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Bauer AN, Williams JF, Pokhrel LR, Garcia S, Majumdar N, Eells JB, Cook PP, Akula SM. Evaluating Molecular Mechanism of Viral Inhibition of Aerosolized Smart Nano-Enabled Antiviral Therapeutic (SNAT) on SARS-CoV-2-Infected Hamsters. TOXICS 2024; 12:495. [PMID: 39058147 PMCID: PMC11280845 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12070495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Smart Nano-enabled Antiviral Therapeutic (SNAT) is a promising nanodrug that previously demonstrated efficacy in preclinical studies to alleviate SARS-CoV-2 pathology in hamsters. SNAT comprises taxoid (Tx)-decorated amino (NH2)-functionalized near-atomic size positively charged silver nanoparticles (Tx-[NH2-AgNPs]). Herein, we aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanism of the viral inhibition and safety of aerosolized SNAT treatment in SARS-CoV-2-infected golden Syrian hamsters. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and ELISAs showed SNAT binds directly to the SARS-CoV-2 virus by interacting with intact spike (S) protein, specifically to S2 subunit. SNAT (≥1 µg/mL) treatment significantly lowered SARS-CoV-2 infections of Calu-3 cells. Extraction-free whole transcriptome assay was used to detect changes in circulatory micronome in hamsters treated intranasally with SNAT (two doses of 10 µg/mL of 2 mL each administered 24 h apart). Uninfected hamsters treated with SNAT had altered circulatory concentrations of 18 microRNAs (8 miRNAs upregulated, 10 downregulated) on day 3 post-treatment compared to uninfected controls. SNAT-induced downregulation of miR-141-3p and miR-200b-3p may reduce viral replication and inflammation by targeting Ythdf2 and Slit2, respectively. Further, SNAT treatment significantly lowered IL-6 expression in infected hamster lungs compared to untreated infected hamsters. Taken together, we demonstrate that SNAT binds directly to SARS-CoV-2 via the S protein to prevent viral entry and propose a model by which SNAT alters the cellular miRNA-directed milieu to promote antiviral cellular processes and neutralize infection. Our results provide insights into the use of low-dose intranasally delivered SNAT in treating SARS-CoV-2 infections in a hamster model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anais N. Bauer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA; (A.N.B.); (J.F.W.); (S.G.); (N.M.)
| | - John F. Williams
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA; (A.N.B.); (J.F.W.); (S.G.); (N.M.)
| | - Lok R. Pokhrel
- Department of Public Health, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Selena Garcia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA; (A.N.B.); (J.F.W.); (S.G.); (N.M.)
| | - Niska Majumdar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA; (A.N.B.); (J.F.W.); (S.G.); (N.M.)
| | - Jeffrey B. Eells
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA;
| | - Paul P. Cook
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA;
| | - Shaw M. Akula
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA; (A.N.B.); (J.F.W.); (S.G.); (N.M.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA;
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Du Y, Zhou L, Wen Z, Feng L, Zhang S, Zhang T. Slit2 suppresses endotoxin-induced uveitis by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/IKK/NF-κB pathway. Scand J Immunol 2023; 98:e13319. [PMID: 38441217 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Uveitis is a devastating intraocular inflammatory disease. The secreted leucine-rich repeat protein slit homologue 2 (Slit2) has been found to be an essential regulator of inflammation. This study aimed to analyse the anti-inflammatory effects and the underlying mechanisms of Slit2 in an endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) rat model. In this study, rats with EIU pretreated recombinant human Slit2 (rhSlit2) or a control vehicle by intravitreal injection. The clinical scores were graded under a slit lamp. The protein concentrations and total number of cells in the aqueous humour (AqH) were examined, and the retinal expression of various inflammatory mediators was detected. The levels of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), phosphorylated NF-κB, IkappaB-a (IκB-a), phosphorylated IκB-a, IKK, phosphorylated IKK, PI3Kp85, phosphorylated PI3Kp85, Akt and phosphorylated Akt were evaluated by western blotting. Treatment with rhSlit2 dramatically diminished the clinical scores of EIU, with significant decreases in inflammatory cell infiltration, protein concentrations, cellulose-like exudates, the production of ICAM-1, MCP-1, TNF-α and IL-6 in the AqH; and adhesion of leucocytes. The PI3K/Akt/IKK/NF-κB pathway was found to be activated in EIU. However, the pre-treatment of rhSlit2 significantly inhibited the production of ICAM-1, MCP-1, TNF-α, and IL-6, and inhibited leucocyte adhesion by modulating the PI3K/Akt/IKK/NF-κB pathway. In conclusion, the intravitreal injection of rhSlit2 alleviated EIU-related inflammation in Sprague-Dawley rats by reducing the proinflammatory cytokines and leucocyte adhesion; in particular, rhSlit2 may inhibit LPS-induced inflammation by inhibiting the activation of PI3K/Akt/IKK/NF-κB signalling pathway. Therefore, rhSlit2 shows significant potential for effectively alleviating immune inflammatory responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Du
- Chongqing Key Lab of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Linbin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zijun Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lujia Feng
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shaochong Zhang
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China
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3
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Li Q, Huang L, Ding Y, Sherchan P, Peng W, Zhang JH. Recombinant Slit2 suppresses neuroinflammation and Cdc42-mediated brain infiltration of peripheral immune cells via Robo1-srGAP1 pathway in a rat model of germinal matrix hemorrhage. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:249. [PMID: 37899442 PMCID: PMC10613398 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02935-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH) is a devastating neonatal stroke, in which neuroinflammation is a critical pathological contributor. Slit2, a secreted extracellular matrix protein, plays a repulsive role in axon guidance and leukocyte chemotaxis via the roundabout1 (Robo1) receptor. This study aimed to explore effects of recombinant Slit2 on neuroinflammation and the underlying mechanism in a rat model of GMH. METHODS GMH was induced by stereotactically infusing 0.3 U of bacterial collagenase into the germinal matrix of 7-day-old Sprague Dawley rats. Recombinant Slit2 or its vehicle was administered intranasally at 1 h after GMH and daily for 3 consecutive days. A decoy receptor recombinant Robo1 was co-administered with recombinant Slit2 after GMH. Slit2 siRNA, srGAP1 siRNA or the scrambled sequences were administered intracerebroventricularly 24 h before GMH. Neurobehavior, brain water content, Western blotting, immunofluorescence staining and Cdc42 activity assays were performed. RESULTS The endogenous brain Slit2 and Robo1 expressions were increased after GMH. Robo1 was expressed on neuron, astrocytes and infiltrated peripheral immune cells in the brain. Endogenous Slit2 knockdown by Slit2 siRNA exacerbated brain edema and neurological deficits following GMH. Recombinant Slit2 (rSlit2) reduced neurological deficits, proinflammatory cytokines, intercellular adhesion molecules, peripheral immune cell markers, neuronal apoptosis and Cdc42 activity in the brain tissue after GMH. The anti-neuroinflammation effects were reversed by recombinant Robo1 co-administration or srGAP1 siRNA. CONCLUSIONS Recombinant Slit2 reduced neuroinflammation and neuron apoptosis after GMH. Its anti-neuroinflammation effects by suppressing onCdc42-mediated brain peripheral immune cells infiltration was at least in part via Robo1-srGAP1 pathway. These results imply that recombinant Slit2 may have potentials as a therapeutic option for neonatal brain injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Army Medical Center, Army Medical University, 10 Changjiang Access Rd, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400042, China
- Women and Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 120 Longshan Access Rd, Yubei District, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11234 Anderson Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Yan Ding
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Prativa Sherchan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Wenjie Peng
- Department of Pediatrics, Army Medical Center, Army Medical University, 10 Changjiang Access Rd, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11234 Anderson Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA.
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Bhosle VK, Sun C, Patel S, Ho TWW, Westman J, Ammendolia DA, Langari FM, Fine N, Toepfner N, Li Z, Sharma M, Glogauer J, Capurro MI, Jones NL, Maynes JT, Lee WL, Glogauer M, Grinstein S, Robinson LA. The chemorepellent, SLIT2, bolsters innate immunity against Staphylococcus aureus. eLife 2023; 12:e87392. [PMID: 37773612 PMCID: PMC10541174 DOI: 10.7554/elife.87392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are essential for host defense against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). The neuro-repellent, SLIT2, potently inhibits neutrophil chemotaxis, and might, therefore, be expected to impair antibacterial responses. We report here that, unexpectedly, neutrophils exposed to the N-terminal SLIT2 (N-SLIT2) fragment kill extracellular S. aureus more efficiently. N-SLIT2 amplifies reactive oxygen species production in response to the bacteria by activating p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase that in turn phosphorylates NCF1, an essential subunit of the NADPH oxidase complex. N-SLIT2 also enhances the exocytosis of neutrophil secondary granules. In a murine model of S. aureus skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI), local SLIT2 levels fall initially but increase subsequently, peaking at 3 days after infection. Of note, the neutralization of endogenous SLIT2 worsens SSTI. Temporal fluctuations in local SLIT2 levels may promote neutrophil recruitment and retention at the infection site and hasten bacterial clearance by augmenting neutrophil oxidative burst and degranulation. Collectively, these actions of SLIT2 coordinate innate immune responses to limit susceptibility to S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikrant K Bhosle
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research InstituteTorontoCanada
| | - Chunxiang Sun
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Sajedabanu Patel
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research InstituteTorontoCanada
| | - Tse Wing Winnie Ho
- The Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Unity Health TorontoTorontoCanada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, Medical Sciences Building, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Johannes Westman
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research InstituteTorontoCanada
| | - Dustin A Ammendolia
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research InstituteTorontoCanada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Medical Sciences Building, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Fatemeh Mirshafiei Langari
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research InstituteTorontoCanada
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Building, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Noah Fine
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Nicole Toepfner
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Zhubing Li
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research InstituteTorontoCanada
| | - Manraj Sharma
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research InstituteTorontoCanada
| | - Judah Glogauer
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research InstituteTorontoCanada
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Mariana I Capurro
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research InstituteTorontoCanada
| | - Nicola L Jones
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research InstituteTorontoCanada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Hospital for Sick ChildrenTorontoCanada
- Department of Physiology, Medical Sciences Building, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
- Department of Paediatrics, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Jason T Maynes
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research InstituteTorontoCanada
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, The Hospital for Sick ChildrenTorontoCanada
- Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Warren L Lee
- The Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Unity Health TorontoTorontoCanada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, Medical Sciences Building, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Building, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
- Department of Medicine and Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Michael Glogauer
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
- Department of Dental Oncology and Maxillofacial Prosthetics, University Health Network, Princess Margaret Cancer CentreTorontoCanada
- Centre for Advanced Dental Research and Care, Mount Sinai HospitalTorontoCanada
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research InstituteTorontoCanada
- The Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Unity Health TorontoTorontoCanada
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Building, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Lisa A Robinson
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research InstituteTorontoCanada
- Department of Paediatrics, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
- Division of Nephrology, The Hospital for Sick ChildrenTorontoCanada
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5
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Friedmacher F, Rolle U, Puri P. Genetically Modified Mouse Models of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia: Opportunities and Limitations for Studying Altered Lung Development. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:867307. [PMID: 35633948 PMCID: PMC9136148 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.867307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a relatively common and life-threatening birth defect, characterized by an abnormal opening in the primordial diaphragm that interferes with normal lung development. As a result, CDH is accompanied by immature and hypoplastic lungs, being the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with this condition. In recent decades, various animal models have contributed novel insights into the pathogenic mechanisms underlying CDH and associated pulmonary hypoplasia. In particular, the generation of genetically modified mouse models, which show both diaphragm and lung abnormalities, has resulted in the discovery of multiple genes and signaling pathways involved in the pathogenesis of CDH. This article aims to offer an up-to-date overview on CDH-implicated transcription factors, molecules regulating cell migration and signal transduction as well as components contributing to the formation of extracellular matrix, whilst also discussing the significance of these genetic models for studying altered lung development with regard to the human situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Friedmacher
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Udo Rolle
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Prem Puri
- Beacon Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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6
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Sun H, Li Z, Fan C, Liu S, Yan K, Huang G, Li S. Slit guidance ligand 2 promotes the inflammatory response of periodontitis through activation of the NF‐κB signaling pathway. J Periodontal Res 2022; 57:578-586. [PMID: 35426130 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Sun
- Department of Periodontology School and Hospital of Stomatology Cheeloo College of Medicine Shandong University Jinan Shandong China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration Jinan Shandong China
- Department of Periodontology The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Qingdao Shandong China
| | - Zhiyuan Li
- Medical Research Center The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Qingdao Shandong China
| | - Chun Fan
- Department of Periodontology The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Qingdao Shandong China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Department of Periodontology School and Hospital of Stomatology Cheeloo College of Medicine Shandong University Jinan Shandong China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration Jinan Shandong China
| | - Kaixian Yan
- Department of Periodontology School and Hospital of Stomatology Cheeloo College of Medicine Shandong University Jinan Shandong China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration Jinan Shandong China
| | - Guoqian Huang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Jinan Stomatology Hospital Jinan Shandong China
| | - Shu Li
- Department of Periodontology School and Hospital of Stomatology Cheeloo College of Medicine Shandong University Jinan Shandong China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration Jinan Shandong China
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7
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Yang H, Zhou S, Lan D, Bin Y, Bao W, Wang M, Huang F, Peng Z. The expression of Slit2 and Robo1 increased during retinoic acid syndrome in acute promyelocytic leukemia and impacted differentiated cell migration. Transl Oncol 2022; 18:101370. [PMID: 35182953 PMCID: PMC8857660 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2022.101370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The upregulation of Robo1 and Slit2 was first found in APL patients. The positive correlation between Robo1/Slit2 and retinoic acid syndrome was first demonstrated. It was demonstrated for the first time that Slit2 induces the migration of differentiated cells. Slit2 did not inhibit il8-induced differentiated cell migration.
