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Sumitomo T, Kawabata S. Respiratory tract barrier dysfunction in viral-bacterial co-infection cases. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2024; 60:44-52. [PMID: 38274948 PMCID: PMC10808858 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2023.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
A preceding viral infection of the respiratory tract predisposes the host to secondary bacterial pneumonia, known as a major cause of morbidity and mortality. However, the underlying mechanism of the viral-bacterial synergy that leads to disease progression has remained elusive, thus hampering the production of effective prophylactic and therapeutic intervention options. In addition to viral-induced airway epithelial damage, which allows dissemination of bacteria to the lower respiratory tract and increases their invasiveness, dysfunction of immune defense following a viral infection has been implicated as a factor for enhanced susceptibility to secondary bacterial infections. Given the proximity of the oral cavity to the respiratory tract, where viruses enter and replicate, it is also well-established that oral health status can significantly influence the initiation, progression, and pathology of respiratory viral infections. This review was conducted to focus on the dysfunction of the respiratory barrier, which plays a crucial role in providing physical and secretory barriers as well as immune defense in the context of viral-bacterial synergy. Greater understanding of barrier response to viral-bacterial co-infections, will ultimately lead to development of effective, broad-spectrum therapeutic approaches for prevention of enhanced susceptibility to these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Sumitomo
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima 770–8504, Japan
| | - Shigetada Kawabata
- Department of Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka 565–0871, Japan
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2
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Baumgarth N, Prieto AC, Luo Z, Kulaga H. B cells modulate lung antiviral inflammatory responses via the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4421566. [PMID: 38978583 PMCID: PMC11230464 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4421566/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
The rapid onset of innate immune defenses is critical for early control of viral replication in an infected host, yet it can also lead to irreversible tissue damage, especially in the respiratory tract. Intricate regulatory mechanisms must exist that modulate inflammation, while controlling the infection. Here, B cells expressing choline acetyl transferase (ChAT), an enzyme required for production of the metabolite and neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) are identified as such regulators of the immediate early response to influenza A virus. Lung tissue ChAT + B cells are shown to interact with a7 nicotinic Ach receptor-expressing lung interstitial macrophages in mice within 24h of infection to control their production of TNFa, shifting the balance towards reduced inflammation at the cost of enhanced viral replication. Thus, innate-stimulated B cells are key participants of an immediate-early regulatory cascade that controls lung tissue damage after viral infection.
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Gonçalves SM, Pereira I, Feys S, Cunha C, Chamilos G, Hoenigl M, Wauters J, van de Veerdonk FL, Carvalho A. Integrating genetic and immune factors to uncover pathogenetic mechanisms of viral-associated pulmonary aspergillosis. mBio 2024; 15:e0198223. [PMID: 38651925 PMCID: PMC11237550 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01982-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is a severe fungal infection primarily affecting immunocompromised patients. Individuals with severe viral infections have recently been identified as vulnerable to developing invasive fungal infections. Both influenza-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (IAPA) and COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) are linked to high mortality rates, emphasizing the urgent need for an improved understanding of disease pathogenesis to unveil new molecular targets with diagnostic and therapeutic potential. The recent establishment of animal models replicating the co-infection context has offered crucial insights into the mechanisms that underlie susceptibility to disease. However, the development and progression of human viral-fungal co-infections exhibit a significant degree of interindividual variability, even among patients with similar clinical conditions. This observation implies a significant role for host genetics, but information regarding the genetic basis for viral-fungal co-infections is currently limited. In this review, we discuss how genetic factors known to affect either antiviral or antifungal immunity could potentially reveal pathogenetic mechanisms that predispose to IAPA or CAPA and influence the overall disease course. These insights are anticipated to foster further research in both pre-clinical models and human patients, aiming to elucidate the complex pathophysiology of viral-associated pulmonary aspergillosis and contributing to the identification of new diagnostic and therapeutic targets to improve the management of these co-infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M Gonçalves
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães/Braga, Portugal
| | - Inês Pereira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães/Braga, Portugal
| | - Simon Feys
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Department of General Internal Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Cristina Cunha
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães/Braga, Portugal
| | - Georgios Chamilos
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Martin Hoenigl
- Division of Infectious Diseases, ECMM Excellence Center for Medical Mycology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed, Graz, Austria
| | - Joost Wauters
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Department of General Internal Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frank L van de Veerdonk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Agostinho Carvalho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães/Braga, Portugal
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4
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Gingerich A, Mahoney L, McCormick AL, Miller RJ, Mousa J. Human monoclonal antibodies protect against viral-mediated pneumococcal superinfection. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1364622. [PMID: 38933273 PMCID: PMC11199387 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1364622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a global health concern, with 25% of cases attributed to Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn). Viral infections like influenza A virus (IAV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) increase the risk of Spn, leading to severe complications due to compromised host immunity. Methods We evaluated the efficacy of an anti-PhtD monoclonal antibody (mAb) cocktail therapy (PhtD3 + 7) in improving survival rates in three viral/bacterial coinfection models: IAV/Spn, hMPV/Spn, and RSV/Spn. Results The PhtD3 + 7 mAb cocktail outperformed antiviral mAbs, resulting in prolonged survival. In the IAV/Spn model, it reduced bacterial titers in blood and lungs by 2-4 logs. In the hMPV/Spn model, PhtD3 + 7 provided greater protection than the hMPV-neutralizing mAb MPV467, significantly reducing bacterial titers. In the RSV/Spn model, PhtD3 + 7 offered slightly better protection than the antiviral mAb D25, uniquely decreasing bacterial titers in blood and lungs. Discussion Given the threat of antibiotic resistance, our findings highlight the potential of anti-PhtD mAb therapy as an effective option for treating viral and secondary pneumococcal coinfections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Gingerich
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Lauren Mahoney
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Anna L. McCormick
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Rose J. Miller
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Jarrod Mousa
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
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5
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Das S, Kaminski TW, Schlegel BT, Bain W, Hu S, Patel A, Kale SL, Chen K, Lee JS, Mallampalli RK, Kagan VE, Rajasundaram D, McVerry BJ, Sundd P, Kitsios GD, Ray A, Ray P. Neutrophils and galectin-3 defend mice from lethal bacterial infection and humans from acute respiratory failure. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4724. [PMID: 38830855 PMCID: PMC11148175 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48796-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Respiratory infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, common in hospitalized immunocompromised and immunocompetent ventilated patients, can be life-threatening because of antibiotic resistance. This raises the question of whether the host's immune system can be educated to combat this bacterium. Here we show that prior exposure to a single low dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) protects mice from a lethal infection by P. aeruginosa. LPS exposure trained the innate immune system by promoting expansion of neutrophil and interstitial macrophage populations distinguishable from other immune cells with enrichment of gene sets for phagocytosis- and cell-killing-associated genes. The cell-killing gene set in the neutrophil population uniquely expressed Lgals3, which encodes the multifunctional antibacterial protein, galectin-3. Intravital imaging for bacterial phagocytosis, assessment of bacterial killing and neutrophil-associated galectin-3 protein levels together with use of galectin-3-deficient mice collectively highlight neutrophils and galectin-3 as central players in LPS-mediated protection. Patients with acute respiratory failure revealed significantly higher galectin-3 levels in endotracheal aspirates (ETAs) of survivors compared to non-survivors, galectin-3 levels strongly correlating with a neutrophil signature in the ETAs and a prognostically favorable hypoinflammatory plasma biomarker subphenotype. Taken together, our study provides impetus for harnessing the potential of galectin-3-expressing neutrophils to protect from lethal infections and respiratory failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipta Das
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine and Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Tomasz W Kaminski
- VERSITI Blood Research Institute and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA
| | - Brent T Schlegel
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Health Informatics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - William Bain
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine and Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Veteran's Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, 15240, USA
| | - Sanmei Hu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine and Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Akruti Patel
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine and Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Sagar L Kale
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine and Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Kong Chen
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine and Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Janet S Lee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Rama K Mallampalli
- Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University (OSU), Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Valerian E Kagan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Dhivyaa Rajasundaram
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Health Informatics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Bryan J McVerry
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine and Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Prithu Sundd
- VERSITI Blood Research Institute and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA
| | - Georgios D Kitsios
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine and Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Anuradha Ray
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine and Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Prabir Ray
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine and Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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Ruscitti C, Radermecker C, Marichal T. Journey of monocytes and macrophages upon influenza A virus infection. Curr Opin Virol 2024; 66:101409. [PMID: 38564993 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2024.101409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) infections pose a global health challenge that necessitates a comprehensive understanding of the host immune response to devise effective therapeutic interventions. As monocytes and macrophages play crucial roles in host defence, inflammation, and repair, this review explores the intricate journey of these cells during and after IAV infection. First, we highlight the dynamics and functions of lung-resident macrophage populations post-IAV. Second, we review the current knowledge of recruited monocytes and monocyte-derived cells, emphasising their roles in viral clearance, inflammation, immunomodulation, and tissue repair. Third, we shed light on the consequences of IAV-induced macrophage alterations on long-term lung immunity. We conclude by underscoring current knowledge gaps and exciting prospects for future research in unravelling the complexities of macrophage responses to respiratory viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Ruscitti
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, GIGA Institute, Liège University, Avenue de l'Hôpital 11, 4000 Liège, Belgium; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège University, Avenue de Cureghem 5D, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Coraline Radermecker
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, GIGA Institute, Liège University, Avenue de l'Hôpital 11, 4000 Liège, Belgium; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège University, Avenue de Cureghem 5D, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Thomas Marichal
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, GIGA Institute, Liège University, Avenue de l'Hôpital 11, 4000 Liège, Belgium; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège University, Avenue de Cureghem 5D, 4000 Liège, Belgium; Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO) Department, WEL Research Institute, 1300 Wavre, Belgium.
