1
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Ettel P, Weichhart T. Not just sugar: metabolic control of neutrophil development and effector functions. J Leukoc Biol 2024; 116:487-510. [PMID: 38450755 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiae057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The mammalian immune system is constantly surveying our tissues to clear pathogens and maintain tissue homeostasis. In order to fulfill these tasks, immune cells take up nutrients to supply energy for survival and for directly regulating effector functions via their cellular metabolism, a process now known as immunometabolism. Neutrophilic granulocytes, the most abundant leukocytes in the human body, have a short half-life and are permanently needed in the defense against pathogens. According to a long-standing view, neutrophils were thought to primarily fuel their metabolic demands via glycolysis. Yet, this view has been challenged, as other metabolic pathways recently emerged to contribute to neutrophil homeostasis and effector functions. In particular during neutrophilic development, the pentose phosphate pathway, glycogen synthesis, oxidative phosphorylation, and fatty acid oxidation crucially promote neutrophil maturation. At steady state, both glucose and lipid metabolism sustain neutrophil survival and maintain the intracellular redox balance. This review aims to comprehensively discuss how neutrophilic metabolism adapts during development, which metabolic pathways fuel their functionality, and how these processes are reconfigured in case of various diseases. We provide several examples of hereditary diseases, in which mutations in metabolic enzymes validate their critical role for neutrophil function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Ettel
- Institute for Medical Genetics, Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 10, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Weichhart
- Institute for Medical Genetics, Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 10, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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2
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Spigaglia P. Clostridioides difficile and Gut Microbiota: From Colonization to Infection and Treatment. Pathogens 2024; 13:646. [PMID: 39204246 PMCID: PMC11357127 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13080646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile is the main causative agent of antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) in hospitals in the developed world. Both infected patients and asymptomatic colonized individuals represent important transmission sources of C. difficile. C. difficile infection (CDI) shows a large range of symptoms, from mild diarrhea to severe manifestations such as pseudomembranous colitis. Epidemiological changes in CDIs have been observed in the last two decades, with the emergence of highly virulent types and more numerous and severe CDI cases in the community. C. difficile interacts with the gut microbiota throughout its entire life cycle, and the C. difficile's role as colonizer or invader largely depends on alterations in the gut microbiota, which C. difficile itself can promote and maintain. The restoration of the gut microbiota to a healthy state is considered potentially effective for the prevention and treatment of CDI. Besides a fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), many other approaches to re-establishing intestinal eubiosis are currently under investigation. This review aims to explore current data on C. difficile and gut microbiota changes in colonized individuals and infected patients with a consideration of the recent emergence of highly virulent C. difficile types, with an overview of the microbial interventions used to restore the human gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Spigaglia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Roma, Italy
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3
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Brenchley JM, Serrano-Villar S. From dysbiosis to defense: harnessing the gut microbiome in HIV/SIV therapy. MICROBIOME 2024; 12:113. [PMID: 38907315 PMCID: PMC11193286 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-024-01825-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the microbiota has been extensively associated with HIV pathogenesis, the majority of studies, particularly those using omics techniques, are largely correlative and serve primarily as a basis for hypothesis generation. Furthermore, most have focused on characterizing the taxonomic composition of the bacterial component, often overlooking other levels of the microbiome. The intricate mechanisms by which the microbiota influences immune responses to HIV are still poorly understood. Interventional studies on gut microbiota provide a powerful tool to test the hypothesis of whether we can harness the microbiota to improve health outcomes in people with HIV. RESULTS Here, we review the multifaceted role of the gut microbiome in HIV/SIV disease progression and its potential as a therapeutic target. We explore the complex interplay between gut microbial dysbiosis and systemic inflammation, highlighting the potential for microbiome-based therapeutics to open new avenues in HIV management. These include exploring the efficacy of probiotics, prebiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, and targeted dietary modifications. We also address the challenges inherent in this research area, such as the difficulty in inducing long-lasting microbiome alterations and the complexities of study designs, including variations in probiotic strains, donor selection for FMT, antibiotic conditioning regimens, and the hurdles in translating findings into clinical practice. Finally, we speculate on future directions for this rapidly evolving field, emphasizing the need for a more granular understanding of microbiome-immune interactions, the development of personalized microbiome-based therapies, and the application of novel technologies to identify potential therapeutic agents. CONCLUSIONS Our review underscores the importance of the gut microbiome in HIV/SIV disease and its potential as a target for innovative therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Brenchley
- Barrier Immunity Section, Lab of Viral Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MA, USA.
| | - Sergio Serrano-Villar
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Ramon y Cajal, IRYCIS and CIBERInfec, Madrid, Spain.
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4
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Di Bella S, Sanson G, Monticelli J, Zerbato V, Principe L, Giuffrè M, Pipitone G, Luzzati R. Clostridioides difficile infection: history, epidemiology, risk factors, prevention, clinical manifestations, treatment, and future options. Clin Microbiol Rev 2024; 37:e0013523. [PMID: 38421181 PMCID: PMC11324037 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00135-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYClostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is one of the major issues in nosocomial infections. This bacterium is constantly evolving and poses complex challenges for clinicians, often encountered in real-life scenarios. In the face of CDI, we are increasingly equipped with new therapeutic strategies, such as monoclonal antibodies and live biotherapeutic products, which need to be thoroughly understood to fully harness their benefits. Moreover, interesting options are currently under study for the future, including bacteriophages, vaccines, and antibiotic inhibitors. Surveillance and prevention strategies continue to play a pivotal role in limiting the spread of the infection. In this review, we aim to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of epidemiological aspects, predisposing factors, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tools, and current and future prophylactic and therapeutic options for C. difficile infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Di Bella
- Clinical Department of
Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Trieste
University, Trieste,
Italy
| | - Gianfranco Sanson
- Clinical Department of
Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Trieste
University, Trieste,
Italy
| | - Jacopo Monticelli
- Infectious Diseases
Unit, Trieste University Hospital
(ASUGI), Trieste,
Italy
| | - Verena Zerbato
- Infectious Diseases
Unit, Trieste University Hospital
(ASUGI), Trieste,
Italy
| | - Luigi Principe
- Microbiology and
Virology Unit, Great Metropolitan Hospital
“Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli”,
Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Mauro Giuffrè
- Clinical Department of
Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Trieste
University, Trieste,
Italy
- Department of Internal
Medicine (Digestive Diseases), Yale School of Medicine, Yale
University, New Haven,
Connecticut, USA
| | - Giuseppe Pipitone
- Infectious Diseases
Unit, ARNAS Civico-Di Cristina
Hospital, Palermo,
Italy
| | - Roberto Luzzati
- Clinical Department of
Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Trieste
University, Trieste,
Italy
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5
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Wang LY, He LH, Xu LJ, Li SB. Short-chain fatty acids: bridges between diet, gut microbiota, and health. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024. [PMID: 38780349 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.16619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, gut microbiota has become a hot topic in the fields of medicine and life sciences. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), the main metabolites of gut microbiota produced by microbial fermentation of dietary fiber, play a vital role in healthy and ill hosts. SCFAs regulate the process of metabolism, immune, and inflammation and have therapeutic effects on gastrointestinal and neurological disorders, as well as antitumor properties. This review summarized the production, distribution, and molecular mechanism of SCFAs, as well as their mechanisms of action in healthy and ill hosts. In addition, we also emphasized the negative effects of SCFAs, aiming to provide the public with a more comprehensive understanding of SCFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Yun Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhoushan Hospital, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, China
- College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li-Hong He
- College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li-Jun Xu
- The State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shi-Bo Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhoushan Hospital, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, China
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6
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Muchhala KH, Kallurkar PS, Kang M, Koseli E, Poklis JL, Xu Q, Dewey WL, Fettweis JM, Jimenez NR, Akbarali HI. The role of morphine- and fentanyl-induced impairment of intestinal epithelial antibacterial activity in dysbiosis and its impact on the microbiota-gut-brain axis. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23603. [PMID: 38648368 PMCID: PMC11047137 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202301590rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that chronic exposure to opioid analgesics such as morphine disrupts the intestinal epithelial layer and causes intestinal dysbiosis. Depleting gut bacteria can preclude the development of tolerance to opioid-induced antinociception, suggesting an important role of the gut-brain axis in mediating opioid effects. The mechanism underlying opioid-induced dysbiosis, however, remains unclear. Host-produced antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are critical for the integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier as they prevent the pathogenesis of the enteric microbiota. Here, we report that chronic morphine or fentanyl exposure reduces the antimicrobial activity in the ileum, resulting in changes in the composition of bacteria. Fecal samples from morphine-treated mice had increased levels of Akkermansia muciniphila with a shift in the abundance ratio of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. Fecal microbial transplant (FMT) from morphine-naïve mice or oral supplementation with butyrate restored (a) the antimicrobial activity, (b) the expression of the antimicrobial peptide, Reg3γ, (c) prevented the increase in intestinal permeability and (d) prevented the development of antinociceptive tolerance in morphine-dependent mice. Improved epithelial barrier function with FMT or butyrate prevented the enrichment of the mucin-degrading A. muciniphila in morphine-dependent mice. These data implicate impairment of the antimicrobial activity of the intestinal epithelium as a mechanism by which opioids disrupt the microbiota-gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan H. Muchhala
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Prajkta S. Kallurkar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Minho Kang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Eda Koseli
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Justin L. Poklis
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Qingguo Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - William L. Dewey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Jennifer M. Fettweis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Nicole R. Jimenez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Hamid I. Akbarali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
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7
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Chen See JR, Leister J, Wright JR, Kruse PI, Khedekar MV, Besch CE, Kumamoto CA, Madden GR, Stewart DB, Lamendella R. Clostridioides difficile infection is associated with differences in transcriptionally active microbial communities. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1398018. [PMID: 38680911 PMCID: PMC11045941 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1398018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is responsible for around 300,000 hospitalizations yearly in the United States, with the associated monetary cost being billions of dollars. Gut microbiome dysbiosis is known to be important to CDI. To the best of our knowledge, metatranscriptomics (MT) has only been used to characterize gut microbiome composition and function in one prior study involving CDI patients. Therefore, we utilized MT to investigate differences in active community diversity and composition between CDI+ (n = 20) and CDI- (n = 19) samples with respect to microbial taxa and expressed genes. No significant (Kruskal-Wallis, p > 0.05) differences were detected for richness or evenness based on CDI status. However, clustering based on CDI status was significant for both active microbial taxa and expressed genes datasets (PERMANOVA, p ≤ 0.05). Furthermore, differential feature analysis revealed greater expression of the opportunistic pathogens Enterocloster bolteae and Ruminococcus gnavus in CDI+ compared to CDI- samples. When only fungal sequences were considered, the family Saccharomycetaceae expressed more genes in CDI-, while 31 other fungal taxa were identified as significantly (Kruskal-Wallis p ≤ 0.05, log(LDA) ≥ 2) associated with CDI+. We also detected a variety of genes and pathways that differed significantly (Kruskal-Wallis p ≤ 0.05, log(LDA) ≥ 2) based on CDI status. Notably, differential genes associated with biofilm formation were expressed by C. difficile. This provides evidence of another possible contributor to C. difficile's resistance to antibiotics and frequent recurrence in vivo. Furthermore, the greater number of CDI+ associated fungal taxa constitute additional evidence that the mycobiome is important to CDI pathogenesis. Future work will focus on establishing if C. difficile is actively producing biofilms during infection and if any specific fungal taxa are particularly influential in CDI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Justin R. Wright
- Juniata College, Huntingdon, PA, United States
- Wright Labs LLC, Huntingdon, PA, United States
| | | | | | | | - Carol A. Kumamoto
- Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Gregory R. Madden
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - David B. Stewart
- Department of Surgery, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, United States
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8
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Rui W, Zhong S, Li X, Tang X, Wang L, Yang J. Evaluating the Role of Postbiotics in the Modulation of Human Oral Microbiota: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2024:10.1007/s12602-024-10238-y. [PMID: 38502383 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-024-10238-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
There is a lack of clinical data to support the effectiveness and safety of postbiotics in the modulation of human oral microbiota and oral health care. Here, volunteers were recruited and randomly assigned to two cohorts: a placebo group (n = 15) and a postbiotic group (n = 16). The placebo group used toothpaste that did not contain postbiotics, while the postbiotic group used toothpaste with postbiotics (3 × 1010 CFU inactivated Lactobacillus salivarius LS97, L. paracasei LC86, and L. acidophilus LA85). Saliva samples were collected at different time points and the immunoglobulin A (IgA) and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) levels were determined, while the salivary microbiota was analyzed by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. The results showed that salivary IgA levels and acetic and propionic acid levels were notably higher in the postbiotic group (P < 0.05), accompanied by an increase in the level of alpha diversity of the salivary microbiota, and these indexes remained high 1 month after discontinuing the use of toothpaste with or without postbiotics. A notable decrease in the relative abundance of the unclassified_Enterobacteriaceae, Klebsiella, Escherichia, etc. in the postbiotic group was accompanied by a notable increase in Ruminofilibacter and Lactobacillus. However, both groups did not cause significant changes in the overall structure of the host salivary microbiota. In conclusion, postbiotics dramatically and consistently improved oral immunity levels and SCFA content in the host. In addition, postbiotics were able to increase the level of microbial alpha diversity and down-regulate the abundance of some harmful microbes without significantly altering the structure of the host salivary microbiota. Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR) ( www.chictr.org.cn ) under the registration number ChiCTR2300074088.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Rui
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Saiwei Zhong
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoqian Li
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuna Tang
- Department of Endodontology, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Lijun Wang
- Department of Endodontology, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jingpeng Yang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China.