Retinoic acid syndrome (RAS) is a serious complication developed during the induction therapy of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Cytokines and differentiated cells migration play important roles in the development of RAS. Slit guidance ligand 2 (Slit2) and roundabout 1 (Robo1) involve in cell migration. Our study aimed to investigate the expression of Slit2 and Robo1 in APL and check whether they affected promyelocytes migration. 62 cases of newly diagnosed APL patients were involved and received all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and arsenic trioxide as induction therapy. Bone marrow cells (BMCs) were obtained on days 0 and 28, and promyelocytes and plasma were collected from day 1 to day 21. The expression of Robo1 in promyelocytes, and that of Slit2 and cytokines, including IL-8,IL-1β and others, in serum were monitored. 20 healthy individuals donated their cells as control. Of the 62 APL patients, 16 (25.81%) patients developed RAS. The expression of Robo1, Slit2 and IL-8 increased significantly with the development of RAS. In the 16 patients with RAS, levels of Slit2, Robo1 and IL-8 were higher during the development of RAS than before or after the RAS (P < 0.05). RhSlit2-N and rhIL-8 induced cells migration, and the migration induced by IL-8 was not inhibited by rhSlit2-N. Elevated Slit2 and Robo1 levels might be useful markers for the diagnosis and treatment of RAS. The levels of Slit2, Robo1 and IL-8 showed a positive correlation with the severity of RAS. Slit2 and IL-8 promoted the migration of differentiated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Yang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Shengsheng Zhou
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Dong Lan
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Yehong Bin
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Wenguang Bao
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Man Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Fengxiang Huang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Zhigang Peng
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China.
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8
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Kaul K, Benej M, Mishra S, Ahirwar DK, Yadav M, Stanford KI, Jacob NK, Denko NC, Ganju RK. Slit2-Mediated Metabolic Reprogramming in Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages Enhances Antitumor Immunity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:753477. [PMID: 34777365 PMCID: PMC8581492 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.753477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Slit2 exerts antitumor effects in various cancers; however, the underlying mechanism, especially its role in regulating the immune, especially in the bone marrow niche, system is still unknown. Elucidating the behavior of macrophages in tumor progression can potentially improve immunotherapy. Using a spontaneous mammary tumor virus promoter-polyoma middle T antigen (PyMT) breast cancer mouse model, we observed that Slit2 increased the abundance of antitumor M1 macrophage in the bone marrow upon differentiation in vitro. Moreover, myeloablated PyMT mice injected with Slit2-treated bone marrow allografts showed a marked reduction in tumor growth, with enhanced recruitment of M1 macrophage in their tumor stroma. Mechanistic studies revealed that Slit2 significantly enhanced glycolysis and reduced fatty acid oxidation in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). Slit2 treatment also altered mitochondrial respiration metabolites in macrophages isolated from healthy human blood that were treated with plasma from breast cancer patients. Overall, this study, for the first time, shows that Slit2 increases BMDM polarization toward antitumor phenotype by modulating immune-metabolism. Furthermore, this study provides evidence that soluble Slit2 could be developed as novel therapeutic strategy to enhance antitumor immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirti Kaul
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Martin Benej
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Sanjay Mishra
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Dinesh K Ahirwar
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Marshleen Yadav
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Kristin I Stanford
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Naduparambil K Jacob
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Nicholas C Denko
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Ramesh K Ganju
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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9
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Cristea I, Bruland O, Aukrust I, Rødahl E, Bredrup C. Pellino-2 in nonimmune cells: novel interaction partners and intracellular localization. FEBS Lett 2021; 595:2909-2921. [PMID: 34674267 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Pellino-2 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that mediates intracellular signaling in innate immune pathways. Most studies of endogenous Pellino-2 have been performed in macrophages, but none in nonimmune cells. Using yeast two-hybrid screening and co-immunoprecipitation, we identified six novel interaction partners of Pellino-2, with various localizations: insulin receptor substrate 1, NIMA-related kinase 9, tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 7, cyclin-F, roundabout homolog 1, and disheveled homolog 2. Pellino-2 showed cytoplasmic localization in a wide range of nonimmune cells under physiological potassium concentrations. Treatment with the potassium ionophore nigericin resulted in nuclear localization of Pellino-2, which was reversed by the potassium channel blocker tetraethylammonium. Live-cell imaging revealed intracellular migration of GFP-tagged Pellino-2. In summary, Pellino-2 interacts with proteins at different cellular locations, taking part in dynamic processes that change its intracellular localization influenced by potassium efflux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileana Cristea
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Ove Bruland
- Department of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ingvild Aukrust
- Department of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Eyvind Rødahl
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Norway.,Department of Ophthalmology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Cecilie Bredrup
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Norway.,Department of Ophthalmology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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10
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Hernandez-Pacheco N, Gorenjak M, Li J, Repnik K, Vijverberg SJ, Berce V, Jorgensen A, Karimi L, Schieck M, Samedy-Bates LA, Tavendale R, Villar J, Mukhopadhyay S, Pirmohamed M, Verhamme KMC, Kabesch M, Hawcutt DB, Turner S, Palmer CN, Tantisira KG, Burchard EG, Maitland-van der Zee AH, Flores C, Potočnik U, Pino-Yanes M. Identification of ROBO2 as a Potential Locus Associated with Inhaled Corticosteroid Response in Childhood Asthma. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11080733. [PMID: 34442380 PMCID: PMC8399629 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11080733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are the most common asthma controller medication. An important contribution of genetic factors in ICS response has been evidenced. Here, we aimed to identify novel genetic markers involved in ICS response in asthma. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) of the change in lung function after 6 weeks of ICS treatment was performed in 166 asthma patients from the SLOVENIA study. Patients with an improvement in lung function ≥8% were considered as ICS responders. Suggestively associated variants (p-value ≤ 5 × 10−6) were evaluated in an independent study (n = 175). Validation of the association with asthma exacerbations despite ICS use was attempted in European (n = 2681) and admixed (n = 1347) populations. Variants previously associated with ICS response were also assessed for replication. As a result, the SNP rs1166980 from the ROBO2 gene was suggestively associated with the change in lung function (OR for G allele: 7.01, 95% CI: 3.29–14.93, p = 4.61 × 10−7), although this was not validated in CAMP. ROBO2 showed gene-level evidence of replication with asthma exacerbations despite ICS use in Europeans (minimum p-value = 1.44 × 10−5), but not in admixed individuals. The association of PDE10A-T with ICS response described by a previous study was validated. This study suggests that ROBO2 could be a potential novel locus for ICS response in Europeans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Hernandez-Pacheco
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario N.S. de Candelaria, Universidad de La Laguna, Carretera General del Rosario 145, 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain;
- Genomics and Health Group, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, Cell Biology and Genetics, Universidad de La Laguna, Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez s/n, Faculty of Science, Apartado 456, 38200 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain;
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Avenida de Monforte de Lemos, 5, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence: (N.H.-P.); (U.P.); Tel.: +46-0702983315 (N.H.-P.); +386-22345854 (U.P.)
| | - Mario Gorenjak
- Center for Human Molecular Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska Ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (M.G.); (K.R.); (V.B.)
| | - Jiang Li
- The Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (J.L.); (K.G.T.)
| | - Katja Repnik
- Center for Human Molecular Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska Ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (M.G.); (K.R.); (V.B.)
- Laboratory for Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Genomics, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Susanne J. Vijverberg
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (S.J.V.); (A.H.M.-v.d.Z.)
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Emma’s Children Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vojko Berce
- Center for Human Molecular Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska Ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (M.G.); (K.R.); (V.B.)
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Centre Maribor, Ljubljanska Ulica 5, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Andrea Jorgensen
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK;
| | - Leila Karimi
- Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (L.K.); (K.M.C.V.)
| | - Maximilian Schieck
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Allergy, University Children’s Hospital Regensburg (KUNO), Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (M.S.); (M.K.)
- Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Lesly-Anne Samedy-Bates
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (L.-A.S.-B.); (E.G.B.)
