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Mirzababaei A, Mahmoodi M, Keshtkar A, Ashraf H, Abaj F, Soveid N, Hajmir MM, Radmehr M, Khalili P, Mirzaei K. Serum levels of trimethylamine N-oxide and kynurenine novel biomarkers are associated with adult metabolic syndrome and its components: a case-control study from the TEC cohort. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1326782. [PMID: 38321994 PMCID: PMC10844432 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1326782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Epidemiologic research suggests that gut microbiota alteration (dysbiosis) may play a role in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Dysbiosis can influence Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) a gut microbiota-derived metabolite, as well as kynurenine pathways (KP), which are known as a new marker for an early predictor of chronic diseases. Hence, the current study aimed to investigate the association between KYN and TMAO with MetS and its components. Methods This case-control study was conducted on 250 adults aged 18 years or over of Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS) Employee's Cohort study (TEC) in the baseline phase. Data on the dietary intakes were collected using a validated dish-based food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and dietary intakes of nitrite and nitrate were estimated using FFQ with 144 items. MetS was defined according to the NCEP ATP criteria. Serum profiles TMAO and KYN were measured by standard protocol. Result The mean level of TMAO and KYN in subjects with MetS was 51.49 pg/mL and 417.56 nmol/l. High levels of TMAO (≥30.39 pg/mL) with MetS were directly correlated, after adjusting for confounding factors, the odds of MetS in individuals 2.37 times increased (OR: 2.37, 95% CI: 1.31-4.28, P-value = 0.004), also, high levels of KYN (≥297.18 nmol/L) increased odds of Mets+ 1.48 times, which is statistically significant (OR: 1.48, 95% CI: 0.83-2.63, P-value = 0.04). High levels of TMAO compared with the reference group increased the odds of hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL in crude and adjusted models (P < 0.05). Additionally, there was a statistically significant high level of KYN increased odds of abdominal obesity (P < 0.05). Conclusion Our study revealed a positive association between serum TMAO and KYN levels and MetS and some of its components. For underlying mechanisms and possible clinical implications of the differences. Prospective studies in healthy individuals are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atieh Mirzababaei
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Mahmoodi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Science and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbasali Keshtkar
- Department of Disaster and Emergency Health, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Haleh Ashraf
- Cardiac Primary Prevention Research Center, Cardiovascular Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faezeh Abaj
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Neda Soveid
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahya Mehri Hajmir
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Radmehr
- Department of Nutrition, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pardis Khalili
- Department of Nutrition, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Mirzaei
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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2
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Moritsch S, Mödl B, Scharf I, Janker L, Zwolanek D, Timelthaler G, Casanova E, Sibilia M, Mohr T, Kenner L, Herndler-Brandstetter D, Gerner C, Müller M, Strobl B, Eferl R. Tyk2 is a tumor suppressor in colorectal cancer. Oncoimmunology 2022; 11:2127271. [PMID: 36185806 PMCID: PMC9519006 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2022.2127271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Janus kinase Tyk2 is implicated in cancer immune surveillance, but its role in solid tumors is not well defined. We used Tyk2 knockout mice (Tyk2Δ/Δ) and mice with conditional deletion of Tyk2 in hematopoietic (Tyk2ΔHem) or intestinal epithelial cells (Tyk2ΔIEC) to assess their cell type-specific functions in chemically induced colorectal cancer. All Tyk2-deficient mouse models showed a higher tumor burden after AOM-DSS treatment compared to their corresponding wild-type controls (Tyk2+/+ and Tyk2fl/fl), demonstrating tumor-suppressive functions of Tyk2 in immune cells and epithelial cancer cells. However, specific deletion of Tyk2 in hematopoietic cells or in intestinal epithelial cells was insufficient to accelerate tumor progression, while deletion in both compartments promoted carcinoma formation. RNA-seq and proteomics revealed that tumors of Tyk2Δ/Δ and Tyk2ΔIEC mice were immunoedited in different ways with downregulated and upregulated IFNγ signatures, respectively. Accordingly, the IFNγ-regulated immune checkpoint Ido1 was downregulated in Tyk2Δ/Δ and upregulated in Tyk2ΔIEC tumors, although both showed reduced CD8+ T cell infiltration. These data suggest that Tyk2Δ/Δ tumors are Ido1-independent and poorly immunoedited while Tyk2ΔIEC tumors require Ido1 for immune evasion. Our study shows that Tyk2 prevents Ido1 expression in CRC cells and promotes CRC immune surveillance in the tumor stroma. Both of these Tyk2-dependent mechanisms must work together to prevent CRC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Moritsch
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna & Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernadette Mödl
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna & Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna, Austria
| | - Irene Scharf
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna & Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Janker
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Joint Metabolomics Facility, University and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Zwolanek
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna & Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerald Timelthaler
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna & Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna, Austria
| | - Emilio Casanova
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology & Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Sibilia
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna & Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Mohr
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna & Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Kenner
- Institute of Clinical Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Christopher Gerner
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Joint Metabolomics Facility, University and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mathias Müller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Birgit Strobl
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Eferl
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna & Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna, Austria
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Klaessens S, Stroobant V, De Plaen E, Van den Eynde BJ. Systemic tryptophan homeostasis. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:897929. [PMID: 36188218 PMCID: PMC9515494 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.897929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan is an essential amino acid, which is not only a building block for protein synthesis, but also a precursor for the biosynthesis of co-enzymes and neuromodulators, such as NAD/NADP(H), kynurenic acid, melatonin and serotonin. It also plays a role in immune homeostasis, as local tryptophan catabolism impairs T-lymphocyte mediated immunity. Therefore, tryptophan plasmatic concentration needs to be stable, in spite of large variations in dietary supply. Here, we review the main checkpoints accounting for tryptophan homeostasis, including absorption, transport, metabolism and elimination, and we discuss the physiopathology of disorders associated with their dysfunction. Tryptophan is catabolized along the kynurenine pathway through the action of two enzymes that mediate the first and rate-limiting step of the pathway: indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO). While IDO1 expression is restricted to peripheral sites of immune modulation, TDO is massively expressed in the liver and accounts for 90% of tryptophan catabolism. Recent data indicated that the stability of the TDO protein is regulated by tryptophan and that this regulation allows a tight control of tryptophanemia. TDO is stabilized when tryptophan is abundant in the plasma, resulting in rapid degradation of dietary tryptophan. In contrast, when tryptophan is scarce, TDO is degraded by the proteasome to avoid excessive tryptophan catabolism. This is triggered by the unmasking of a degron in a non-catalytic tryptophan-binding site, resulting in TDO ubiquitination by E3 ligase SKP1-CUL1-F-box. Deficiency in TDO or in the hepatic aromatic transporter SLC16A10 leads to severe hypertryptophanemia, which can disturb immune and neurological homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Klaessens
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium
- de Duve Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Simon Klaessens, ; Benoit J. Van den Eynde,
| | - Vincent Stroobant
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium
- de Duve Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Etienne De Plaen
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium
- de Duve Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Benoit J. Van den Eynde
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium
- de Duve Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Wavre, Belgium
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Simon Klaessens, ; Benoit J. Van den Eynde,
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Genetic Deficiency of Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase Aggravates Vascular but Not Liver Disease in a Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis and Atherosclerosis Comorbidity Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095203. [PMID: 35563591 PMCID: PMC9099704 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a chronic liver disease that increases cardiovascular disease risk. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1)-mediated tryptophan (Trp) metabolism has been proposed to play an immunomodulatory role in several diseases. The potential of IDO1 to be a link between NASH and cardiovascular disease has never been investigated. Using Apoe−/− and Apoe−/−Ido1−/− mice that were fed a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet (HFCD) to simultaneously induce NASH and atherosclerosis, we found that Ido1 deficiency significantly accelerated atherosclerosis after 7 weeks. Surprisingly, Apoe−/−Ido1−/− mice did not present a more aggressive NASH phenotype, including hepatic lipid deposition, release of liver enzymes, and histopathological parameters. As expected, a lower L-kynurenine/Trp (Kyn/Trp) ratio was found in the plasma and arteries of Apoe−/−Ido1−/− mice compared to controls. However, no difference in the hepatic Kyn/Trp ratio was found between the groups. Hepatic transcript analyses revealed that HFCD induced a temporal increase in tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (Tdo2) mRNA, indicating an alternative manner to maintain Trp degradation during NASH development in both Apoe−/− and Apoe−/−Ido1−/mice−. Using HepG2 hepatoma cell and THP1 macrophage cultures, we found that iron, TDO2, and Trp degradation may act as important mediators of cross-communication between hepatocytes and macrophages regulating liver inflammation. In conclusion, we show that Ido1 deficiency aggravates atherosclerosis, but not liver disease, in a newly established NASH and atherosclerosis comorbidity model. Our data indicate that the overexpression of TDO2 is an important mechanism that helps in balancing the kynurenine pathway and inflammation in the liver, but not in the artery wall, which likely determined disease outcome in these two target tissues.