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9
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Xu J, Xu H, Guo X, Zhao H, Wang J, Li J, He J, Huang H, Huang C, Zhao C, Li Y, Zhou Y, Peng Y, Nie Y. Pretreatment with an antibiotics cocktail enhances the protective effect of probiotics by regulating SCFA metabolism and Th1/Th2/Th17 cell immune responses. BMC Microbiol 2024; 24:91. [PMID: 38500062 PMCID: PMC10946100 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-024-03251-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Probiotics are a potentially effective therapy for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); IBD is linked to impaired gut microbiota and intestinal immunity. However, the utilization of an antibiotic cocktail (Abx) prior to the probiotic intervention remains controversial. This study aims to identify the effect of Abx pretreatment from dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis and to evaluate whether Abx pretreatment has an enhanced effect on the protection of Clostridium butyricum Miyairi588 (CBM) from colitis. RESULTS The inflammation, dysbiosis, and dysfunction of gut microbiota as well as T cell response were both enhanced by Abx pretreatment. Additionally, CBM significantly alleviated the DSS-induced colitis and impaired gut epithelial barrier, and Abx pretreatment could enhance these protective effects. Furthermore, CBM increased the benefit bacteria abundance and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) level with Abx pretreatment. CBM intervention after Abx pretreatment regulated the imbalance of cytokines and transcription factors, which corresponded to lower infiltration of Th1 and Th17 cells, and increased Th2 cells. CONCLUSIONS Abx pretreatment reinforced the function of CBM in ameliorating inflammation and barrier damage by increasing beneficial taxa, eliminating pathogens, and inducing a protective Th2 cell response. This study reveals a link between Abx pretreatment, microbiota, and immune response changes in colitis, which provides a reference for the further application of Abx pretreatment before microbiota-based intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Haoming Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xue Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hailan Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianhong Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jie He
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongli Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chen Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chong Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yingfei Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Youlian Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yao Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yuqiang Nie
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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10
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Yang Q, Zaongo SD, Zhu L, Yan J, Yang J, Ouyang J. The Potential of Clostridium butyricum to Preserve Gut Health, and to Mitigate Non-AIDS Comorbidities in People Living with HIV. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2024:10.1007/s12602-024-10227-1. [PMID: 38336953 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-024-10227-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
A dramatic reduction in mortality among people living with HIV (PLWH) has been achieved during the modern antiretroviral therapy (ART) era. However, ART does not restore gut barrier function even after long-term viral suppression, allowing microbial products to enter the systemic blood circulation and induce chronic immune activation. In PLWH, a chronic state of systemic inflammation exists and persists, which increases the risk of development of inflammation-associated non-AIDS comorbidities such as metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. Clostridium butyricum is a human butyrate-producing symbiont present in the gut microbiome. Convergent evidence has demonstrated favorable effects of C. butyricum for gastrointestinal health, including maintenance of the structural and functional integrity of the gut barrier, inhibition of pathogenic bacteria within the intestine, and reduction of microbial translocation. Moreover, C. butyricum supplementation has been observed to have a positive effect on various inflammation-related diseases such as diabetes, ulcerative colitis, and cancer, which are also recognized as non-AIDS comorbidities associated with epithelial gut damage. There is currently scant published research in the literature, focusing on the influence of C. butyricum in the gut of PLWH. In this hypothesis review, we speculate the use of C. butyricum as a probiotic oral supplementation may well emerge as a potential future synergistic adjunctive strategy in PLWH, in tandem with ART, to restore and consolidate intestinal barrier integrity, repair the leaky gut, prevent microbial translocation from the gut, and reduce both gut and systemic inflammation, with the ultimate objective of decreasing the risk for development of non-AIDS comorbidities in PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyu Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital & Chongqing Cancer Institute & Chongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Silvere D Zaongo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
- Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Lijiao Zhu
- Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiangyu Yan
- Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiadan Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Jing Ouyang
- Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China.
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11
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Gurung B, Stricklin M, Wang S. Gut Microbiota-Gut Metabolites and Clostridioides difficile Infection: Approaching Sustainable Solutions for Therapy. Metabolites 2024; 14:74. [PMID: 38276309 PMCID: PMC10819375 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) infection (CDI) is the most common hospital-acquired infection. With the combination of a high rate of antibiotic resistance and recurrence, it has proven to be a debilitating public health threat. Current treatments for CDI include antibiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation, which contribute to recurrent CDIs and potential risks. Therefore, there is an ongoing need to develop new preventative treatment strategies for CDI. Notably, gut microbiota dysbiosis is the primary risk factor for CDI and provides a promising target for developing novel CDI therapy approaches. Along with gut microbiota dysbiosis, a reduction in important gut metabolites like secondary bile acids and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were also seen in patients suffering from CDI. In this review study, we investigated the roles and mechanisms of gut microbiota and gut microbiota-derived gut metabolites, especially secondary bile acids and SCFAs in CDI pathogenesis. Moreover, specific signatures of gut microbiota and gut metabolites, as well as different factors that can modulate the gut microbiota, were also discussed, indicating that gut microbiota modulators like probiotics and prebiotics can be a potential therapeutic strategy for CDI as they can help restore gut microbiota and produce gut metabolites necessary for a healthy gut. The understanding of the associations between gut microbiota-gut metabolites and CDI will allow for developing precise and sustainable approaches, distinct from antibiotics and fecal transplant, for mitigating CDI and other gut microbiota dysbiosis-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijay Gurung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; (B.G.); (M.S.)
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
- Interdisciplinary Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Maranda Stricklin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; (B.G.); (M.S.)
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Shaohua Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; (B.G.); (M.S.)
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
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12
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Thornton T, Mills D, Bliss E. The impact of lipopolysaccharide on cerebrovascular function and cognition resulting from obesity-induced gut dysbiosis. Life Sci 2024; 336:122337. [PMID: 38072189 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a worldwide epidemic coinciding with a concomitant increase in the incidence of neurodegenerative diseases, particularly dementia. Obesity is characterised by increased adiposity, chronic low-grade systemic inflammation, and oxidative stress, which promote endothelial dysfunction. Endothelial dysfunction reduces cerebrovascular function leading to reduced cerebral blood flow and, eventually, cognitive decline, thus predisposing to a neurodegenerative disease. Obesity is also characterised by gut dysbiosis and a subsequent increase in the lipopolysaccharide which increasingly activates toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and further promotes chronic low-grade systemic inflammation. This also disrupts the crosstalk within the gut-brain axis, thus influencing the functions of the central nervous system, including cognition. However, the mechanisms by which obesity-related increases in oxidative stress, inflammation and endothelial dysfunction are driven by, or associated with, increased systemic lipopolysaccharide leading to reduced cerebrovascular function and cognition, beyond normal ageing, have not been elucidated. Hence, this review examines how increased concentrations of lipopolysaccharide and the subsequent increased TLR4 activation observed in obesity exacerbate the development of obesity-induced reductions in cerebrovascular function and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy Thornton
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, QLD 4305, Australia; Respiratory and Exercise Physiology Research Group, School of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, QLD 4305, Australia.
| | - Dean Mills
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, QLD 4305, Australia; Respiratory and Exercise Physiology Research Group, School of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, QLD 4305, Australia; Centre for Health Research, Institute for Resilient Regions, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, QLD 4305, Australia; Molecular Biomarkers Research Group, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia
| | - Edward Bliss
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, QLD 4305, Australia; Respiratory and Exercise Physiology Research Group, School of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, QLD 4305, Australia; Centre for Health Research, Institute for Resilient Regions, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, QLD 4305, Australia; Molecular Biomarkers Research Group, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia
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13
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Hishiya N, Uno K, Nakano A, Konishi M, Higashi S, Eguchi S, Ariyoshi T, Matsumoto A, Oka K, Takahashi M, Suzuki Y, Horiuchi S, Hirai N, Ogawa Y, Ogawa T, Nakano R, Mikasa K, Kasahara K, Yano H. Association between the gut microbiome and organic acid profiles in a Japanese population with HIV infection. J Infect Chemother 2024; 30:58-66. [PMID: 37708940 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2023.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION An increased incidence of metabolic syndrome has been observed in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals. In contrast, gut dysbiosis is involved in various pathogeneses, including vascular endothelial disorders. Organic acids, including short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), are essential for maintaining gut homeostasis. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the gut microbiome profile and organic acids in a Japanese population infected with HIV. METHODS Forty-nine patients with HIV infection on combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) were enrolled and divided into the high and low CD4 groups based on a CD4 cutoff of 350 cells/μL. Stool samples were analyzed by 16S ribosomal RNA next-generation sequencing and high-performance liquid chromatography. The association between the gut microbiome, including bacterial taxa and organic acids, was statistically analyzed. RESULTS The fecal microbial community composition was significantly different between HIV patients with CD4 counts above and below 350 cells/μL. The relative abundance of Roseburia, Prevotella, Prevotella_9, and [Clostridium]_methylpentosum_group were significantly enriched in the high CD4 group. Fecal succinic acid tended to be more abundant in the low CD4 group, and acetic, propionic, and butyric acids tended to be more abundant in the high CD4 group. Roseburia was positively correlated with butyric acid levels. Prevotella_9 and Prevotella were negatively correlated with succinic acid levels and positively correlated with acetic and propionic acid levels. CONCLUSIONS This study showed intestinal dysbiosis bordering on a CD4 count of 350 in patients with HIV infection undergoing cART. These findings might help in understanding intestinal damage and systemic inflammation in HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naokuni Hishiya
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan; Department of Infectious Diseases, Nara City Hospital, 1-50-1 Higashikidera-cho, Nara-Shi, Nara, 630-8305, Japan
| | - Kenji Uno
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Minami-Nara General Medical Center, 8-1 Fukugami, Oyodo-Cho, Yoshino-Gun, Nara, 638-8551, Japan
| | - Akiyo Nakano
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan.