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7
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Maia AR, Cezard A, Fouquenet D, Vasseur V, Briard B, Sirard JC, Si-Tahar M, Hervé V. Preventive nasal administration of flagellin restores antimicrobial effect of gentamicin and protects against a multidrug-resistant strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2024; 68:e0136123. [PMID: 38526073 PMCID: PMC11064517 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01361-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) is a significant concern for chronic respiratory disease exacerbations. Host-directed drugs, such as flagellin, an agonist of toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5), have emerged as a promising solution. In this study, we evaluated the prophylactic intranasal administration of flagellin against a multidrug-resistant strain of PA (PAMDR) in mice and assessed the possible synergy with the antibiotic gentamicin (GNT). The results indicated that flagellin treatment before infection decreased bacterial load in the lungs, likely due to an increase in neutrophil recruitment, and reduced signs of inflammation, including proinflammatory cytokines. The combination of flagellin and GNT showed a synergistic effect, decreasing even more the bacterial load and increasing mice survival rates, in comparison to mice pre-treated only with flagellin. These findings suggest that preventive nasal administration of flagellin could restore the effect of GNT against MDR strains of PA, paving the way for the use of flagellin in vulnerable patients with chronic respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Raquel Maia
- INSERM, Centre d’Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), UMR 1100, Tours, France
- Université de Tours, Faculté de Médecine, Tours, France
| | - Adeline Cezard
- INSERM, Centre d’Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), UMR 1100, Tours, France
- Université de Tours, Faculté de Médecine, Tours, France
| | - Delphine Fouquenet
- INSERM, Centre d’Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), UMR 1100, Tours, France
- Université de Tours, Faculté de Médecine, Tours, France
| | - Virginie Vasseur
- INSERM, Centre d’Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), UMR 1100, Tours, France
- Université de Tours, Faculté de Médecine, Tours, France
| | - Benoit Briard
- INSERM, Centre d’Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), UMR 1100, Tours, France
- Université de Tours, Faculté de Médecine, Tours, France
| | - Jean-Claude Sirard
- Université Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 – UMR8204 – CIIL – Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Mustapha Si-Tahar
- INSERM, Centre d’Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), UMR 1100, Tours, France
- Université de Tours, Faculté de Médecine, Tours, France
| | - Virginie Hervé
- INSERM, Centre d’Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), UMR 1100, Tours, France
- Université de Tours, Faculté de Médecine, Tours, France
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8
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Moon S, Han S, Jang IH, Ryu J, Rha MS, Cho HJ, Yoon SS, Nam KT, Kim CH, Park MS, Seong JK, Lee WJ, Yoon JH, Chung YW, Ryu JH. Airway epithelial CD47 plays a critical role in inducing influenza virus-mediated bacterial super-infection. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3666. [PMID: 38693120 PMCID: PMC11063069 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47963-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viral infection increases host susceptibility to secondary bacterial infections, yet the precise dynamics within airway epithelia remain elusive. Here, we elucidate the pivotal role of CD47 in the airway epithelium during bacterial super-infection. We demonstrated that upon influenza virus infection, CD47 expression was upregulated and localized on the apical surface of ciliated cells within primary human nasal or bronchial epithelial cells. This induced CD47 exposure provided attachment sites for Staphylococcus aureus, thereby compromising the epithelial barrier integrity. Through bacterial adhesion assays and in vitro pull-down assays, we identified fibronectin-binding proteins (FnBP) of S. aureus as a key component that binds to CD47. Furthermore, we found that ciliated cell-specific CD47 deficiency or neutralizing antibody-mediated CD47 inactivation enhanced in vivo survival rates. These findings suggest that interfering with the interaction between airway epithelial CD47 and pathogenic bacterial FnBP holds promise for alleviating the adverse effects of super-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungmin Moon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghan Han
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Hwan Jang
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Hologenomics and School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaechan Ryu
- Microenvironment and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1224, Paris, France
| | - Min-Seok Rha
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Ju Cho
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Airway Mucus Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Sun Yoon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Taek Nam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Hoon Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Airway Mucus Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Man-Seong Park
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, Vaccine Innovation Center, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Je Kyung Seong
- Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Jae Lee
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Hologenomics and School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Heon Yoon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Airway Mucus Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn Wook Chung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
- Airway Mucus Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji-Hwan Ryu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Wei H, Wang W, Bai Q, Li Z. Primary Vocal Cord Aspergillosis Can Involve the Trachea and Bronchus in Previously Healthy Patients: A Case Report. EAR, NOSE & THROAT JOURNAL 2024:1455613241249097. [PMID: 38676418 DOI: 10.1177/01455613241249097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Primary vocal cord aspergillosis is extremely rare in immunocompetent individuals, in whom lesions are mainly confined to the larynx, with the possibility of tracheal and bronchial infection largely ignored. In this article, we present a case of primary vocal cord aspergillosis involving the trachea and bronchus in a previously healthy 55-year-old woman. Our case highlights that vocal cord aspergillosis can involve the trachea and bronchus and that laryngoscopy alone may be insufficient to secure a comprehensive diagnosis in healthy patients presenting with hoarseness, pharyngalgia, and normal chest radiography. Furthermore, influenza B virus infection may be a risk factor for this rare disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huasheng Wei
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Dazhou Central Hospital, Dazhou, China
| | - Weilin Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Dazhou Central Hospital, Dazhou, China
| | - Qinwen Bai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Dazhou Central Hospital, Dazhou, China
| | - Zhihui Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Dazhou Central Hospital, Dazhou, China
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10
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Cohn O, Yankovitz G, Mandelboim M, Peshes-Yaloz N, Brandes R, Bacharach E, Gat-Viks I. The host transcriptional response to superinfection by influenza A virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. mSystems 2024; 9:e0104823. [PMID: 38446104 PMCID: PMC11019783 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.01048-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Secondary bacterial challenges during influenza virus infection "superinfection") cause excessive mortality and hospitalization. Here, we present a longitudinal study of bulk gene expression changes in murine lungs during superinfection, with an initial influenza A virus infection and a subsequent Streptococcus pneumoniae infection. In addition to the well-characterized impairment of the host response, we identified superinfection-specific alterations in the global transcriptional program that are linked to the host's ability to resist the pathogens. Particularly, whereas superinfected mice manifested an excessive rapid induction of the resistance-to-infection program, there was a substantial tissue-level rewiring of this program: upon superinfection, interferon-regulated genes were switched from positive to negative correlations with the host's resistance state, whereas genes of fatty acid metabolism switched from negative to positive correlations with resistance states. Thus, the transcriptional resistance state in superinfection is reprogrammed toward repressed interferon signaling and induced fatty acid metabolism. Our findings suggest new insights into a tissue-level remodeling of the host defense upon superinfection, providing promising targets for future therapeutic interventions. IMPORTANCE Secondary bacterial infections are the most frequent complications during influenza A virus (IAV) pandemic outbreaks, contributing to excessive morbidity and mortality in the human population. Most IAV-related deaths are attributed to Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP) infections, which usually begin within the first week of IAV infection in the respiratory tracts. Here, we focused on longitudinal transcriptional responses during a superinfection model consisting of an SP infection that follows an initial IAV infection, comparing superinfection to an IAV-only infection, an SP-only infection, and control treatments. Our longitudinal data allowed a fine analysis of gene expression changes during superinfection. For instance, we found that superinfected mice exhibited rapid gene expression induction or reduction within the first 12 h after encountering the second pathogen. Cell proliferation and immune response activation processes were upregulated, while endothelial processes, vasculogenesis, and angiogenesis were downregulated, providing promising targets for future therapeutic interventions. We further analyzed the longitudinal transcriptional responses in the context of a previously defined spectrum of the host's resistance state, revealing superinfection-specific reprogramming of resistance states, such as reprogramming of fatty acid metabolism and interferon signaling. The reprogrammed functions are compelling new targets for switching the pathogenic superinfection state into a single-infection state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofir Cohn
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Gal Yankovitz
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michal Mandelboim
- Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Naama Peshes-Yaloz
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Rachel Brandes
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eran Bacharach
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Irit Gat-Viks
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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11
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Majumder S, Li P, Das S, Nafiz TN, Kumar S, Bai G, Dellario H, Sui H, Guan Z, Curtiss R, Furuya Y, Sun W. A bacterial vesicle-based pneumococcal vaccine against influenza-mediated secondary Streptococcus pneumoniae pulmonary infection. Mucosal Immunol 2024; 17:169-181. [PMID: 38215909 PMCID: PMC11033695 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn) is a common pathogen causing a secondary bacterial infection following influenza, which leads to severe morbidity and mortality during seasonal and pandemic influenza. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop bacterial vaccines that prevent severe post-influenza bacterial pneumonia. Here, an improved Yersinia pseudotuberculosis strain (designated as YptbS46) possessing an Asd+ plasmid pSMV92 could synthesize high amounts of the Spn pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) antigen and monophosphoryl lipid A as an adjuvant. The recombinant strain produced outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) enclosing a high amount of PspA protein (designated as OMV-PspA). A prime-boost intramuscular immunization with OMV-PspA induced both memory adaptive and innate immune responses in vaccinated mice, reduced the viral and bacterial burden, and provided complete protection against influenza-mediated secondary Spn infection. Also, the OMV-PspA immunization afforded significant cross-protection against the secondary Spn A66.1 infection and long-term protection against the secondary Spn D39 challenge. Our study implies that an OMV vaccine delivering Spn antigens can be a new promising pneumococcal vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saugata Majumder
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Shreya Das
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Tanvir Noor Nafiz
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Sudeep Kumar
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Guangchun Bai
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Hazel Dellario
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Haixin Sui
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Ziqiang Guan
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Roy Curtiss
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Yoichi Furuya
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA.
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA.
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12
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Tran KA, Pernet E, Sadeghi M, Downey J, Chronopoulos J, Lapshina E, Tsai O, Kaufmann E, Ding J, Divangahi M. BCG immunization induces CX3CR1 hi effector memory T cells to provide cross-protection via IFN-γ-mediated trained immunity. Nat Immunol 2024; 25:418-431. [PMID: 38225437 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01739-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
After a century of using the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, our understanding of its ability to provide protection against homologous (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) or heterologous (for example, influenza virus) infections remains limited. Here we show that systemic (intravenous) BCG vaccination provides significant protection against subsequent influenza A virus infection in mice. We further demonstrate that the BCG-mediated cross-protection against influenza A virus is largely due to the enrichment of conventional CD4+ effector CX3CR1hi memory αβ T cells in the circulation and lung parenchyma. Importantly, pulmonary CX3CR1hi T cells limit early viral infection in an antigen-independent manner via potent interferon-γ production, which subsequently enhances long-term antimicrobial activity of alveolar macrophages. These results offer insight into the unknown mechanism by which BCG has persistently displayed broad protection against non-tuberculosis infections via cross-talk between adaptive and innate memory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim A Tran
- Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill International TB Centre, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Erwan Pernet
- Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill International TB Centre, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medical Biology, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mina Sadeghi
- Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill International TB Centre, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Downey
- Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill International TB Centre, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Julia Chronopoulos
- Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill International TB Centre, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Lapshina
- Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill International TB Centre, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Oscar Tsai
- Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill International TB Centre, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Eva Kaufmann
- Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill International TB Centre, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jun Ding
- Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill International TB Centre, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maziar Divangahi
- Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill International TB Centre, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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13
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Lu LY, Lee HM, Burke A, Li Bassi G, Torres A, Fraser JF, Fanning JP. Prevalence, Risk Factors, Clinical Features, and Outcome of Influenza-Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Critically Ill Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Chest 2024; 165:540-558. [PMID: 37742914 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2023.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (IAPA) increasingly is being reported in critically ill patients. We conducted this systematic review and meta-analysis to examine the prevalence, risk factors, clinical features, and outcomes of IAPA. STUDY QUESTION What are the prevalence, risk factors, clinical features, and outcomes of IAPA in critically ill patients? STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Studies reporting IAPA were searched in the following databases: PubMed MEDLINE, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Trials, and ClinicalTrials.gov. We performed one-group meta-analysis on risk factors, clinical features, morbidity, and mortality using random effects models. RESULTS We included 10 observational studies with 1,720 critically ill patients with influenza, resulting in an IAPA prevalence of 19.2% (331 of 1,720). Patients who had undergone organ transplantation (OR, 4.8; 95% CI, 1.7-13.8; I2 = 45%), harbored a hematogenous malignancy (OR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.5-4.1; I2 = 0%), were immunocompromised (OR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.6-3.1; I2 = 0%), and underwent prolonged corticosteroid use before admission (OR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.4-4.3; I2 = 51%) were found to be at a higher risk of IAPA developing. Commonly reported clinical and imaging features were not particularly associated with IAPA. However, IAPA was associated with more severe disease progression, a higher complication rate, and longer ICU stays and required more organ supports. Overall, IAPA was associated with a significantly elevated ICU mortality rate (OR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.8-3.8; I2 = 0%). INTERPRETATION IAPA is a common complication of severe influenza and is associated with increased mortality. Early diagnosis of IAPA and initiation of antifungal treatment are essential, and future research should focus on developing a clinical algorithm. TRIAL REGISTRY International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews; No.: CRD42022284536; URL: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Y Lu
- Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, QLD, Australia; The Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, QLD, Australia; The Princess Alexandra Hospital, Metro South Hospital and Health Service, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia; The Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, QLD Australia
| | - Hui Min Lee
- Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Andrew Burke
- The Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, QLD, Australia; The Princess Alexandra Hospital, Metro South Hospital and Health Service, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Gianluigi Li Bassi
- Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, QLD, Australia; The Princess Alexandra Hospital, Metro South Hospital and Health Service, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia; The Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, QLD Australia
| | - Antoni Torres
- Servei de Pneumologia, Hospital Clinic, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, ICREA, CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Barcelona, Spain
| | - John F Fraser
- Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, QLD, Australia; The Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, QLD, Australia; The Princess Alexandra Hospital, Metro South Hospital and Health Service, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Jonathon P Fanning
- Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, QLD, Australia; The Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, QLD, Australia; The Princess Alexandra Hospital, Metro South Hospital and Health Service, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia.