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Konje VC, Rajendiran TM, Bellovich K, Gadegbeku CA, Gipson DS, Afshinnia F, Mathew AV. Tryptophan levels associate with incident cardiovascular disease in chronic kidney disease. Clin Kidney J 2021; 14:1097-1105. [PMID: 34094518 PMCID: PMC8173620 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfaa031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-traditional risk factors like inflammation and oxidative stress play an essential role in the increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk prevalent in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Tryptophan catabolism by the kynurenine pathway (KP) is linked to systemic inflammation and CVD in the general and dialysis population. However, the relationship of KP to incident CVD in the CKD population is unknown. METHODS We measured tryptophan metabolites using targeted mass spectrometry in 92 patients with a history of CVD (old CVD); 46 patients with no history of CVD and new CVD during follow-up (no CVD); and 46 patients with no CVD history who developed CVD in the median follow-up period of 2 years (incident CVD). RESULTS The three groups are well-matched in age, gender, race, diabetes status and CKD stage, and only differed in total cholesterol and proteinuria. Tryptophan and kynurenine levels significantly decreased in patients with 'Incident CVD' compared with the no CVD or old CVD groups (P = 5.2E-7; P = 0.003 respectively). Kynurenic acid, 3-hydroxykynurenine and kynurenine are all increased with worsening CKD stage (P < 0.05). An increase in tryptophan levels at baseline was associated with 0.32-fold lower odds of incident CVD (P = 0.000014) compared with the no CVD group even after adjustment for classic CVD risk factors. Addition of tryptophan and kynurenine levels to the receiver operating curve constructed from discriminant analysis predicting incident CVD using baseline clinical variables increased the area under the curve from 0.76 to 0.82 (P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS In summary, our study demonstrates that low tryptophan levels are associated with incident CVD in CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vetalise C Konje
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Thekkelnaycke M Rajendiran
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Regional Comprehensive Metabolomics Resource Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Keith Bellovich
- Division of Nephrology, St Clair Nephrology Research, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Crystal A Gadegbeku
- Section of Nephrology, Hypertension and Kidney Transplantation, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Debbie S Gipson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Farsad Afshinnia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Anna V Mathew
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Metz R, Rust S, Duhadaway JB, Mautino MR, Munn DH, Vahanian NN, Link CJ, Prendergast GC. IDO inhibits a tryptophan sufficiency signal that stimulates mTOR: A novel IDO effector pathway targeted by D-1-methyl-tryptophan. Oncoimmunology 2021; 1:1460-1468. [PMID: 23264892 PMCID: PMC3525601 DOI: 10.4161/onci.21716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan catabolism by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) alters inflammation and favors T-cell tolerance in cancer, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. The integrated stress response kinase GCN2, a sensor of uncharged tRNA that is activated by amino acid deprivation, is recognized as an important effector of the IDO pathway. However, in a mouse model of inflammatory carcinogenesis, ablation of Gcn2 did not promote resistance against tumor development like the absence of IDO does, implying the existence of additional cancer-relevant pathways that operate downstream of IDO. Addressing this gap in knowledge, we report that the IDO-mediated catabolism of tryptophan also inhibits the immunoregulatory kinases mTOR and PKC-Θ, along with the induction of autophagy. These effects were relieved specifically by tryptophan but also by the experimental agent 1-methyl-D-tryptophan (D-1MT, also known as NLG8189), the latter of which reversed the inhibitory signals generated by IDO with higher potency. Taken together, our results implicate mTOR and PKC-Θ in IDO-mediated immunosuppressive signaling, and they provide timely insights into the unique mechanism of action of D-1MT as compared with traditional biochemical inhibitors of IDO. These findings are important translationally, because they suggest broader clinical uses for D-1MT against cancers that overexpress any tryptophan catabolic enzyme (IDO, IDO2 or TDO). Moreover, they define mTOR and PKC-Θ as candidate pharmacodynamic markers for D-1MT responses in patients recruited to ongoing phase IB/II cancer trials, addressing a current clinical need.
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7
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Zhao Z, Lu L, Li W. N-(3',4'-dimethoxycinnamonyl) anthranilic acid alleviates severe acute pancreatitis by inhibiting intestinal barrier dysfunction and NF-κB activation. Drug Dev Res 2020; 82:458-464. [PMID: 33319359 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) can affect intestinal barrier with a high mortality. To date, effective therapies for SAP are still in urgently need. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of anthranilic acid active synthetic derivative, N-(3',4'-dimethoxycinnamonyl) anthranilic acid (3,4-DAA), in intestinal barrier dysfunction of SAP. In this study, SAP mice model was induced by caerulein combined with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). SAP mice were pretreated with 3,4-DAA orally. Histological structures of pancreatic and intestinal tissues were observed via hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining. Pancreas myeloperoxidase (MPO), serum lipase, and amylase were detected using corresponding kits. Western blot analysis and reverse transcription and quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) were employed to determine the levels of inflammatory factors in both pancreatic and intestinal tissues. Moreover, the levels of intestinal barrier-related proteins, NLRP3 inflammasome and NF-κB pathway were examined by western blot analysis. Result revealed that 3,4-DAA significantly attenuated pancreas and intestine damage, inhibited the release of inflammatory factors and intestinal barrier dysfunction. Moreover, the expression of NLRP3 and phospho-NF-κB p65 in pancreatic and intestinal tissues was notably suppressed by 3,4-DAA. To sum up, these results demonstrated that 3,4-DAA could ameliorate SAP, partly attributing to the inhibition of intestinal barrier dysfunction and the release of inflammatory factors. These findings may provide a new mechanism support for 3,4-DAA application in the clinical treatment of SAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Li Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Weidong Li
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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8
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Hoffmann D, Dvorakova T, Schramme F, Stroobant V, Van den Eynde BJ. Tryptophan 2,3-Dioxygenase Expression Identified in Murine Decidual Stromal Cells Is Not Essential for Feto-Maternal Tolerance. Front Immunol 2020; 11:601759. [PMID: 33363543 PMCID: PMC7752949 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.601759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) catalyze the rate-limiting step of tryptophan catabolism along the kynurenine pathway, which has important immuno suppressive properties, particularly in tumor cells and dendritic cells. The prominent expression of IDO1 in the placenta also suggested a role in preventing immune rejection of fetal tissues, and pharmacological inhibition of IDO1 induced abortion of allogeneic fetuses in mice. However, this was later challenged by the lack of rejection of allogeneic fetuses in IDO1-KO mice, suggesting that other mechanisms may compensate for IDO1 deficiency. Here we investigated whether TDO could contribute to feto-maternal tolerance and compensate for IDO1 deficiency in IDO1-KO mice. Expression of TDO mRNA was previously detected in placental tissues. We developed a new chimeric rabbit anti-TDO antibody to confirm TDO expression at the protein level and identify the positive cell type by immunohistochemistry in murine placenta. We observed massive TDO expression in decidual stromal cells, starting at day E3.5, peaking at day E6.5 then declining rapidly while remaining detectable until gestation end. IDO1 was also induced in decidual stromal cells, but only at a later stage of gestation when TDO expression declined. To determine whether TDO contributed to feto-maternal tolerance, we mated TDO-KO and double IDO1-TDO-KO females with allogeneic males. However, we did not observe reduced fertility. These results suggest that, despite its expression in decidual stromal cells, TDO is not a dominant mechanism of feto-maternal tolerance able to compensate for the absence of IDO1. Redundant additional mechanisms of immunosuppression likely take over in these KO mice. The massive expression of TDO during decidualization might suggest a role of TDO in angiogenesis or vessel tonicity, as previously described for IDO1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Hoffmann
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium.,de Duve Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tereza Dvorakova
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium.,de Duve Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Florence Schramme
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium.,de Duve Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vincent Stroobant
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium.,de Duve Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Benoit J Van den Eynde
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium.,de Duve Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Brussels, Belgium
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9