| | - Mitsuru Konishi
- Center for Health Control, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan; Center for Infectious Diseases, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Seiya Higashi
- R&D Division, Miyarisan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 2-22-9 Toro-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama-Shi, Saitama, 331-0804, Japan
| | - Shuhei Eguchi
- R&D Division, Miyarisan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 2-22-9 Toro-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama-Shi, Saitama, 331-0804, Japan
| | - Tadashi Ariyoshi
- R&D Division, Miyarisan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 2-22-9 Toro-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama-Shi, Saitama, 331-0804, Japan
| | - Asami Matsumoto
- R&D Division, Miyarisan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 2-22-9 Toro-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama-Shi, Saitama, 331-0804, Japan
| | - Kentaro Oka
- R&D Division, Miyarisan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 2-22-9 Toro-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama-Shi, Saitama, 331-0804, Japan
| | - Motomichi Takahashi
- R&D Division, Miyarisan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 2-22-9 Toro-Cho, Kita-Ku, Saitama-Shi, Saitama, 331-0804, Japan
| | - Yuki Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Saori Horiuchi
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Nobuyasu Hirai
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology, Seichokai Fuchu Hospital, 1-10-17 Hiko-Cho, Izumi, Osaka, 594-0076, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Ogawa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sakai City Medical Center, 1-1-1 Ebaraji-Cho, Nishi-Ku, Sakai, Osaka, 593-8304, Japan
| | - Taku Ogawa
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Nakano
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Keiichi Mikasa
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan; Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Koseikai Hospital, 769-3 Shigi-cho, Yamatokoriyama, Nara, 639-1039, Japan
| | - Kei Kasahara
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Hisakazu Yano
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
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14
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Yan Q, Jia S, Li D, Yang J. The role and mechanism of action of microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids in neutrophils: From the activation to becoming potential biomarkers. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 169:115821. [PMID: 37952355 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), such as acetate, propionate, and butyrate, have emerged as critical mediators in the communication between the human microbiota and its host. As the first responder to the inflammatory site, neutrophils play an important role in protecting the host against bacterial infections. Recent investigations revealed that SCFAs generated from microbiota influence various neutrophil activities, including activation, migration, and generation of mediators of inflammatory processes. SCFAs have also been demonstrated to exhibit potential therapeutic benefits in a variety of disorders related to neutrophil dysfunction, including inflammatory bowel disease, viral infectious disorders, and cancer. This study aims to examine the molecular processes behind the complicated link between SCFAs and neutrophils, as well as their influence on neutrophil-driven inflammatory disorders. In addition, we will also provide an in-depth review of current research on the diagnostic and therapeutic value of SCFAs as possible biomarkers for neutrophil-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingzhu Yan
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China
| | - Shengnan Jia
- Digestive Diseases Center, Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China
| | - Dongfu Li
- Digestive Diseases Center, Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China.
| | - Junling Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China.
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Wu Y, Guo Y, Huang T, Huang D, Liu L, Shen C, Jiang C, Wang Z, Chen H, Liang P, Hu Y, Zheng Z, Liang T, Zhai D, Zhu H, Liu Q. Licorice flavonoid alleviates gastric ulcers by producing changes in gut microbiota and promoting mucus cell regeneration. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 169:115868. [PMID: 37952360 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Licorice flavonoid (LF) is the main component of Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, a "medicine food homology" herbal medicine, which has anti-digestive ulcer activity, but the mechanism in anti-gastric ulcer (GU) remains to be elucidated. In this study, we manifested that LF increased the viability of human gastric mucosal epithelial (GES-1) cells, attenuated ethanol (EtOH)-induced manifestations, reduced histological injury, suppressed inflammation, and restored gastric mucosal barrier in GU rats. After LF therapy, the EtOH-induced gut dysbiosis was partly modulated, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) like butyric acid, propionic acid, and valeric acid were found in higher concentrations. We discovered that the majority of genera that increased in the GU group had a negative correlation with SCFAs in the intestinal tract. In addition, LF-upregulated SCFAs boosted mucus secretion in the gastric epithelium and the expression of mucoprotein (MUC) 5AC and MUC6, particularly the MUC5AC in the gastric foveola. Moreover, LF triggered the EGFR/ERK signal pathway which promoted gastric mucus cell regeneration. Therefore, the findings indicated that LF could inhibit inflammation, promote mucosal barrier repair and angiogenesis, regulate gut microbiota and SCFA metabolism; more importantly, promote epithelial proliferation via activation of the EGFR/ERK pathway, exerting a protective and regenerative effect on the gastric mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufan Wu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yinglin Guo
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Tairun Huang
- Faculty of Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau
| | - Dehao Huang
- Huizhou Jiuhui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Huizhou 516000, China
| | - Li Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Chunyan Shen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Cuiping Jiang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zhuxian Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Hongkai Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Peiyi Liang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yi Hu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zeying Zheng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Tao Liang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Dan Zhai
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Hongxia Zhu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Qiang Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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Ji Y, Hu B, Wang Y, Dong G, Zhang C, Yu D. Glycerol tributylate (Triacylglycerol tributanoate) promoted the liver lipid metabolism by cultivating the intestinal flora of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2023; 49:1479-1488. [PMID: 38051409 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-023-01268-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the effects of glycerol tributyrin (TB) (Triacylglycerol tributanoate) on the regulation of liver lipid metabolism by intestinal flora of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). The compound feed with soybean oil 2.8% + fish oil 1.8%, soybean oil 6.3% + fish oil 1.8%, and soybean oil 6.2% + fish oil 1.8% + TB 0.1% was added to the basal diet as a fat source and fed to the basal (control) group, high lipid (HL) group, and tributyrin (TB) group for 12 weeks. We tested the growth performance, fat content, diversity, and abundance of gut flora and other related indexes of grass carp by Soxhlet extraction, liver tissue enzyme activity, oil red O staining, and 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing. The results showed that the liver fat number and liver fat content of grass carp in the TB group were lower than those in the HL group, while the fattening degree was significantly higher than those in the other two groups; according to the indices such as Shannon, Ace, and Coverage, it was found that the grass carp in the TB group had the highest abundance and diversity of intestinal microflora; at the portal level, Proteobacteria and Fusobacteria were the main dominant flora in the TB group, with the number of unique OUTs accounting for about 59. 9% of the total number measured; at the genus level, the relative abundance of lipase-producing, short-chain fatty acid-associated bacteria, such as Bacillus-Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, was significantly lower (p < 0.05). Thus, we conclude that the addition of TB to high-fat diets can alter the structure of the intestinal microbial community and promote hepatic lipid metabolism in grass carp. TB can alleviate fatty liver in grass carp by increasing the relative abundance of short-chain fatty acids in the intestine. Meanwhile, TB inhibits the conversion of primary bile acids to secondary bile acids in the host, which can block intestinal FXR signaling and the hepatic FXR-SHP pathway, thus slowing down fat synthesis and alleviating the accumulation of liver lipids in grass carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ji
- Key Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Hubei Province, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Bing Hu
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Special Aquatic Formula Feed, Fuqing, 350000, China
| | - Youzhen Wang
- Agricultural Research Institute of Dongxi Hu, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Guifang Dong
- Key Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Hubei Province, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Hubei Province, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430000, China.
| | - Denghang Yu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Hubei Province, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430000, China.
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Dörk R, Pelczar P, Shiri AM, Volmari A, Zierz E, Giannou A, Böttcher M, Bosurgi L, Huber S, Manthey CF. Myeloid Cell-Specific Deletion of PDGFR-α Promotes Dysbiotic Intestinal Microbiota and thus Increased Colitis Susceptibility. J Crohns Colitis 2023; 17:1858-1869. [PMID: 37377226 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjad103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The incidence of inflammatory bowel diseases [IBD] is steadily increasing, and thus the identification of new targets to improve therapy is a major goal. Growth factors of the PDGF family and their receptors are expressed early in intestinal development and are found in mononuclear cells and macrophages in adult tissues. Macrophages play a distinct role in the pathogenesis of IBD since their function is crucial to maintaining tolerance. METHODS We aimed to study the role of myeloid expression of PDGFR-α in mediating intestinal homeostasis in mouse IBD and infectious models. RESULTS Our results show that loss of myeloid PDGFR-α increases susceptibility to dextran saline sulphate-induced colitis. Accordingly, LysM-PDGFR-α-/- mice showed higher colitis scores, and reduced levels of anti-inflammatory macrophages compared to control mice. This effect was mediated via a pro-colitogenic microbiota, which developed in the absence of myeloid PDGFR-α and caused increased colitis susceptibility in gnotobiotic mice upon faecal microbiota transplantation compared to controls. Furthermore, LysM-PDGFR-α-/- mice had a leaky gut, accompanied by impaired phagocytosis, resulting in a severe barrier defect. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results indicate a protective role for myeloid PDGFR-α in maintaining gut homeostasis by promoting a protective intestinal microbiota and providing an anti-inflammatory macrophage phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronja Dörk
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Penelope Pelczar
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ahmad M Shiri
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Annika Volmari
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Zierz
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anastasios Giannou
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marius Böttcher
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lidia Bosurgi
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Samuel Huber
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carolin F Manthey
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- GIM, Pferdebachstr. 29, 58455 Witten, Germany
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18
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Han Z, Min Y, Pang K, Wu D. Therapeutic Approach Targeting Gut Microbiome in Gastrointestinal Infectious Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15654. [PMID: 37958637 PMCID: PMC10650060 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
While emerging evidence highlights the significance of gut microbiome in gastrointestinal infectious diseases, treatments like Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) and probiotics are gaining popularity, especially for diarrhea patients. However, the specific role of the gut microbiome in different gastrointestinal infectious diseases remains uncertain. There is no consensus on whether gut modulation therapy is universally effective for all such infections. In this comprehensive review, we examine recent developments of the gut microbiome's involvement in several gastrointestinal infectious diseases, including infection of Helicobacter pylori, Clostridium difficile, Vibrio cholerae, enteric viruses, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, and Giardia duodenalis. We have also incorporated information about fungi and engineered bacteria in gastrointestinal infectious diseases, aiming for a more comprehensive overview of the role of the gut microbiome. This review will provide insights into the pathogenic mechanisms of the gut microbiome while exploring the microbiome's potential in the prevention, diagnosis, prediction, and treatment of gastrointestinal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziying Han
- Department of Gastroenterology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yiyang Min
- Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Ke Pang
- Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Dong Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100730, China
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Yang J, Meng L, Li Y, Huang H. Strategies for applying probiotics in the antibiotic management of Clostridioides difficile infection. Food Funct 2023; 14:8711-8733. [PMID: 37725066 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo02110f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
The vital role of probiotics in the food field has been widely recognized, and at the same time, probiotics are gradually exhibiting surprising effects in the field of nutraceuticals, especially in regulating gut inflammation and the nutritional environment. As a dietary supplement in clinical nutrition, the coadministration of probiotics with antibiotics model has been applied to prevent intestinal infections caused by Clostridioides difficile. However, the mechanism behind this "bacteria-drug combination" model remains unclear. In particular, the selection of specific probiotic strains, the order of probiotics or antibiotics, and the time interval of coadministration are key issues that need to be further explored and clarified. Here, we focus on the issues mentioned above and give reasonable opinions, mainly including: (1) probiotics are safer and more effective when they intervene after antibiotics have been used; (2) the choice of the time interval between coadministration should be based on the metabolism of antibiotics in the host, differences in probiotic strains, the baseline ecological environment of the host's intestine, and the host immune level; in addition, the selection of the coadministration regime should also take into account factors such as the antibiotic sensitivity of probiotics and dosage of probiotics; and (3) by encapsulating probiotics, combining probiotics with prebiotics, and developing next-generation probiotics (NGPs) and postbiotic formulations, we can provide a more reasonable reference for this type of "bacteria-drug combination" model, and also provide targeted guidance for the application of probiotic dietary supplements in the antibiotic management of C. difficile infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingpeng Yang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, China.