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14
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Cardenas M, Seibert B, Cowan B, Fraiha ALS, Carnaccini S, Gay LC, Faccin FC, Caceres CJ, Anderson TK, Vincent Baker AL, Perez DR, Rajao DS. Amino acid 138 in the HA of a H3N2 subtype influenza A virus increases affinity for the lower respiratory tract and alveolar macrophages in pigs. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012026. [PMID: 38377132 PMCID: PMC10906893 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (FLUAV) infects a wide range of hosts and human-to-swine spillover events are frequently reported. However, only a few of these human viruses have become established in pigs and the host barriers and molecular mechanisms driving adaptation to the swine host remain poorly understood. We previously found that infection of pigs with a 2:6 reassortant virus (hVIC/11) containing the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) gene segments from the human strain A/Victoria/361/2011 (H3N2) and internal gene segments of an endemic swine strain (sOH/04) resulted in a fixed amino acid substitution in the HA (A138S, mature H3 HA numbering). In silico analysis revealed that S138 became predominant among swine H3N2 virus sequences deposited in public databases, while 138A predominates in human isolates. To understand the role of the HA A138S substitution in the adaptation of a human-origin FLUAV HA to swine, we infected pigs with the hVIC/11A138S mutant and analyzed pathogenesis and transmission compared to hVIC/11 and sOH/04. Our results showed that the hVIC/11A138S virus had an intermediary pathogenesis between hVIC/11 and sOH/04. The hVIC/11A138S infected the upper respiratory tract, right caudal, and both cranial lobes while hVIC/11 was only detected in nose and trachea samples. Viruses induced a distinct expression pattern of various pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-8, TNF-α, and IFN-β. Flow cytometric analysis of lung samples revealed a significant reduction of porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) in hVIC/11A138S-infected pigs compared to hVIC/11 while a MHCIIlowCD163neg population was increased. The hVIC/11A138S showed a higher affinity for PAMs than hVIC/11, noted as an increase of infected PAMs in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and showed no differences in the percentage of HA-positive PAMs compared to sOH/04. This increased infection of PAMs led to an increase of granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) stimulation but a reduced expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) in the sOH/04-infected group. Analysis using the PAM cell line 3D4/21 revealed that the A138S substitution improved replication and apoptosis induction in this cell type compared to hVIC/11 but at lower levels than sOH/04. Overall, our study indicates that adaptation of human viruses to the swine host involves an increased affinity for the lower respiratory tract and alveolar macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matias Cardenas
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Brittany Seibert
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Brianna Cowan
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ana Luiza S. Fraiha
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Silvia Carnaccini
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - L. Claire Gay
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Flavio Cargnin Faccin
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - C. Joaquin Caceres
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Tavis K. Anderson
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Amy L. Vincent Baker
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Daniel R. Perez
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Daniela S. Rajao
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
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15
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Pervizaj-Oruqaj L, Selvakumar B, Ferrero MR, Heiner M, Malainou C, Glaser RD, Wilhelm J, Bartkuhn M, Weiss A, Alexopoulos I, Witte B, Gattenlöhner S, Vadász I, Morty RE, Seeger W, Schermuly RT, Vazquez-Armendariz AI, Herold S. Alveolar macrophage-expressed Plet1 is a driver of lung epithelial repair after viral pneumonia. Nat Commun 2024; 15:87. [PMID: 38167746 PMCID: PMC10761876 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44421-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) infection mobilizes bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) that gradually undergo transition to tissue-resident alveolar macrophages (TR-AM) in the inflamed lung. Combining high-dimensional single-cell transcriptomics with complex lung organoid modeling, in vivo adoptive cell transfer, and BMDM-specific gene targeting, we found that transitioning ("regenerative") BMDM and TR-AM highly express Placenta-expressed transcript 1 (Plet1). We reveal that Plet1 is released from alveolar macrophages, and acts as important mediator of macrophage-epithelial cross-talk during lung repair by inducing proliferation of alveolar epithelial cells and re-sealing of the epithelial barrier. Intratracheal administration of recombinant Plet1 early in the disease course attenuated viral lung injury and rescued mice from otherwise fatal disease, highlighting its therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Learta Pervizaj-Oruqaj
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, University Hospital Giessen, Justus Liebig University, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Giessen, Germany
| | - Balachandar Selvakumar
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, University Hospital Giessen, Justus Liebig University, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maximiliano Ruben Ferrero
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, University Hospital Giessen, Justus Liebig University, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Giessen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Monika Heiner
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, University Hospital Giessen, Justus Liebig University, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Giessen, Germany
| | - Christina Malainou
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, University Hospital Giessen, Justus Liebig University, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Giessen, Germany
| | - Rolf David Glaser
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
- Biomedical Informatics and Systems Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jochen Wilhelm
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Giessen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, University Hospital Giessen, Justus Liebig University, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Marek Bartkuhn
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
- Biomedical Informatics and Systems Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Astrid Weiss
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Giessen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, University Hospital Giessen, Justus Liebig University, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Ioannis Alexopoulos
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, University Hospital Giessen, Justus Liebig University, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Giessen, Germany
| | - Biruta Witte
- Department of General and Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | | | - István Vadász
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Giessen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, University Hospital Giessen, Justus Liebig University, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Rory Edward Morty
- Department of Translational Pulmonology and the Translational Lung Research Center, University Hospital Heidelberg, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Werner Seeger
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Giessen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, University Hospital Giessen, Justus Liebig University, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Ralph Theo Schermuly
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Giessen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, University Hospital Giessen, Justus Liebig University, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Ana Ivonne Vazquez-Armendariz
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, University Hospital Giessen, Justus Liebig University, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Giessen, Germany
- University of Bonn, Transdisciplinary Research Area Life and Health, Organoid Biology, Life & Medical Sciences Institute, Bonn, Germany
| | - Susanne Herold
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, University Hospital Giessen, Justus Liebig University, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany.
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Giessen, Germany.
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16
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Atto B, Anteneh Y, Bialasiewicz S, Binks MJ, Hashemi M, Hill J, Thornton RB, Westaway J, Marsh RL. The Respiratory Microbiome in Paediatric Chronic Wet Cough: What Is Known and Future Directions. J Clin Med 2023; 13:171. [PMID: 38202177 PMCID: PMC10779485 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13010171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic wet cough for longer than 4 weeks is a hallmark of chronic suppurative lung diseases (CSLD), including protracted bacterial bronchitis (PBB), and bronchiectasis in children. Severe lower respiratory infection early in life is a major risk factor of PBB and paediatric bronchiectasis. In these conditions, failure to clear an underlying endobronchial infection is hypothesised to drive ongoing inflammation and progressive tissue damage that culminates in irreversible bronchiectasis. Historically, the microbiology of paediatric chronic wet cough has been defined by culture-based studies focused on the detection and eradication of specific bacterial pathogens. Various 'omics technologies now allow for a more nuanced investigation of respiratory pathobiology and are enabling development of endotype-based models of care. Recent years have seen substantial advances in defining respiratory endotypes among adults with CSLD; however, less is understood about diseases affecting children. In this review, we explore the current understanding of the airway microbiome among children with chronic wet cough related to the PBB-bronchiectasis diagnostic continuum. We explore concepts emerging from the gut-lung axis and multi-omic studies that are expected to influence PBB and bronchiectasis endotyping efforts. We also consider how our evolving understanding of the airway microbiome is translating to new approaches in chronic wet cough diagnostics and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna Atto
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia;
| | - Yitayal Anteneh
- Child and Maternal Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT 0811, Australia; (Y.A.); (M.J.B.); (J.W.)
| | - Seweryn Bialasiewicz
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia;
| | - Michael J. Binks
- Child and Maternal Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT 0811, Australia; (Y.A.); (M.J.B.); (J.W.)
- SAHMRI Women and Kids, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Mostafa Hashemi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; (M.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Jane Hill
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; (M.H.); (J.H.)
- Spire Health Technology, PBC, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ruth B. Thornton
- Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia;
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Jacob Westaway
- Child and Maternal Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT 0811, Australia; (Y.A.); (M.J.B.); (J.W.)
- Centre for Tropical Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Robyn L. Marsh
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia;
- Child and Maternal Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT 0811, Australia; (Y.A.); (M.J.B.); (J.W.)
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17
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Constantinesco NJ, Chinnappan B, DeVito LJ, Moras C, Srikanth S, Garcia-Hernandez MDLL, Rangel-Moreno J, Gopal R. Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitor, Empagliflozin, Suppresses the Inflammatory Immune Response to Influenza Infection. Immunohorizons 2023; 7:861-871. [PMID: 38112660 PMCID: PMC10759161 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2300077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza is a highly contagious, acute respiratory disease that causes significant public health and economic threats. Influenza infection induces various inflammatory mediators, IFNs, and recruitment of inflammatory cells in the host. This inflammatory "cytokine storm" is thought to play a role in influenza-induced lung pathogenesis. Empagliflozin is a drug primarily used to lower blood glucose in type II diabetes patients by inhibiting the sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) found in the proximal tubules in the kidneys. In this study, we have investigated the effects of empagliflozin on the pulmonary immune response to influenza infection. C57BL/6 mice (wild type) were infected with influenza A/PR/8/34 and treated with empagliflozin, and the disease outcomes were analyzed. Empagliflozin treatment decreased the expression of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and CCL2; the percentage of inflammatory monocytes and inducible NO synthase-positive macrophages; and IFN response genes Stat1 and CXCL9 during influenza infection. Further, empagliflozin treatment decreases the expression of IL-6, CCL2, and CCL5 in RAW264.7 macrophages and bone marrow-derived macrophages. However, empagliflozin treatment increased influenza viral titer during infection. Despite fostering an increased viral burden, treatment with empagliflozin decreases the mortality in wild type and high fat diet-induced atherosclerotic LDLR-/- mice. Based on our findings, empagliflozin may have therapeutic implications for use in patients to prevent lung damage and acute respiratory illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Constantinesco
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Baskaran Chinnappan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Louis J. DeVito
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Crystal Moras
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Sashwath Srikanth
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | - Javier Rangel-Moreno
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY
| | - Radha Gopal
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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18
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Lalbiaktluangi C, Yadav MK, Singh PK, Singh A, Iyer M, Vellingiri B, Zomuansangi R, Zothanpuia, Ram H. A cooperativity between virus and bacteria during respiratory infections. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1279159. [PMID: 38098657 PMCID: PMC10720647 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1279159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory tract infections remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The burden is further increased by polymicrobial infection or viral and bacterial co-infection, often exacerbating the existing condition. Way back in 1918, high morbidity due to secondary pneumonia caused by bacterial infection was known, and a similar phenomenon was observed during the recent COVID-19 pandemic in which secondary bacterial infection worsens the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) condition. It has been observed that viruses paved the way for subsequent bacterial infection; similarly, bacteria have also been found to aid in viral infection. Viruses elevate bacterial infection by impairing the host's immune response, disrupting epithelial barrier integrity, expression of surface receptors and adhesion proteins, direct binding of virus to bacteria, altering nutritional immunity, and effecting the bacterial biofilm. Similarly, the bacteria enhance viral infection by altering the host's immune response, up-regulation of adhesion proteins, and activation of viral proteins. During co-infection, respiratory bacterial and viral pathogens were found to adapt and co-exist in the airways of their survival and to benefit from each other, i.e., there is a cooperative existence between the two. This review comprehensively reviews the mechanisms involved in the synergistic/cooperativity relationship between viruses and bacteria and their interaction in clinically relevant respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Lalbiaktluangi
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar Yadav
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Prashant Kumar Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Mizoram University (A Central University), Pachhunga University College, Aizawl, Mizoram, India
| | - Amit Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Mahalaxmi Iyer
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | | | - Ruth Zomuansangi
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Zothanpuia
- Department of Biotechnology, Mizoram University (A Central University), Pachhunga University College, Aizawl, Mizoram, India
| | - Heera Ram
- Department of Zoology, Jai Narain Vyas University, Jodhpur, India
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19
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Hu Y, Liu Y, Zheng H, Liu L. Risk Factors for Long COVID in Older Adults. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3002. [PMID: 38002002 PMCID: PMC10669899 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11113002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
As time has passed following the COVID-19 pandemic, individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 have gradually exhibited a variety of symptoms associated with long COVID in the postacute phase of infection. Simultaneously, in many countries worldwide, the process of population aging has been accelerating. Within this context, the elderly population has not only become susceptible and high-risk during the acute phase of COVID-19 but also has considerable risks when confronting long COVID. Elderly individuals possess specific immunological backgrounds, and during the process of aging, their immune systems can enter a state known as "immunosenescence". This further exacerbates "inflammaging" and the development of various comorbidities in elderly individuals, rendering them more susceptible to long COVID. Additionally, long COVID can inflict both physical and mental harm upon elderly people, thereby reducing their overall quality of life. Consequently, the impact of long COVID on elderly people should not be underestimated. This review seeks to summarize the infection characteristics and intrinsic factors of older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic, with a focus on the physical and mental impact of long COVID. Additionally, it aims to explore potential strategies to mitigate the risk of long COVID or other emerging infectious diseases among older adults in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Longding Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systemic Innovative Research on Virus Vaccines, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China; (Y.H.); (Y.L.); (H.Z.)