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, 533 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Roger Tavendale
- Population Pharmacogenetics Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital, and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK; (R.T.); (S.M.); (C.N.P.)
| | - Jesús Villar
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Avenida de Monforte de Lemos, 5, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Multidisciplinary Organ Dysfunction Evaluation Research Network, Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Dr. Negrín, Calle Barranco de la Ballena s/n, 35019 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Keenan Research Center for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael’s Hospital, 30 Bond St, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Somnath Mukhopadhyay
- Population Pharmacogenetics Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital, and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK; (R.T.); (S.M.); (C.N.P.)
- Academic Department of Paediatrics, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Royal Alexandra Children’s Hospital, 94 N-S Rd, Falmer, Brighton BN2 5BE, UK
| | - Munir Pirmohamed
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, 200 London Rd, Liverpool L3 9TA, UK;
| | - Katia M. C. Verhamme
- Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (L.K.); (K.M.C.V.)
| | - Michael Kabesch
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Allergy, University Children’s Hospital Regensburg (KUNO), Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (M.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Daniel B. Hawcutt
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK;
- Alder Hey Children’s Hospital, E Prescot Rd, Liverpool L14 5AB, UK
| | - Steve Turner
- Child Health, University of Aberdeen, King’s College, Aberdeen AB24 3FX, UK;
| | - Colin N. Palmer
- Population Pharmacogenetics Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital, and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK; (R.T.); (S.M.); (C.N.P.)
| | - Kelan G. Tantisira
- The Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (J.L.); (K.G.T.)
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Esteban G. Burchard
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (L.-A.S.-B.); (E.G.B.)
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, 533 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Anke H. Maitland-van der Zee
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (S.J.V.); (A.H.M.-v.d.Z.)
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Emma’s Children Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carlos Flores
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario N.S. de Candelaria, Universidad de La Laguna, Carretera General del Rosario 145, 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain;
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Avenida de Monforte de Lemos, 5, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Genomics Division, Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables (ITER), Polígono Industrial de Granadilla, 38600 Granadilla, Spain
- Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas (ITB), Universidad de La Laguna, Faculty of Health Sciences, Apartado 456, 38200 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Uroš Potočnik
- Center for Human Molecular Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska Ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (M.G.); (K.R.); (V.B.)
- Laboratory for Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Genomics, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Correspondence: (N.H.-P.); (U.P.); Tel.: +46-0702983315 (N.H.-P.); +386-22345854 (U.P.)
| | - Maria Pino-Yanes
- Genomics and Health Group, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, Cell Biology and Genetics, Universidad de La Laguna, Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez s/n, Faculty of Science, Apartado 456, 38200 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain;
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Avenida de Monforte de Lemos, 5, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas (ITB), Universidad de La Laguna, Faculty of Health Sciences, Apartado 456, 38200 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
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11
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Kirolos SA, Rijal R, Consalvo KM, Gomer RH. Using Dictyostelium to Develop Therapeutics for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:710005. [PMID: 34350188 PMCID: PMC8326840 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.710005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) involves damage to lungs causing an influx of neutrophils from the blood into the lung airspaces, and the neutrophils causing further damage, which attracts more neutrophils in a vicious cycle. There are ∼190,000 cases of ARDS per year in the US, and because of the lack of therapeutics, the mortality rate is ∼40%. Repelling neutrophils out of the lung airspaces, or simply preventing neutrophil entry, is a potential therapeutic. In this minireview, we discuss how our lab noticed that a protein called AprA secreted by growing Dictyostelium cells functions as a repellent for Dictyostelium cells, causing cells to move away from a source of AprA. We then found that AprA has structural similarity to a human secreted protein called dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV), and that DPPIV is a repellent for human neutrophils. In animal models of ARDS, inhalation of DPPIV or DPPIV mimetics blocks neutrophil influx into the lungs. To move DPPIV or DPPIV mimetics into the clinic, we need to know how this repulsion works to understand possible drug interactions and side effects. Combining biochemistry and genetics in Dictyostelium to elucidate the AprA signal transduction pathway, followed by drug studies in human neutrophils to determine similarities and differences between neutrophil and Dictyostelium chemorepulsion, will hopefully lead to the safe use of DPPIV or DPPIV mimetics in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Richard H. Gomer
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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12
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Chen CP, Wang LK, Chen CY, Chen CY, Wu YH. Placental multipotent mesenchymal stromal cell-derived Slit2 may regulate macrophage motility during placental infection. Mol Hum Reprod 2020; 27:6020263. [PMID: 33275139 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaaa076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Slit proteins have been reported to act as axonal repellents in Drosophila; however, their role in the placental microenvironment has not been explored. In this study, we found that human placental multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (hPMSCs) constitutively express Slit2. Therefore, we hypothesized that Slit2 expressed by hPMSCs could be involved in macrophage migration during placental inflammation through membrane cognate Roundabout (Robo) receptor signaling. In order to develop a preclinical in vitro mouse model of hPMSCs in treatment of perinatal infection, RAW 264.7 cells were used in this study. Slit2 interacted with Robo4 that was highly expressed in RAW 264.7 macrophages: their interaction increased the adhesive ability of RAW 264.7 cells and inhibited migration. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced CD11bCD18 expression could be inhibited by Slit2 and by hPMSC-conditioned medium (CM). LPS-induced activation of p38 and Rap1 was also attenuated by Slit2 and by hPMSC-CM. Noticeably, these inhibitory effects of hPMSC-CM decreased after depletion of Slit2 from the CM. Furthermore, we found that p38 siRNA inhibited LPS-induced Rap1 expression in RAW 264.7 cells, indicating that Rap1 functions downstream of p38 signaling. p38 siRNA increased cell adhesion and inhibited migration through reducing LPS-stimulated CD11bCD18 expression in RAW 264.7 cells. Thus, hPMSC-derived Slit2 may inhibit LPS-induced CD11bCD18 expression to decrease cell migration and increase adhesion through modulating the activity and motility of inflammatory macrophages in placenta. This may represent a novel mechanism for LPS-induced placental infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chie-Pein Chen
- Division of High Risk Pregnancy, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Kai Wang
- Division of High Risk Pregnancy, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yu Chen
- Division of High Risk Pregnancy, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yu Chen
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsin Wu
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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13
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He XF, Li G, Li LL, Li MY, Liang FY, Chen X, Hu XQ. Overexpression of Slit2 decreases neuronal excitotoxicity, accelerates glymphatic clearance, and improves cognition in a multiple microinfarcts model. Mol Brain 2020; 13:135. [PMID: 33028376 PMCID: PMC7542754 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-020-00659-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cerebral microinfarcts (MIs) lead to progressive cognitive impairments in the elderly, and there is currently no effective preventative strategy due to uncertainty about the underlying pathogenic mechanisms. One possibility is the dysfunction of GABAergic transmission and ensuing excitotoxicity. Dysfunction of GABAergic transmission induces excitotoxicity, which contributes to stroke pathology, but the mechanism has kept unknown. The secreted leucine-rich repeat (LRR) family protein slit homologue 2 (Slit2) upregulates GABAergic activity and protects against global cerebral ischemia, but the neuroprotective efficacy of Slit2 against MIs has not been examined. Methods Middle-aged Wild type (WT) and Slit2-Tg mice were divided into sham and MI treatment groups. MIs were induced in parietal cortex by laser-evoked arteriole occlusion. Spatial memory was then compared between sham and MI groups using the Morris water maze (MWM) task. In addition, neuronal activity, blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability, and glymphatic clearance in peri-infarct areas were compared using two-photon imaging, while GABAergic transmission, microglial activation, neuronal loss, and altered cortical connectivity were compared by immunofluorescent staining or western blotting. Results Microinfarcts increased the amplitude and frequency of spontaneous intracellular Ca2+ signals, reduced neuronal survival and connectivity within parietal cortex, decreased the number of GABAergic interneurons and expression of vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT), induced neuroinflammation, and impaired both glymphatic clearance and spatial memory. Alternatively, Slit2 overexpression attenuated dysfunctional neuronal Ca2+ signaling, protected against neuronal death in the peri-infarct area as well as loss of parietal cortex connectivity, increased GABAergic interneuron number and VGAT expression, attenuated neuroinflammation, and improved both glymphatic clearance and spatial memory. Conclusion Our results strongly suggest that overexpression of Slit2 protected against the dysfunction in MIs, which is a potential therapeutic target for cognition impairment in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fei He
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ge Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou, 510663, Guangdong, China
| | - Li-Li Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ming-Yue Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Feng-Yin Liang
- Department of Neurology, National Key clinical department and Key discipline of Neurology, Guangdong Key Laboratory for diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xi-Quan Hu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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14
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Nakamura H, Doi T, Puri P, Friedmacher F. Transgenic animal models of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a comprehensive overview of candidate genes and signaling pathways. Pediatr Surg Int 2020; 36:991-997. [PMID: 32591848 PMCID: PMC7385019 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-020-04705-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a relatively common and life-threatening birth defect, characterized by incomplete formation of the diaphragm. Because CDH herniation occurs at the same time as preacinar airway branching, normal lung development becomes severely disrupted, resulting almost invariably in pulmonary hypoplasia. Despite various research efforts over the past decades, the pathogenesis of CDH and associated lung hypoplasia remains poorly understood. With the advent of molecular techniques, transgenic animal models of CDH have generated a large number of candidate genes, thus providing a novel basis for future research and treatment. This review article offers a comprehensive overview of genes and signaling pathways implicated in CDH etiology, whilst also discussing strengths and limitations of transgenic animal models in relation to the human condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Nakamura
- National Children’s Research Centre, Our Lady’s Children’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland ,Department of Pediatric Surgery, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Doi
- National Children’s Research Centre, Our Lady’s Children’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland ,Department of Pediatric Surgery, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Prem Puri
- National Children’s Research Centre, Our Lady’s Children’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland ,Beacon Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Florian Friedmacher
- National Children’s Research Centre, Our Lady’s Children’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland ,Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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15
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Bhosle VK, Mukherjee T, Huang YW, Patel S, Pang BWF, Liu GY, Glogauer M, Wu JY, Philpott DJ, Grinstein S, Robinson LA. SLIT2/ROBO1-signaling inhibits macropinocytosis by opposing cortical cytoskeletal remodeling. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4112. [PMID: 32807784 PMCID: PMC7431850 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17651-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Macropinocytosis is essential for myeloid cells to survey their environment and for growth of RAS-transformed cancer cells. Several growth factors and inflammatory stimuli are known to induce macropinocytosis, but its endogenous inhibitors have remained elusive. Stimulation of Roundabout receptors by Slit ligands inhibits directional migration of many cell types, including immune cells and cancer cells. We report that SLIT2 inhibits macropinocytosis in vitro and in vivo by inducing cytoskeletal changes in macrophages. In mice, SLIT2 attenuates the uptake of muramyl dipeptide, thereby preventing NOD2-dependent activation of NF-κB and consequent secretion of pro-inflammatory chemokine, CXCL1. Conversely, blocking the action of endogenous SLIT2 enhances CXCL1 secretion. SLIT2 also inhibits macropinocytosis in RAS-transformed cancer cells, thereby decreasing their survival in nutrient-deficient conditions which resemble tumor microenvironment. Our results identify SLIT2 as a physiological inhibitor of macropinocytosis and challenge the conventional notion that signals that enhance macropinocytosis negatively regulate cell migration, and vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikrant K Bhosle
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Tapas Mukherjee
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Yi-Wei Huang
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Sajedabanu Patel
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Bo Wen Frank Pang
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- BenchSci, Suite 201, 559 College Street, Toronto, ON, M6G 1A9, Canada
| | - Guang-Ying Liu
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Michael Glogauer
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 101 Elm Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 2L3, Canada
- Department of Dental Oncology and Maxillofacial Prosthetics, University Health Network, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C1, Canada
- Centre for Advanced Dental Research and Care, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Jane Y Wu
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Dana J Philpott
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, 290 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON, M5C 1N8, Canada
| | - Lisa A Robinson
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada.