| | - Lingtong Meng
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yanan Li
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, China.
| | - He Huang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, China.
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20
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Bawish BM, Zahran MFS, Ismael E, Kamel S, Ahmed YH, Hamza D, Attia T, Fahmy KNE. Impact of buffered sodium butyrate as a partial or total dietary alternative to lincomycin on performance, IGF-1 and TLR4 genes expression, serum indices, intestinal histomorphometry, Clostridia, and litter hygiene of broiler chickens. Acta Vet Scand 2023; 65:44. [PMID: 37770986 PMCID: PMC10540366 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-023-00704-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sodium butyrate (SB) is a short-chain fatty acid and a safe antibiotic alternative. During 35 days, this study compared the impact of coated SB (Butirex C4) and lincomycin (Lincomix) on broiler growth, gut health, and litter hygiene in 1200 one-day-old Ross-308 broiler chicks that were randomly assigned into 5-dietary groups with 5-replications each. Groups divided as follows: T1: Basal diet (control), T2: Basal diet with buffered SB (1 kg/ton starter feed, 0.5 kg/ton grower-finisher feeds), T3: Basal diet with 100 g/ton lincomycin, T4: Basal diet with buffered SB (0.5 kg/ton starter feed, 0.25 kg/ton grower-finisher feeds) + 50 g/ton lincomycin, and T5: Basal diet with buffered SB (1 kg/ton starter feed, 0.5 kg/ton grower-finisher feeds) + 50 g/ton lincomycin. Birds were housed in a semi-closed deep litter house, where feed and water were available ad libitum. Results were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc tests. RESULTS Combined dietary supplementation with SB and lincomycin (T4 and T5) significantly enhanced body weights, weight gains, feed conversion ratio, and profitability index. Also, carcasses in T4 and T5 exhibited the highest dressing, breast, thigh, and liver yields. T5 revealed the best blood biochemical indices, while T3 showed significantly elevated liver and kidney function indices. T4 and T5 exhibited the highest expression levels of IGF-1 and TLR4 genes, the greatest villi length of the intestinal mucosa, and the lowest levels of litter moisture and nitrogen. Clostridia perfringens type A alpha-toxin gene was confirmed in birds' caeca, with the lowest clostridial counts defined in T4. CONCLUSIONS Replacing half the dose of lincomycin (50 g/ton) with 0.5 or 1 kg/ton coated SB as a dietary supplement mixture showed the most efficient privileges concerning birds' performance and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basma Mohamed Bawish
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, PO Box 12211, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | | | - Elshaimaa Ismael
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, PO Box 12211, Giza, 12211, Egypt.
| | - Shaimaa Kamel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Yasmine H Ahmed
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Dalia Hamza
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Taha Attia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Minoufiya, 23897, Egypt
| | - Khaled Nasr Eldin Fahmy
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
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21
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Shao X, Liu L, Zhou Y, Zhong K, Gu J, Hu T, Yao Y, Zhou C, Chen W. High-fat diet promotes colitis-associated tumorigenesis by altering gut microbial butyrate metabolism. Int J Biol Sci 2023; 19:5004-5019. [PMID: 37781523 PMCID: PMC10539701 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.86717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Dietary fat intake is associated with an increased risk of colitis associated cancer (CAC). A high-fat diet (HFD) leads to systemic low-grade inflammation. The colon is believed to be the first organ suffering from inflammation caused by the infiltration of pro-inflammatory macrophages, and promotes CAC progression. We explored the role of HFD in driving CAC by altering gut microbial butyrate metabolism. Methods: Changes in the gut microbiota caused by HFD were investigated via HFD treatment or fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). The underlying mechanisms were further explored by analyzing the role of gut microbiota, microbial butyrate metabolism, and NLRP3 inflammasome in colon tissues in a CAC mouse model. Results: HFD accelerated CAC progression in mice, and it could be reversed by broad-spectrum antibiotics (ABX). 16S-rRNA sequencing revealed that HFD inhibited the abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria in the gut. The level of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), especially butyrate, in the gut of mice treated with HFD was significantly reduced. In addition, treatment with exogenous butyrate reversed the M1 polarization of proinflammatory macrophages, aggravation of intestinal inflammation, and accelerated tumor growth induced by HFD; the NLRP3/Caspase-1 pathway activated by HFD in the colon was also significantly inhibited. In vitro, macrophages were treated with lipopolysaccharide combined with butyrate to detect the M1 polarization level and NLRP3/Caspase-1 pathway expression, and the results were consistent with those of the in vivo experiments. Conclusion: HFD drives colitis-associated tumorigenesis by inducing gut microbial dysbiosis and inhibiting butyrate metabolism to skew macrophage polarization. Exogenous butyrate is a feasible new treatment strategy for CAC, and has good prospect for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Shao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou 215008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Luojie Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuqing Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou 215008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kaiqiang Zhong
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinrong Gu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tong Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou 215008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yizhou Yao
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunli Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou 215008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weichang Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China
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22
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Miyamoto K, Sujino T, Harada Y, Ashida H, Yoshimatsu Y, Yonemoto Y, Nemoto Y, Tomura M, Melhem H, Niess JH, Suzuki T, Suzuki T, Suzuki S, Koda Y, Okamoto R, Mikami Y, Teratani T, Tanaka KF, Yoshimura A, Sato T, Kanai T. The gut microbiota-induced kynurenic acid recruits GPR35-positive macrophages to promote experimental encephalitis. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113005. [PMID: 37590143 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The intricate interplay between gut microbes and the onset of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) remains poorly understood. Here, we uncover remarkable similarities between CD4+ T cells in the spinal cord and their counterparts in the small intestine. Furthermore, we unveil a synergistic relationship between the microbiota, particularly enriched with the tryptophan metabolism gene EC:1.13.11.11, and intestinal cells. This symbiotic collaboration results in the biosynthesis of kynurenic acid (KYNA), which modulates the recruitment and aggregation of GPR35-positive macrophages. Subsequently, a robust T helper 17 (Th17) immune response is activated, ultimately triggering the onset of EAE. Conversely, modulating the KYNA-mediated GPR35 signaling in Cx3cr1+ macrophages leads to a remarkable amelioration of EAE. These findings shed light on the crucial role of microbial-derived tryptophan metabolites in regulating immune responses within extraintestinal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Miyamoto
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Miyarisan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Research Laboratory, 1-10-3, Kaminagazato, Kita-ku, Tokyo 114-0016, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Sujino
- Center for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Endoscopy, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Yosuke Harada
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ashida
- Department of Bacterial Infection and Host Response, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan; Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Cyuo-ku, Chiba city, Chiba 260-8673, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yoshimatsu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yuki Yonemoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Nemoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Michio Tomura
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Otani University, 3-11-1 Nshikiorikita, Tondabayshi, Osaka, 584-8584, Japan
| | - Hassan Melhem
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jan Hendrik Niess
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; Clarunis-University Center for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, University Hospital Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Toshihiko Suzuki
- Department of Bacterial Infection and Host Response, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Toru Suzuki
- Division of Brain Sciences Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicne, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shohei Suzuki
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yuzo Koda
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Okamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Yohei Mikami
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Teratani
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kenji F. Tanaka
- Division of Brain Sciences Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicne, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Akihiko Yoshimura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Toshiro Sato
- Department of Organoid Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Takanori Kanai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, 1-7-1, Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan.
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23
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Borgonovi TF, Fugaban JII, Bucheli JEV, Casarotti SN, Holzapfel WH, Todorov SD, Penna ALB. Dual Role of Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria Cultures for Fermentation and Control Pathogenic Bacteria in Fruit-Enriched Fermented Milk. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2023:10.1007/s12602-023-10135-w. [PMID: 37572214 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-023-10135-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
The food industry has been developing new products with health benefits, extended shelf life, and without chemical preservation. Bacteriocin-producing lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains have been evaluated for food fermentation to prevent contamination and increase shelf life. In this study, potentially probiotic LAB strains, Lactiplantibacillus (Lb.) plantarum ST8Sh, Lacticaseibacillus (Lb.) casei SJRP38, and commercial starter Streptococcus (St.) thermophilus ST080, were evaluated for their production of antimicrobial compounds, lactic acid and enzyme production, carbohydrate assimilation, and susceptibility to antibiotics. The characterization of antimicrobial compounds, the proteolytic activity, and its inhibitory property against Listeria (List.) monocytogenes and Staphylococcus (Staph.) spp. was evaluated in buriti and passion fruit-supplemented fermented milk formulations (FMF) produced with LAB strains. Lb. plantarum ST8Sh was found to inhibit List. monocytogenes through bacteriocin production and produced both L(+) and D(-) lactic acid isomers, while Lb. casei SJRP38 mainly produced L(+) lactic acid. The carbohydrate assimilation profiles were compatible with those usually found in LAB. The potentially probiotic strains were susceptible to streptomycin and tobramycin, while Lb. plantarum ST8Sh was also susceptible to ciprofloxacin. All FMF produced high amounts of L(+) lactic acid and the viability of total lactobacilli remained higher than 8.5 log CFU/mL during monitored storage period. Staph. aureus ATCC 43300 in fermented milk with passion fruit pulp (FMFP) and fermented milk with buriti pulp (FMB), and Staph. epidermidis KACC 13234 in all formulations were completely inhibited after 14 days of storage. The combination of Lb. plantarum ST8Sh and Lb. casei SJRP38 and fruit pulps can provide increased safety and shelf-life for fermented products, and natural food preservation meets the trends of the food market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taís Fernanda Borgonovi
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José Do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil
- ProBacLab, Department of Advanced Convergence, Handong Global University, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37554, Republic of Korea
| | - Joanna Ivy Irorita Fugaban
- ProBacLab, Department of Advanced Convergence, Handong Global University, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37554, Republic of Korea
| | - Jorge Enrique Vazquez Bucheli
- ProBacLab, Department of Advanced Convergence, Handong Global University, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37554, Republic of Korea
| | - Sabrina Neves Casarotti
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Rondonópolis (UFR), Rondonópolis, MT, 78736-900, Brazil
| | - Wilhelm Heinrich Holzapfel
- ProBacLab, Department of Advanced Convergence, Handong Global University, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37554, Republic of Korea
| | - Svetoslav Dimitrov Todorov
- ProBacLab, Department of Advanced Convergence, Handong Global University, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37554, Republic of Korea
- ProBacLab, Laboratório de Microbiologia de Alimentos, Departamento de Alimentos E Nutrição Experimental, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Ana Lucia Barretto Penna
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José Do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil.