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20
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Malainou C, Abdin SM, Lachmann N, Matt U, Herold S. Alveolar macrophages in tissue homeostasis, inflammation, and infection: evolving concepts of therapeutic targeting. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e170501. [PMID: 37781922 PMCID: PMC10541196 DOI: 10.1172/jci170501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Alveolar macrophages (AMs) are the sentinel cells of the alveolar space, maintaining homeostasis, fending off pathogens, and controlling lung inflammation. During acute lung injury, AMs orchestrate the initiation and resolution of inflammation in order to ultimately restore homeostasis. This central role in acute lung inflammation makes AMs attractive targets for therapeutic interventions. Single-cell RNA-Seq and spatial omics approaches, together with methodological advances such as the generation of human macrophages from pluripotent stem cells, have increased understanding of the ontogeny, function, and plasticity of AMs during infectious and sterile lung inflammation, which could move the field closer to clinical application. However, proresolution phenotypes might conflict with proinflammatory and antibacterial responses. Therefore, therapeutic targeting of AMs at vulnerable time points over the course of infectious lung injury might harbor the risk of serious side effects, such as loss of antibacterial host defense capacity. Thus, the identification of key signaling hubs that determine functional fate decisions in AMs is of the utmost importance to harness their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Malainou
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Lung Health, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute, Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shifaa M. Abdin
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology and
- REBIRTH Center for Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nico Lachmann
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology and
- REBIRTH Center for Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
- RESIST (Resolving Infection Susceptibility), Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrich Matt
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Lung Health, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute, Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Susanne Herold
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Lung Health, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute, Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
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21
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Dietschmann A, Ruhl A, Murray PJ, Günther C, Becker C, Fallon P, Voehringer D. Th2-dependent disappearance and phenotypic conversion of mouse alveolar macrophages. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2350475. [PMID: 37452620 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Alveolar macrophages (alvMs) play an important role for maintenance of lung function by constant removal of cellular debris in the alveolar space. They further contribute to defense against microbial or viral infections and limit tissue damage during acute lung injury. alvMs arise from embryonic progenitor cells, seed the alveoli before birth, and have life-long self-renewing capacity. However, recruited monocytes may also help to restore the alvM population after depletion caused by toxins or influenza virus infection. At present, the population dynamics and cellular plasticity of alvMs during allergic lung inflammation is poorly defined. To address this point, we used a mouse model of Aspergillus fumigatus-induced allergic lung inflammation and observed that Th2-derived IL-4 and IL-13 caused almost complete disappearance of alvMs. This effect required STAT6 expression in alvMs and also occurred in various other settings of type 2 immunity-mediated lung inflammation or administration of IL-4 complexes to the lung. In addition, Th2 cells promoted conversion of alvMs to alternatively activated macrophages and multinucleated giant cells. Given the well-established role of alvMs for maintenance of lung function, this process may have implications for resolution of inflammation and tissue homeostasis in allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Dietschmann
- Department of Infection Biology, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Ruhl
- Department of Infection Biology, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter J Murray
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Claudia Günther
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Becker
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Padraic Fallon
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David Voehringer
- Department of Infection Biology, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
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22
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Chang MY, Brune JE, Black M, Altemeier WA, Frevert CW. Multicompartmental analysis of the murine pulmonary immune response by spectral flow cytometry. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2023; 325:L518-L535. [PMID: 37581225 PMCID: PMC10639014 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00317.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies of pulmonary inflammation require unique considerations due to the complex structure and composition of the lungs. The lungs have multiple compartments and diverse immune cell populations, with inherently high autofluorescence, and are involved in the host response to pulmonary pathogens. We describe a protocol that accounts for these factors through a novel combination of methodologies-in vivo compartmental analysis and spectral flow cytometry with a broad panel of antibodies. In vivo compartmental analysis enables the precise localization of immune cells within the marginated vasculature, lung interstitium, nonlavageable airways, and lavageable airways of the lungs, as well as the pulmonary lymph nodes. Spectral flow cytometry with a broad panel of antibodies supports an unbiased exploratory approach to investigating diverse immune cell populations during pulmonary inflammation. Most importantly, spectral flow uses cellular autofluorescence to aid in the resolution and identification of immune cell populations. This methodology enables the acquisition of high-quality data compatible with informed gating and dimensionality reduction algorithms. In addition, our protocol emphasizes considerations for compartmentalization of the inflammatory response, spectral flow panel design, and autofluorescence spectra analysis. These methodologies are critical for increasing the rigor of pulmonary research. We apply this protocol for the precise characterization and localization of leukocytes in the pulmonary host response to influenza A virus in C57BL/6J mice. In particular, we demonstrate that this protocol improves the quantification and localization of alveolar macrophages within the airways. The methodology is modifiable and expandable to allow for further characterization of leukocyte populations of special interest.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We describe a novel combination of methodologies that incorporates dual in vivo compartmental analysis using intravascular and intratracheal CD45 labeling, a broad panel of antibodies for identifying lymphoid and nonlymphoid cells, and spectral flow cytometry that uses cellular autofluorescence to aid in resolving and identifying immune cell populations. This methodology allows precise localization of immune cells in the lavageable airways, nonlavageable airways, interstitial lung tissue, and marginated in the lung vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Y Chang
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
- Center for Lung Biology, University of Washington at South Lake Union, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Jourdan E Brune
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
- Center for Lung Biology, University of Washington at South Lake Union, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Michele Black
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - William A Altemeier
- Center for Lung Biology, University of Washington at South Lake Union, Seattle, Washington, United States
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Charles W Frevert
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
- Center for Lung Biology, University of Washington at South Lake Union, Seattle, Washington, United States
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
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23
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Tavares LP, Nijmeh J, Levy BD. Respiratory viral infection and resolution of inflammation: Roles for specialized pro-resolving mediators. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2023; 248:1635-1644. [PMID: 37837390 PMCID: PMC10723024 DOI: 10.1177/15353702231199082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections with influenza A virus (IAV) or respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) pose a significant threat to public health due to excess morbidity and mortality. Dysregulated and excessive inflammatory responses are major underlying causes of viral pneumonia severity and morbidity, including aberrant host immune responses and increased risk for secondary bacterial infections. Currently available antiviral therapies have not substantially reduced the risk of severe viral pneumonia for these pathogens. Thus, new therapeutic approaches that can promote resolution of the pathogen-initiated inflammation without impairing host defense would represent a significant advance. Recent research has uncovered the potential for specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) to transduce multipronged actions for the resolution of serious respiratory viral infection without increased risk for subsequent host susceptibility to bacterial infection. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of SPM production and SPM receptor signaling in respiratory virus infections and the intriguing potential of harnessing SPM pathways to control excess morbidity and mortality from IAV and RSV pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana P Tavares
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Julie Nijmeh
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bruce D Levy
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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24
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Palani S, Uddin MB, McKelvey M, Shao S, Sun K. Immune predisposition drives susceptibility to pneumococcal pneumonia after mild influenza A virus infection in mice. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1272920. [PMID: 37771584 PMCID: PMC10525308 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1272920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction A frequent sequela of influenza A virus (IAV) infection is secondary bacterial pneumonia. Therefore, it is clinically important to understand the genetic predisposition to IAV and bacterial coinfection. Methods BALB/c and C57BL/6 (B6) mice were infected with high or low-pathogenic IAV and Streptococcus pneumoniae (SPn). The contribution of cellular and molecular immune factors to the resistance/susceptibility of BALB/c and B6 mice were dissected in nonlethal and lethal IAV/SPn coinfection models. Results Low-virulent IAV X31 (H3N2) rendered B6 mice extremely susceptible to SPn superinfection, while BALB/c mice remained unaffected. X31 infection alone barely induces IFN-γresponse in two strains of mice; however, SPn superinfection significantly enhances IFN-γ production in the susceptible B6 mice. As a result, IFN-γ signaling inhibits neutrophil recruitment and bacterial clearance, leading to lethal X31/SPn coinfection in B6 mice. Conversely, the diminished IFN-γ and competent neutrophil responses enable BALB/c mice highly resistant to X31/SPn coinfection. Discussion The results establish that type 1 immune predisposition plays a key role in lethal susceptibility of B6 mice to pneumococcal pneumonia after mild IAV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Palani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Md Bashir Uddin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Michael McKelvey
- Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Shengjun Shao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Keer Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
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25
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Li H, Wang A, Zhang Y, Wei F. Diverse roles of lung macrophages in the immune response to influenza A virus. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1260543. [PMID: 37779697 PMCID: PMC10534047 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1260543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses are one of the major causes of human respiratory infections and the newly emerging and re-emerging strains of influenza virus are the cause of seasonal epidemics and occasional pandemics, resulting in a huge threat to global public health systems. As one of the early immune cells can rapidly recognize and respond to influenza viruses in the respiratory, lung macrophages play an important role in controlling the severity of influenza disease by limiting viral replication, modulating the local inflammatory response, and initiating subsequent adaptive immune responses. However, influenza virus reproduction in macrophages is both strain- and macrophage type-dependent, and ineffective replication of some viral strains in mouse macrophages has been observed. This review discusses the function of lung macrophages in influenza virus infection in order to better understand the pathogenesis of the influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoning Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Aoxue Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yuying Zhang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Fanhua Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
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26
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Chang LA, Choi A, Rathnasinghe R, Warang P, Noureddine M, Jangra S, Chen Y, De Geest BG, Schotsaert M. Influenza breakthrough infection in vaccinated mice is characterized by non-pathological lung eosinophilia. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1217181. [PMID: 37600776 PMCID: PMC10437116 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1217181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are important mediators of mucosal tissue homeostasis, anti-helminth responses, and allergy. Lung eosinophilia has previously been linked to aberrant Type 2-skewed T cell responses to respiratory viral infection and may also be a consequence of vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory disease (VAERD), particularly in the case of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and the formalin-inactivated RSV vaccine. We previously reported a dose-dependent recruitment of eosinophils to the lungs of mice vaccinated with alum-adjuvanted trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV) following a sublethal, vaccine-matched H1N1 (A/New Caledonia/20/1999; NC99) influenza challenge. Given the differential role of eosinophil subset on immune function, we conducted the investigations herein to phenotype the lung eosinophils observed in our model of influenza breakthrough infection. Here, we demonstrate that eosinophil influx into the lungs of vaccinated mice is adjuvant- and sex-independent, and only present after vaccine-matched sublethal influenza challenge but not in mock-challenged mice. Furthermore, vaccinated and challenged mice had a compositional shift towards more inflammatory eosinophils (iEos) compared to resident eosinophils (rEos), resembling the shift observed in ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized allergic control mice, however without any evidence of enhanced morbidity or aberrant inflammation in lung cytokine/chemokine signatures. Furthermore, we saw a lung eosinophil influx in the context of a vaccine-mismatched challenge. Additional layers of heterogeneity in the eosinophil compartment were observed via unsupervised clustering analysis of flow cytometry data. Our collective findings are a starting point for more in-depth phenotypic and functional characterization of lung eosinophil subsets in the context of vaccine- and infection-induced immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A. Chang
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Angela Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Raveen Rathnasinghe
