PMCID: PMC5188407 DOI: 10.3390/nu8120747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Hazelnuts are rich in monounsaturated fatty acids and antioxidant bioactive substances: their consumption has been associated with a decreased risk of cardiovascular disease events. A systematic review and a meta-analysis was performed to combine the results from several trials and to estimate the pooled (overall) effect of hazelnuts on blood lipids and body weight outcomes. Specifically, a Bayesian random effect meta-analysis of mean differences of Δ-changes from baseline across treatment (MDΔ) (i.e., hazelnut-enriched diet vs. control diet) has been conducted. Nine studies representing 425 participants were included in the analysis. The intervention diet lasted 28–84 days with a dosage of hazelnuts ranging from 29 to 69 g/day. Out of nine studies, three randomized studies have been meta-analyzed showing a significant reduction in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (pooled MDΔ = −0.150 mmol/L; 95% highest posterior density interval (95%HPD) = −0.308; −0.003) in favor of a hazelnut-enriched diet. Total cholesterol showed a marked trend toward a decrease (pooled MDΔ = −0.127 mmol/L; 95%HPD = −0.284; 0.014) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol remained substantially stable (pooled MDΔ = 0.002 mmol/L; 95%HPD = −0.140; 0.147). No effects on triglycerides (pooled MDΔ = 0.045 mmol/L; 95%HPD = −0.195; 0.269) and body mass index (BMI) (pooled MDΔ = 0.062 kg/m2; 95%HPD = −0.293; 0.469) were found. Hazelnut-enriched diet is associated with a decrease of LDL and total cholesterol, while HDL cholesterol, triglycerides and BMI remain substantially unchanged.
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Dhillon J, Tan SY, Mattes RD. Almond Consumption during Energy Restriction Lowers Truncal Fat and Blood Pressure in Compliant Overweight or Obese Adults. J Nutr 2016; 146:2513-2519. [PMID: 27807041 DOI: 10.3945/jn.116.238444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The inclusion of almonds in an energy-restricted diet has been reported both to enhance or to have no effect on weight loss. Their effects specifically on visceral body fat stores during energy restriction have not been widely examined. In addition, almond consumption has been associated with reduced blood pressure (BP), but whether this is linked to or independent of changes in body composition has to our knowledge not been examined. OBJECTIVE We evaluated the effects of consuming almonds as part of an energy-restricted diet on body composition, specifically visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and BP, compared to a nut-free energy-restricted diet. METHODS A randomized controlled 12-wk clinical trial of 86 healthy adults [body mass index (in kg/m2): 25-40] was conducted. Participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 energy-restricted (500-kcal deficit/d) diets: an almond-enriched diet (AED) (15% energy from almonds) or a nut-free diet (NFD). A linear mixed-model analysis on primary outcomes such as body weight, body fat, VAT, and BP was performed on all participants [intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis] and compliant participants (complier analysis). RESULTS Body weight, truncal and total fat percentage, VAT, and systolic BP decreased after 12 wk of energy restriction in both the ITT and complier analyses (P < 0.05). The complier analysis (but not the ITT analysis) indicated a greater mean ± SEM reduction in truncal fat (AED: -1.21% ± 0.26%; NFD: -0.48% ± 0.24%; P = 0.025), total fat (AED: -1.79% ± 0.36%; NFD: -0.74% ± 0.33%; P = 0.035), and diastolic BP (AED: -2.71 ± 1.2 mm Hg; NFD: 0.815 ± 1.1 mm Hg; P = 0.029), and a greater tendency for VAT loss (AED: -8.19 ± 1.8 cm2; NFD: -3.99 ± 1.7 cm2; P = 0.09) over time in the AED group than the NFD group. CONCLUSIONS Moderate almond consumption by compliant overweight and obese individuals during energy restriction results in greater proportional reductions of truncal and total body fat as well as diastolic BP and hence may help to reduce metabolic disease risk in obesity. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02360787.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaapna Dhillon
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Sze-Yen Tan
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Richard D Mattes
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
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Mazidi M, Rezaie P, Ferns GA, Gao HK. Impact of different types of tree nut, peanut, and soy nut consumption on serum C-reactive protein (CRP): A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e5165. [PMID: 27858850 PMCID: PMC5591098 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000005165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of different types of tree nut, peanut, and soy nut consumption on serum C - reactive protein (CRP) are not well established. we aimed to undertake a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies to determine the effect of nut consumption (tree nuts, peanuts, and soy nuts) on serum CRP. METHOD PubMed-Medline, Web of Science, Cochrane Database, and Google Scholar databases were searched (up until April 20 2016) to identify prospective studies evaluating the impact of tree nut, peanut, and soy nut consumption on serum CRP. Random effects models meta-analysis was used for quantitative data synthesis. Sensitivity analysis was conducted using the leave-one-out method. Heterogeneity was quantitatively assessed using the I index. Systematic review