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
- Division of Nephrology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada.
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada.
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16
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Wang L, Zheng J, Pathak JL, Chen Y, Liang D, Yang L, Sun H, Zhong M, Wu L, Li L, Deng S, Zheng L, Yan Y, Hou D, Wang L, Ge L. SLIT2 Overexpression in Periodontitis Intensifies Inflammation and Alveolar Bone Loss, Possibly via the Activation of MAPK Pathway. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:593. [PMID: 32760720 PMCID: PMC7371784 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
SLIT2, a member of neuronal guidance cues, has been reported to regulate inflammation and cancer progression. Periodontitis is an oral inflammatory disease that degenerates periodontal tissue, alveolar bone and tooth. This study aims to explore the expression pattern of SLIT2 in periodontitis and its role in disease progression and bone loss. Gingival tissue of 20 periodontitis patients and 20 healthy-controls was obtained. Ligature-induced periodontitis (LIP) mice-model was developed in Slit2-Tg and wild-type mice. The effect of SLIT2 on inflammation, immune cell infiltration, M1 macrophage polarization, and alveolar bone loss in periodontitis was analyzed extensively. In periodontitis-affected gingival-tissue, SLIT2 expression was 4.4-fold higher compared to healthy-volunteers. LIP enhanced SLIT2 expression in mice periodontitis-affected periodontal tissue (PAPT) and blood circulation of wild-type mice by 4. 6-, and 5.0-fold, respectively. In Slit2-Tg-mice PAPT, SLIT2 expression was 1.8-fold higher compared to wild-type mice. Micro-CT and histomorphometric analysis revealed a 1.3-fold higher cement-enamel-junction to the alveolar-bone-crest (CEJ-ABC) distance and alveolar bone loss in LIP Slit2-Tg-mice compare to LIP wild-type mice. Results from RNA-sequencing, RT-qPCR, and ELISA showed a higher expression of Cxcr2, Il-18, TNFα, IL-6, and IL-1β in Slit2-Tg-mice PAPT compared to wild-type-mice. Slit2-Tg-mice PAPT showed a higher number of osteoclasts, M1 macrophages, and the upregulation of Robo1 expression. Slit2-Tg-mice PAPT showed upregulation of M1 macrophage marker CD16/32 and osteoclastogenic markers Acp5, Ctsk, and Nfatc1, but osteogenic markers (Alp, Bglap) remained unchanged. Immunohistochemistry unveiled the higher vasculature and infiltration of leucocytes and macrophages in Slit2-Tg-mice PAPT. RNA-sequencing, GO-pathway enrichment analysis, and western blot analysis revealed the activation of the MAPK signaling pathway in Slit2-Tg mice PAPT. In conclusion, SLIT2 overexpression in periodontitis intensifies inflammation, immune cells infiltration, M1 macrophage polarization, osteoclastogenesis, and alveolar bone loss, possibly via activation of MAPK signaling, suggesting the role of SLIT2 on exacerbation of periodontitis and alveolar bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Wang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research in Oral Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Institute of Oral Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Zheng
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research in Oral Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Institute of Oral Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Janak L Pathak
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research in Oral Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Institute of Oral Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunxin Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research in Oral Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Institute of Oral Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongliang Liang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research in Oral Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Institute of Oral Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Luxi Yang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research in Oral Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Institute of Oral Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haobo Sun
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research in Oral Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Institute of Oral Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mei Zhong
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research in Oral Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Institute of Oral Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lihong Wu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research in Oral Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Institute of Oral Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Li
- Vascular Biology Research Institute, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuhua Deng
- Vascular Biology Research Institute, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingyun Zheng
- Vascular Biology Research Institute, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongyong Yan
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research in Oral Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Institute of Oral Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Hou
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research in Oral Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Institute of Oral Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijing Wang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research in Oral Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Institute of Oral Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Vascular Biology Research Institute, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linhu Ge
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research in Oral Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Institute of Oral Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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17
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Li X, Zheng S, Tan W, Chen H, Li X, Wu J, Luo T, Ren X, Pyle WG, Wang L, Backx PH, Huang R, Yang FH. Slit2 Protects Hearts Against Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Inhibiting Inflammatory Responses and Maintaining Myofilament Contractile Properties. Front Physiol 2020; 11:228. [PMID: 32292352 PMCID: PMC7135862 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The secreted glycoprotein Slit2, previously known as an axon guidance cue, has recently been found to protect tissues in pathological conditions; however, it is unknown whether Slit2 functions in cardiac ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. Methods Langendorff-perfused isolated hearts from Slit2-overexpressing (Slit2-Tg) mice and C57BL/6J mice (background strain) were subjected to 20 min of global ischemia followed by 40 min of reperfusion. We compared Slit2-Tg with C57BL/6J mice in terms of left ventricular function and infarct size of post-IR hearts along with tissue histological and biochemical assessments (mRNA and protein expression, phosphorylation status, and myofilament contractile properties). Results Slit2 played cardioprotective roles in maintaining contractile function and reducing infarct size in post-IR hearts. IR increased the expression of the Slit2 receptor Robo4 and the membrane receptor Slamf7, but these increases were suppressed by Slit2 overexpression post IR. This suppression was associated with inhibition of the nuclear translocation of NFκB p65 and reductions in IL-1β and IL-18 release into perfusates. Furthermore, Slit2 overexpression attenuated the increases in myofilament-associated PKCs and phosphorylation of cTnI at Ser43 in the post-IR myocardium. The myofilament calcium sensitivity and actomyosin MgATPase activity were preserved in the post-IR Slit2 myocardium. Conclusion Our work demonstrates that Slit2 inhibits inflammatory responses and maintains myofilament contractile properties, thus contributing, at least in part, to the prevention of structural and functional damage during IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Cardiovascular Model Research Center, Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuang Zheng
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Cardiovascular Model Research Center, Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou, China.,School of Basic Medicine, Vascular Biology Institute, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guanghzou, China
| | - Weijiang Tan
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Cardiovascular Model Research Center, Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongqi Chen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Cardiovascular Model Research Center, Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Luo
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Cardiovascular Model Research Center, Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuecong Ren
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Cardiovascular Model Research Center, Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - W Glen Pyle
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Lijing Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Vascular Biology Institute, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guanghzou, China
| | - Peter H Backx
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Cardiology and the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ren Huang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Cardiovascular Model Research Center, Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Hua Yang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Cardiovascular Model Research Center, Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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18
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Appelbaum T, Santana E, Aguirre GD. Critical Decrease in the Level of Axon Guidance Receptor ROBO1 in Rod Synaptic Terminals Is Followed by Axon Retraction. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:11. [PMID: 32176262 PMCID: PMC7405958 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.3.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To define remodeling of photoreceptor synaptic terminals and second-order retinal neurons in canine X-linked progressive retinal atrophy 1 caused by a five-nucleotide deletion in the RPGR exon ORF15. Methods Retinas of normal and mutant dogs were used for gene expression, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry. Cell-specific markers were used to examine disease-dependent retinal remodeling. Results In mutant retinas, a number of rod axon terminals retract into the outer nuclear layer. This neuritic atrophy preceded significant loss of rods and was evident early in disease. Rod bipolar and horizontal cell processes were found to extend into the outer nuclear layer, where they seemed to form contacts with the spherules of rod photoreceptors. No ectopic rewiring was observed. Because cytoskeletal reorganization was previously shown to underlie photoreceptor axon retraction, we examined normal and mutant retinas for expression of axon guidance receptors ROBO1 and ROBO2, which are known to regulate actin cytoskeleton dynamics. We found that the overall expression of both ROBO1 and ROBO2 is retained at the same level in premature and fully developed normal retinas. However, analysis of predisease and early disease retinas identified markedly decreased levels of ROBO1 in rod spherules compared with controls. In contrast, no differences in ROBO1 signals were noted in cone pedicles in normal and mutant retinas, where ROBO1 levels remained similarly low. Conclusions Depletion of ROBO1 in rod synaptic terminals correlates with the remodeling of axonal and dendritic processes in the outer retina of dogs with X-linked progressive retinal atrophy 1 and may play a role in the retraction of rod axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Appelbaum
- Department of Clinical Sciences & Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Evelyn Santana
- Department of Clinical Sciences & Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Gustavo D. Aguirre
- Department of Clinical Sciences & Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
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19
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Yuan Z, Xiang R, Li W, Li F, Yue X. Transcriptomic analyses revealed common tailed and perirenal adipose differentially expressed genes in four Chinese indigenous sheep breeds. Livest Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2019.103832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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20
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Lin YZ, Zhong XN, Chen X, Liang Y, Zhang H, Zhu DL. Roundabout signaling pathway involved in the pathogenesis of COPD by integrative bioinformatics analysis. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2019; 14:2145-2162. [PMID: 31571851 PMCID: PMC6756575 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s216050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To explore the potential mechanism underpinning the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and to investigate the role of the Roundabout signaling pathway in COPD. Methods Three microarray datasets (GSE1650, GSE38974 and GSE76925) including 139 cases of severe COPD and 52 cases of normal smokers without carcinoma, were integrated to screen differentially expressed genes (DEGs) using bioinformatics methods. Gene ontology (GO) annotations and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway of the DEGs were performed by a DAVID online tool. Finally, a cigarette smoke (CS)- induced emphysema mice model was established, the lung mRNA expression levels of genes associated with Slit guidance ligand 2 (SLIT2) -Roundabout (ROBO) signaling pathway were detected by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and the protein level of SLIT2 was examined by immunohistochemistry staining. Results A total of 315 DEGs were identified in three databases. GO and KEGG pathway analyses suggested that the inflammatory response, extracellular matrix disassembly, immune response, the apoptotic signaling pathway, ubiquitination and the Roundabout signaling pathway all together were involved in the development of COPD. The genes SLIT2 and ROBO2 were decreased in patients with COPD and these decreases were significantly negatively correlated with the disease stages of COPD. Consistently, the mRNA expression levels of SLIT2, ROBO1 and ROBO2, and the protein level of SLIT2 were revealed to be lower in the lungs of CS-induced emphysema mice compared with the air-exposed control mice. In addition, the SLIT2 protein level was negatively associated with alveolar mean linear intercept. Conclusion Integrated bioinformatics analysis may provide novel insights into the complicated pathogenesis of COPD, and to the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to provide evidence to suggest that the Roundabout signaling pathway may be involved in the pathogenesis of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Zhen Lin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ning Zhong
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Liang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Lan Zhu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
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21
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Jiang Z, Liang G, Xiao Y, Qin T, Chen X, Wu E, Ma Q, Wang Z. Targeting the SLIT/ROBO pathway in tumor progression: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2019; 11:1758835919855238. [PMID: 31217826 PMCID: PMC6557020 DOI: 10.1177/1758835919855238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The SLITs (SLIT1, SLIT2, and SLIT3) are a family of secreted proteins that mediate positional interactions between cells and their environment during development by signaling through ROBO receptors (ROBO1, ROBO2, ROBO3, and ROBO4). The SLIT/ROBO signaling pathway has been shown to participate in axonal repulsion, axon guidance, and neuronal migration in the nervous system and the formation of the vascular system. However, the role of the SLIT/ROBO pathway has not been thoroughly clarified in tumor development. The SLIT/ROBO pathway can produce both beneficial and detrimental effects in the growth of malignant cells. It has been confirmed that SLIT/ROBO play contradictory roles in tumorigenesis. Here, we discuss the tumor promotion and tumor suppression roles of the SLIT/ROBO pathway in tumor growth, angiogenesis, migration, and the tumor microenvironment. Understanding these roles will help us develop more effective cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengdong Jiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Gang Liang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, No. 215 Hospital of Shaanxi Nuclear Industry, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ying Xiao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tao Qin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Erxi Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neuroscience Institute, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Qingyong Ma
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
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22
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Wu MF, Chuang CY, Lin P, Chen WT, Su SE, Liao CY, Jan MS, Chang JT. Lung Tumorigenesis Alters the Expression of Slit2-exon15 Splicing Variants in Tumor Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11020166. [PMID: 30717252 PMCID: PMC6406468 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11020166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Slit2 expression is downregulated in various cancers, including lung cancer. We identified two Slit2 splicing variants at exon15—Slit2-WT and Slit2-ΔE15. In the RT-PCR analyses, the Slit2-WT isoform was predominantly expressed in all the lung cancer specimens and in their normal lung counterparts, whereas Slit2-ΔE15 was equivalently or predominantly expressed in 41% of the pneumothorax specimens. A kRasG12D transgenic mice system was used to study the effects of tumorigenesis on the expressions of the Slit2-exon15 isoforms. The results revealed that a kRasG12D-induced lung tumor increased the Slit2-WT/Slit2-ΔE15 ratio and total Slit2 expression level. However, the lung tumors generated via a tail vein injection of lung cancer cells decreased the Slit2-WT/Slit2-ΔE15 ratio and total Slit2 expression level. Interestingly, the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lung inflammation also decreased the Slit2-WT/Slit2-ΔE15 ratio. Since Slit2 functions as an anti-inflammatory factor, the expression of Slit2 increases in kRasG12D lungs, which indicates that Slit2 suppresses immunity during tumorigenesis. However, an injection of lung cancer cells via the tail vein and the LPS-induced lung inflammation both decreased the Slit2 expression. The increased Slit2 in the tumor microenvironment was mostly Slit2-WT, which lacks growth inhibitory activity. Thus, the results of our study suggested that the upregulation of Slit2-WT, but not Slit2-ΔE15, in a cancer microenvironment is an important factor in suppressing immunity while not interfering with cancer growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Fang Wu
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.