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Ketelhuth DFJ. The immunometabolic role of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: immune homeostatic mechanisms in the artery wall. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 115:1408-1415. [PMID: 30847484 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronary heart disease and stroke, the two most common cardiovascular diseases worldwide, are triggered by complications of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerotic plaques are initiated by a maladaptive immune response triggered by accumulation of lipids in the artery wall. Hence, disease is influenced by several non-modifiable and modifiable risk factors, including dyslipidaemia, hypertension, smoking, and diabetes. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), the rate-limiting enzyme in the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan (Trp) degradation, is modulated by inflammation and regarded as a key molecule driving immunotolerance and immunosuppressive mechanisms. A large body of evidence indicates that IDO-mediated Trp metabolism is involved directly or indirectly in atherogenesis. This review summarizes evidence from basic and clinical research showing that IDO is a major regulatory enzyme involved in the maintenance of immunohomeostasis in the vascular wall, as well as current knowledge about promising targets for the development of new anti-atherosclerotic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F J Ketelhuth
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Univ. of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winsløws Vej 21(3), Odense C, Denmark
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10
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Liu X, Zhang Y, Duan H, Luo Q, Liu W, Liang L, Wan H, Chang S, Hu J, Shi H. Inhibition Mechanism of Indoleamine 2, 3-Dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) by Amidoxime Derivatives and Its Revelation in Drug Design: Comparative Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 6:164. [PMID: 32047753 PMCID: PMC6997135 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2019.00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
For cancer treatment, in addition to the three standard therapies of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, immunotherapy has become the fourth internationally-recognized alternative treatment. Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) catalyzes the conversion of tryptophan to kynurenine causing lysine depletion, which is an important target in the research and development of anticancer drugs. Epacadostat (INCB024360) is currently one of the most potent IDO1 inhibitors, nevertheless its inhibition mechanism still remains elusive. In this work, comparative molecular dynamics simulations were performed to reveal that the high inhibitory activity of INCB024360 mainly comes from two aspects: disturbing the ligand delivery tunnel and then preventing small molecules such as oxygen and water molecules from accessing the active site, as well as hindering the shuttle of substrate tryptophan with product kynurenine through the heme binding pocket. The scanning of key residues showed that L234 and R231 residues both were crucial to the catalytic activity of IDO1. With the association with INCB024360, L234 forms a stable hydrogen bond with G262, which significantly affects the spatial position of G262-A264 loop and then greatly disturbs the orderliness of ligand delivery tunnel. In addition, the cleavage of hydrogen bond between G380 and R231 increases the mobility of the GTGG conserved region, leading to the closure of the substrate tryptophan channel. This work provides new ideas for understanding action mechanism of amidoxime derivatives, improving its inhibitor activity and developing novel inhibitors of IDO1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Liu
- Laboratory of Tumor Targeted and Immune Therapy, Clinical Research Center for Breast, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- Laboratory of Tumor Targeted and Immune Therapy, Clinical Research Center for Breast, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Huaichuan Duan
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, College of Pharmacy and Biological Engineering, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, College of Pharmacy and Biological Engineering, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, College of Pharmacy and Biological Engineering, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Liang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, College of Pharmacy and Biological Engineering, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hua Wan
- College of Mathematics and Informatics, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shan Chang
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Institute of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, China
| | - Jianping Hu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, College of Pharmacy and Biological Engineering, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hubing Shi
- Laboratory of Tumor Targeted and Immune Therapy, Clinical Research Center for Breast, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
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Opitz CA, Somarribas Patterson LF, Mohapatra SR, Dewi DL, Sadik A, Platten M, Trump S. The therapeutic potential of targeting tryptophan catabolism in cancer. Br J Cancer 2020; 122:30-44. [PMID: 31819194 PMCID: PMC6964670 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-019-0664-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on its effects on both tumour cell intrinsic malignant properties as well as anti-tumour immune responses, tryptophan catabolism has emerged as an important metabolic regulator of cancer progression. Three enzymes, indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 and 2 (IDO1/2) and tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase (TDO2), catalyse the first step of the degradation of the essential amino acid tryptophan (Trp) to kynurenine (Kyn). The notion of inhibiting IDO1 using small-molecule inhibitors elicited high hopes of a positive impact in the field of immuno-oncology, by restoring anti-tumour immune responses and synergising with other immunotherapies such as immune checkpoint inhibition. However, clinical trials with IDO1 inhibitors have yielded disappointing results, hence raising many questions. This review will discuss strategies to target Trp-degrading enzymes and possible down-stream consequences of their inhibition. We aim to provide comprehensive background information on Trp catabolic enzymes as targets in immuno-oncology and their current state of development. Details of the clinical trials with IDO1 inhibitors, including patient stratification, possible effects of the inhibitors themselves, effects of pre-treatments and the therapies the inhibitors were combined with, are discussed and mechanisms proposed that might have compensated for IDO1 inhibition. Finally, alternative approaches are suggested to circumvent these problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane A Opitz
- DKTK Brain Cancer Metabolism Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Luis F Somarribas Patterson
- DKTK Brain Cancer Metabolism Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Soumya R Mohapatra
- DKTK Brain Cancer Metabolism Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dyah L Dewi
- DKTK Brain Cancer Metabolism Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery - Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada/Dr Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Ahmed Sadik
- DKTK Brain Cancer Metabolism Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Platten
- DKTK Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Saskia Trump
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Unit for Molecular Epidemiology, Berlin, Germany
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12
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Onesti CE, Boemer F, Josse C, Leduc S, Bours V, Jerusalem G. Tryptophan catabolism increases in breast cancer patients compared to healthy controls without affecting the cancer outcome or response to chemotherapy. J Transl Med 2019; 17:239. [PMID: 31337401 PMCID: PMC6652004 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-1984-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase catalyzes the conversion of tryptophan to kynurenine, an immunosuppressive metabolite involved in T regulatory cell differentiation. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase is expressed in many cancer types, including breast cancer. Here, we analyze kynurenine and tryptophan and their ratio in breast cancer patients and healthy controls. Methods Breast cancer patients and healthy controls were prospectively enrolled in our study. All subjects underwent blood sample withdrawal at diagnosis or on the day of screening mammography for the healthy controls. Plasmatic kynurenine and tryptophan were determined on a TQ5500 tandem mass spectrometer after chromatographic separation. Results We enrolled 146 healthy controls and 202 women with stages I–III breast cancer of all subtypes. All patients underwent surgery, 126 underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy with 43 showing a pathological complete response, and 43 underwent adjuvant chemotherapy. We observed significantly higher plasmatic kynurenine, tryptophan and their ratio for the healthy controls compared to patients with breast cancer. We observed a lower plasmatic tryptophan and a higher kynurenine/tryptophan ratio in hormone receptor-negative patients compared to hormone receptor-positive cancers. Lobular cancers showed a lower ratio than any other histologies. Advanced cancers were associated with a lower tryptophan level and higher grades with an increased kynurenine/tryptophan ratio. Pathological complete response was associated with higher kynurenine values. The plasmatic kynurenine, tryptophan and kynurenine/tryptophan ratios were not predictive of survival. Conclusions The plasmatic kynurenine, tryptophan and kynurenine/tryptophan ratio could differentiate breast cancer patients from healthy controls. The Kyn/Trp ratio and Trp also showed different values according to hormone receptor status, TNM stage, T grade and histology. These results suggest a rapid metabolism in breast cancer, but no associations with outcome or sensitivity to chemotherapy were observed. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12967-019-1984-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concetta Elisa Onesti