registration: CRD42016038044. RESULTS From a total of 844 entries identified via searches, 20 studies were included in the final selection. The meta-analysis indicated a nonsignificant increase in serum CRP concentrations following nut consumption (weighted mean difference [WMD] 0.17 mg/L, (95% CI -0.67 to 0.33, I 52.1%). The WMDs for IL6 was -0.06(ng/dL), (95% CI -0.69 to 0.56, I 9.6%), -0.71(mg/dL), (95% CI -1.11 to -0.30, I 6.3%), for leptin, and -0.60(mg/dL), (95% CI -1.88 to 0.68, I 5.6%) for adiponectin, and -0.18(mg/dL), (95% CI -1.24 to 0.88, I 9.3%) for IL10 and -0.37 (pg/mL), (95% CI -0.90 to 0.16, I 7.9%) for TNF-α. These findings were robust in sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis suggests that nut consumption significantly decrease leptin while have no significant effect on CRP, IL6, adiponectin, IL10, and TNF-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Mazidi
- Key State Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, International College, University of Chinese Academy of Science (IC-UCAS), West Beichen Road, Chaoyang, , Chaoyang, Beijing, China
| | - Peyman Rezaie
- Biochemistry of Nutrition Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gordon A. Ferns
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Division of Medical Education, Mayfield House, University of Brighton, BN1 9PH, UK
| | - Hong-kai Gao
- Department of General Surgery, the General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Beijing, China
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The effects of almond consumption on fasting blood lipid levels: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. J Nutr Sci 2016; 5:e34. [PMID: 27752301 PMCID: PMC5048189 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2016.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials was undertaken to determine the effects of almond consumption on blood lipid levels, namely total cholesterol (TC), LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), TAG and the ratios of TC:HDL-C and LDL-C:HDL-C. Following a comprehensive search of the scientific literature, a total of eighteen relevant publications and twenty-seven almond-control datasets were identified. Across the studies, the mean differences in the effect for each blood lipid parameter (i.e. the control-adjusted values) were pooled in a meta-analysis using a random-effects model. It was determined that TC, LDL-C and TAG were significantly reduced by −0·153 mmol/l (P < 0·001), −0·124 mmol/l (P = 0·001) and −0·067 mmol/l (P = 0·042), respectively, and that HDL-C was not affected (−0·017 mmol/l; P = 0·207). These results are aligned with data from prospective observational studies and a recent large-scale intervention study in which it was demonstrated that the consumption of nuts reduces the risk of heart disease. The consumption of nuts as part of a healthy diet should be encouraged to help in the maintenance of healthy blood lipid levels and to reduce the risk of heart disease.
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Pearson KR, Tey SL, Gray AR, Chisholm A, Brown RC. Energy compensation and nutrient displacement following regular consumption of hazelnuts and other energy-dense snack foods in non-obese individuals. Eur J Nutr 2016; 56:1255-1267. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-016-1176-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Do dry roasting, lightly salting nuts affect their cardioprotective properties and acceptability? Eur J Nutr 2016; 56:1025-1036. [PMID: 26746221 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-1150-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous studies have reported improvements in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors with the consumption of raw nuts. However, around one-third of nuts consumed are roasted and salted. Thus, it is important to determine whether roasting and salting nuts affect the health benefits observed with raw nuts. This study aimed to compare the effects of consuming two different forms of hazelnuts on cardiovascular risk factors and acceptance. METHODS Using a randomised crossover design, 72 participants were asked to consume 30 g/day of either raw or dry roasted, lightly salted hazelnuts for 28 days each. CVD risk factors were measured at the beginning and end of each treatment period. "Desire to consume" and "overall liking" for both forms of hazelnuts were assessed daily using a 150-mm visual analogue scale. RESULTS Body composition, blood pressure, plasma total and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, apolipoprotein A1 and B100, glucose and α-tocopherol concentrations did not differ between forms of hazelnuts (all P ≥ 0.054). High-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol (P = 0.037) and triacylglycerol (P < 0.001) concentrations were significantly lower following the consumption of dry roasted, lightly salted hazelnuts when compared to the raw hazelnuts. Compared with baseline, consuming both forms of hazelnuts significantly improved HDL-cholesterol and apolipoprotein A1 concentrations, total-C/HDL-C ratio, and systolic blood pressure without significantly changing body composition. Acceptance ratings did not differ between forms of hazelnuts and remained high throughout the study. CONCLUSION Dry roasting and lightly salting nuts do not appear to negate the cardioprotective effects observed with raw nut consumption, and both forms of nuts are resistant to monotony. Public health messages could be extended to include dry roasted and lightly salted nuts as part of a heart healthy diet.