- Divisions of Medical Oncology and Pulmonary Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Yen Chuang
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40705 Taiwan.
| | - Pinpin Lin
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Ting Chen
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.
| | - Shang-Er Su
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.
| | - Chen-Yi Liao
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Shiou Jan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.
| | - Jinghua Tsai Chang
- Divisions of Medical Oncology and Pulmonary Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.
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23
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Pilling D, Chinea LE, Consalvo KM, Gomer RH. Different Isoforms of the Neuronal Guidance Molecule Slit2 Directly Cause Chemoattraction or Chemorepulsion of Human Neutrophils. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2019; 202:239-248. [PMID: 30510066 PMCID: PMC6310129 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The movement of neutrophils between blood and tissues appears to be regulated by chemoattractants and chemorepellents. Compared with neutrophil chemoattractants, relatively little is known about neutrophil chemorepellents. Slit proteins are endogenously cleaved into a variety of N- and C-terminal fragments, and these fragments are neuronal chemorepellents and inhibit chemoattraction of many cell types, including neutrophils. In this report, we show that the ∼140-kDa N-terminal Slit2 fragment (Slit2-N) is a chemoattractant and the ∼110-kDa N-terminal Slit2 fragment (Slit2-S) is a chemorepellent for human neutrophils. The effects of both Slit2 fragments were blocked by Abs to the Slit2 receptor Roundabout homolog 1 or the Slit2 coreceptor Syndecan-4. Slit2-N did not appear to activate Ras but increased phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate levels. Slit2-N-induced chemoattraction was unaffected by Ras inhibitors, reversed by PI3K inhibitors, and blocked by Cdc42 and Rac inhibitors. In contrast, Slit2-S activated Ras but did not increase phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate levels. Slit2-S-induced chemorepulsion was blocked by Ras and Rac inhibitors, not affected by PI3K inhibitors, and reversed by Cdc42 inhibitors. Slit2-N, but not Slit2-S, increased neutrophil adhesion, myosin L chain 2 phosphorylation, and polarized actin formation and single pseudopods at the leading edge of cells. Slit2-S induced multiple pseudopods. These data suggest that Slit2 isoforms use similar receptors but different intracellular signaling pathways and have different effects on the cytoskeleton and pseudopods to induce neutrophil chemoattraction or chemorepulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrell Pilling
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3474
| | - Luis E Chinea
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3474
| | - Kristen M Consalvo
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3474
| | - Richard H Gomer
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3474
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24
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Beamish IV, Hinck L, Kennedy TE. Making Connections: Guidance Cues and Receptors at Nonneural Cell-Cell Junctions. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:a029165. [PMID: 28847900 PMCID: PMC6211390 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The field of axon guidance was revolutionized over the past three decades by the identification of highly conserved families of guidance cues and receptors. These proteins are essential for normal neural development and function, directing cell and axon migration, neuron-glial interactions, and synapse formation and plasticity. Many of these genes are also expressed outside the nervous system in which they influence cell migration, adhesion and proliferation. Because the nervous system develops from neural epithelium, it is perhaps not surprising that these guidance cues have significant nonneural roles in governing the specialized junctional connections between cells in polarized epithelia. The following review addresses roles for ephrins, semaphorins, netrins, slits and their receptors in regulating adherens, tight, and gap junctions in nonneural epithelia and endothelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian V Beamish
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Lindsay Hinck
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064
| | - Timothy E Kennedy
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
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25
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Csépányi-Kömi R, Pásztor M, Bartos B, Ligeti E. The neglected terminators: Rho family GAPs in neutrophils. Eur J Clin Invest 2018; 48 Suppl 2:e12993. [PMID: 29972685 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) accelerate the rate of hydrolysis of GTP bound to small GTPases, thereby limiting the prevalence and concentration of the active, GTP-bound form of these proteins. The large number of potential GAPs acting on members of the Rho family of small GTPases raises the question of specificity or redundancy. RESULTS In this review, we summarize experimental data obtained on the role of Rho family GAPs in neutrophils, highlight cases where more than one GAP is involved in a physiological function and show examples that GAPs can be involved not only in termination but also in initiation of cellular processes. We demonstrate that the expression-level regulation of GAPs may also occur in short-living cells such as neutrophils. Finally, we provide insight into the existence and structure of molecular complexes in which Rho family GAPs are involved. CONCLUSION GAPs play more complex and varied roles than being simple terminators of cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Máté Pásztor
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Bartos
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Ligeti
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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26
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Abstract
The Slit-Robo GTPase-activating proteins (srGAPs) were first identified as potential Slit-Robo effectors that influence growth cone guidance. Given their N-terminal F-BAR, central GAP and C-terminal SH3 domains, srGAPs have the potential to affect membrane dynamics, Rho family GTPase activity and other binding partners. Recent research has clarified how srGAP family members act in distinct ways at the cell membrane, and has expanded our understanding of the roles of srGAPs in neuronal and non-neuronal cells. Gene duplication of the human-specific paralog of srGAP2 has resulted in srGAP2 family proteins that may have increased the density of dendritic spines and promoted neoteny of the human brain during crucial periods of human evolution, underscoring the importance of srGAPs in the unique sculpting of the human brain. Importantly, srGAPs also play roles outside of the nervous system, including during contact inhibition of cell movement and in establishing and maintaining cell adhesions in epithelia. Changes in srGAP expression may contribute to neurodevelopmental disorders, cancer metastasis and inflammation. As discussed in this Review, much remains to be discovered about how this interesting family of proteins functions in a diverse set of processes in metazoans and the functional roles srGAPs play in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Lucas
- Program in Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1117 W. Johnson St., Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jeff Hardin
- Program in Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1117 W. Johnson St., Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1117 W. Johnson St., Madison, WI 53706, USA
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27
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Tyrosine dephosphorylated cortactin downregulates contractility at the epithelial zonula adherens through SRGAP1. Nat Commun 2017; 8:790. [PMID: 28983097 PMCID: PMC5629210 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00797-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Contractile adherens junctions support cell−cell adhesion, epithelial integrity, and morphogenesis. Much effort has been devoted to understanding how contractility is established; however, less is known about whether contractility can be actively downregulated at junctions nor what function this might serve. We now identify such an inhibitory pathway that is mediated by the cytoskeletal scaffold, cortactin. Mutations of cortactin that prevent its tyrosine phosphorylation downregulate RhoA signaling and compromise the ability of epithelial cells to generate a contractile zonula adherens. This is mediated by the RhoA antagonist, SRGAP1. We further demonstrate that this mechanism is co-opted by hepatocyte growth factor to promote junctional relaxation and motility in epithelial collectives. Together, our findings identify a novel function of cortactin as a regulator of RhoA signaling that can be utilized by morphogenetic regulators for the active downregulation of junctional contractility. Epithelial cell-cell adhesions are contractile junctions, but whether contractility can be down-regulated is not known. Here the authors report how tyrosine dephosphorylation of the cytoskeletal scaffold, cortactin, recruits the RhoA antagonist SRGAP1 to relax adherens junctions in response to HGF.