- Medical Oncology Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sart-Tilman, Liège, Belgium.,Laboratory of Human Genetics, GIGA Research Institute, Liège, Belgium
| | - François Boemer
- Department of Human Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sart-Tilman, Liège, Belgium
| | - Claire Josse
- Medical Oncology Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sart-Tilman, Liège, Belgium. .,Laboratory of Human Genetics, GIGA Research Institute, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Stephane Leduc
- Department of Human Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sart-Tilman, Liège, Belgium
| | - Vincent Bours
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, GIGA Research Institute, Liège, Belgium.,Department of Human Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sart-Tilman, Liège, Belgium
| | - Guy Jerusalem
- Medical Oncology Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sart-Tilman, Liège, Belgium.,Liège University, Liège, Belgium
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13
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Wan Z, Sun J, Xu J, Moharil P, Chen J, Xu J, Zhu J, Li J, Huang Y, Xu P, Ma X, Xie W, Lu B, Li S. Dual functional immunostimulatory polymeric prodrug carrier with pendent indoximod for enhanced cancer immunochemotherapy. Acta Biomater 2019; 90:300-313. [PMID: 30930305 PMCID: PMC6513707 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy based on checkpoint blockade has been regarded as one of the most promising approaches towards many types of cancers. However, low response rate hinders its application due to insufficient tumor immunogenicity and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. To achieve an overall enhanced therapeutic outcome, we developed a dual-functional immuno-stimulatory polymeric prodrug carrier modified with pendent indoximod, an indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) inhibitor that can be used to reverse immune suppression, for co-delivery of Doxorubicin (Dox), a hydrophobic anticancer agent that can promote immunogenic cell death (ICD) and elicit antitumor immunity. The resulted carrier denoted as POEG-b-PVBIND, consisting of poly (oligo (ethylene glycol) methacrylate) (POEG) hydrophilic blocks and indoximod conjugated hydrophobic blocks, is rationally designed to improve immunotherapy by synergistically modulating the tumor microenvironment (TME). Our data showed that Dox-triggered ICD promoted intra-tumoral infiltration of CD8+ T cells and IFN-γ-production by CD8+ T cells. Meanwhile, cleaved indoximod significantly increased CD8+ T cell infiltration while reducing the immunosuppressive T regulatory cells (Tregs). More importantly, Dox/POEG-b-PVBIND micelles led to significantly improved tumor regression in an orthotopic murine breast cancer model compared to both Dox-loaded POEG-b-PVB micelles (a control inert carrier) and POEG-b-PVBIND micelles alone, confirming combination effect of indoximod and Dox in improving the overall antitumor activity. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is an enzyme that can induce immune suppressive microenvironment in tumors. As a well-studied IDO inhibitor, indoximod (IND) represents a promising agent for cancer immunotherapy and could be particularly useful in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents. However, three major problems hinder its application: (1) IND is barely soluble in water; (2) IND delivery efficiency is limited (3) simultaneous delivery of two agents into tumor site is still challenging. Currently, most reports largely focus on improving the pharmacokinetic profile of IND alone via different formulations such as IND prodrug and IND nanocrystal. However, there is limited information about IND based co-delivery systems, especially for delivering hydrophobic chemotherapeutic agents. Here, we developed a new dual-functional polymeric prodrug carrier modified with a number of pendent IND units (denoted as POEG-b-PVBIND). POEG-b-PVBIND shows immunostimulatory and antitumor activities by itself. More importantly, POEG-b-PVBIND polymer is able to self-assemble into nano-sized micelles that are highly effective in formulating and codelivering other hydrophobic agents including doxorubicin (Dox), sunitinib (Sun), and daunorubicin (Dau), which can elicit antitumor immunity via promoting immunogenic cell death (ICD). We have shown that our new combination therapy led to a significantly improved antitumor activity in an aggressive murine breast cancer model (4T1.2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoya Wan
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Jingjing Sun
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Jieni Xu
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Pearl Moharil
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Jing Chen
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Junchi Xu
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Junjie Zhu
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Jiang Li
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Yixian Huang
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Xiaochao Ma
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Wen Xie
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Binfeng Lu
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Song Li
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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14
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Acovic A, Gazdic M, Jovicic N, Harrell CR, Fellabaum C, Arsenijevic N, Volarevic V. Role of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in pathology of the gastrointestinal tract. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2018; 11:1756284818815334. [PMID: 30574192 PMCID: PMC6295700 DOI: 10.1177/1756284818815334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) has the most important role in modulation of tryptophan-dependent effects in the gastrointestinal tract, including modulation of intestinal immune response. An increased IDO activity maintains immune tolerance and attenuates ongoing inflammation but allows immune escape and uncontrolled growth of gastrointestinal tumors. Accordingly, IDO represents a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of inflammatory and malignant diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. In this review article, we summarize current knowledge about molecular and cellular mechanisms that are involved in IDO-dependent effects. We provide a brief outline of experimental and clinical studies that increased our understanding of how enhanced IDO activity: controls host-microbiota interactions in the gut; regulates detrimental immune response in inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal system; and allows immune escape and uncontrolled growth of gastrointestinal tumors. Additionally, we present future perspectives regarding modulation of IDO activity in the gut as possible new therapeutic approaches for the treatment of inflammatory and malignant diseases of the gastrointestinal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Acovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Marina Gazdic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Nemanja Jovicic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | | | - Crissy Fellabaum
- Regenerative Processing Plant-RPP, LLC, Palm Harbor, Florida, USA
| | - Nebojsa Arsenijevic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
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15
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Prendergast GC, Malachowski WP, DuHadaway JB, Muller AJ. Discovery of IDO1 Inhibitors: From Bench to Bedside. Cancer Res 2018; 77:6795-6811. [PMID: 29247038 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-2285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Small-molecule inhibitors of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1) are emerging at the vanguard of experimental agents in oncology. Here, pioneers of this new drug class provide a bench-to-bedside review on preclinical validation of IDO1 as a cancer therapeutic target and on the discovery and development of a set of mechanistically distinct compounds, indoximod, epacadostat, and navoximod, that were first to be evaluated as IDO inhibitors in clinical trials. As immunometabolic adjuvants to widen therapeutic windows, IDO inhibitors may leverage not only immuno-oncology modalities but also chemotherapy and radiotherapy as standards of care in the oncology clinic. Cancer Res; 77(24); 6795-811. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - James B DuHadaway
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research (LIMR), Wynnewood, Pennsylvania
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16
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Polyzos KA, Ketelhuth DFJ. The role of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism in cardiovascular disease. Hamostaseologie 2017; 35:128-36. [DOI: 10.5482/hamo-14-10-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
SummaryCoronary heart disease and stroke, the deadliest forms of cardiovascular disease (CVD), are mainly caused by atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease of the artery wall driven by maladaptive immune responses in the vessel wall. Various risk factors for CVD influence this pathogenic process, including diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, and obesity. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), an enzyme catalyzing the rate-limiting step in the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan degradation, is strongly induced by inflammation in several tissues, including the artery wall. An increasing body of evidence indicates that IDO promotes immune tolerance, decreases inflammation, and functions as a homeostatic mechanism against excessive immune reactions.This review provides an overview of the emerging field of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan degradation in CVD, emphasizing the role of IDO-mediated tryptophan metabolism and its metabolites in the modulation of ‘classical’ cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension, obesity, lipid metabolism, diabetes mellitus, and in the development of atherosclerotic CVD.