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24
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Muchhala K, Kang M, Koseli E, Poklis J, Xu Q, Dewey W, Fettweis J, Jimenez N, Akbarali H. The Role of Morphine-Induced Impairment of Intestinal Epithelial Antibacterial Activity in Dysbiosis and its Impact on the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis.. [PMID: 37503065 PMCID: PMC10371156 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3084467/v2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2024]
Abstract
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that chronic exposure to opioid analgesics such as morphine disrupt the intestinal epithelial layer and cause intestinal dysbiosis. Inhibiting opioid-induced dysbiosis can preclude the development of tolerance to opioid-induced antinociception, suggesting an important role of the gut-brain axis in mediating opioid effects. However, the mechanism underlying opioid-induced dysbiosis remains unclear. Host-produced antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are critical for the integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier as they prevent the pathogenesis of the enteric microbiota. Here, we report that chronic morphine exposure reduces expression of the antimicrobial peptide, Regenerating islet-derived 3 gamma (Reg3γ), in the ileum resulting in reduced intestinal antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, L. reuteri. Fecal samples from morphine-treated mice had reduced levels of the phylum, Firmicutes, concomitant with reduced levels of short-chain fatty acid, butyrate. Fecal microbial transplant (FMT) from morphine-naïve mice restored the antimicrobial activity, the expression of Reg3γ, and prevented the increase in intestinal permeability and the development of antinociceptive tolerance in morphine-dependent mice. Similarly, oral gavage with sodium butyrate dose-dependently reduced the development of antinociceptive tolerance, and prevented the downregulation of Reg3γ and the reduction in antimicrobial activity. The alpha diversity of the microbiome was also restored by oral butyrate in morphine-dependent mice. These data implicate impairment of the antimicrobial activity of the intestinal epithelium as a mechanism by which morphine disrupts the microbiota-gut-brain axis.
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25
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Muchhala K, Kang M, Koseli E, Poklis J, Xu Q, Dewey W, Fettweis J, Jimenez N, Akbarali H. The Role of Morphine-Induced Impairment of Intestinal Epithelial Antibacterial Activity in Dysbiosis and its Impact on the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3084467. [PMID: 37503065 PMCID: PMC10371156 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3084467/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that chronic exposure to opioid analgesics such as morphine disrupt the intestinal epithelial layer and cause intestinal dysbiosis. Inhibiting opioid-induced dysbiosis can preclude the development of tolerance to opioid-induced antinociception, suggesting an important role of the gut-brain axis in mediating opioid effects. However, the mechanism underlying opioid-induced dysbiosis remains unclear. Host-produced antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are critical for the integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier as they prevent the pathogenesis of the enteric microbiota. Here, we report that chronic morphine exposure reduces expression of the antimicrobial peptide, Regenerating islet-derived 3 gamma (Reg3γ), in the ileum resulting in reduced intestinal antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, L. reuteri. Fecal samples from morphine-treated mice had reduced levels of the phylum, Firmicutes, concomitant with reduced levels of short-chain fatty acid, butyrate. Fecal microbial transplant (FMT) from morphine-naïve mice restored the antimicrobial activity, the expression of Reg3γ, and prevented the increase in intestinal permeability and the development of antinociceptive tolerance in morphine-dependent mice. Similarly, oral gavage with sodium butyrate dose-dependently reduced the development of antinociceptive tolerance, and prevented the downregulation of Reg3γ and the reduction in antimicrobial activity. The alpha diversity of the microbiome was also restored by oral butyrate in morphine-dependent mice. These data implicate impairment of the antimicrobial activity of the intestinal epithelium as a mechanism by which morphine disrupts the microbiota-gut-brain axis.
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26
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Sun W, Zhu J, Qin G, Huang Y, Cheng S, Chen Z, Zhang Y, Shu Y, Zeng X, Guo R. Lonicera japonica polysaccharides alleviate D-galactose-induced oxidative stress and restore gut microbiota in ICR mice. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125517. [PMID: 37353132 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Lonicera japonica polysaccharides (LJPs) exhibit anti-aging effect in nematodes. Here, we further studied the function of LJPs on aging-related disorders in D-galactose (D-gal)-induced ICR mice. Four groups of mice including the control group, the D-gal-treated group, the intervening groups with low and high dose of LJPs (50 and 100 mg/kg/day) were raised for 8 weeks. The results showed that intragastric administration with LJPs improved the organ indexes of D-gal-treated mice. Moreover, LJPs improved the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) as well as glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and decreasing the malondialdehyde (MDA) level in serum, liver and brain. Meanwhile, LJPs restored the content of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the brain. Further, LJPs reversed the liver tissue damages in aging mice. Mechanistically, LJPs alleviate oxidative stress at least partially through regulating Nrf2 signaling. Additionally, LJPs restored the gut microbiota composition of D-gal-treated mice by adjusting the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio at the phylum level and upregulating the relative abundances of Lactobacillaceae and Bifidobacteriacesa. Notably, the KEGG pathways involved in hazardous substances degradation and flavone and flavonol biosynthesis were significantly enhanced by LJPs treatment. Overall, our study uncovers the role of LJPs in modulating oxidative stress and gut microbiota in the D-gal-induced aging mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Sun
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Jiahao Zhu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Guanyu Qin
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Yujie Huang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Siying Cheng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Zhengzhi Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Yeyang Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Yifan Shu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Xiaoxiong Zeng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China.
| | - Renpeng Guo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China.
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27
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Kamiya S. Microbial ecology between Clostridioides difficile and gut microbiota. BIOSCIENCE OF MICROBIOTA, FOOD AND HEALTH 2023; 42:229-235. [PMID: 37791342 PMCID: PMC10542429 DOI: 10.12938/bmfh.2023-033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile colonizes a polymicrobial environment in the intestine and is a causative agent for antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) and pseudomembranous colitis (PMC). The most important virulence factors of C. difficile are bacterial toxins, and three toxins (toxin A, toxin B, and binary toxin) are produced by toxigenic strains. Other virulence factors include spores, flagella, capsules, biofilms, hydrolytic enzymes and adhesins. C. difficile infection (CDI) is specifically diagnosed by anaerobic culture and toxin detection by either nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). For treatment of CDI, metronidazole, vancomycin and fidaxomicin are used based on the severity of CDI. Mutual interaction between C. difficile and gut microbiota is associated with pathogenesis of CDI, and decreased microbial diversity with altered gut microbiome was detected in CDI patients. Restoration of certain gut microbiota is considered to be potentially effective for the prevention and treatment of CDI, and an ideal goal for CDI patients is restoration of the gut microbiota to a healthy state. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a highly successful method of microbiome restoration and has been reported to be effective for the prevention of recurrent CDI. In addition, approaches to restoring the gut microbiota by using probioitcs and live biotherapeutic products (LBPs) are currently being studied to examine the effect on CDI. Further microbial ecological research on C. difficile and gut microbiota could lead to a better understanding of the pathogenesis and treatment of CDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Kamiya
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
- R&D Division, Miyarisan Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 1-10-3 Kaminakazato, Kita-ku, Tokyo 114-0016, Japan
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28
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Zhang W, Mackay CR, Gershwin ME. Immunomodulatory Effects of Microbiota-Derived Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Autoimmune Liver Diseases. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 210:1629-1639. [PMID: 37186939 PMCID: PMC10188201 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Nonpathogenic commensal microbiota and their metabolites and components are essential to maintain a tolerogenic environment and promote beneficial health effects. The metabolic environment critically impacts the outcome of immune responses and likely impacts autoimmune and allergic responses. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are the main metabolites produced by microbial fermentation in the gut. Given the high concentration of SCFAs in the gut and portal vein and their broad immune regulatory functions, SCFAs significantly influence immune tolerance and gut-liver immunity. Alterations of SCFA-producing bacteria and SCFAs have been identified in a multitude of inflammatory diseases. These data have particular significance in primary biliary cholangitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and autoimmune hepatitis because of the close proximity of the liver to the gut. In this focused review, we provide an update on the immunologic consequences of SCFA-producing microbiota and in particular on three dominant SCFAs in autoimmune liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weici Zhang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, CA, USA
| | - Charles R. Mackay
- Department of Microbiology, Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Australia
| | - M. Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, CA, USA
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29
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Tumor tissue microorganisms are closely associated with tumor immune subtypes. Comput Biol Med 2023; 157:106774. [PMID: 36931204 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.106774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Studies have found that different immune subtypes are present in the same tumor. Different tumor subtypes have different tumor microenvironments (TME). This means that the efficacy of immunotherapy in actual applications will, therefore, have different results. Existing tumor immune subtype studies have mostly focused on immune cells, stromal cells, genes and molecules without considering the presence of microbes. Some studies have shown that microflora can strongly promote many gastrointestinal cancers. The microbiome has, therefore, become an important biomarker and regulatory factor of cancer progression and therapeutic responses. In addition, the presence of microflora can strongly regulate the host immune system, indirectly affecting tumor growth. Taken together, it is important to study the relationships that develop among tumor tissue microorganisms, tumor immune subtype, and the TME. In this study, correlations between microbial abundance, immune cell infiltration, immune gene expression and tumor immune subtype were studied. To accomplish this, tissue microorganisms and immune cell ratios with significant differences between the different cancers were obtained by comparing 203 gastric cancer and intestinal cancer samples. Two immune subtypes of intestinal samples were obtained by K-means clustering algorithm and tissue microorganisms, immune cell ratios and immune-related genes with significant differences between different immune subtypes were screened through Wilcoxon rank sum test. The results showed that Clostridioides difficile, Aspergillus fumigatus, Yarrowia lipolytica, and Fusarium pseudograminearum were all closely associated with the identified tumor immune subtypes. Our open-source software is freely available from GitHub at https://github.com/gutmicrobes/IMM-subtype.git.