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Prajakta Warang
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Moataz Noureddine
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sonia Jangra
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Michael Schotsaert
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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27
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Earnhardt EY, Tipper JL, D’Mello A, Jian MY, Conway ES, Mobley JA, Orihuela CJ, Tettelin H, Harrod KS. Influenza A-induced cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator dysfunction increases susceptibility to Streptococcus pneumoniae. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e170022. [PMID: 37318849 PMCID: PMC10443798 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.170022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) infection is commonly complicated by secondary bacterial infections that lead to increased morbidity and mortality. Our recent work demonstrates that IAV disrupts airway homeostasis, leading to airway pathophysiology resembling cystic fibrosis disease through diminished cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) function. Here, we use human airway organotypic cultures to investigate how IAV alters the airway microenvironment to increase susceptibility to secondary infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn). We observed that IAV-induced CFTR dysfunction and airway surface liquid acidification is central to increasing susceptibility to Spn. Additionally, we observed that IAV induced profound transcriptional changes in the airway epithelium and proteomic changes in the airway surface liquid in both CFTR-dependent and -independent manners. These changes correspond to multiple diminished host defense pathways and altered airway epithelial function. Collectively, these findings highlight both the importance of CFTR function during infectious challenge and demonstrate a central role for the lung epithelium in secondary bacterial infections following IAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Y. Earnhardt
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Tipper
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Adonis D’Mello
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ming-Yuan Jian
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Elijah S. Conway
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - James A. Mobley
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Carlos J. Orihuela
- Department of Microbiology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Hervé Tettelin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kevin S. Harrod
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Zhou Y, Du J, Wu JQ, Zhu QR, Xie MZ, Chen LY, Liu YQ, Li W, Zhou TF, Lu QB. Impact of influenza virus infection on lung microbiome in adults with severe pneumonia. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2023; 22:43. [PMID: 37264437 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-023-00590-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial and viral infections are commonly implicated in the development of pneumonia. We aimed to compare the diversity and composition of lung bacteria among severe pneumonia patients who were influenza virus positive (IFVP) and influenza virus negative (IFVN). METHODS Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid specimens were procured from patients diagnosed with severe pneumonia to investigate the microbiome utilizing 16S-rDNA sequencing. The alpha diversity of the microbiome was evaluated employing Chao1, Shannon, and Simpson indexes, while the beta diversity was assessed using principal component analysis and principal coordinate analysis. Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) was employed to determine the taxonomic differences between the IFVP and IFVN groups. RESULTS A total of 84 patients with 42 in the IFVP group and 42 in the IFVN group were enrolled. Slightly higher indexes of Shannon and Simpson were observed in the IFVP group without statistically significant difference. The dominant bacterial genera were Streptococcus, Klebsiella, Escherichia-Shigella in the IFVN group and Acinetobacter, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus in the IFVP group. Streptococcus pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii were the most abundant species in the IFVN and IFVP groups, respectively. LEfSe analysis indicated a greater abundance of Klebsiella in the IFVN group. CONCLUSIONS Individuals with severe pneumonia infected with IFV exhibit heightened susceptibility to certain bacteria, especially Acinetobacter baumannii, and the underlying mechanism of the interaction between IFV and Acinetobacter baumannii in the progression of pneumonia needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiguo Zhou
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology and Vaccine Research Center, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology and Vaccine Research Center, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Qin Wu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Quan-Rong Zhu
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology and Vaccine Research Center, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Zhu Xie
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology and Vaccine Research Center, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin-Yi Chen
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology and Vaccine Research Center, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Qiong Liu
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology and Vaccine Research Center, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Lanling People's Hospital, No. 12 Tashan Road, Lanying County, Linyi, 277799, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ting-Fa Zhou
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Linyi People's Hospital, No. 27 Jiefang Road, Lanshan District, Linyi, 276100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qing-Bin Lu
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology and Vaccine Research Center, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China.
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Han W, Tanjore H, Liu Y, Hunt RP, Gutor SS, Serezani APM, Blackwell TS. Identification and Characterization of Alveolar and Recruited Lung Macrophages during Acute Lung Inflammation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 210:1827-1836. [PMID: 37042701 PMCID: PMC10192112 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
To precisely identify mouse resident alveolar macrophages (AMs) and bone marrow (BM)-derived macrophages, we developed a technique to separately label AMs and BM-derived macrophages with a fluorescent lipophilic dye followed by FACS. We showed that this technique overcomes issues in cell identification related to dynamic shifts in cell surface markers that occurs during lung inflammation. We then used this approach to track macrophage subsets at different time points after intratracheal (i.t.) instillation of Escherichia coli LPS. By isolating BM-derived macrophages and AMs, we demonstrated that BM-derived macrophages were enriched in expression of genes in signal transduction and immune system activation pathways whereas resident AMs were enriched in cellular processes, such as lysosome/phagosome pathways, efferocytosis, and metabolic pathways related to fatty acids and peroxisomes. Taken together, these data indicate that more accurate identification of macrophage origin can result in improved understanding of differential phenotypes and functions between AMs and BM-derived macrophages in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Han
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Harikrishna Tanjore
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Yang Liu
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Raphael P Hunt
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Sergey S Gutor
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Ana P M Serezani
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Timothy S Blackwell
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, TN
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30
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Gao Y, Yang Y, Wei J, Yue J, Wang Y, Zhang Q, Jin M, Wang R, Yang X, Zhang J, Liu X, Liu L, Zhang Y, Yang R. LNCGM1082-mediated NLRC4 activation drives resistance to bacterial infection. Cell Mol Immunol 2023; 20:475-488. [PMID: 36941318 PMCID: PMC10203293 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-00995-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The activation of NLRC4 is a major host response against intracellular bacteria infection. However, NLRC4 activation after a host senses diverse stimuli is difficult to understand. Here, we found that the lncRNA LNCGM1082 plays a critical role in the activation of NLRC4. LNCGM1082 in macrophages affects the maturation of interleukin (IL)-1β and pyroptotic cell death only after exposure to an NLRC4 ligand. Similar to NLRC4-/- mice, LNCGM1082-/- mice were highly sensitive to Salmonella Typhimurium (S. T) infection. LNCGM1082 deficiency in mouse or human macrophages inhibited IL-1β maturation and pyroptosis. Mechanistically, LNCGM1082 induced the binding of PKCδ with NLRC4 in both mice and humans. In contrast, NLRC4 did not bind PKCδ in LNCGM1082-/- macrophages. The activity of the lncRNA LNCGM1082 induced by S. T may be mediated through TLR5 in the macrophages of both mice and humans. In summary, our data indicate that TLR5-mediated LNCGM1082 activity can promote the binding of PKCδ with NLRC4 to activate NLRC4 and induce resistance to bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhuan Gao
- Department of Immunology, Nankai University School of Medicine and Translational Medicine Institute, Affiliated Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yazheng Yang
- Department of Immunology, Nankai University School of Medicine and Translational Medicine Institute, Affiliated Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jianmei Wei
- Department of Immunology, Nankai University School of Medicine and Translational Medicine Institute, Affiliated Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jianmei Yue
- Department of Immunology, Nankai University School of Medicine and Translational Medicine Institute, Affiliated Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Ya Wang
- Department of Immunology, Nankai University School of Medicine and Translational Medicine Institute, Affiliated Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Qianjing Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Nankai University School of Medicine and Translational Medicine Institute, Affiliated Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Mengli Jin
- Department of Immunology, Nankai University School of Medicine and Translational Medicine Institute, Affiliated Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Immunology, Nankai University School of Medicine and Translational Medicine Institute, Affiliated Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xiaorong Yang
- Department of Immunology, Nankai University School of Medicine and Translational Medicine Institute, Affiliated Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Junqi Zhang
- College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300121, China
| | - Xinqi Liu
- College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300121, China
| | - Lin Liu
- China National Center for Bioinformation & Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Nankai University School of Medicine and Translational Medicine Institute, Affiliated Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Rongcun Yang
- Department of Immunology, Nankai University School of Medicine and Translational Medicine Institute, Affiliated Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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Lin SJ, Lin KM, Chen SYJ, Ku CC, Huang CW, Huang CH, Gale M, Tsai CH. Type I Interferon Orchestrates Demand-Adapted Monopoiesis during Influenza A Virus Infection via STAT1-Mediated Upregulation of Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Receptor Expression. J Virol 2023; 97:e0010223. [PMID: 37022164 PMCID: PMC10134875 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00102-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Whether and how a local virus infection affects the hematopoietic system in the bone marrow is largely unknown, unlike with systemic infection. In this study, we showed that influenza A virus (IAV) infection leads to demand-adapted monopoiesis in the bone marrow. The beta interferon (IFN-β) promoter stimulator 1 (IPS-1)-type I IFN-IFN-α receptor 1 (IFNAR1) axis-mediated signaling was found to induce the emergency expansion of the granulocyte-monocyte progenitor (GMP) population and upregulate the expression of the macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor (M-CSFR) on bipotent GMPs and monocyte progenitors via the signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1), leading to a scaled-back proportion of granulocyte progenitors. To further address the influence of demand-adapted monopoiesis on IAV-induced secondary bacterial infection, IAV-infected wild-type (WT) and Stat1-/- mice were challenged with Streptococcus pneumoniae. Compared with WT mice, Stat1-/- mice did not demonstrate demand-adapted monopoiesis, had more infiltrating granulocytes, and were able to effectively eliminate the bacterial infection. IMPORTANCE Our findings show that influenza A virus infection induces type I interferon (IFN)-mediated emergency hematopoiesis to expand the GMP population in the bone marrow. The type I IFN-STAT1 axis was identified as being involved in mediating the viral-infection-driven demand-adapted monopoiesis by upregulating M-CSFR expression in the GMP population. As secondary bacterial infections often manifest during a viral infection and can lead to severe or even fatal clinical complications, we further assessed the impact of the observed monopoiesis on bacterial clearance. Our results suggest that the resulting decrease in the proportion of granulocytes may play a role in diminishing the IAV-infected host's ability to effectively clear secondary bacterial infection. Our findings not only provide a more complete picture of the modulatory functions of type I IFN but also highlight the need for a more comprehensive understanding of potential changes in hematopoiesis during local infections to better inform clinical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue-Jane Lin
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Min Lin
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shi-Yo Jill Chen
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chi Ku
- Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Wei Huang
- Department of Family Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hsiang Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Michael Gale
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ching-Hwa Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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32
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Rodriguez-Rodriguez L, Gillet L, Machiels B. Shaping of the alveolar landscape by respiratory infections and long-term consequences for lung immunity. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1149015. [PMID: 37081878 PMCID: PMC10112541 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1149015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory infections and especially viral infections, along with other extrinsic environmental factors, have been shown to profoundly affect macrophage populations in the lung. In particular, alveolar macrophages (AMs) are important sentinels during respiratory infections and their disappearance opens a niche for recruited monocytes (MOs) to differentiate into resident macrophages. Although this topic is still the focus of intense debate, the phenotype and function of AMs that recolonize the niche after an inflammatory insult, such as an infection, appear to be dictated in part by their origin, but also by local and/or systemic changes that may be imprinted at the epigenetic level. Phenotypic alterations following respiratory infections have the potential to shape lung immunity for the long-term, leading to beneficial responses such as protection against allergic airway inflammation or against other infections, but also to detrimental responses when associated with the development of immunopathologies. This review reports the persistence of virus-induced functional alterations in lung macrophages, and discusses the importance of this imprinting in explaining inter-individual and lifetime immune variation.