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17
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Inflammatory Reprogramming with IDO1 Inhibitors: Turning Immunologically Unresponsive 'Cold' Tumors 'Hot'. Trends Cancer 2017; 4:38-58. [PMID: 29413421 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We discuss how small-molecule inhibitors of the tryptophan (Trp) catabolic enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) represent a vanguard of new immunometabolic adjuvants to safely enhance the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy, radiotherapy, or 'immunogenic' chemotherapy by leveraging responses to tumor neoantigens. IDO inhibitors re-program inflammatory processes to help clear tumors by blunting tumor neovascularization and restoring immunosurveillance. Studies of regulatory and effector pathways illuminate IDO as an inflammatory modifier. Recent work suggests that coordinate targeting of the Trp catabolic enzymes tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) and IDO2 may also safely broaden efficacy. Understanding IDO inhibitors as adjuvants to turn immunologically 'cold' tumors 'hot' can seed new concepts in how to improve the efficacy of cancer therapy while limiting collateral damage.
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18
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Hennequart M, Pilotte L, Cane S, Hoffmann D, Stroobant V, Plaen ED, Van den Eynde B. Constitutive IDO1 Expression in Human Tumors Is Driven by Cyclooxygenase-2 and Mediates Intrinsic Immune Resistance. Cancer Immunol Res 2017; 5:695-709. [PMID: 28765120 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-16-0400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumors use various mechanisms to avoid immune destruction. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression may be a driver of immune suppression in melanoma, but the mechanisms involved remain elusive. Here, we show that COX-2 expression drives constitutive expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) in human tumor cells. IDO1 is an immunosuppressive enzyme that degrades tryptophan. In a series of seven human tumor lines, constitutive IDO1 expression depends on COX-2 and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which, upon autocrine signaling through the EP receptor, activates IDO1 via the PKC and PI3K pathways. COX-2 expression itself depends on the MAPK pathway, which therefore indirectly controls IDO1 expression. Most of these tumors carry PI3K or MAPK oncogenic mutations, which may favor constitutive IDO1 expression. Celecoxib treatment promoted immune rejection of IDO1-expressing human tumor xenografts in immunodeficient mice reconstituted with human allogeneic lymphocytes. This effect was associated with a reduced expression of IDO1 in those ovarian SKOV3 tumors and an increased infiltration of CD3+ and CD8+ cells. Our results highlight the role of COX-2 in constitutive IDO1 expression by human tumors and substantiate the use of COX-2 inhibitors to improve the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy, by reducing constitutive IDO1 expression, which contributes to the lack of T-cell infiltration in "cold" tumors, which fail to respond to immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Res; 5(8); 695-709. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Hennequart
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium.,de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Luc Pilotte
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium.,de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefania Cane
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium.,de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Delia Hoffmann
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium.,de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vincent Stroobant
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium.,de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Etienne De Plaen
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium.,de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Benoît Van den Eynde
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium. .,de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Brussels, Belgium
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19
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Zhong W, Gao L, Zhou Z, Lin H, Chen C, Huang P, Huang W, Zhou C, Huang S, Nie L, Liu Y, Chen Y, Zhou D, Lv Z. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 deficiency attenuates CCl4-induced fibrosis through Th17 cells down-regulation and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase compensation. Oncotarget 2017; 8:40486-40500. [PMID: 28465467 PMCID: PMC5522192 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is an intracellular rate-limiting enzyme in the metabolism of tryptophan along the kynurenine pathway, subsequently mediating the immune response; however, the role of IDO1 in liver fibrosis and cirrhosis is still unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of IDO1 in the development of hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis. Patients with hepatitis B virus-induced cirrhosis and healthy volunteers were enrolled. For animals, carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) was used to establish liver fibrosis in wild-type and IDO1 knockout mice. Additionally, an IDO1 inhibitor (1-methyl-D-tryptophan) was administered to WT fibrosis mice. Liver lesions were positively correlated with serum IDO1 levels in both the clinical subjects and hepatic fibrosis mice. A positive correlation between serum IDO1 levels and liver stiffness values was found in the cirrhosis patients. Notably, IDO1 knockout mice were protected from CCl4-induced liver fibrosis, as reflected by unchanged serum alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase levels and lower collagen deposition, α-smooth muscle actin expression and apoptotic cell death rates. On the other hand, tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO), another systemic tryptophan metabolism enzyme, exhibited a compensatory increase as a result of IDO1 deficiency. Moreover, hepatic interleukin-17a, a characteristic cytokine of T helper 17 (Th17) cells, and downstream cytokines' mRNA levels showed lower expression in the IDO1-/- model mice. IDO1 appears to be a potential hallmark of liver lesions, and its deficiency protects mice from CCl4-induced fibrosis mediated by Th17 cells down-regulation and TDO compensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weichao Zhong
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
- Department of Liver Diseases, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518033, China
| | - Lei Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Zhenting Zhou
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Haiyan Lin
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Chun Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| | - Peng Huang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Weiliang Huang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Chuying Zhou
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Shaohui Huang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Linghui Nie
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Ye Liu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510630, China
| | - Youming Chen
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510630, China
| | - Daqiao Zhou
- Department of Liver Diseases, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518033, China
| | - Zhiping Lv
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
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20
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Thomas S, Izard J, Walsh E, Batich K, Chongsathidkiet P, Clarke G, Sela DA, Muller AJ, Mullin JM, Albert K, Gilligan JP, DiGuilio K, Dilbarova R, Alexander W, Prendergast GC. The Host Microbiome Regulates and Maintains Human Health: A Primer and Perspective for Non-Microbiologists. Cancer Res 2017; 77:1783-1812. [PMID: 28292977 PMCID: PMC5392374 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-2929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Humans consider themselves discrete autonomous organisms, but recent research is rapidly strengthening the appreciation that associated microorganisms make essential contributions to human health and well being. Each person is inhabited and also surrounded by his/her own signature microbial cloud. A low diversity of microorganisms is associated with a plethora of diseases, including allergy, diabetes, obesity, arthritis, inflammatory bowel diseases, and even neuropsychiatric disorders. Thus, an interaction of microorganisms with the host immune system is required for a healthy body. Exposure to microorganisms from the moment we are born and appropriate microbiome assembly during childhood are essential for establishing an active immune system necessary to prevent disease later in life. Exposure to microorganisms educates the immune system, induces adaptive immunity, and initiates memory B and T cells that are essential to combat various pathogens. The correct microbial-based education of immune cells may be critical in preventing the development of autoimmune diseases and cancer. This review provides a broad overview of the importance of the host microbiome and accumulating knowledge of how it regulates and maintains a healthy human system. Cancer Res; 77(8); 1783-812. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Thomas
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania.