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30
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Ney LM, Wipplinger M, Grossmann M, Engert N, Wegner VD, Mosig AS. Short chain fatty acids: key regulators of the local and systemic immune response in inflammatory diseases and infections. Open Biol 2023; 13:230014. [PMID: 36977462 PMCID: PMC10049789 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.230014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The human intestinal microbiome substantially affects human health and resistance to infections in its dynamic composition and varying release of microbial-derived metabolites. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) produced by commensal bacteria through fermentation of indigestible fibres are considered key regulators in orchestrating the host immune response to microbial colonization by regulating phagocytosis, chemokine and central signalling pathways of cell growth and apoptosis, thereby shaping the composition and functionality of the intestinal epithelial barrier. Although research of the last decades provided valuable insight into the pleiotropic functions of SCFAs and their capability to maintain human health, mechanistic details on how SCFAs act across different cell types and other organs are not fully understood. In this review, we provide an overview of the various functions of SCFAs in regulating cellular metabolism, emphasizing the orchestration of the immune response along the gut-brain, the gut-lung and the gut-liver axes. We discuss their potential pharmacological use in inflammatory diseases and infections and highlight new options of relevant human three-dimensional organ models to investigate and validate their biological functions in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa-Marie Ney
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Jena University Hospital, Kastanienallee 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Maximilian Wipplinger
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Jena University Hospital, Kastanienallee 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Martha Grossmann
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Jena University Hospital, Kastanienallee 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Nicole Engert
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Jena University Hospital, Kastanienallee 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Valentin D Wegner
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Jena University Hospital, Kastanienallee 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander S Mosig
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Jena University Hospital, Kastanienallee 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
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31
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Wang W, Cao J, Yang J, Niu X, Liu X, Zhai Y, Qiang C, Niu Y, Li Z, Dong N, Wen B, Ouyang Z, Zhang Y, Li J, Zhao M, Zhao J. Antimicrobial Activity of Tannic Acid In Vitro and Its Protective Effect on Mice against Clostridioides difficile. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0261822. [PMID: 36537806 PMCID: PMC9927261 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02618-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI), recurrently reported as an urgent threat owing to its increased prevalence and mortality, has attracted significant attention. As the use of antibiotics to treat CDI has many limitations, such as high recurrence rate, the need to actively seek and develop other drugs that can effectively treat CDI with fewer side effects has become a key issue in CDI prevention and treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the inhibitory effect of Galla chinensis (GC) and its main component, tannic acid (TA), against C. difficile in vitro and its therapeutic effect on CDI in vivo. When GC and TA concentrations were 250 and 64 mg/L, respectively, the cumulative antibacterial rate against C. difficile reached 100%. The sub-MIC of TA significantly inhibited C. difficile sporulation, toxin production, and biofilm formation in vitro. Compared with the CDI control group, TA-treated mice lost less weight and presented a significantly improved survival rate. TA significantly reduced the number of spores in feces, decreased serum TcdA level, and increased serum interleukin 10 (IL-10). Based on the inhibitory effect of TA on C. difficile in vitro and its therapeutic effect on the CDI mouse model, we consider TA as a potentially effective drug for treating CDI. IMPORTANCE Clostridioides difficile is one of the major pathogens to cause antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Although antibiotic treatment is still the most commonly used and effective treatment for CDI, the destruction of indigenous intestinal microbiota by antibiotics is the main reason for the high CDI recurrence rate of about 20%, which is increasing every year. Moreover, the growing problem of drug resistance has also become a major hidden danger in antibiotic treatment. GC has been used to treat diarrhea in traditional Chinese medicine. In the present study, we evaluated the inhibitory effect of TA, the main component of GC, on dissemination and pathogenic physiological functions of C. difficile in vitro, as well as its therapeutic efficacy in a CDI model. Overall, TA is considered to be a potentially effective drug for CDI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weigang Wang
- The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Hebei Provincial Center for Clinical Laboratories, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jing Cao
- The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Hebei Provincial Center for Clinical Laboratories, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jing Yang
- The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Hebei Provincial Center for Clinical Laboratories, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaoran Niu
- The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Hebei Provincial Center for Clinical Laboratories, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Liu
- The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Hebei Provincial Center for Clinical Laboratories, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yu Zhai
- The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Hebei Provincial Center for Clinical Laboratories, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Cuixin Qiang
- The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Hebei Provincial Center for Clinical Laboratories, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yanan Niu
- The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Hebei Provincial Center for Clinical Laboratories, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Zhirong Li
- The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Hebei Provincial Center for Clinical Laboratories, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Ning Dong
- The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Hebei Provincial Center for Clinical Laboratories, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Baojiang Wen
- The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Hebei Provincial Center for Clinical Laboratories, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Zirou Ouyang
- The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Hebei Provincial Center for Clinical Laboratories, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yulian Zhang
- The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Hebei Provincial Center for Clinical Laboratories, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jiayiren Li
- The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Hebei Provincial Center for Clinical Laboratories, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Min Zhao
- The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Hebei Provincial Center for Clinical Laboratories, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jianhong Zhao
- The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Hebei Provincial Center for Clinical Laboratories, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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32
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Cheng JKJ, Unnikrishnan M. Clostridioides difficile infection: traversing host-pathogen interactions in the gut. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2023; 169. [PMID: 36848200 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
C. difficile is the primary cause for nosocomial infective diarrhoea. For a successful infection, C. difficile must navigate between resident gut bacteria and the harsh host environment. The perturbation of the intestinal microbiota by broad-spectrum antibiotics alters the composition and the geography of the gut microbiota, deterring colonization resistance, and enabling C. difficile to colonize. This review will discuss how C. difficile interacts with and exploits the microbiota and the host epithelium to infect and persist. We provide an overview of C. difficile virulence factors and their interactions with the gut to aid adhesion, cause epithelial damage and mediate persistence. Finally, we document the host responses to C. difficile, describing the immune cells and host pathways that are associated and triggered during C. difficile infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey K J Cheng
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Meera Unnikrishnan
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
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33
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Campbell C, Kandalgaonkar MR, Golonka RM, Yeoh BS, Vijay-Kumar M, Saha P. Crosstalk between Gut Microbiota and Host Immunity: Impact on Inflammation and Immunotherapy. Biomedicines 2023; 11:294. [PMID: 36830830 PMCID: PMC9953403 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbes and their metabolites are actively involved in the development and regulation of host immunity, which can influence disease susceptibility. Herein, we review the most recent research advancements in the gut microbiota-immune axis. We discuss in detail how the gut microbiota is a tipping point for neonatal immune development as indicated by newly uncovered phenomenon, such as maternal imprinting, in utero intestinal metabolome, and weaning reaction. We describe how the gut microbiota shapes both innate and adaptive immunity with emphasis on the metabolites short-chain fatty acids and secondary bile acids. We also comprehensively delineate how disruption in the microbiota-immune axis results in immune-mediated diseases, such as gastrointestinal infections, inflammatory bowel diseases, cardiometabolic disorders (e.g., cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and hypertension), autoimmunity (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis), hypersensitivity (e.g., asthma and allergies), psychological disorders (e.g., anxiety), and cancer (e.g., colorectal and hepatic). We further encompass the role of fecal microbiota transplantation, probiotics, prebiotics, and dietary polyphenols in reshaping the gut microbiota and their therapeutic potential. Continuing, we examine how the gut microbiota modulates immune therapies, including immune checkpoint inhibitors, JAK inhibitors, and anti-TNF therapies. We lastly mention the current challenges in metagenomics, germ-free models, and microbiota recapitulation to a achieve fundamental understanding for how gut microbiota regulates immunity. Altogether, this review proposes improving immunotherapy efficacy from the perspective of microbiome-targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor Campbell
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Mrunmayee R. Kandalgaonkar
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Rachel M. Golonka
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Beng San Yeoh
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Matam Vijay-Kumar
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Piu Saha
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
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34
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Senchukova MA. Microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract: Friend or foe? World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:19-42. [PMID: 36683718 PMCID: PMC9850957 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i1.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is currently considered an external organ of the human body that provides important mechanisms of metabolic regulation and protection. The gut microbiota encodes over 3 million genes, which is approximately 150 times more than the total number of genes present in the human genome. Changes in the qualitative and quantitative composition of the microbiome lead to disruption in the synthesis of key bacterial metabolites, changes in intestinal barrier function, and inflammation and can cause the development of a wide variety of diseases, such as diabetes, obesity, gastrointestinal disorders, cardiovascular issues, neurological disorders and oncological concerns. In this review, I consider issues related to the role of the microbiome in the regulation of intestinal barrier function, its influence on physiological and pathological processes occurring in the body, and potential new therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring the gut microbiome. Herewith, it is important to understand that the gut microbiota and human body should be considered as a single biological system, where change of one element will inevitably affect its other components. Thus, the study of the impact of the intestinal microbiota on health should be considered only taking into account numerous factors, the role of which has not yet been fully elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina A Senchukova
- Department of Oncology, Orenburg State Medical University, Orenburg 460000, Russia
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35
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Xu H, Luo H, Zhang J, Li K, Lee MH. Therapeutic potential of Clostridium butyricum anticancer effects in colorectal cancer. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2186114. [PMID: 36941257 PMCID: PMC10038047 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2186114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Probiotic roles of Clostridium butyricum (C.B) are involved in regulating disease and cancers, yet the mechanistic basis for these regulatory roles remains largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that C.B reprograms the proliferation, migration, stemness, and tumor growth in CRC by regulating pivotal signal molecules including MYC. Destabilization of MYC by C.B supplementation suppresses cancer cell proliferation/metastasis, sensitizes 5-FU treatment, and boosts responsiveness of anti-PD1 therapy. MYC is a transcriptional regulator of Thymidylate synthase (TYMS), a key target of the 5-FU. Also MYC is known to impact on PD-1 expression. Mechanistically, C.B treatment of CRC cells results in MYC degradation by enhancing proteasome-mediated ubiquitination, thereby mitigating MYC-mediated 5-FU resistance and boosting anti-PD1 immunotherapeutic efficacy. Together, our findings uncover previously unappreciated links between C.B and CRC cell signaling, providing insight into the tumorigenesis modulating mechanisms of C.B in boosting chemo/immune therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xu
- Guangdong Research Institute of Gastroenterology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Disease, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haidan Luo
- Guangdong Research Institute of Gastroenterology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Disease, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiayu Zhang
- Guangdong Research Institute of Gastroenterology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Disease, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kai Li
- Guangdong Research Institute of Gastroenterology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Disease, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mong-Hong Lee
- Guangdong Research Institute of Gastroenterology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Disease, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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36
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Clostridium butyricum and Its Culture Supernatant Alleviate the Escherichia coli-Induced Endometritis in Mice. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12192719. [PMID: 36230459 PMCID: PMC9559394 DOI: 10.3390/ani12192719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometritis is a disease with a high incidence in dairy cows and causes great economic loss to milk production. This study examined the therapeutic effects of Clostridium butyricum and its culture supernatant on Escherichia coli-induced endometritis in mice. The results showed that Clostridium butyricum and its culture supernatant effectively suppressed inflammatory responses of uterine tissues, such as uterine morphological changes, pathological damage, and the production of inflammatory cytokines. Clostridium butyricum and its culture supernatant significantly decreased uterine microbial loads. In addition, Clostridium butyricum and its culture supernatant restored reproduction outcomes in Escherichia coli-induced endometritis mice. Western blot analysis showed that Clostridium butyricum and its culture supernatant suppressed the NF-κB signaling pathway. Therefore, the anti-inflammatory mechanism of Clostridium butyricum and its culture supernatant may occur through the anti-bacterial activity and regulation of the expression of NF-κB in the uterus. The anti-inflammatory effect of the culture supernatant of C. butyricum was slightly better than that of viable C. butyricum. Therefore, our experimental results showed that Clostridium butyricum culture supernatant may be an effective drug for treating endometritis.