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28
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Movassagh H, Saati A, Nandagopal S, Mohammed A, Tatari N, Shan L, Duke-Cohan JS, Fowke KR, Lin F, Gounni AS. Chemorepellent Semaphorin 3E Negatively Regulates Neutrophil Migration In Vitro and In Vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 198:1023-1033. [PMID: 27913633 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil migration is an essential step in leukocyte trafficking during inflammatory responses. Semaphorins, originally discovered as axon guidance cues in neural development, have been shown to regulate cell migration beyond the nervous system. However, the potential contribution of semaphorins in the regulation of neutrophil migration is not well understood. This study examines the possible role of a secreted chemorepellent, Semaphorin 3E (Sema3E), in neutrophil migration. In this study, we demonstrated that human neutrophils constitutively express Sema3E high-affinity receptor, PlexinD1. Sema3E displayed a potent ability to inhibit CXCL8/IL-8-induced neutrophil migration as determined using a microfluidic device coupled to real-time microscopy and a transwell system in vitro. The antimigratory effect of Sema3E on human neutrophil migration was associated with suppression of CXCL8/IL-8-mediated Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 GTPase activity and actin polymerization. We further addressed the regulatory role of Sema3E in the regulation of neutrophil migration in vivo. Allergen airway exposure induced higher neutrophil recruitment into the lungs of Sema3e-/- mice compared with wild-type controls. Administration of exogenous recombinant Sema3E markedly reduced allergen-induced neutrophil recruitment into the lungs, which was associated with alleviation of allergic airway inflammation and improvement of lung function. Our data suggest that Sema3E could be considered an essential regulatory mediator involved in modulation of neutrophil migration throughout the course of neutrophilic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesam Movassagh
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Abeer Saati
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Saravanan Nandagopal
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Ashfaque Mohammed
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Nazanin Tatari
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Lianyu Shan
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Jonathan S Duke-Cohan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Laboratory of Immunobiology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215; and
| | - Keith R Fowke
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Francis Lin
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Abdelilah S Gounni
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada;
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Yamagishi S, Kesavamoorthy G, Bastmeyer M, Sato K. Stripe Assay to Study the Attractive or Repulsive Activity of a Protein Substrate Using Dissociated Hippocampal Neurons. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27403728 DOI: 10.3791/54096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing axons develop a highly motile structure at their tip, termed the growth cone. The growth cone contacts extracellular environmental cues to navigate axonal growth. Netrin, slit, semaphorin, and ephrins are known guidance molecules that can attract or repel axons upon binding to receptors and co-receptors on the axon. The activated receptors initiate various signaling molecules in the growth cone that alter the structure and movement of the neuron. Here, we describe the detailed protocol for a stripe assay to assess the ability of a guidance molecule to attract or repel neurons. In this method, dissociated hippocampal neurons from E15.5 mice are cultured on laminin-coated dishes processed with alternating stripes of ectodomain of fibronectin and leucine-rich transmembrane protein-2 (FLRT2) and control immunoglobulin G (IgG) fragment crystallizable region (Fc) protein. Both axons and cell bodies were strongly repelled from the FLRT2-coated stripe regions after 24 h of culture. Immunostaining with tau1 showed that ~90% of the neurons were distributed on the Fc-coated stripes compared to the FLRT2-Fc-coated stripes (~10%). This result indicates that FLRT2 has a strong repulsive effect on these neurons. This powerful method is applicable not only for primary cultured neurons but also for a variety of other cells, such as neuroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Yamagishi
- Anatomy and Neuroscience, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine;
| | | | - Martin Bastmeyer
- Cell and Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
| | - Kohji Sato
- Anatomy and Neuroscience, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine
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Sherchan P, Huang L, Wang Y, Akyol O, Tang J, Zhang JH. Recombinant Slit2 attenuates neuroinflammation after surgical brain injury by inhibiting peripheral immune cell infiltration via Robo1-srGAP1 pathway in a rat model. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 85:164-173. [PMID: 26550694 PMCID: PMC4688150 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Peripheral immune cell infiltration to the brain tissue at the perisurgical site can promote neuroinflammation after surgical brain injury (SBI). Slit2, an extracellular matrix protein, has been reported to reduce leukocyte migration. This study evaluated the effect of recombinant Slit2 and the role of its receptor roundabout1 (Robo1) and its downstream mediator Slit-Robo GTPase activating protein 1 (srGAP1)-Cdc42 on peripheral immune cell infiltration after SBI in a rat model. METHODS One hundred and fifty-three adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (280-350 g) were used. Partial resection of right frontal lobe was performed to induce SBI. Slit2 siRNA was administered by intracerebroventricular injection 24h before SBI. Recombinant Slit2 was injected intraperitoneally 1h before SBI. Recombinant Robo1 used as a decoy receptor was co-administered with recombinant Slit2. srGAP1 siRNA was administered by intracerebroventricular injection 24h before SBI. Post-assessments included brain water content measurement, neurological tests, ELISA, Western blot, immunohistochemistry, and Cdc42 activity assay. RESULTS Endogenous Slit2 was increased after SBI. Robo1 was expressed by peripheral immune cells. Endogenous Slit2 knockdown worsened brain edema after SBI. Recombinant Slit2 administration reduced brain edema, neurological deficits, and pro-inflammatory cytokines after SBI. Recombinant Slit2 reduced peripheral immune cell markers cluster of differentiation 45 (CD45) and myeloperoxidase (MPO), as well as Cdc42 activity in the perisurgical brain tissue which was reversed by recombinant Robo1 co-administration and srGAP1 siRNA. CONCLUSIONS Recombinant Slit2 improved outcomes by reducing neuroinflammation after SBI, possibly by decreasing peripheral immune cell infiltration to the perisurgical site through Robo1-srGAP1 mediated inhibition of Cdc42 activity. These results suggest that Slit2 may be beneficial to reduce SBI-induced neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prativa Sherchan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, U.S.A
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, U.S.A.; Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University, CA 92354, U.S.A
| | - Yuechun Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, U.S.A
| | - Onat Akyol
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, U.S.A
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, U.S.A
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, U.S.A.; Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University, CA 92354, U.S.A.; Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University, CA 92354, U.S.A..
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Chaturvedi S, Robinson LA. Slit2-Robo signaling in inflammation and kidney injury. Pediatr Nephrol 2015; 30:561-6. [PMID: 24777535 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-014-2825-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury is an increasingly common global health problem and is associated with severe morbidity and mortality. In addition to facing high mortality rates, the survivors of acute kidney injury are at increased risk of developing chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease. Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is the most common cause of acute kidney injury, and results from impaired delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the kidney. Massive leukocyte influx into the post-ischemic kidney is one of the hallmarks of IRI. The recruited leukocytes exacerbate tissue damage and, if uncontrolled, initiate the progressive changes that lead to renal fibrosis and chronic kidney disease. Early on, recruitment and activation of platelets promotes microthrombosis in the injured kidney, further exacerbating kidney damage. The diversity, complexity, and multiplicity of pathways involved in leukocyte recruitment and platelet activation make it extremely challenging to control these processes, and past efforts have met with limited success in human trials. A generalized strategy to inhibit infiltration of inflammatory leukocytes and platelets, thereby reducing inflammation and injury, may prove to be more beneficial. In this review, we summarize recent findings demonstrating that the neuronal guidance cues, Slit and Roundabout (Robo), prevent the migration of multiple leukocyte subsets towards diverse inflammatory chemoattractants, and have potent anti-platelet functions in vitro and in vivo. These properties uniquely position Slit2 as a novel therapeutic that could be used to prevent acute kidney injury associated with IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swasti Chaturvedi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Paediatrics, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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Fibroblasts secrete Slit2 to inhibit fibrocyte differentiation and fibrosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:18291-6. [PMID: 25489114 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1417426112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes leave the blood and enter tissues. In healing wounds and fibrotic lesions, some of the monocytes differentiate into fibroblast-like cells called fibrocytes. In healthy tissues, even though monocytes enter the tissue, for unknown reasons, very few monocytes differentiate into fibrocytes. In this report, we show that fibroblasts from healthy human tissues secrete the neuronal guidance protein Slit2 and that Slit2 inhibits human fibrocyte differentiation. In mice, injections of Slit2 inhibit bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis. In lung tissue from pulmonary fibrosis patients with relatively normal lung function, Slit2 has a widespread distribution whereas, in patients with advanced disease, there is less Slit2 in the fibrotic lesions. These data may explain why fibrocytes are rarely observed in healthy tissues, may suggest that the relative levels of Slit2 present in healthy tissue and at sites of fibrosis may have a significant effect on the decision of monocytes to differentiate into fibrocytes, and may indicate that modulating Slit2 signaling may be useful as a therapeutic for fibrosis.