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Wu X, Li RF, Lin ZS, Xiao C, Liu B, Mai KL, Zhou HX, Zeng DY, Cheng S, Weng YC, Zhao J, Chen RF, Jiang HM, Chen LP, Deng LZ, Xie PF, Yang WM, Xia XS, Yang ZF. Coinfection with influenza virus and non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae aggregates inflammatory lung injury and alters gut microbiota in COPD mice. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1137369. [PMID: 37065141 PMCID: PMC10098174 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1137369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundAcute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) is associated with high mortality rates. Viral and bacterial coinfection is the primary cause of AECOPD. How coinfection with these microbes influences host inflammatory response and the gut microbiota composition is not entirely understood.MethodsWe developed a mouse model of AECOPD by cigarette smoke exposure and sequential infection with influenza H1N1 virus and non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi). Viral and bacterial titer was determined using MDCK cells and chocolate agar plates, respectively. The levels of cytokines, adhesion molecules, and inflammatory cells in the lungs were measured using Bio-Plex and flow cytometry assays. Gut microbiota was analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Correlations between cytokines and gut microbiota were determined using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient test.ResultsCoinfection with H1N1 and NTHi resulted in more severe lung injury, higher mortality, declined lung function in COPD mice. H1N1 enhanced NTHi growth in the lungs, but NTHi had no effect on H1N1. In addition, coinfection increased the levels of cytokines and adhesion molecules, as well as immune cells including total and M1 macrophages, neutrophils, monocytes, NK cells, and CD4 + T cells. In contrast, alveolar macrophages were depleted. Furthermore, coinfection caused a decline in the diversity of gut bacteria. Muribaculaceae, Lactobacillus, Akkermansia, Lachnospiraceae, and Rikenella were further found to be negatively correlated with cytokine levels, whereas Bacteroides was positively correlated.ConclusionCoinfection with H1N1 and NTHi causes a deterioration in COPD mice due to increased lung inflammation, which is correlated with dysbiosis of the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Run-Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zheng-Shi Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuang Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Bin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kai-Lin Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - De-You Zeng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Sha Cheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yun-Ceng Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui-Feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Ming Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Ping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling-Zhu Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pei-Fang Xie
- The Affiliated Anning First Hospital and Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Wei-Min Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Wei-Min Yang,
| | - Xue-Shan Xia
- The Affiliated Anning First Hospital and Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Xue-Shan Xia,
| | - Zi-Feng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clinical Rapid Diagnosis and Early Warning of Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Zi-Feng Yang,
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Bierwagen J, Wiegand M, Laakmann K, Danov O, Limburg H, Herbel SM, Heimerl T, Dorna J, Jonigk D, Preußer C, Bertrams W, Braun A, Sewald K, Schulte LN, Bauer S, Pogge von Strandmann E, Böttcher-Friebertshäuser E, Schmeck B, Jung AL. Bacterial vesicles block viral replication in macrophages via TLR4-TRIF-axis. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:65. [PMID: 36978183 PMCID: PMC10045439 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01086-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria naturally secrete nano-sized outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), which are important mediators of communication and pathogenesis. OMV uptake by host cells activates TLR signalling via transported PAMPs. As important resident immune cells, alveolar macrophages are located at the air-tissue interface where they comprise the first line of defence against inhaled microorganisms and particles. To date, little is known about the interplay between alveolar macrophages and OMVs from pathogenic bacteria. The immune response to OMVs and underlying mechanisms are still elusive. Here, we investigated the response of primary human macrophages to bacterial vesicles (Legionella pneumophila, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Streptococcus pneumoniae) and observed comparable NF-κB activation across all tested vesicles. In contrast, we describe differential type I IFN signalling with prolonged STAT1 phosphorylation and strong Mx1 induction, blocking influenza A virus replication only for Klebsiella, E.coli and Salmonella OMVs. OMV-induced antiviral effects were less pronounced for endotoxin-free Clear coli OMVs and Polymyxin-treated OMVs. LPS stimulation could not mimic this antiviral status, while TRIF knockout abrogated it. Importantly, supernatant from OMV-treated macrophages induced an antiviral response in alveolar epithelial cells (AEC), suggesting OMV-induced intercellular communication. Finally, results were validated in an ex vivo infection model with primary human lung tissue. In conclusion, Klebsiella, E.coli and Salmonella OMVs induce antiviral immunity in macrophages via TLR4-TRIF-signaling to reduce viral replication in macrophages, AECs and lung tissue. These gram-negative bacteria induce antiviral immunity in the lung through OMVs, with a potential decisive and tremendous impact on bacterial and viral coinfection outcome. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Bierwagen
- Institute for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Marie Wiegand
- Institute for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Laakmann
- Institute for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Olga Danov
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of Fraunhofer International Consortium for Anti-Infective Research (iCAIR), Hannover, Germany
| | - Hannah Limburg
- Institute of Virology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Muriel Herbel
- Institute for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Heimerl
- Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jens Dorna
- Institute for Immunology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Danny Jonigk
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Preußer
- Institute for Tumor Immunology and Core Facility - Extracellular Vesicles, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Bertrams
- Institute for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Armin Braun
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of Fraunhofer International Consortium for Anti-Infective Research (iCAIR), Hannover, Germany
| | - Katherina Sewald
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of Fraunhofer International Consortium for Anti-Infective Research (iCAIR), Hannover, Germany
| | - Leon N Schulte
- Institute for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Bauer
- Institute for Immunology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Elke Pogge von Strandmann
- Institute for Tumor Immunology and Core Facility - Extracellular Vesicles, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Bernd Schmeck
- Institute for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Core Facility Flow Cytometry - Bacterial Vesicles, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Member of the German Center for Infectious Disease Research (DZIF), Marburg, Germany
| | - Anna Lena Jung
- Institute for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
- Core Facility Flow Cytometry - Bacterial Vesicles, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
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Harpur CM, West AC, Le Page MA, Lam M, Hodges C, Oseghale O, Gearing AJ, Tate MD. Naturally derived cytokine peptides limit virus replication and severe disease during influenza A virus infection. Clin Transl Immunology 2023; 12:e1443. [PMID: 36969366 PMCID: PMC10034483 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Novel host‐targeted therapeutics could treat severe influenza A virus (IAV) infections, with reduced risk of drug resistance. LAT8881 is a synthetic form of the naturally occurring C‐terminal fragment of human growth hormone. Acting independently of the growth hormone receptor, it can reduce inflammation‐induced damage and promote tissue repair in an animal model of osteoarthritis. LAT8881 has been assessed in clinical trials for the treatment of obesity and neuropathy and has an excellent safety profile. We investigated the potential for LAT8881, its metabolite LAT9991F and LAT7771 derived from prolactin, a growth hormone structural homologue, to treat severe IAV infection. Methods LAT8881, LAT9991F and LAT7771 were evaluated for their effects on cell viability and IAV replication in vitro, as well as their potential to limit disease in a preclinical mouse model of severe IAV infection. Results In vitro LAT8881 treatment enhanced cell viability, particularly in the presence of cytotoxic stress, which was countered by siRNA inhibition of host lanthionine synthetase C‐like proteins. Daily intranasal treatment of mice with LAT8881 or LAT9991F, but not LAT7771, from day 1 postinfection significantly improved influenza disease resistance, which was associated with reduced infectious viral loads, reduced pro‐inflammatory cytokines and increased abundance of protective alveolar macrophages. LAT8881 treatment in combination with the antiviral oseltamivir phosphate led to more pronounced reduction in markers of disease severity than treatment with either compound alone. Conclusion These studies provide the first evidence identifying LAT8881 and LAT9991F as novel host‐protective therapies that improve survival, limit viral replication, reduce local inflammation and curtail tissue damage during severe IAV infection. Evaluation of LAT8881 and LAT9991F in other infectious and inflammatory conditions of the airways is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Harpur
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious DiseasesHudson Institute of Medical ResearchClaytonVICAustralia
- Department of Molecular and Translational SciencesMonash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia
| | - Alison C West
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious DiseasesHudson Institute of Medical ResearchClaytonVICAustralia
- Department of Molecular and Translational SciencesMonash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia
| | - Mélanie A Le Page
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious DiseasesHudson Institute of Medical ResearchClaytonVICAustralia
- Department of Molecular and Translational SciencesMonash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia
| | - Maggie Lam
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious DiseasesHudson Institute of Medical ResearchClaytonVICAustralia
- Department of Molecular and Translational SciencesMonash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia
| | - Christopher Hodges
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious DiseasesHudson Institute of Medical ResearchClaytonVICAustralia
- Department of Molecular and Translational SciencesMonash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia
| | - Osezua Oseghale
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious DiseasesHudson Institute of Medical ResearchClaytonVICAustralia
- Department of Molecular and Translational SciencesMonash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia
| | | | - Michelle D Tate
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious DiseasesHudson Institute of Medical ResearchClaytonVICAustralia
- Department of Molecular and Translational SciencesMonash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia
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36
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Sarden N, Yipp BG. Virus-associated fungal infections and lost immune resistance. Trends Immunol 2023; 44:305-318. [PMID: 36890064 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections are an increasing threat to human health. Of recent concern is the emergence of influenza- or SARS-CoV-2-virus-associated invasive fungal infections. Understanding acquired susceptibilities to fungi requires consideration of the collective and newly explored roles of adaptive, innate, and natural immunity. Neutrophils are known to provide host resistance, but new concepts are emerging that implicate innate antibodies, the actions of specialized B1 B cell subsets, and B cell-neutrophil crosstalk in mediating antifungal host resistance. Based on emerging evidence, we propose that virus infections impact on neutrophil and innate B cell resistance against fungi, leading to invasive infections. These concepts provide novel approaches to developing candidate therapeutics with the aim of restoring natural and humoral immunity and boosting neutrophil resistance against fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Sarden
- Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Bryan G Yipp
- Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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37
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Wu X, Jie F, Li P, Zhuo C, Pan W, Zhong N, Li C, Chen L. Active immunization with Pseudomonas aeruginosa vaccine protects mice from secondary Pseudomonas aeruginosa challenge post-influenza virus infection. J Thorac Dis 2023; 15:22-32. [PMID: 36794141 PMCID: PMC9922597 DOI: 10.21037/jtd-22-1012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Background Influenza virus infection complicated by secondary bacterial pneumonia contributes significantly to death during seasonal or pandemic influenza. Secondary infection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) in influenza virus-infected patients contributes to morbidity and mortality. Methods Mice were first infected with PR8 influenza virus, followed by a secondary infection of P. aeruginosa. Body weights and survival rate of mice was monitored daily over 20 days. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALFs) and lung homogenates were harvested for measuring bacterial titers. Lung tissue section slides were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for microscopic observation. After vaccination with inactivated P. aeruginosa cells or recombinant PcrV protein, the mice were subjected to PR8 influenza virus infection followed by a secondary infection of a P. aeruginosa. The inhibition against P. aeruginosa of serum was evaluated by detecting the growth of P. aeruginosa in broth containing diluted sera. Results The prior influenza infection greatly enhanced the susceptibility to secondary infection of P. aeruginosa and increased morbidity and mortality in mice. Active immunization with inactivated P. aeruginosa cells could protect mice from secondary P. aeruginosa challenge in influenza virus infected mice. Conclusions To develop an effective P. aeruginosa vaccine might be a promising strategy to decrease the threat of secondary P. aeruginosa infection in influenza patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feilong Jie
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Gaozhou People’s Hospital, Gaozhou, China
| | - Pingchao Li
- Guangdong Laboratory of Computational Biomedicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiqi Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nanshan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chufang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China;,Guangdong Laboratory of Computational Biomedicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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38
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Lane S, Hilliam Y, Bomberger JM. Microbial and Immune Regulation of the Gut-Lung Axis during Viral-Bacterial Coinfection. J Bacteriol 2023; 205:e0029522. [PMID: 36409130 PMCID: PMC9879096 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00295-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral-bacterial coinfections of the respiratory tract have long been associated with worsened disease outcomes. Clinical and basic research studies demonstrate that these infections are driven via complex interactions between the infecting pathogens, microbiome, and host immune response, although how these interactions contribute to disease progression is still not fully understood. Research over the last decade shows that the gut has a significant role in mediating respiratory outcomes, in a phenomenon known as the "gut-lung axis." Emerging literature demonstrates that acute respiratory viruses can modulate the gut-lung axis, suggesting that dysregulation of gut-lung cross talk may be a contributing factor during respiratory coinfection. This review will summarize the current literature regarding modulation of the gut-lung axis during acute respiratory infection, with a focus on the role of the microbiome, secondary infections, and the host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidney Lane