| | - Jacques Izard
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Emily Walsh
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kristen Batich
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Surgery, Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Pakawat Chongsathidkiet
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Surgery, Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Gerard Clarke
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, APC Microbiome Institute University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - David A Sela
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
- Center for Microbiome Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | | | - James M Mullin
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania
| | - Korin Albert
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - John P Gilligan
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Rima Dilbarova
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania
| | - Walker Alexander
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania
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21
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Abnormal kynurenine pathway of tryptophan catabolism in cardiovascular diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:2899-2916. [PMID: 28314892 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2504-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Kynurenine pathway (KP) is the primary path of tryptophan (Trp) catabolism in most mammalian cells. The KP generates several bioactive catabolites, such as kynurenine (Kyn), kynurenic acid (KA), 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK), xanthurenic acid (XA), and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3-HAA). Increased catabolite concentrations in serum are associated with several cardiovascular diseases (CVD), including heart disease, atherosclerosis, and endothelial dysfunction, as well as their risk factors, including hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and aging. The first catabolic step in KP is primarily controlled by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO). Following this first step, the KP has two major branches, one branch is mediated by kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO) and kynureninase (KYNU) and is responsible for the formation of 3-HK, 3-HAA, and quinolinic acid (QA); and another branch is controlled by kynurenine amino-transferase (KAT), which generates KA. Uncontrolled Trp catabolism has been demonstrated in distinct CVD, thus, understanding the underlying mechanisms by which regulates KP enzyme expression and activity is paramount. This review highlights the recent advances on the effect of KP enzyme expression and activity in different tissues on the pathological mechanisms of specific CVD, KP is an inflammatory sensor and modulator in the cardiovascular system, and KP catabolites act as the potential biomarkers for CVD initiation and progression. Moreover, the biochemical features of critical KP enzymes and principles of enzyme inhibitor development are briefly summarized, as well as the therapeutic potential of KP enzyme inhibitors against CVD is briefly discussed.
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Liu G, Chen S, Zhong J, Teng K, Yin Y. Crosstalk between Tryptophan Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Implications. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:1602074. [PMID: 28377795 PMCID: PMC5362714 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1602074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The cardiovascular diseases (CVD) associated with the highest rates of morbidity are coronary heart disease and stroke, and the primary etiological factor leading to these conditions is atherosclerosis. This long-lasting inflammatory disease, characterized by how it affects the artery wall, results from maladaptive immune responses linked to the vessel wall. Tryptophan (Trp) is oxidized in a constitutive manner by tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase in liver cells, and for alternative cell types, it is catalyzed in the presence of a differently inducible indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) in the context of a specific pathophysiological environment. Resultantly, this leads to a rise in the production of kynurenine (Kyn) metabolites. Inflammation in the preliminary stages of atherosclerosis has a significant impact on IDO1, and IDO1 and the IDO1-associated pathway constitute critical mediating agents associated with the immunoinflammatory responses that characterize advanced atherosclerosis. The purpose of this review is to survey the recent literature addressing the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan degradation in CVD, and the author will direct attention to the function performed by IDO1-mediated tryptophan metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Hunan 410125, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Hunan 410125, China
| | - Jin Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kunling Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Hunan 410125, China
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, School of Biology, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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23
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Larkin PB, Sathyasaikumar KV, Notarangelo FM, Funakoshi H, Nakamura T, Schwarcz R, Muchowski PJ. Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 make separate, tissue-specific contributions to basal and inflammation-induced kynurenine pathway metabolism in mice. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2016; 1860:2345-2354. [PMID: 27392942 PMCID: PMC5808460 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In mammals, the majority of the essential amino acid tryptophan is degraded via the kynurenine pathway (KP). Several KP metabolites play distinct physiological roles, often linked to immune system functions, and may also be causally involved in human diseases including neurodegenerative disorders, schizophrenia and cancer. Pharmacological manipulation of the KP has therefore become an active area of drug development. To target the pathway effectively, it is important to understand how specific KP enzymes control levels of the bioactive metabolites in vivo. METHODS Here, we conducted a comprehensive biochemical characterization of mice with a targeted deletion of either tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) or indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), the two initial rate-limiting enzymes of the KP. These enzymes catalyze the same reaction, but differ in biochemical characteristics and expression patterns. We measured KP metabolite levels and enzyme activities and expression in several tissues in basal and immune-stimulated conditions. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Although our study revealed several unexpected downstream effects on KP metabolism in both knockout mice, the results were essentially consistent with TDO-mediated control of basal KP metabolism and a role of IDO in phenomena involving stimulation of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul B Larkin
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Korrapati V Sathyasaikumar
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Francesca M Notarangelo
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hiroshi Funakoshi
- Center for Advanced Research and Education (CARE), Asahikawa Medical University, 1-1-1- Higashinijo Midorigaoka, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | | | - Robert Schwarcz
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Paul J Muchowski
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; The Taube-Koret Center for Huntington's Disease Research, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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24
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that is initiated by the retention and accumulation of cholesterol-containing lipoproteins, particularly low-density lipoprotein, in the artery wall. In the arterial intima, lipoprotein components that are generated through oxidative, lipolytic, and proteolytic activities lead to the formation of several danger-associated molecular patterns, which can activate innate immune cells as well as vascular cells. Moreover, self- and non-self-antigens, such as apolipoprotein B-100 and heat shock proteins, can contribute to vascular inflammation by triggering the response of T and B cells locally. This process can influence the initiation, progression, and stability of plaques. Substantial clinical and experimental data support that the modulation of adaptive immune system may be used for treating and preventing atherosclerosis. This may lead to the development of more selective and less harmful interventions, while keeping host defense mechanisms against infections and tumors intact. Approaches such as vaccination might become a realistic option for cardiovascular disease, especially if they can elicit regulatory T and B cells and the secretion of atheroprotective antibodies. Nevertheless, difficulties in translating certain experimental data into new clinical therapies remain a challenge. In this review, we discuss important studies on the function of T- and B-cell immunity in atherosclerosis and their manipulation to develop novel therapeutic strategies against cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F J Ketelhuth
- From the Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Göran K Hansson
- From the Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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25
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Gonzalez-Pena D, Nixon SE, Southey BR, Lawson MA, McCusker RH, Hernandez AG, Dantzer R, Kelley KW, Rodriguez-Zas SL. Differential Transcriptome Networks between IDO1-Knockout and Wild-Type Mice in Brain Microglia and Macrophages. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157727. [PMID: 27314674 PMCID: PMC4912085 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia in the brain and macrophages in peripheral organs are cell types responsible for immune response to challenges. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is an immunomodulatory enzyme of the tryptophan pathway that is expressed in the brain. The higher activity of IDO1 in response to immune challenge has been implicated in behavioral disorders. The impact of IDO1 depletion on the microglia transcriptome has not been studied. An investigation of the transcript networks in the brain microglia from IDO1-knockout (IDO1-KO) mice was undertaken, relative to peripheral macrophages and to wild-type (WT) mice under unchallenged conditions. Over 105 transcript isoforms were differentially expressed between WT and IDO1-KO within cell type. Within microglia, Saa3 and Irg1 were over-expressed in IDO1-KO relative to WT. Within macrophages, Csf3 and Sele were over-expressed in IDO1-KO relative to WT. Among the genes differentially expressed between strains, enriched biological processes included ion homeostasis and ensheathment of neurons within microglia, and cytokine and chemokine expression within macrophages. Over 11,110 transcript isoforms were differentially expressed between microglia and macrophages and of these, over 10,800 transcripts overlapped between strains. Enriched biological processes among the genes over- and under-expressed in microglia relative to macrophages included cell adhesion and apoptosis, respectively. Detected only in microglia or macrophages were 421 and 43 transcript isoforms, respectively. Alternative splicing between cell types based on differential transcript isoform abundance was detected in 210 genes including Phf11d, H2afy, and Abr. Across strains, networks depicted a predominance of genes under-expressed in microglia relative to macrophages that may be a precursor for the different response of both cell types to challenges. The detected transcriptome differences enhance the understanding of the role of IDO1 in the microglia transcriptome under unchallenged conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianelys Gonzalez-Pena