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Martin N, Germanò R, Hartley L, Adler AJ, Rees K. Nut consumption for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; 2015:CD011583. [PMID: 26411417 PMCID: PMC9798256 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd011583.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nuts contain a number of nutritional attributes which may be cardioprotective. A number of epidemiological studies have shown that nut consumption may have a beneficial effect on people who have cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. However, results from randomised controlled trials (RCTs) are less consistent. OBJECTIVES To determine the effectiveness of nut consumption for the primary prevention of CVD. SEARCH METHODS We searched the following electronic databases: the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science Core Collection, CINAHL, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE), Health Technology Assessment Database (HTA) and Health Economics Evaluations Database (HEED) up to 30 July 2015. We searched trial registers and reference lists of reviews for further studies. We did not apply any language restrictions. SELECTION CRITERIA We included RCTs of dietary advice to increase nut consumption or provision of nuts to increase consumption lasting at least three months and including healthy adults or adults at moderate and high risk of CVD. The comparison group was no intervention or minimal intervention. The outcomes of interest were CVD clinical events and CVD risk factors. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently selected trials for inclusion, abstracted the data and assessed the risk of bias in included trials. MAIN RESULTS We included five trials (435 participants randomised) and one ongoing trial. One study is awaiting classification. All trials examined the provision of nuts to increase consumption rather than dietary advice. None of the included trials reported on the primary outcomes, CVD clinical events, but trials were small and short term. All five trials reported on CVD risk factors. Four of these trials provided data in a useable format for meta-analyses, but heterogeneity precluded meta-analysis for most of the analyses. Overall trials were judged to be at unclear risk of bias.There were variable and inconsistent effects of nut consumption on CVD risk factors (lipid levels and blood pressure). Three trials monitored adverse events. One trial reported an allergic reaction to nuts and three trials reported no significant weight gain with increased nut consumption. None of the included trials reported on other secondary outcomes, occurrence of type 2 diabetes as a major risk factor for CVD, health-related quality of life and costs. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Currently there is a lack of evidence for the effects of nut consumption on CVD clinical events in primary prevention and very limited evidence for the effects on CVD risk factors. No conclusions can be drawn and further high quality longer term and adequately powered trials are needed to answer the review question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Martin
- University College LondonFarr Institute of Health Informatics Research222 Euston RoadLondonUKNW1 2DA
| | - Roberta Germanò
- University of Naples Federico IIDivision of Nutrition, Department of Clinical Medicine and SurgeryNaplesItaly
| | - Louise Hartley
- Warwick Medical School, University of WarwickDivision of Health SciencesCoventryWarwickshireUKCV4 7AL
| | - Alma J Adler
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineDepartment of Non‐communicable Disease EpidemiologyKeppel StreetLondonUKWC1E 7HT
| | - Karen Rees
- Warwick Medical School, University of WarwickDivision of Health SciencesCoventryWarwickshireUKCV4 7AL
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Nut-enriched bread is an effective and acceptable vehicle to improve regular nut consumption. Eur J Nutr 2015; 55:2281-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-1038-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Barbour JA, Howe PRC, Buckley JD, Bryan J, Coates AM. Effect of 12 Weeks High Oleic Peanut Consumption on Cardio-Metabolic Risk Factors and Body Composition. Nutrients 2015; 7:7381-98. [PMID: 26404365 PMCID: PMC4586538 DOI: 10.3390/nu7095343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence indicates an inverse association between nut consumption and obesity, inflammation, hyperlipidaemia and glucose intolerance. We investigated effects of high oleic peanut consumption vs. a nut free diet on adiposity and cardio-metabolic risk markers. In a randomised cross-over design, 61 healthy subjects (65 ± 7 years, body mass index (BMI) 31 ± 4 kg/m²) alternated either high oleic peanuts (15%-20% of energy) or a nut free diet for 12 weeks. Body composition and mass, waist circumference, C-reactive protein (CRP), lipids, glucose and insulin were assessed at baseline and after each phase. Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) compared the two diets. Consistent with other nut studies, there were no differences in lipids, CRP, glucose and insulin with peanut consumption. In contrast, some reports have demonstrated benefits, likely due to differences in the study cohort. Energy intake was 10% higher (853 kJ, p < 0.05), following peanut consumption vs. control, attributed to a 30% increase in fat intake (p < 0.001), predominantly monounsaturated (increase 22 g, p < 0.05). Despite greater energy intake during the peanut phase, there were no differences in body composition, and less than predicted increase (0.5 kg) in body weight for this additional energy intake, possibly due to incomplete nutrient absorption and energy utilisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne A Barbour
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, University of South Australia, G.P.O. Box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia.
| | - Peter R C Howe
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, University of Newcastle (PRCH), University Drive Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia.
| | - Jonathan D Buckley
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, University of South Australia, G.P.O. Box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia.
| | - Janet Bryan
- Department of Psychology, Social Work and Social Policy, University of South Australia, G.P.O. Box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia.
| | - Alison M Coates
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, University of South Australia, G.P.O. Box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia.
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