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yasmin Hilliam
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jennifer M. Bomberger
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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39
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Fallah A, Sedighian H, Behzadi E, Havaei SA, Kachuei R, Imani Fooladi AA. The role of serum circulating microbial toxins in severity and cytokine storm of COVID positive patients. Microb Pathog 2023; 174:105888. [PMID: 36402345 PMCID: PMC9671676 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) is a global problem nowadays, causing health difficulty with increasing mortality rates, which doesn't have a verified treatment. SARS-CoV-2 infection has various pathological and epidemiological characteristics, one of them is increased amounts of cytokine production, which in order activate an abnormal unrestricted response called "cytokine storm". This event contributes to severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which results in respiratory failure and pneumonia and is the great cause of death associated with Covid-19. Endotoxemia and the release of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (endotoxins) from the lumen into the bloodstream enhance proinflammatory cytokines. SARS-CoV-2 can straightly interplay with endotoxins via its S protein, leading to the extremely elevating release of cytokines and consequently increase the harshness of Covid-19. In this review, we will discuss the possible role of viral-bacterial interaction that occurs through the transfer of bacterial products such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from the intestine into the bloodstream, exacerbating the severity of Covid-19 and cytokine storms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Fallah
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hamid Sedighian
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Behzadi
- Academy of Medical Sciences of the I.R. of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Asghar Havaei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Reza Kachuei
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Ali Imani Fooladi
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding author. 14359-44711, Tehran, Iran
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40
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Yau E, Yang L, Chen Y, Umstead TM, Atkins H, Katz ZE, Yewdell JW, Gandhi CK, Halstead ES, Chroneos ZC. Surfactant protein A alters endosomal trafficking of influenza A virus in macrophages. Front Immunol 2023; 14:919800. [PMID: 36960051 PMCID: PMC10028185 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.919800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus infection (IAV) often leads to acute lung injury that impairs breathing and can lead to death, with disproportionate mortality in children and the elderly. Surfactant Protein A (SP-A) is a calcium-dependent opsonin that binds a variety of pathogens to help control pulmonary infections by alveolar macrophages. Alveolar macrophages play critical roles in host resistance and susceptibility to IAV infection. The effect of SP-A on IAV infection and antiviral response of macrophages, however, is not understood. Here, we report that SP-A attenuates IAV infection in a dose-dependent manner at the level of endosomal trafficking, resulting in infection delay in a model macrophage cell line. The ability of SP-A to suppress infection was independent of its glycosylation status. Binding of SP-A to hemagglutinin did not rely on the glycosylation status or sugar binding properties of either protein. Incubation of either macrophages or IAV with SP-A slowed endocytic uptake rate of IAV. SP-A interfered with binding to cell membrane and endosomal exit of the viral genome as indicated by experiments using isolated cell membranes, an antibody recognizing a pH-sensitive conformational epitope on hemagglutinin, and microscopy. Lack of SP-A in mice enhanced IFNβ expression, viral clearance and reduced mortality from IAV infection. These findings support the idea that IAV is an opportunistic pathogen that co-opts SP-A to evade host defense by alveolar macrophages. Our study highlights novel aspects of host-pathogen interactions that may lead to better understanding of the local mechanisms that shape activation of antiviral and inflammatory responses to viral infection in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Yau
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Pulmonary Immunology and Physiology Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Linlin Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Pulmonary Immunology and Physiology Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Pulmonary Immunology and Physiology Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Todd M. Umstead
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Pulmonary Immunology and Physiology Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Hannah Atkins
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, PA, Hershey, United States
| | - Zoe E. Katz
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Pulmonary Immunology and Physiology Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Jonathan W. Yewdell
- Cellular Biology Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Chintan K. Gandhi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Pulmonary Immunology and Physiology Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - E. Scott Halstead
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Pulmonary Immunology and Physiology Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Zissis C. Chroneos
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Pulmonary Immunology and Physiology Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Zissis C. Chroneos,
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41
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Latha K, Patel Y, Rao S, Watford WT. The Influenza-Induced Pulmonary Inflammatory Exudate in Susceptible Tpl2-Deficient Mice Is Dictated by Type I IFN Signaling. Inflammation 2023; 46:322-341. [PMID: 36227523 PMCID: PMC9558022 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-022-01736-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The most prominent host response to viral infection is the production of type 1 interferons (T1 IFNs). One host regulator of the T1 IFNs is the serine-threonine kinase, tumor progression locus 2 (TPL2). We have previously demonstrated that Tpl2-/- mice succumb to infection with a low-pathogenicity influenza A strain (x31), in association with with increased pulmonary levels of interferon-β (IFN-β), chemokine CCL2, and excessive monocyte and neutrophil pulmonary infiltration. TPL2-dependent overexpression of IFN-β has been implicated in enhanced susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis; therefore, we examined the role of T1 IFNs in susceptibility of Tpl2-/- mice to influenza. CCL2 overexpression and monocyte recruitment were normalized in Ifnar1-/-Tpl2-/- mice, confirming that TPL2 constrains inflammatory monocyte recruitment via inhibition of the T1 IFN/CCL2 axis. Unexpectedly, excessive neutrophil recruitment in Ifnar1-/- strains was further exacerbated by simultaneous TPL2 genetic ablation in Ifnar1-/-Tpl2-/- by 7 dpi, accompanied by overexpression of neutrophil-regulating cytokines, CXCL1 and IFN-λ. Collectively, our data suggest that TPL2 and T1 IFNs synergize to inhibit neutrophil recruitment. However, treatment with the neutrophil-depleting anti-Ly6G antibody showed only a modest improvement in disease. Analysis of sorted innate immune populations revealed redundant expression of inflammatory mediators among neutrophils, inflammatory monocytes and alveolar macrophages. These findings suggest that targeting a single cell type or mediator may be inadequate to control severe disease characterized by a mixed inflammatory exudate. Future studies will consider TPL2-regulated pathways as potential predictors of severe influenza progression as well as investigate novel methods to modulate TPL2 function during viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Latha
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA USA
| | - Yesha Patel
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA USA
| | - Sanjana Rao
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA USA
| | - Wendy T. Watford
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA USA
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42
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Gingerich AD, Royer F, McCormick AL, Scasny A, Vidal JE, Mousa JJ. Synergistic Protection against Secondary Pneumococcal Infection by Human Monoclonal Antibodies Targeting Distinct Epitopes. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 210:50-60. [PMID: 36351696 PMCID: PMC9898123 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae persists as a leading cause of bacterial pneumonia despite the widespread use of polysaccharide-based vaccines. The limited serotype coverage of current vaccines has led to increased incidence of nonvaccine serotypes, as well as an increase in antibiotic resistance among these serotypes. Pneumococcal infection often follows a primary viral infection such as influenza virus, which hinders host defense and results in bacterial spread to the lungs. We previously isolated human monoclonal Abs (mAbs) against the conserved surface Ag pneumococcal histidine triad protein D (PhtD), and we demonstrated that mAbs to this Ag are protective against lethal pneumococcal challenge prophylactically and therapeutically. In this study, we elucidated the mechanism of protection of a protective anti-pneumococcal human mAb, PhtD3, which is mediated by the presence of complement and macrophages in a mouse model of pneumococcal infection. Treatment with mAb PhtD3 reduced blood and lung bacterial burden in mice, and mAb PhtD3 is able to bind to bacteria in the presence of the capsular polysaccharide, indicating exposure of surface PhtD on encapsulated bacteria. In a mouse model of secondary pneumococcal infection, protection mediated by mAb PhtD3 and another mAb targeting a different epitope, PhtD7, was reduced; however, robust protection was restored by combining mAb PhtD3 with mAb PhtD7, indicating a synergistic effect. Overall, these studies provide new insights into anti-pneumococcal mAb protection and demonstrate, to our knowledge, for the first time, that mAbs to pneumococcal surface proteins can protect against secondary pneumococcal infection in the mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron D Gingerich
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Fredejah Royer
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Anna L McCormick
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Anna Scasny
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS; and
| | - Jorge E Vidal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS; and
| | - Jarrod J Mousa
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA;
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
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43
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Yadav A, Pandey R. Viral infectious diseases severity: co-presence of transcriptionally active microbes (TAMs) can play an integral role for disease severity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1056036. [PMID: 36532032 PMCID: PMC9755851 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1056036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans have been challenged by infectious diseases for all of their recorded history, and are continually being affected even today. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has enabled identification of, i) culture independent microbes, ii) emerging disease-causing pathogens, and iii) understanding of the genome architecture. This, in turn, has highlighted that pathogen/s are not a monolith, and thereby allowing for the differentiation of the wide-ranging disease symptoms, albeit infected by a primary pathogen. The conventional 'one disease - one pathogen' paradigm has been positively revisited by considering limited yet important evidence of the co-presence of multiple transcriptionally active microbes (TAMs), potential pathogens, in various infectious diseases, including the COVID-19 pandemic. The ubiquitous microbiota presence inside humans gives reason to hypothesize that the microbiome, especially TAMs, contributes to disease etiology. Herein, we discuss current evidence and inferences on the co-infecting microbes particularly in the diseases caused by the RNA viruses - Influenza, Dengue, and the SARS-CoV-2. We have highlighted that the specific alterations in the microbial taxonomic abundances (dysbiosis) is functionally connected to the exposure of primary infecting pathogen/s. The microbial presence is intertwined with the differential host immune response modulating differential disease trajectories. The microbiota-host interactions have been shown to modulate the host immune responses to Influenza and SARS-CoV-2 infection, wherein the active commensal microbes are involved in the generation of virus-specific CD4 and CD8 T-cells following the influenza virus infection. Furthermore, COVID-19 dysbiosis causes an increase in inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β, which might be one of the important predisposing factors for severe infection. Through this article, we aim to provide a comprehensive view of functional microbiomes that can have a significant regulatory impact on predicting disease severity (mild, moderate and severe), as well as clinical outcome (survival and mortality). This can offer fresh perspectives on the novel microbial biomarkers for stratifying patients for severe disease symptoms, disease prevention and augmenting treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aanchal Yadav
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease Biology, INtegrative GENomics of HOst-PathogEn (INGEN-HOPE) laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Delhi, India,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Rajesh Pandey
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease Biology, INtegrative GENomics of HOst-PathogEn (INGEN-HOPE) laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Delhi, India,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India,*Correspondence: Rajesh Pandey, ;
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44
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The impact of the secondary infections in ICU patients affected by COVID-19 during three different phases of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Clin Exp Med 2022:10.1007/s10238-022-00959-1. [PMID: 36459278 PMCID: PMC9717567 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-022-00959-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Microbial secondary infections can contribute to an increase in the risk of mortality in COVID-19 patients, particularly in case of severe diseases. In this study, we collected and evaluated the clinical, laboratory and microbiological data of COVID-19 critical ill patients requiring intensive care (ICU) to evaluate the significance and the prognostic value of these parameters. One hundred seventy-eight ICU patients with severe COVID-19, hospitalized at the S. Francesco Hospital of Nuoro (Italy) in the period from March 2020 to May 2021, were enrolled in this study. Clinical data and microbiological results were collected. Blood chemistry parameters, relative to three different time points, were analyzed through multivariate and univariate statistical approaches. Seventy-four percent of the ICU COVID-19 patients had a negative outcome, while 26% had a favorable prognosis. A correlation between the laboratory parameters and days of hospitalization of the patients was observed with significant differences between the two groups. Moreover, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Candida spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the most frequently isolated microorganisms from all clinical specimens. Secondary infections play an important role in the clinical outcome. The analysis of the blood chemistry tests was found useful in monitoring the progression of COVID-19.