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37
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Song H, Yi S, Kim WH, Guk JH, Ha M, Kwak I, Han J, Yeon SC, Cho S. Environmental Perturbations during the Rehabilitation of Wild Migratory Birds Induce Gut Microbiome Alteration and Antibiotic Resistance Acquisition. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0116322. [PMID: 35730950 PMCID: PMC9430529 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01163-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild migratory birds are essential for sustaining healthy ecosystems, but the effects of a rehabilitation period on their gut microbiomes are still unclear. Here, we performed longitudinal sampling, 16S rRNA sequencing, and antibiotic resistance monitoring of the gut microbiome of six species of wild migratory birds protected as natural monuments in South Korea that are subject to short- or long-term rehabilitation periods. Overall, gut microbiome diversity was significantly decreased in the early stages of rehabilitation, and it did not recover to a level comparable to that of wild birds. Moreover, while the abundance of short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria decreased, that of zoonotic pathogens increased, indicating rehabilitation-induced dysbiosis. The metabolic pathways involved in the degradation of aromatic pollutants were significantly downregulated, suggesting the depletion of pollutant-degrading microorganisms. Antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli significantly increased during rehabilitation, particularly ciprofloxacin and tetracycline resistance, and seven of the rehabilitated wild birds acquired multidrug resistance. The diet and habitat changes experienced by wild migratory birds during rehabilitation may have induced the observed gut microbiome dysbiosis and acquisition of antibiotic resistance. These rehabilitation-induced alterations might affect the adaptability of wild birds to their natural environments and contribute to the spread of antibiotic resistance after their release. IMPORTANCE Wild migratory birds are key for ecosystem health but highly sensitive to anthropogenic activities. Therefore, wild migratory birds often undergo rehabilitation to prevent species extinction or biodiversity monitoring. However, the impact of rehabilitation on the gut microbiome of wild migratory birds, which is closely associated with host fitness, remains unclear. For the migratory bird species considered natural monuments in South Korea evaluated here, such impacts could include rehabilitation-induced gut microbiome dysbiosis and acquisition of antibiotic resistance, with possible repercussions on the adaptability of wild birds and spread of antibiotic resistance in the environment after their release. Therefore, the dynamics of the gut microbiome and antibiotic resistance should be considered for implementing sustainable rehabilitation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyokeun Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Saehah Yi
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Woo-Hyun Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Guk
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Minjong Ha
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Seoul Wildlife Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Insik Kwak
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Seoul Wildlife Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Janghee Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Seoul Wildlife Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seong-Chan Yeon
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Seoul Wildlife Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seongbeom Cho
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Center for Veterinary Integrated Medicine Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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38
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Spivak I, Fluhr L, Elinav E. Local and systemic effects of microbiome‐derived metabolites. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e55664. [PMID: 36031866 PMCID: PMC9535759 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202255664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Commensal microbes form distinct ecosystems within their mammalian hosts, collectively termed microbiomes. These indigenous microbial communities broadly expand the genomic and functional repertoire of their host and contribute to the formation of a “meta‐organism.” Importantly, microbiomes exert numerous biochemical reactions synthesizing or modifying multiple bioactive small molecules termed metabolites, which impact their host's physiology in a variety of contexts. Identifying and understanding molecular mechanisms of metabolite–host interactions, and how their disrupted signaling can contribute to diseases, may enable their therapeutic application, a modality termed “postbiotic” therapy. In this review, we highlight key examples of effects of bioactive microbe‐associated metabolites on local, systemic, and immune environments, and discuss how these may impact mammalian physiology and associated disorders. We outline the challenges and perspectives in understanding the potential activity and function of this plethora of microbially associated small molecules as well as possibilities to harness them toward the promotion of personalized precision therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Spivak
- Systems Immunology Department Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot Israel
- Medical Clinic III University Hospital Aachen Aachen Germany
| | - Leviel Fluhr
- Systems Immunology Department Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot Israel
| | - Eran Elinav
- Systems Immunology Department Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot Israel
- Microbiome & Cancer Division, DKFZ Heidelberg Germany
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39
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Gao Y, Ma L, Su J. Host and microbial-derived metabolites for Clostridioides difficile infection: Contributions, mechanisms and potential applications. Microbiol Res 2022; 263:127113. [PMID: 35841835 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI), which mostly occurs in hospitalized patients, is the most common and costly health care-associated disease. However, the biology of C. difficile remains incompletely understood. Current therapeutics are still challenged by the frequent recurrence of CDI. Advances in metabolomics facilitate our understanding of the etiology of CDI, which is not merely an alteration in the structure of the gut microbial community but also a dysbiosis metabolic setting promoting the germination, expansion and virulence of C. difficile. Therefore, we summarized the gut microbial and metabolic profiles for CDI under different conditions, such as those of postantibiotic treatment and postfecal microbiota transplantation. The current understanding of the role of host and gut microbial-derived metabolites as well as other nutrients in preventing or alleviating the disease symptoms of CDI will also be provided in this review. We hope that a specific nutrient-centric dietary strategy or the administration of certain nutrients to the colon could serve as an alternate line of investigation for the prophylaxis and mitigation of CDI in the future. Nevertheless, rigorously designed basic studies and randomized controlled trials need to be conducted to assess the functional mechanisms and effects of such therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Liyan Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jianrong Su
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China.
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40
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Sato T, Kudo D, Kushimoto S. Association between Nutrition Protocol with Clostridium butyricum MIYAIRI 588 and Reduced Incidence of Clostridioides difficile Infection in Critically Ill Patients: A Single-Center, Before-and-After Study. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2022; 23:483-488. [PMID: 35647891 DOI: 10.1089/sur.2022.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is associated with high mortality. Clostridium butyricum MIYAIRI 588 (CBM) is a probiotic that suppresses Clostridioides difficile proliferation. We assessed the effect of a prophylactic nutritional protocol with CBM on reducing CDI incidence in critically ill patients. Patients and Methods: Adult critically ill patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) between 2008 and 2012 were enrolled in this single-center observational study. The original nutritional protocol was introduced in 2010. Patients admitted between 2011 and 2012 (nutrition protocol group) were compared with those admitted between 2008 and 2009 (control group). The primary outcome was CDI incidence during ICU stay. Results: There were 755 and 1,047 patients in the control and nutrition protocol groups, respectively. The median (interquartile range) age of the control and nutrition protocol groups was 61 (43-75) and 63 (47-76) years, respectively (p = 0.05). The Acute Physiology and Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scores of the control and nutrition protocol groups were 14 (9-23) and 15 (10-22) points (p = 0.73), and four (2-7) and four (2-7) points (p = 0.48), respectively. There were 14 (1.9%) patients with CDI in the control group and one (0.1%) patient in the protocol group (p < 0.01). As a secondary outcome, there were five (0.7%) patients with recurrent CDI in the control group and zero patients in the protocol group (p = 0.01). The length of ICU stay was seven (4-14) days and six (4-13) days in the control and protocol groups (p = 0.01), respectively. Univariable analyses of the relative risk for CDI showed that the nutrition protocol reduced the risk of CDI (0.05 [0.01-0.39]; p < 0.01). Conclusions: The nutritional protocol using Clostridioides butyricum may reduce CDI in critically ill patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeaki Sato
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Miyagi-prefecture, Japan.,Division of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi-prefecture, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kudo
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Miyagi-prefecture, Japan.,Division of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi-prefecture, Japan
| | - Shigeki Kushimoto
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Miyagi-prefecture, Japan.,Division of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi-prefecture, Japan
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41
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Atractyloside-A ameliorates spleen deficiency diarrhea by interfering with TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling activation and regulating intestinal flora homeostasis. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 107:108679. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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42
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Tomita Y, Goto Y, Sakata S, Imamura K, Minemura A, Oka K, Hayashi A, Jodai T, Akaike K, Anai M, Hamada S, Iyama S, Saruwatari K, Saeki S, Takahashi M, Ikeda T, Sakagami T. Clostridium butyricum therapy restores the decreased efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade in lung cancer patients receiving proton pump inhibitors. Oncoimmunology 2022; 11:2081010. [PMID: 35655708 PMCID: PMC9154751 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2022.2081010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Tomita
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Goto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shinya Sakata
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kosuke Imamura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Ayaka Minemura
- R&D Division, Miyarisan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - Kentaro Oka
- R&D Division, Miyarisan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hayashi
- R&D Division, Miyarisan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - Takayuki Jodai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kimitaka Akaike
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Moriyasu Anai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shohei Hamada
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shinji Iyama
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Koichi Saruwatari
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Sho Saeki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | | | - Tokunori Ikeda
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takuro Sakagami
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Zhang Y, Saint Fleur A, Feng H. The development of live biotherapeutics against Clostridioides difficile infection towards reconstituting gut microbiota. Gut Microbes 2022; 14:2052698. [PMID: 35319337 PMCID: PMC8959509 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2022.2052698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile is the most prevalent pathogen of nosocomial diarrhea. In the United States, over 450,000 cases of C. difficile infection (CDI), responsible for more than 29,000 deaths, are reported annually in recent years. Because of the emergence of hypervirulent strains and strains less susceptible to vancomycin and fidaxomicin, new therapeutics other than antibiotics are urgently needed. The gut microbiome serves as one of the first-line defenses against C. difficile colonization. The use of antibiotics causes gut microbiota dysbiosis and shifts the status from colonization resistance to infection. Hence, novel CDI biotherapeutics capable of reconstituting normal gut microbiota have become a focus of drug development in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongrong Zhang
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD21201, United States
| | - Ashley Saint Fleur
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD21201, United States
| | - Hanping Feng
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD21201, United States,CONTACT Hanping Feng Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD21201United States
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The role of short-chain fatty acids in Clostridioides difficile infection: A review. Anaerobe 2022; 75:102585. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2022.102585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Jiang Y, Bao C, Zhao X, Chen Y, Song Y, Xiao Z. Intestinal bacteria flora changes in patients with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia with or without wheezing. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5683. [PMID: 35383237 PMCID: PMC8981890 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09700-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) infection is a common cause of community-acquired pneumonia in children. Furthermore, many children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP) have recurrent wheezing and reduced small airway function after their clinical symptoms have resolved, eventually leading to asthma. MPP can trigger immune disorders and systemic inflammatory responses. Hence, the intestine is the largest immune organ of the body. Therefore, we sought to investigate whether the alteration of intestinal flora is correlated with the development of wheezing in children with MPP. We collected 30 healthy children as group A, 50 children with nonwheezing MPP as group B, and 50 children with wheezing MPP as group C. We found that the percentage of eosinophil cells (EC) was significantly higher in group C than that in group B for routine blood tests and serum inflammatory factors. The serum cytokines, including IL-4, IL-17, TNF-α, and TGF-β, were significantly higher in group C than in group B. In addition, the level of IL-10 was significantly lower in group C than in group B. The distribution characteristics of intestinal flora strains in children with MPP were detected by sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. There were differences in the abundance of intestinal flora between children with MPP and healthy children, with lower abundance of Ruminococcus flavefaciens, Clostridium butyricum, Lactobacillus, and Bifidobacterium in the intestine of children with MPP compared to healthy children. The abundance of Ruminococcus flavefaciens and Clostridium butyricum was significantly lower in the intestine of children with wheezing MPP compared to children without wheezing MPP. In the correlation analysis between children with MPP and inflammatory factors, Ruminococcus flavefaciens was found to be negatively correlated with IL-17. Clostridium butyricum was negatively correlated with L-4, IL-17, TNF-α, and TGF-β; however, it positively correlated with IL-10. Thus, it was concluded that alterations in intestinal flora play a crucial role in the immune response to MPP, where a significant decline in intestinal Ruminococcus flavefaciens and Clostridium butyricum leads to an exacerbation of the inflammatory responses, which may promote the development of children with wheezing MPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghong Jiang
- Department of Paediatrics, Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.725 South Wanping Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Chunxiu Bao
- Department of Paediatrics, Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.725 South Wanping Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiaoyang Zhao
- Department of Paediatrics, Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.725 South Wanping Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yiliu Chen
- Department of Paediatrics, Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.725 South Wanping Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yao Song
- Department of Paediatrics, Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.725 South Wanping Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhen Xiao
- Department of Paediatrics, Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.725 South Wanping Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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46
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Ariyoshi T, Hagihara M, Takahashi M, Mikamo H. Effect of Clostridium butyricum on Gastrointestinal Infections. Biomedicines 2022; 10:483. [PMID: 35203691 PMCID: PMC8962260 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium butyricum is a human commensal bacterium with beneficial effects including butyrate production, spore formation, increasing levels of beneficial bacteria, and inhibition of pathogenic bacteria. Owing to its preventive and ameliorative effects on gastrointestinal infections, C. butyricum MIYAIRI 588 (CBM 588) has been used as a probiotic in clinical and veterinary medicine for decades. This review summarizes the effects of C. butyricum, including CBM 588, on bacterial gastrointestinal infections. Further, the characteristics of the causative bacteria, examples of clinical and veterinary use, and mechanisms exploited in basic research are presented. C. butyricum is widely effective against Clostoridioides difficile, the causative pathogen of nosocomial infections; Helicobacter pylori, the causative pathogen of gastric cancer; and antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli. Accordingly, its mechanism is gradually being elucidated. As C. butyricum is effective against gastrointestinal infections caused by antibiotics-induced dysbiosis, it can inhibit the transmission of antibiotic-resistant genes and maintain homeostasis of the gut microbiome. Altogether, C. butyricum is expected to be one of the antimicrobial-resistance (AMR) countermeasures for the One-health approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Ariyoshi
- Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute 480-1195, Aichi, Japan; (T.A.); (M.H.); (M.T.)