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Scott E. Nixon
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Bruce R. Southey
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Marcus A. Lawson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Robert H. McCusker
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Alvaro G. Hernandez
- Department of Symptom Research, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Robert Dantzer
- High-Throughput Sequencing and Genotyping Unit, Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Keith W. Kelley
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Sandra L. Rodriguez-Zas
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Statistics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
- Carle Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
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26
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Takamatsu M, Hirata A, Ohtaki H, Hoshi M, Ando T, Ito H, Hatano Y, Tomita H, Kuno T, Saito K, Seishima M, Hara A. Inhibition of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 expression alters immune response in colon tumor microenvironment in mice. Cancer Sci 2015; 106:1008-15. [PMID: 26033215 PMCID: PMC4556390 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), an enzyme that degrades the essential amino acid l-tryptophan along the kynurenine pathway, exerts immunomodulatory effects in a number of diseases. IDO expression is increased in tumor tissue and in draining lymph nodes; this increase is thought to play a role in tumor evasion by suppressing the immune response. A competitive inhibitor of IDO is currently being tested in clinical trials for the treatment of relapsed or refractory solid tumors, but the efficacy of IDO inhibition in colorectal tumors remains to be fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated the effect of IDO deficiency on colon tumorigenesis in mice by genetic deletion and pharmacological inhibition. Ido1-deficient(−/−) mice were crossed with ApcMin/+ mice or were administered azoxymethane with or without dextran sodium sulfate. Ido1 deficiency did not lead to significant differences in the size and number of colon tumors. Similarly, the pharmacological inhibition of IDO using 1-methyltryptophan (1-mT) also resulted in no significant differences in tumor size and number in ApcMin/+ mice. However, Ido1 deficiency altered the immune response in the tumor microenvironment, showing a significant increase in mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and a significant decrease in the number of Foxp3-positive regulatory T cells in the colon tumors of Ido1(−/−) mice. Importantly, 1-mT treatment also significantly altered cytokine expression in the colon tumor tissues. These results suggest that IDO inhibition alone cannot sufficiently suppress colon cancer development in mice despite its immunomodulatory activity in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Takamatsu
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Akihiro Hirata
- Division of Animal Experiment, Life Science Research Center, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Ohtaki
- Department of Informative Clinical Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Masato Hoshi
- Faculty of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Mie, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ando
- Department of Informative Clinical Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Ito
- Department of Informative Clinical Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Hatano
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tomita
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Toshiya Kuno
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Saito
- Human Health Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Seishima
- Department of Informative Clinical Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Akira Hara
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
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27
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Abstract
IDO1 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1) is a member of a unique class of mammalian haem dioxygenases that catalyse the oxidative catabolism of the least-abundant essential amino acid, L-Trp (L-tryptophan), along the kynurenine pathway. Significant increases in knowledge have been recently gained with respect to understanding the fundamental biochemistry of IDO1 including its catalytic reaction mechanism, the scope of enzyme reactions it catalyses, the biochemical mechanisms controlling IDO1 expression and enzyme activity, and the discovery of enzyme inhibitors. Major advances in understanding the roles of IDO1 in physiology and disease have also been realised. IDO1 is recognised as a prominent immune regulatory enzyme capable of modulating immune cell activation status and phenotype via several molecular mechanisms including enzyme-dependent deprivation of L-Trp and its conversion into the aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligand kynurenine and other bioactive kynurenine pathway metabolites, or non-enzymatic cell signalling actions involving tyrosine phosphorylation of IDO1. Through these different modes of biochemical signalling, IDO1 regulates certain physiological functions (e.g. pregnancy) and modulates the pathogenesis and severity of diverse conditions including chronic inflammation, infectious disease, allergic and autoimmune disorders, transplantation, neuropathology and cancer. In the present review, we detail the current understanding of IDO1’s catalytic actions and the biochemical mechanisms regulating IDO1 expression and activity. We also discuss the biological functions of IDO1 with a focus on the enzyme's immune-modulatory function, its medical implications in diverse pathological settings and its utility as a therapeutic target.
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28
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Polyzos KA, Ovchinnikova O, Berg M, Baumgartner R, Agardh H, Pirault J, Gisterå A, Assinger A, Laguna-Fernandez A, Bäck M, Hansson GK, Ketelhuth DFJ. Inhibition of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase promotes vascular inflammation and increases atherosclerosis in Apoe-/- mice. Cardiovasc Res 2015; 106:295-302. [PMID: 25750192 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvv100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that is initiated by the retention and accumulation of low-density lipoprotein in the artery, leading to maladaptive response of cells from the immune system and vessel wall. Strong evidence implicates indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), the first and rate-limiting enzyme of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan (Trp) degradation, with immune regulation and anti-inflammatory mechanisms in different diseases. However, the role of IDO and the endogenous degradation of Trp have never been directly examined in atherosclerosis development. We used the IDO inhibitor 1-methyl-Trp (1-MT) to determine the role of IDO-mediated Trp metabolism in vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Apoe(-/-) mice were treated with 1-MT in drinking water for 8 weeks. Systemic IDO inhibition led to a significant increase in atherosclerotic lesions that were ∼58 and 54% larger in the aortic arch and root, respectively. 1-MT treatment enhanced vascular inflammation, up-regulated VCAM-1 and CCL2, and increased CD68 macrophage accumulation into the plaque. Notably, the rise in VCAM-1 expression was not limited to the plaque but also found in smooth muscle cells (SMCs) of the tunica media. Furthermore, we found that IDO-dependent Trp metabolism by SMCs regulates VCAM-1 expression, and that 1-MT-induced acceleration of atherosclerosis and vascular inflammation can be reversed by exogenous administration of the Trp metabolite 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3-HAA). CONCLUSION IDO-mediated Trp metabolism regulates vascular inflammation and plaque formation in hypercholesterolaemic Apoe(-/-) mice. Our data establish that this pathway plays a major role in the pathological process of atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos A Polyzos
- Department of Medicine, Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, L8:03, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm S-17176, Sweden
| | - Olga Ovchinnikova
- Department of Medicine, Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, L8:03, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm S-17176, Sweden
| | - Martin Berg
- Department of Medicine, Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, L8:03, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm S-17176, Sweden
| | - Roland Baumgartner
- Department of Medicine, Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, L8:03, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm S-17176, Sweden
| | - Hanna Agardh
- Department of Medicine, Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, L8:03, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm S-17176, Sweden
| | - John Pirault
- Department of Medicine, Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, L8:03, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm S-17176, Sweden
| | - Anton Gisterå
- Department of Medicine, Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, L8:03, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm S-17176, Sweden
| | - Alice Assinger
- Institute of Physiology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andres Laguna-Fernandez
- Department of Medicine, Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, L8:03, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm S-17176, Sweden
| | - Magnus Bäck
- Department of Medicine, Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, L8:03, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm S-17176, Sweden
| | - Göran K Hansson
- Department of Medicine, Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, L8:03, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm S-17176, Sweden
| | - Daniel F J Ketelhuth
- Department of Medicine, Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, L8:03, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm S-17176, Sweden
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Keenan BP, Jaffee EM, Armstrong TD. Tumor immunology: multidisciplinary science driving basic and clinical advances. Cancer Immunol Res 2015; 1:16-23. [PMID: 24409447 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-13-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The fourth AACR Special Conference "Tumor Immunology: Basic and Clinical Advances" was held in Miami, FL in December 2012. The overall objective of this meeting was to discuss emerging concepts in cancer immunology and immunotherapy. The key findings that emerged from this meeting included: (i) multiple immune checkpoints should be inhibited to increase effective T-cell therapy, (ii) successful adoptive T-cell therapy will rely on obtaining the proper T-cell phenotype, (iii) chimeric antigen receptors have shown promise in treating some B-cell malignancies, and (iv) multiple pathways of inflammation within the tumor microenvironment are immunotherapy targets.