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45
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Sundarasivarao PYK, Walker JM, Rodriguez A, Spur BW, Yin K. Resolvin D2 induces anti-microbial mechanisms in a model of infectious peritonitis and secondary lung infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1011944. [PMID: 36532055 PMCID: PMC9754689 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1011944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In severe bacterial infections, there is a pro-inflammatory response to promote bacterial clearance but this response can cause tissue injury. Later, the immune system becomes dysregulated and the host is unable to clear a secondary or a pre-existing infection. Specialized Pro-resolving Mediators (SPMs) such as resolvin D2 (RvD2) have been shown to be beneficial for inflammation/infection resolution in animal models of sepsis but in vivo mechanisms by which RvD2 may promote bacterial clearance and/or attenuate deleterious effects of a secondary infection have not been fully established. In this study, we used the 2-hit model of cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) induced infectious peritonitis and secondary lung infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa to find possible antimicrobial and immunomodulatory mechanisms of RvD2. We show that RvD2 given as late as 48h after CLP surgery reduced blood bacterial load without altering plasma cytokines compared to mice given saline vehicle. RvD2 increased splenic neutrophil accumulation as well as average reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. There was also an increase in an immature leukocyte population the myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in the spleen of RvD2 treated mice. RvD2 reduced lung lavage bacterial load 24h after P. aeruginosa administration and significantly decreased lung lavage levels of IL-23, a cytokine essential in the Th-17 inflammatory response. In addition, we show that RvD2 increased the number of non-inflammatory alveolar macrophages after P. aeruginosa administration compared to saline treated mice. The study uncovered an antimicrobial mechanism of RvD2 where RvD2 increases mature neutrophil and MDSC accumulation into the spleen to promote blood bacterial clearance. The study showed that in this 2-hit model, RvD2 promotes lung bacterial clearance, increased non-inflammatory alveolar macrophage number and inhibits an adaptive immune pathway providing evidence of its resolution mechanism in secondary pulmonary infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kingsley Yin
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, United States
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46
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Alveolar macrophage metabolic programming via a C-type lectin receptor protects against lipo-toxicity and cell death. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7272. [PMID: 36433992 PMCID: PMC9700784 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34935-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar macrophages (AM) hold lung homeostasis intact. In addition to the defense against inhaled pathogens and deleterious inflammation, AM also maintain pulmonary surfactant homeostasis, a vital lung function that prevents pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Signals transmitted between AM and pneumocytes of the pulmonary niche coordinate these specialized functions. However, the mechanisms that guide the metabolic homeostasis of AM remain largely elusive. We show that the NK cell-associated receptor, NKR-P1B, is expressed by AM and is essential for metabolic programming. Nkrp1b-/- mice are vulnerable to pneumococcal infection due to an age-dependent collapse in the number of AM and the formation of lipid-laden AM. The AM of Nkrp1b-/- mice show increased uptake but defective metabolism of surfactant lipids. We identify a physical relay between AM and alveolar type-II pneumocytes that is dependent on pneumocyte Clr-g expression. These findings implicate the NKR-P1B:Clr-g signaling axis in AM-pneumocyte communication as being important for maintaining metabolism in AM.
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Song J, Zhao J, Cai X, Qin S, Chen Z, Huang X, Li R, Wang Y, Wang X. Lianhuaqingwen capsule inhibits non-lethal doses of influenza virus-induced secondary Staphylococcus aureus infection in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 298:115653. [PMID: 35995276 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Lianhuaqingwen capsule (LH-C) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), consisting of two prescriptions, Ma-xing-shi-gan-tang (MXSGT) and Yinqiao San. It has been proven to have antiviral, antibacterial, and immunomodulatory effects in recent years. Clinically, it is commonly used in the treatment of respiratory tract infections. AIM OF THE STUDY It was demonstrated in our previous studies that LH-C has an effect of antivirus and inhibits influenza virus-induced bacterial adhesion to respiratory epithelial cells through down-regulation of cell adhesion molecules in vitro. However, LH-C's effect against influenza-induced secondary bacterial infection in animal studies remains unclear. Therefore, in the present study, we established a mouse model of infection with non-lethal doses of influenza virus(H1N1) and secondary infection of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), to investigate the potential effects of LH-C. METHODS Experiments were carried out on BALB/c mice infecting non-lethal doses of H1N1 and non-lethal doses of S. aureus, and the viral, and bacterial doses were determined by observing and recording changes in the body weight, mortality, and pathological changes. Moreover, after LH-C treatment, the survival rate, body weight, lung index, viral titers, bacterial colonies, pathological changes, and the inflammatory cytokines in the mouse model have all been systematically determined. RESULTS In the superinfection models of H1N1 and S. aureus, the mortality rate was 100% in groups of mice infected with 20 PFU/50 μL of H1N1 and 105 CFU/mL of S. aureus, 20 PFU/50 μL of H1N1 and 106 CFU/mL of S. aureus, 4 PFU/50 μL of H1N1 and 106 CFU/mL of S. aureus. The mortality rate was 50% in the group of mice infected with 4 PFU/50 μL of H1N1 and 105 CFU/mL of S. aureus. The mortality rate was 37.5% in the group of mice infected with 20 PFU/50 μL of H1N1 alone and in the group of mice infected with 2 PFU/50 μL of H1N1 and 106 CFU/mL of S. aureus. The mortality rate in the group of mice infected with 2 PFU/50 μL of H1N1 and 106 CFU/mL of S. aureus was 30%. The infected mice of 2 PFU/50 μL of H1N1 and 106 CFU/mL of S. aureus had a weight loss of nearly 10%. About the histopathological changes in the lung tissue of infection mice, severe lung lesions were found in the superinfection models. LH-C improved survival in the superinfected mice, significantly reduced lung index, lowered viral titers and bacterial loads, and alleviated lung damage. It reduced lung inflammation by down-regulating mRNA expression levels of inflammatory mediators like IL-6, IL-1β, IL-10, TNF-α, IFN-β, MCP-1, and RANTES. CONCLUSIONS We found that superinfection from non-lethal doses of S. aureus following non-lethal doses of H1N1 was equally fatal in mice, confirming the severity of secondary infections. The ability of LH-C to alleviate lung injury resulting from secondary S. aureus infection induced by H1N1 was confirmed. These findings provided a further assessment of LH-C, suggesting that LH-C may have good therapeutic efficacy in influenza secondary bacterial infection disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Song
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuejun Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shengle Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zexin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaodong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Runfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yutao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xinhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Institute of Integration of Traditional and Western Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Aleith J, Brendel M, Weipert E, Müller M, Schultz D, Müller-Hilke B. Influenza A Virus Exacerbates Group A Streptococcus Infection and Thwarts Anti-Bacterial Inflammatory Responses in Murine Macrophages. Pathogens 2022; 11:1320. [PMID: 36365071 PMCID: PMC9699311 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11111320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Seasonal influenza epidemics pose a considerable hazard for global health. In the past decades, accumulating evidence revealed that influenza A virus (IAV) renders the host vulnerable to bacterial superinfections which in turn are a major cause for morbidity and mortality. However, whether the impact of influenza on anti-bacterial innate immunity is restricted to the vicinity of the lung or systemically extends to remote sites is underexplored. We therefore sought to investigate intranasal infection of adult C57BL/6J mice with IAV H1N1 in combination with bacteremia elicited by intravenous application of Group A Streptococcus (GAS). Co-infection in vivo was supplemented in vitro by challenging murine bone marrow derived macrophages and exploring gene expression and cytokine secretion. Our results show that viral infection of mice caused mild disease and induced the depletion of CCL2 in the periphery. Influenza preceding GAS infection promoted the occurrence of paw edemas and was accompanied by exacerbated disease scores. In vitro co-infection of macrophages led to significantly elevated expression of TLR2 and CD80 compared to bacterial mono-infection, whereas CD163 and CD206 were downregulated. The GAS-inducible upregulation of inflammatory genes, such as Nos2, as well as the secretion of TNFα and IL-1β were notably reduced or even abrogated following co-infection. Our results indicate that IAV primes an innate immune layout that is inadequately equipped for bacterial clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Aleith
- Core Facility for Cell Sorting and Cell Analysis, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Maria Brendel
- Core Facility for Cell Sorting and Cell Analysis, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Erik Weipert
- Core Facility for Cell Sorting and Cell Analysis, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Michael Müller
- Core Facility for Cell Sorting and Cell Analysis, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Daniel Schultz
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ko-Infekt Study Group
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Brigitte Müller-Hilke
- Core Facility for Cell Sorting and Cell Analysis, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
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Chen J, Deng JC, Zemans RL, Bahmed K, Kosmider B, Zhang M, Peters-Golden M, Goldstein DR. Age-induced prostaglandin E 2 impairs mitochondrial fitness and increases mortality to influenza infection. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6759. [PMID: 36351902 PMCID: PMC9643978 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34593-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging impairs the immune responses to influenza A virus (IAV), resulting in increased mortality to IAV infections in older adults. However, the factors within the aged lung that compromise host defense to IAV remain unknown. Using a murine model and human samples, we identified prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), as such a factor. Senescent type II alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) are overproducers of PGE2 within the aged lung. PGE2 impairs the proliferation of alveolar macrophages (AMs), critical cells for defense against respiratory pathogens, via reduction of oxidative phosphorylation and mitophagy. Importantly, blockade of the PGE2 receptor EP2 in aged mice improves AM mitochondrial function, increases AM numbers and enhances survival to IAV infection. In conclusion, our study reveals a key mechanism that compromises host defense to IAV, and possibly other respiratory infections, with aging and suggests potential new therapeutic or preventative avenues to protect against viral respiratory disease in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Jane C Deng
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Rachel L Zemans
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Karim Bahmed
- Center for Inflammation and Lung Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.,Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Beata Kosmider
- Center for Inflammation and Lung Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.,Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Marc Peters-Golden
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Daniel R Goldstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA. .,Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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50
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Lobby JL, Uddbäck I, Scharer CD, Mi T, Boss JM, Thomsen AR, Christensen JP, Kohlmeier JE. Persistent Antigen Harbored by Alveolar Macrophages Enhances the Maintenance of Lung-Resident Memory CD8 + T Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:1778-1787. [PMID: 36162870 PMCID: PMC9588742 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Lung tissue-resident memory T cells are crucial mediators of cellular immunity against respiratory viruses; however, their gradual decline hinders the development of T cell-based vaccines against respiratory pathogens. Recently, studies using adenovirus (Ad)-based vaccine vectors have shown that the number of protective lung-resident CD8+ TRMs can be maintained long term. In this article, we show that immunization of mice with a replication-deficient Ad serotype 5 expressing influenza (A/Puerto Rico/8/34) nucleoprotein (AdNP) generates a long-lived lung TRM pool that is transcriptionally indistinct from those generated during a primary influenza infection. In addition, we demonstrate that CD4+ T cells contribute to the long-term maintenance of AdNP-induced CD8+ TRMs. Using a lineage tracing approach, we identify alveolar macrophages as a cell source of persistent NP Ag after immunization with AdNP. Importantly, depletion of alveolar macrophages after AdNP immunization resulted in significantly reduced numbers of NP-specific CD8+ TRMs in the lungs and airways. Combined, our results provide further insight to the mechanisms governing the enhanced longevity of Ag-specific CD8+ lung TRMs observed after immunization with recombinant Ad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna L Lobby
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; and
| | - Ida Uddbäck
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; and
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christopher D Scharer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; and
| | - Tian Mi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; and
| | - Jeremy M Boss
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; and
| | - Allan R Thomsen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan P Christensen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jacob E Kohlmeier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; and
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