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Lim R, Liong S, Barker G, Lappas M. Slit2 is decreased after spontaneous labour in myometrium and regulates pro-labour mediators. J Reprod Immunol 2014; 106:76-88. [PMID: 25130654 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Preterm birth, a global healthcare problem, is commonly associated with inflammation. As Slit2 plays an emerging role in inflammation, the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Slit2 on labour mediators in human gestational tissues. Slit2 mRNA and protein expression were assessed using qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry in foetal membranes and myometrium obtained before and after labour. Slit2 silencing was achieved using siRNA in primary myometrial cells. Pro-inflammatory and pro-labour mediators were evaluated by qRT-PCR, ELISA and gelatin zymography. Slit2 mRNA and protein expression were found to be significantly lower in myometrium after labour onset. There was no effect of term or preterm labour on Slit2 expression in foetal membranes. Slit2 mRNA expression was decreased in myometrium treated with LPS and IL-1β. Slit2 siRNA in myometrial cells increased IL-1β-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression and release (IL-6 and IL-8), COX-2 expression and prostaglandin PGE2 and PGF2α release, and MMP-9 gene expression and pro MMP-9 release. There was no effect of Slit2 siRNA on IL-1β-induced NF-κB transcriptional activity. Our results demonstrate that Slit2 is decreased in human myometrium after labour and our knock-down studies describe an anti-inflammatory effect of Slit2 in myometrial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratana Lim
- Mercy Perinatal Research Centre, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; Obstetrics, Nutrition and Endocrinology Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stella Liong
- Mercy Perinatal Research Centre, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; Obstetrics, Nutrition and Endocrinology Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gillian Barker
- Mercy Perinatal Research Centre, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; Obstetrics, Nutrition and Endocrinology Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Martha Lappas
- Mercy Perinatal Research Centre, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; Obstetrics, Nutrition and Endocrinology Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Zhao H, Anand AR, Ganju RK. Slit2-Robo4 pathway modulates lipopolysaccharide-induced endothelial inflammation and its expression is dysregulated during endotoxemia. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2014; 192:385-93. [PMID: 24272999 PMCID: PMC3908786 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The secretory protein Slit2 and its receptors Robo1 and Robo4 are considered to regulate mobility and permeability of endothelial cells and other cell types. However, the roles of Slit2 and its two receptors in endothelial inflammatory responses remain to be clarified. In this study, we show that, in primary HUVECs, Slit2 represses LPS-induced secretion of certain inflammatory cytokines/chemokines, cell adhesion molecule ICAM-1 upregulation, and monocyte adhesion. Slit2's anti-inflammatory effect is mediated by its dominant endothelial-specific receptor Robo4. However, the minor receptor Robo1 has proinflammatory properties and is downregulated by Slit2 via targeting of miR-218. Elucidation of molecular mechanism reveals that Slit2 represses inflammatory responses by inhibiting the Pyk2-NF-κB pathway downstream of LPS-TLR4. Further studies reveal that LPS enhances endothelial inflammation by downregulating the anti-inflammatory Slit2 and Robo4 in HUVECs in vitro, as well as in arterial endothelial cells and liver in vivo during endotoxemia. These results suggest that Slit2-Robo4 signaling is important in regulating LPS-induced endothelial inflammation, and LPS, in turn, enhances inflammation by interfering with the expression of the anti-inflammatory Slit2-Robo4 during the disease state. This implies that Slit2-Robo4 is a key regulator of endothelial inflammation, and its dysregulation during endotoxemia is a novel mechanism for LPS-induced vascular pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helong Zhao
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210
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Lim R, Barker G, Lappas M. SLIT3 is increased in supracervical human foetal membranes and in labouring myometrium and regulates pro-inflammatory mediators. Am J Reprod Immunol 2013; 71:297-311. [PMID: 24286238 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Inflammation is associated with preterm birth, a worldwide healthcare issue. SLIT3 has a role in inflammation, and thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of SLIT3 on labour mediators in human gestational tissues. METHOD OF STUDY SLIT3 protein expression was performed using immunohistochemistry in foetal membranes and myometrium with no labour and after labour. Foetal membranes were also obtained from a distal site (DS) and supracervical site (overlying the cervix; SCS). SLIT3 gene silencing was achieved using siRNA in primary amnion and myometrial cells. Pro-inflammatory and pro-labour mediators were evaluated by qRT-PCR, ELISA and gelatin zymography. RESULTS SLIT3 expression was greater in foetal membranes from the SCS compared with DS and in myometrium after term spontaneous labour onset. SLIT3 siRNA in primary amnion and myometrial cells decreased IL-1β-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression and release (IL-6 and IL-8) and MMP-9 gene expression and release. In amnion cells, SLIT3 siRNA knockdown decreased IL-1β-induced COX-2 expression and prostaglandin PGE2 release. There was no effect of SLIT3 siRNA on IL-1β-induced NF-κB transcriptional activity. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that SLIT3 is increased with labour, and both our amnion and our myometrial studies describe a pro-inflammatory effect of SLIT3 in these tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratana Lim
- Mercy Perinatal Research Centre, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia
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Zhou WJ, Geng ZH, Spence JR, Geng JG. Induction of intestinal stem cells by R-spondin 1 and Slit2 augments chemoradioprotection. Nature 2013; 501:107-11. [PMID: 23903657 PMCID: PMC3888063 DOI: 10.1038/nature12416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cancer research has been rightly and successfully focused on prevention, early detection, and identification of specific molecular targets that distinguish the malignant cells from the neighbouring benign cells. However, reducing lethal tissue injury caused by intensive chemoradiotherapy during treatment of late-stage metastatic cancers remains a key clinical challenge. Here we tested whether the induction of adult stem cells could repair chemoradiation-induced tissue injury and prolong overall survival in mice. We found that intestinal stem cells (ISCs) expressed Slit2 and its single-span transmembrane cell-surface receptor roundabout 1 (Robo1). Partial genetic deletion of Robo1 decreased ISC numbers and caused villus hypotrophy, whereas a Slit2 transgene increased ISC numbers and triggered villus hypertrophy. During lethal dosages of chemoradiation, administering a short pulse of R-spondin 1 (Rspo1; a Wnt agonist) plus Slit2 reduced ISC loss, mitigated gut impairment and protected animals from death, without concomitantly decreasing tumour sensitivity to chemotherapy. Therefore Rspo1 and Slit2 may act as therapeutic adjuvants to enhance host tolerance to aggressive chemoradiotherapy for eradicating metastatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jie Zhou
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Zhen H. Geng
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jason R. Spence
- Departments of Cell and Developmental Biology and Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jian-Guo Geng
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Vascular injury is a common contributor to, and complication of, kidney disease. Given the prevalence and importance of vascular injury in renal disease, interest has grown in a novel signaling pathway first identified in developing neurons that also has widespread effects on vascular structure and function, comprising the secreted ligand Slit2 and its cognate Roundabout (Robo) receptors. RECENT FINDINGS Although initially discovered as a modulator of neuronal migration during development, the Slit2-Robo signaling pathway has recently been found to regulate the structure and function of various subsets of vascular cells and circulating hematopoietic cells that interact with the vessel wall. Through the regulation of intermediate signaling enzymes that control the organization of the actin cytoskeleton, Slit2 and its Robo receptors regulate such diverse processes as angiogenesis, endothelial permeability, vascular smooth muscle cell migration, and thrombosis. SUMMARY Recent advances in our understanding of Slit2-Robo signaling have provided novel insights into the pathophysiology of vascular injury that is commonly associated with renal disease. These insights have created potential opportunities for the development of new therapies targeting vascular injury associated with renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren A Yuen
- Division of Nephrology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Armstrong SM, Mubareka S, Lee WL. The lung microvascular endothelium as a therapeutic target in severe influenza. Antiviral Res 2013; 99:113-8. [PMID: 23685311 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Severe infections with influenza virus are characterized by acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a life-threatening disorder in which the alveolocapillary membrane in the lung becomes leaky. This leads to alveolar flooding, hypoxemia and respiratory failure. Recent data suggest that influenza virus can exert both direct and indirect effects on the lung endothelium, activating it and inducing microvascular leak. These findings raise the possibility that enhancing lung endothelial barrier integrity or modulating lung endothelial activation may prove therapeutically useful for severe influenza. In this paper, we review evidence that lung endothelial activation and vascular leak are a "final common pathway" in severe influenza, as has been reported in bacterial sepsis, and that enhancing endothelial barrier function may improve the outcome of illness. We describe a number of experimental therapies that have shown promise in preventing or reversing increased vascular leak in animal models of sepsis or influenza.
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Wang G, Li Y, Wang XY, Han Z, Chuai M, Wang LJ, Ho Lee KK, Geng JG, Yang X. Slit/Robo1 signaling regulates neural tube development by balancing neuroepithelial cell proliferation and differentiation. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:1083-93. [PMID: 23438940 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Formation of the neural tube is the morphological hallmark for development of the embryonic central nervous system (CNS). Therefore, neural tube development is a crucial step in the neurulation process. Slit/Robo signaling was initially identified as a chemo-repellent that regulated axon growth cone elongation, but its role in controlling neural tube development is currently unknown. To address this issue, we investigated Slit/Robo1 signaling in the development of chick neCollege of Life Sciences Biocentre, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UKural tube and transgenic mice over-expressing Slit2. We disrupted Slit/Robo1 signaling by injecting R5 monoclonal antibodies into HH10 neural tubes to block the Robo1 receptor. This inhibited the normal development of the ventral body curvature and caused the spinal cord to curl up into a S-shape. Next, Slit/Robo1 signaling on one half-side of the chick embryo neural tube was disturbed by electroporation in ovo. We found that the morphology of the neural tube was dramatically abnormal after we interfered with Slit/Robo1 signaling. Furthermore, we established that silencing Robo1 inhibited cell proliferation while over-expressing Robo1 enhanced cell proliferation. We also investigated the effects of altering Slit/Robo1 expression on Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) and Pax7 expression in the developing neural tube. We demonstrated that over-expressing Robo1 down-regulated Shh expression in the ventral neural tube and resulted in the production of fewer HNK-1(+) migrating neural crest cells (NCCs). In addition, Robo1 over-expression enhanced Pax7 expression in the dorsal neural tube and increased the number of Slug(+) pre-migratory NCCs. Conversely, silencing Robo1 expression resulted in an enhanced Shh expression and more HNK-1(+) migrating NCCs but reduced Pax7 expression and fewer Slug(+) pre-migratory NCCs were observed. In conclusion, we propose that Slit/Robo1 signaling is involved in regulating neural tube development by tightly coordinating cell proliferation and differentiation during neurulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of The Ministry of Education, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Towards a functional proteomics approach to the comprehension of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, sarcoidosis, systemic sclerosis and pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis. J Proteomics 2013; 83:60-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Ma Y, Mi YJ, Dai YK, Fu HL, Cui DX, Jin WL. The inverse F-BAR domain protein srGAP2 acts through srGAP3 to modulate neuronal differentiation and neurite outgrowth of mouse neuroblastoma cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57865. [PMID: 23505444 PMCID: PMC3591447 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The inverse F-BAR (IF-BAR) domain proteins srGAP1, srGAP2 and srGAP3 are implicated in neuronal development and may be linked to mental retardation, schizophrenia and seizure. A partially overlapping expression pattern and highly similar protein structures indicate a functional redundancy of srGAPs in neuronal development. Our previous study suggests that srGAP3 negatively regulates neuronal differentiation in a Rac1-dependent manner in mouse Neuro2a cells. Here we show that exogenously expressed srGAP1 and srGAP2 are sufficient to inhibit valporic acid (VPA)-induced neurite initiation and growth in the mouse Neuro2a cells. While ectopic- or over-expression of RhoGAP-defective mutants, srGAP1R542A and srGAP2R527A exert a visible inhibitory effect on neuronal differentiation. Unexpectedly, knockdown of endogenous srGAP2 fails to facilitate the neuronal differentiation induced by VPA, but promotes neurite outgrowth of differentiated cells. All three IF-BAR domains from srGAP1-3 can induce filopodia formation in Neuro2a, but the isolated IF-BAR domain from srGAP2, not from srGAP1 and srGAP3, can promote VPA-induced neurite initiation and neuronal differentiation. We identify biochemical and functional interactions of the three srGAPs family members. We propose that srGAP3-Rac1 signaling may be required for the effect of srGAP1 and srGAP2 on attenuating neuronal differentiation. Furthermore, inhibition of Slit-Robo interaction can phenocopy a loss-of-function of srGAP3, indicating that srGAP3 may be dedicated to the Slit-Robo pathway. Our results demonstrate the interplay between srGAP1, srGAP2 and srGAP3 regulates neuronal differentiation and neurite outgrowth. These findings may provide us new insights into the possible roles of srGAPs in neuronal development and a potential mechanism for neurodevelopmental diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ma
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Department of Bio-Nano-Science and Engineering, Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Jing Mi
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Lab of Cell Biology & Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Kai Dai
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua-Lin Fu