- Miyarisan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama City 331-0804, Saitama, Japan
| | - Mao Hagihara
- Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute 480-1195, Aichi, Japan; (T.A.); (M.H.); (M.T.)
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology and Biomedical Sciences, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute 480-1195, Aichi, Japan
| | - Motomichi Takahashi
- Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute 480-1195, Aichi, Japan; (T.A.); (M.H.); (M.T.)
- Miyarisan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama City 331-0804, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroshige Mikamo
- Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute 480-1195, Aichi, Japan; (T.A.); (M.H.); (M.T.)
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology and Biomedical Sciences, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute 480-1195, Aichi, Japan
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Kellermayer R, Wu Q, Nagy-Szakal D, Queliza K, Ihekweazu FD, Bocchini CE, Magee AR, Oezguen N, Spinler JK, Hollister EB, Shulman RJ, Versalovic J, Luna RA, Savidge TC. Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Commonly Failed in Children With Co-Morbidities. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2022; 74:227-235. [PMID: 34724447 PMCID: PMC8799498 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000003336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is arguably the most effective treatment for recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection (rCDI). Clinical reports on pediatric FMT have not systematically evaluated microbiome restoration in patients with co-morbidities. Here, we determined whether FMT recipient age and underlying co-morbidity influenced clinical outcomes and microbiome restoration when treated from shared fecal donor sources. METHODS Eighteen rCDI patients participating in a single-center, open-label prospective cohort study received fecal preparation from a self-designated (single case) or two universal donors. Twelve age-matched healthy children and four pediatric ulcerative colitis (UC) cases from an independent serial FMT trial, but with a shared fecal donor were examined as controls for microbiome restoration using 16S rRNA gene sequencing of longitudinal fecal specimens. RESULTS FMT was significantly more effective in rCDI recipients without underlying chronic co-morbidities where fecal microbiome composition in post-transplant responders was restored to levels of healthy children. Microbiome reconstitution was not associated with symptomatic resolution in some rCDI patients who had co-morbidities. Significant elevation in Bacteroidaceae, Bifidobacteriaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, and Erysipelotrichaceae was consistently observed in pediatric rCDI responders, while Enterobacteriaceae decreased, correlating with augmented complex carbohydrate degradation capacity. CONCLUSION Recipient background disease was a significant risk factor influencing FMT outcomes. Special attention should be taken when considering FMT for pediatric rCDI patients with underlying co-morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Kellermayer
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Qinglong Wu
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Texas Children’s Microbiome Center, Department of Pathology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Dorottya Nagy-Szakal
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Karen Queliza
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Faith D. Ihekweazu
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Claire E. Bocchini
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Abria R. Magee
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Texas Children’s Microbiome Center, Department of Pathology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Numan Oezguen
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Texas Children’s Microbiome Center, Department of Pathology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jennifer K. Spinler
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Texas Children’s Microbiome Center, Department of Pathology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Emily B. Hollister
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Texas Children’s Microbiome Center, Department of Pathology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Robert J. Shulman
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - James Versalovic
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Texas Children’s Microbiome Center, Department of Pathology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ruth Ann Luna
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Texas Children’s Microbiome Center, Department of Pathology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Tor C. Savidge
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Texas Children’s Microbiome Center, Department of Pathology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
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Zhang W, Wang W, Xu M, Xie H, Pu Z. GPR43 regulation of mitochondrial damage to alleviate inflammatory reaction in sepsis. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:22588-22610. [PMID: 34584017 PMCID: PMC8507289 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is a common critical illness in ICU and always a great difficulty in clinical treatment. GPR43 (G protein-coupled receptor 43) participates in regulating appetite and gastrointestinal peptide secretion to modulate fat decomposition and formation. However, the biological contribution of GPR43 on inflammation of sepsis has not been previously investigated. We investigated the mechanisms of GPR43 gene, which plays a possible role in distinguishing sepsis and contributes to the pathogenesis of sepsis-induced inflammatory reaction. Furthermore, we performed studies with mice induced to sepsis by Cecal Ligation and Puncture (CLP), Knockout GPR43 (GPR43-/-) mice, and Wild Type (WT) mice induced with CLP. In addition, lung tissues and cell samples were analyzed by histology, Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (Q-PCR), Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent (ELISA) Assay, and western blot. GPR43 agonist could significantly reduce inflammation reactions and trigger lung injury in mice with sepsis. As for GPR43-/- mice, the risks of sepsis-induced inflammatory reactions and corresponding lung injury were promoted. On the one hand, the up-regulation of GPR43 gene reduced ROS mitochondrial damage to inhibit inflammatory reactions via the inactivation of NLRP3 Inflammasome by PPARγ/ Nox1/EBP50/ p47phox signal channel. On the other hand, the down-regulation of GPR43 promoted inflammatory reactions in vitro model through the acceleration of ROS-dependently mitochondrial damage by PPARγ/ Nox1/EBP50/ p47phox/ NLRP3 signal channel. These findings indicate that the inhibition of GPR43 as a possible important factor of sepsis may shed lights on the mechanism of sepsis-induced inflammation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241001, Anhui, China
| | - Wusan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, Anhui, China
| | - Maodi Xu
- Drug Clinical Evaluation, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241001, Anhui, China
| | - Haitang Xie
- Drug Clinical Evaluation, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241001, Anhui, China
| | - Zhichen Pu
- Drug Clinical Evaluation, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241001, Anhui, China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
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Tang X, Liu X, Zhong J, Fang R. Potential Application of Lonicera japonica Extracts in Animal Production: From the Perspective of Intestinal Health. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:719877. [PMID: 34434181 PMCID: PMC8381474 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.719877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Lonicera japonica (L. japonica) extract is rich in active substances, such as phenolic acids, essential oils, flavones, saponins, and iridoids, which have a broad spectrum of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-microbial effect. Previous studies have demonstrated that L. japonica has a good regulatory effect on animal intestinal health, which can be used as a potential antibiotic substitute product. However, previous studies about intestinal health regulation mainly focus on experimental animals or cells, like mice, rats, HMC-1 Cells, and RAW 264.7 cells. In this review, the intestinal health benefits including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activity, and its potential application in animal production were summarized. Through this review, we can see that the effects and mechanism of L. japonica extract on intestinal health regulation of farm and aquatic animals are still rare and unclear. Further studies could focus on the regulatory mechanism of L. japonica extract on intestinal health especially the protective effects of L. japonica extract on oxidative injury, inflammation, and regulation of intestinal flora in farm animals and aquatic animals, thereby providing references for the rational utilization and application of L. japonica and its extracts in animal production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Tang
- State Engineering Technology Institute for Karst Desertfication Control, School of Karst Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xuguang Liu
- State Engineering Technology Institute for Karst Desertfication Control, School of Karst Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jinfeng Zhong
- Hunan Polytechnic of Environment and Biology, College of Biotechnology, Hengyang, China
| | - Rejun Fang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
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50
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Carroll-Portillo A, Lin HC. Exploring Mucin as Adjunct to Phage Therapy. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9030509. [PMID: 33670927 PMCID: PMC7997181 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional phage therapy using bacteriophages (phages) for specific targeting of pathogenic bacteria is not always useful as a therapeutic for gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction. Complex dysbiotic GI disorders such as small intestinal bowel overgrowth (SIBO), ulcerative colitis (UC), or Crohn’s disease (CD) are even more difficult to treat as these conditions have shifts in multiple populations of bacteria within the microbiome. Such community-level structural changes in the gut microbiota may require an alternative to conventional phage therapy such as fecal virome transfer or a phage cocktail capable of targeting multiple bacterial species. Additionally, manipulation of the GI microenvironment may enhance beneficial bacteria–phage interactions during treatment. Mucin, produced along the entire length of the GI tract to protect the underlying mucosa, is a prominent contributor to the GI microenvironment and may facilitate bacteria–phage interactions in multiple ways, potentially serving as an adjunct during phage therapy. In this review, we will describe what is known about the role of mucin within the GI tract and how its facilitation of bacteria–phage interactions should be considered in any effort directed at optimizing effectiveness of a phage therapy for gastrointestinal dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Carroll-Portillo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA;
| | - Henry C. Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA;
- Medicine Service, New Mexico VA Health Care System, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-505-265-1711 (ext. 4552)
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