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30
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van Baren N, Van den Eynde BJ. Tryptophan-degrading enzymes in tumoral immune resistance. Front Immunol 2015; 6:34. [PMID: 25691885 PMCID: PMC4315104 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan is required for T lymphocyte effector functions. Its degradation is one of the mechanisms selected by tumors to resist immune destruction. Two enzymes, tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1, control tryptophan degradation through the kynurenine pathway. A third protein, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 2, was identified more recently. All three enzymes were reported to be expressed in tumors, and are candidate targets for pharmacological inhibition aimed at restoring effective anti-tumoral immunity. In this review, we compare these three enzymes in terms of structure, activity, regulation, and expression in healthy and cancerous tissues, in order to appreciate their relevance to tumoral immune resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas van Baren
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium
- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), Brussels, Belgium
- de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Benoît J. Van den Eynde
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium
- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), Brussels, Belgium
- de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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31
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Interferon-γ induces a tryptophan-selective amino acid transporter in human colonic epithelial cells and mouse dendritic cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2015; 1848:453-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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32
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Drak Alsibai K. Cancer Metabolic and Immune Reprogramming: The Intimate Interaction Between Cancer Cells and Microenvironment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.15406/jcpcr.2014.01.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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33
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Prendergast GC, Smith C, Thomas S, Mandik-Nayak L, Laury-Kleintop L, Metz R, Muller AJ. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase pathways of pathogenic inflammation and immune escape in cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2014; 63:721-35. [PMID: 24711084 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-014-1549-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Genetic and pharmacological studies of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) have established this tryptophan catabolic enzyme as a central driver of malignant development and progression. IDO acts in tumor, stromal and immune cells to support pathogenic inflammatory processes that engender immune tolerance to tumor antigens. The multifaceted effects of IDO activation in cancer include the suppression of T and NK cells, the generation and activation of T regulatory cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and the promotion of tumor angiogenesis. Mechanistic investigations have defined the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, the master metabolic regulator mTORC1 and the stress kinase Gcn2 as key effector signaling elements for IDO, which also exerts a non-catalytic role in TGF-β signaling. Small-molecule inhibitors of IDO exhibit anticancer activity and cooperate with immunotherapy, radiotherapy or chemotherapy to trigger rapid regression of aggressive tumors otherwise resistant to treatment. Notably, the dramatic antitumor activity of certain targeted therapeutics such as imatinib (Gleevec) in gastrointestinal stromal tumors has been traced in part to IDO downregulation. Further, antitumor responses to immune checkpoint inhibitors can be heightened safely by a clinical lead inhibitor of the IDO pathway that relieves IDO-mediated suppression of mTORC1 in T cells. In this personal perspective on IDO as a nodal mediator of pathogenic inflammation and immune escape in cancer, we provide a conceptual foundation for the clinical development of IDO inhibitors as a novel class of immunomodulators with broad application in the treatment of advanced human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- George C Prendergast
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research (LIMR), 100 Lancaster Avenue, Wynnewood, PA, 19096, USA,
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34
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Fatokun AA, Hunt NH, Ball HJ. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 2 (IDO2) and the kynurenine pathway: characteristics and potential roles in health and disease. Amino Acids 2013; 45:1319-29. [PMID: 24105077 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1602-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The kynurenine pathway is the major route for the oxidative degradation of the amino acid tryptophan. Activity of the pathway is involved in several disease conditions, both in the periphery and the central nervous system, including cancer, inflammatory disorders, neurological conditions, psychiatric disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. Three enzymes are now known to catalyze the first and rate-limiting step in the catabolism of tryptophan along this pathway: tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO, subsequently named IDO1), both of which have been extensively studied, and a third enzyme, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 2 (IDO2), a relative newcomer to the kynurenine pathway field. The adjuvant chemotherapeutic agent, 1-methyl-D-tryptophan, was intially suggested to target IDO2, implying involvement of IDO2 in tumorigenesis. Subsequently this compound has been suggested to have alternative actions and the physiological and pathophysiological roles of IDO2 are unclear. Targeted genetic interventions and selective inhibitors provide approaches for investigating the biology of IDO2. This review focuses on the current knowledge of IDO2 biology and discusses tools that will assist in further characterizing the enzymes of the kynurenine pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos A Fatokun
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Cell Signalling, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
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Thaker AI, Rao MS, Bishnupuri KS, Kerr TA, Foster L, Marinshaw JM, Newberry RD, Stenson WF, Ciorba MA. IDO1 metabolites activate β-catenin signaling to promote cancer cell proliferation and colon tumorigenesis in mice. Gastroenterology 2013; 145:416-25.e1-4. [PMID: 23669411 PMCID: PMC3722304 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase-1 (IDO1) catabolizes tryptophan along the kynurenine pathway. Although IDO1 is expressed in inflamed and neoplastic epithelial cells of the colon, its role in colon tumorigenesis is not well understood. We used genetic and pharmacologic approaches to manipulate IDO1 activity in mice with colitis-associated cancer and human colon cancer cell lines. METHODS C57Bl6 wild-type (control), IDO1-/-, Rag1-/-, and Rag1/IDO1 double-knockout mice were exposed to azoxymethane and dextran sodium sulfate to induce colitis and tumorigenesis. Colitis severity was assessed by measurements of disease activity, cytokine levels, and histologic analysis. In vitro experiments were conducted using HCT 116 and HT-29 human colon cancer cells. 1-methyl tryptophan and small interfering RNA were used to inhibit IDO1. Kynurenine pathway metabolites were used to simulate IDO1 activity. RESULTS C57Bl6 mice given pharmacologic inhibitors of IDO1 and IDO1-/- mice had lower tumor burdens and reduced proliferation in the neoplastic epithelium after administration of dextran sodium sulfate and azoxymethane than control mice. These reductions also were observed in Rag1/IDO1 double-knockout mice compared with Rag1-/- mice (which lack mature adaptive immunity). In human colon cancer cells, blockade of IDO1 activity reduced nuclear and activated β-catenin, transcription of its target genes (cyclin D1 and Axin2), and, ultimately, proliferation. Exogenous administration of IDO1 pathway metabolites kynurenine and quinolinic acid led to activation of β-catenin and proliferation of human colon cancer cells, and increased tumor growth in mice. CONCLUSIONS IDO1, which catabolizes tryptophan, promotes colitis-associated tumorigenesis in mice, independent of its ability to limit T-cell-mediated immune surveillance. The epithelial cell-autonomous survival advantage provided by IDO1 to colon epithelial cells indicate its potential as a therapeutic target.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Several gastrointestinal diseases including the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) and malignancy are associated with elevated expression of indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase-1 (IDO1). IDO1 initiates tryptophan catabolism along a pathway that generates several bioactive kynurenine-based metabolites. Promotion of T-cell-mediated tolerance and antimicrobial effects are among the variety of functions attributed to IDO1 activity. Recent advances addressing the diverse implications of gut-associated IDO1 expression are herein reviewed. RECENT FINDINGS In active IBD, IDO1 is highly expressed both in the cells of the lamina propria and epithelium. Experimental models demonstrate that IDO1 promotes gut immune homeostasis by limiting inflammatory responses and protecting the epithelium. In human colon cancer, high expression of IDO1 by the neoplastic epithelium correlates with poor prognosis. The serum kynurenine : tryptophan ratio is elevated in both active Crohn's disease and in colon cancer, suggesting this measurement may prove useful as a disease biomarker. IDO1 inhibitors have moved to clinical trials providing new hope as immunotherapy for advanced malignancy. SUMMARY IDO1 activity significantly shapes gastrointestinal disease pathophysiology and severity. Measures of IDO1 activity may be useful as a disease biomarker. Manipulation of IDO1 activity has great potential as a treatment for both inflammatory and malignancy associated gastrointestinal disease.
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Platten M, Wick W, Van den Eynde BJ. Tryptophan Catabolism in Cancer: Beyond IDO and Tryptophan Depletion. Cancer Res 2012; 72:5435-40. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-0569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 482] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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