- Department of Bio-Nano-Science and Engineering, Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Da-Xiang Cui
- Department of Bio-Nano-Science and Engineering, Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Lin Jin
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Department of Bio-Nano-Science and Engineering, Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Domyan ET, Branchfield K, Gibson DA, Naiche L, Lewandoski M, Tessier-Lavigne M, Ma L, Sun X. Roundabout receptors are critical for foregut separation from the body wall. Dev Cell 2013; 24:52-63. [PMID: 23328398 PMCID: PMC3551250 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2012.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Revised: 10/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, precise placement of organs is essential for survival. We show here that inactivation of Roundabout (Robo) receptors 1 and 2 in mice leads to mispositioning of the stomach in the thoracic instead of the abdominal cavity, which likely contributes to poor lung inflation and lethality at birth, reminiscent of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) cases in humans. Unexpectedly, in Robo mutant mice, the primary defect preceding organ misplacement and diaphragm malformation is a delayed separation of foregut from the dorsal body wall. Foregut separation is a rarely considered morphogenetic event, and our data indicate that it occurs via repulsion of Robo-expressing foregut cells away from the Slit ligand source. In humans, genomic lesions containing Robo genes have been documented in CDH. Our findings suggest that separation of the foregut from the body wall is genetically controlled and that defects in this event may contribute to CDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Thomas Domyan
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Kelsey Branchfield
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Daniel A. Gibson
- Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - L.A. Naiche
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Lab, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Mark Lewandoski
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Lab, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | | | - Le Ma
- Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Xin Sun
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Anand AR, Zhao H, Nagaraja T, Robinson LA, Ganju RK. N-terminal Slit2 inhibits HIV-1 replication by regulating the actin cytoskeleton. Retrovirology 2013; 10:2. [PMID: 23294842 PMCID: PMC3562244 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Slit2 is a ~ 200 kDa secreted glycoprotein that has been recently shown to regulate immune functions. However, not much is known about its role in HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)-1 pathogenesis. RESULTS In the present study, we have shown that the N-terminal fragment of Slit2 (Slit2N) (~120 kDa) inhibits replication of both CXCR4 and CCR5-tropic HIV-1 viruses in T-cell lines and peripheral blood T-cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated inhibition of HIV-1 infection in resting CD4+ T-cells. In addition, we showed that Slit2N blocks cell-to-cell transmission of HIV-1. We have shown that Slit2N inhibits HIV-1 infection by blocking viral entry into T-cells. We also ruled out Slit2N-mediated inhibition of various other steps in the life cycle including binding, integration and viral transcription. Elucidation of the molecular mechanism revealed that Slit2N mediates its functional effects by binding to Robo1 receptor. Furthermore, we found that Slit2N inhibited Gp120-induced Robo1-actin association suggesting that Slit2N may inhibit cytoskeletal rearrangements facilitating HIV-1 entry. Studies into the mechanism of inhibition of HIV-1 revealed that Slit2N abrogated HIV-1 envelope-induced actin cytoskeletal dynamics in both T-cell lines and primary T-cells. We further showed that Slit2N specifically attenuated the HIV-1 envelope-induced signaling pathway consisting of Rac1, LIMK and cofilin that regulates actin polymerization. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results show that Slit2N inhibits HIV-1 replication through novel mechanisms involving modulation of cytoskeletal dynamics. Our study, thus, provides insights into the role of Slit2N in HIV-1 infection and underscores its potential in limiting viral replication in T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Appakkudal R Anand
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 460 W 12th Avenue, 810 Biological Research Tower, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Funk SD, Orr AW. Ephs and ephrins resurface in inflammation, immunity, and atherosclerosis. Pharmacol Res 2013; 67:42-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2012.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Byun J, Kim BT, Kim YT, Jiao Z, Hur EM, Zhou FQ. Slit2 inactivates GSK3β to signal neurite outgrowth inhibition. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51895. [PMID: 23284807 PMCID: PMC3526488 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Slit molecules comprise one of the four canonical families of axon guidance cues that steer the growth cone in the developing nervous system. Apart from their role in axon pathfinding, emerging lines of evidence suggest that a wide range of cellular processes are regulated by Slit, ranging from branch formation and fasciculation during neurite outgrowth to tumor progression and to angiogenesis. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms downstream of Slit remain largely unknown, in part, because of a lack of a readily manipulatable system that produces easily identifiable traits in response to Slit. The present study demonstrates the feasibility of using the cell line CAD as an assay system to dissect the signaling pathways triggered by Slit. Here, we show that CAD cells express receptors for Slit (Robo1 and Robo2) and that CAD cells respond to nanomolar concentrations of Slit2 by markedly decelerating the rate of process extension. Using this system, we reveal that Slit2 inactivates GSK3β and that inhibition of GSK3β is required for Slit2 to inhibit process outgrowth. Furthermore, we show that Slit2 induces GSK3β phosphorylation and inhibits neurite outgrowth in adult dorsal root ganglion neurons, validating Slit2 signaling in primary neurons. Given that CAD cells can be conveniently manipulated using standard molecular biological methods and that the process extension phenotype regulated by Slit2 can be readily traced and quantified, the use of a cell line CAD will facilitate the identification of downstream effectors and elucidation of signaling cascade triggered by Slit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Byun
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bo Taek Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yun Tai Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhongxian Jiao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Eun-Mi Hur
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (F-QZ); (E-MH)
| | - Feng-Quan Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (F-QZ); (E-MH)
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Prasad A, Kuzontkoski PM, Shrivastava A, Zhu W, Li DY, Groopman JE. Slit2N/Robo1 inhibit HIV-gp120-induced migration and podosome formation in immature dendritic cells by sequestering LSP1 and WASp. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48854. [PMID: 23119100 PMCID: PMC3485365 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-mediated transmission and dissemination of sexually-acquired human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) in the host involves the migration of immature dendritic cells (iDCs). iDCs migrate in response to the HIV-1 envelope protein, gp120, and inhibiting such migration may limit the mucosal transmission of HIV-1. In this study, we elucidated the mechanism of HIV-1-gp120-induced transendothelial migration of iDCs. We found that gp120 enhanced the binding of Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome protein (WASp) and the Actin-Related Protein 2/3 (Arp2/3) complex with β-actin, an interaction essential for the proper formation of podosomes, specialized adhesion structures required for the migration of iDCs through different tissues. We further identified Leukocyte-Specific Protein 1 (LSP1) as a novel component of the WASp-Arp2/3-β-actin complex. Pretreating iDCs with an active fragment of the secretory glycoprotein Slit2 (Slit2N) inhibited HIV-1-gp120-mediated migration and podosome formation, by inducing the cognate receptor Roundabout 1 (Robo1) to bind to and sequester WASp and LSP1 from β-actin. Slit2N treatment also inhibited Src signaling and the activation of several downstream molecules, including Rac1, Pyk2, paxillin, and CDC42, a major regulator of podosome formation. Taken together, our results support a novel mechanism by which Slit2/Robo1 may inhibit the HIV-1-gp120-induced migration of iDCs, thereby restricting dissemination of HIV-1 from mucosal surfaces in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Prasad
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Paula M. Kuzontkoski
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ashutosh Shrivastava
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Weiquan Zhu
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Dean Y. Li
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Jerome E. Groopman
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Bravo-Ambrosio A, Mastick G, Kaprielian Z. Motor axon exit from the mammalian spinal cord is controlled by the homeodomain protein Nkx2.9 via Robo-Slit signaling. Development 2012; 139:1435-46. [PMID: 22399681 PMCID: PMC3308178 DOI: 10.1242/dev.072256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian motor circuits control voluntary movements by transmitting signals from the central nervous system (CNS) to muscle targets. To form these circuits, motor neurons (MNs) must extend their axons out of the CNS. Although exit from the CNS is an indispensable phase of motor axon pathfinding, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain obscure. Here, we present the first identification of a genetic pathway that regulates motor axon exit from the vertebrate spinal cord, utilizing spinal accessory motor neurons (SACMNs) as a model system. SACMNs are a homogeneous population of spinal MNs with axons that leave the CNS through a discrete lateral exit point (LEP) and can be visualized by the expression of the cell surface protein BEN. We show that the homeodomain transcription factor Nkx2.9 is selectively required for SACMN axon exit and identify the Robo2 guidance receptor as a likely downstream effector of Nkx2.9; loss of Nkx2.9 leads to a reduction in Robo2 mRNA and protein within SACMNs and SACMN axons fail to exit the spinal cord in Robo2-deficient mice. Consistent with short-range interactions between Robo2 and Slit ligands regulating SACMN axon exit, Robo2-expressing SACMN axons normally navigate through LEP-associated Slits as they emerge from the spinal cord, and fail to exit in Slit-deficient mice. Our studies support the view that Nkx2.9 controls SACMN axon exit from the mammalian spinal cord by regulating Robo-Slit signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlene Bravo-Ambrosio
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Grant Mastick
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Zaven Kaprielian
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Guijarro-Muñoz I, Cuesta AM, Alvarez-Cienfuegos A, Geng JG, Alvarez-Vallina L, Sanz L. The axonal repellent Slit2 inhibits pericyte migration: potential implications in angiogenesis. Exp Cell Res 2012; 318:371-8. [PMID: 22198087 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The Slit family of secreted proteins acts through the Roundabout (Robo) receptors to repel axonal migration during central nervous system development. Emerging evidence shows that Slit/Robo interactions also play a role in angiogenesis. The effect of Robo signaling on endothelial cells has been shown to be context-dependent. However, the role of Slit/Robo in pericytes has been largely unexplored. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of Slit2 on primary human pericytes and to address the underlying mechanisms, including the receptors potentially implicated. We demonstrate that both Robo1 and Robo4 are expressed by human pericytes. In the presence of their ligand Slit2, spontaneous and PDGF-induced migration of pericytes was impaired. This antimigratory activity of Slit-2 correlated with the inhibition of actin-based protrusive structures. Interestingly, human pericyte interaction with immobilized Slit2 was inhibited in the presence of anti-Robo1 and anti-Robo4 blocking antibodies, suggesting the implication of both receptors. These results add new insights into the role of Slit proteins during the angiogenic process that relies on the directional migration not only of endothelial cells but also of pericytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Guijarro-Muñoz
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, 28222 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
The Slit family of secreted proteins and their transmembrane receptor, Robo, were originally identified in the nervous system where they function as axon guidance cues and branching factors during development. Since their discovery, a great number of additional roles have been attributed to Slit/Robo signaling, including regulating the critical processes of cell proliferation and cell motility in a variety of cell and tissue types. These processes are often deregulated during cancer progression, allowing tumor cells to bypass safeguarding mechanisms in the cell and the environment in order to grow and escape to new tissues. In the past decade, it has been shown that the expression of Slit and Robo is altered in a wide variety of cancer types, identifying them as potential therapeutic targets. Further, studies have demonstrated dual roles for Slits and Robos in cancer, acting as both oncogenes and tumor suppressors. This bifunctionality is also observed in their roles as axon guidance cues in the developing nervous system, where they both attract and repel neuronal migration. The fact that this signaling axis can have opposite functions depending on the cellular circumstance make its actions challenging to define. Here, we summarize our current understanding of the dual roles that Slit/Robo signaling play in development, epithelial tumor progression, and tumor angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimmi S. Ballard
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz CA 95064
| | - Lindsay Hinck
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz CA 95064
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50
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PI3K functions in cancer progression, anticancer immunity and immune evasion by tumors. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2011:947858. [PMID: 22046194 PMCID: PMC3199188 DOI: 10.1155/2011/947858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The immunological surveillance of tumors relies on a specific recognition of cancer cells and their associate antigens by leucocytes of innate and adaptive immune responses. However, a dysregulated cytokine release can lead to, or be associated with, a failure in cell-cell recognition, thus, allowing cancer cells to evade the killing system. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway regulates multiple cellular processes which underlie immune responses against pathogens or malignant cells. Conversely, there is accumulating evidence that the PI3K pathway is involved in the development of several malignant traits of cancer cells as well as their escape from immunity. Herein, we review the counteracting roles of PI3K not only in antitumor immune response but also in the mechanisms that cancer cells use to avoid leukocyte attack. In addition, we discuss, from antitumor immunological point of view, the potential benefits and disadvantages arising from use of anticancer pharmacological agents targeting the PI3K pathway.
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