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Teshome MS, Verbecque E, Mingels S, Granitzer M, Abessa TG, Bruckers L, Belachew T, Rameckers E. Investigating the Effects of Dietary Supplementation and High-Intensity Motor Learning on Nutritional Status, Body Composition, and Muscle Strength in Children with Moderate Thinness in Southwest Ethiopia: A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2024; 16:3118. [PMID: 39339716 PMCID: PMC11435431 DOI: 10.3390/nu16183118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2024] [Revised: 09/12/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Ethiopia, moderate thinness (MT) is a persistent issue among children. Yet, evidence on the effects of dietary supplementation and motor skills training in these children is limited. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess the effect of Ready-to-Use Supplementary Food (RUSF), whether or not combined with high-intensity motor learning (HiML), on weight, height, body composition, and muscle strength in children 5-7 years old with MT living in Jimma Town, Ethiopia. METHODS A cluster-randomized controlled trial was carried out among 69 children (aged 5-7) with MT assigned to receive RUSF (n = 23), RUSF + HiML (n = 25), or no intervention (control group, n = 21). A multivariable Generalized Estimating Equations model was used and the level of significance was set at alpha < 0.05. RESULTS At baseline, there were no significant differences in the outcome measurements between the RUSF, RUSF + HiML, and control groups. However, after 12 weeks of intervention, there were significant mean differences in differences (DIDs) between the RUSF group and the control arm, with DIDs of 1.50 kg for weight (p < 0.001), 20.63 newton (N) for elbow flexor (p < 0.001), 11.00 N for quadriceps (p = 0.023), 18.95 N for gastrocnemius sup flexor of the leg (p < 0.001), and 1.03 kg for fat-free mass (p = 0.022). Similarly, the mean difference in differences was higher in the RUSF + HiML group by 1.62 kg for weight (p < 0.001), 2.80 kg for grip strength (p < 0.001), 15.93 for elbow flexor (p < 0.001), 16.73 for quadriceps (p < 0.001), 9.75 for gastrocnemius sup flexor of the leg (p = 0.005), and 2.20 kg for fat-free mass (p < 0.001) compared the control arm. CONCLUSION RUSF alone was effective, but combining it with HiML had a synergistic effect. Compared to the control group, the RUSF and RUSF + HiML interventions improved the body composition, height, weight, and muscle strength of the studied moderately thin children. The findings of this study suggest the potential that treating moderately thin children with RUSF and combining it with HiML has for reducing the negative effects of malnutrition in Ethiopia. Future research should explore these interventions in a larger community-based study. This trial has been registered at the Pan African Clinical Trials Registry (PACTR) under trial number PACTR202305718679999.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melese Sinaga Teshome
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Public Health, Health Institute, Jimma University, Jimma 378, Ethiopia
- Rehabilitation Research Centre (REVAL), Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 7, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Evi Verbecque
- Rehabilitation Research Centre (REVAL), Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 7, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Sarah Mingels
- Rehabilitation Research Centre (REVAL), Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 7, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, Leuven University, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marita Granitzer
- Rehabilitation Research Centre (REVAL), Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 7, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Teklu Gemechu Abessa
- Rehabilitation Research Centre (REVAL), Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 7, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Department of Special Needs and Inclusive Education, Jimma University, Jimma 378, Ethiopia
| | - Liesbeth Bruckers
- I-BioStat, Data Science Institute, Hasselt University, 3590 Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Tefera Belachew
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Public Health, Health Institute, Jimma University, Jimma 378, Ethiopia
| | - Eugene Rameckers
- Rehabilitation Research Centre (REVAL), Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 7, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Research School CAPHRI, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Maastricht University, 6200 Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Centre of Expertise in Rehabilitation and Audiology, 6281 Hoensbroek, The Netherlands
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Zhang X, Zhang D, Yang X, Chen S. Cross-sectional association between frequency of vigorous physical activity and academic achievement in 214,808 adolescents. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1366451. [PMID: 39176234 PMCID: PMC11338756 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1366451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Background This study explores the intricate link between vigorous physical activity and academic achievement in adolescents. By analyzing data from the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) survey, it seeks to understand how engaging in high-intensity physical activities influences academic achievement. Methods A comprehensive cross-sectional analysis was conducted on a vast dataset comprising 214,808 adolescents aged 11, 13, and 15 years. The frequency of vigorous physical activity was determined through self-reports, while academic achievement was assessed based on students' self-perceptions, reflecting their understanding of teachers' evaluations of their academic performance. Results Adolescents who reported engaging in vigorous physical activity daily were more likely to report higher academic achievement. This positive correlation was consistent across various demographic groups, including different age cohorts and both genders, indicating a universal benefit of regular vigorous physical activity on perceived academic success. Conclusion The findings of this study underscore the significant role that regular vigorous physical activity plays in the academic lives of adolescents. The correlation between daily vigorous physical activity and enhanced self-reported academic achievement suggests that encouraging high-intensity physical activities in schools could be a key strategy in boosting educational outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Zhang
- School of Physical Education, Suzhou University, Suzhou, China
| | - Danqing Zhang
- Centre for Mental Health, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xingyi Yang
- Centre for Mental Health, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Sitong Chen
- Centre for Mental Health, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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Zhong X, Dai Y, Xu M, Jiang C. Volleyball training improves working memory in children aged 7 to 12 years old: an fNIRS study. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhae275. [PMID: 39030744 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of a 12-wk extracurricular volleyball training on working memory from both behavioral and cerebral aspects. A total of 80 children were randomized assigned to (i) the experimental group, who engaged in extracurricular volleyball training for 60 min, thrice a week for 12 wk, and (ii) the control group, who maintained their regular daily routine. Working memory was evaluated in both groups using the N-back task before and after the intervention. Furthermore, functional near-infrared spectroscopy was employed to monitor the level of oxygenated hemoglobin in the prefrontal cortex. The experimental group performed better in the behavioral task than the control group, as evidenced by a shorter response time and a higher correct rate. The functional near-infrared spectroscopy results suggested that the activation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group. In addition, correlation analyses showed that the enhancement of left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activation was significantly correlated with decreasing response time and improving response accuracy in the N-back task. These findings suggest that the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is likely the neural substrate for improved working memory performance elicited by 12-wk open skill exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoke Zhong
- School of Kinesiology and Health, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, No. 11, North 3rd Ring West Road, Haidian District, 100191, Beijing, China
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Fujian Normal University, No. 18, Wulongjiang Middle Avenue, Shangjie Town, Minhou County, Fuzhou, 350108 Fujian, China
| | - Yuanfu Dai
- School of Kinesiology and Health, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, No. 11, North 3rd Ring West Road, Haidian District, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Mingchao Xu
- School of Kinesiology and Health, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, No. 11, North 3rd Ring West Road, Haidian District, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Changhao Jiang
- The Center of Neuroscience and Sports, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, No. 11, North 3rd Ring West Road, Haidian District, 100191, Beijing, China
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Zhao P, Chen K, Zhu G, Li H, Chen S, Hu J, Huang L, Liu X, Guo L. Effects of aquatic exercise intervention on executive function and brain-derived neurotrophic factor of children with autism spectrum disorder. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2024; 150:104759. [PMID: 38795553 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2024.104759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited knowledge exists regarding the effectiveness of aquatic exercise intervention for improving executive function (EF) in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Additionally, the impact of aquatic exercise on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in children with ASD requires further investigation. AIMS This study aimed to explore the effects of a 12-week aquatic exercise intervention on core EF and BDNF levels in children with ASD. METHODS AND PROCEDURES Thirty children with ASD were assigned to an experimental or control group. The experimental group underwent a 12-week aquatic exercise intervention, while the control group engaged in supervised free activities. Pre- and post-intervention assessments measured EF and BDNF levels. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS The experimental group showed significant improvements (p < 0.05) in inhibition control, cognitive flexibility, and BDNF levels. However, working memory did not significantly improve. The control group exhibited no significant changes in EF or BDNF levels. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Aquatic exercise appears to be a beneficial intervention for cognitive development in children with ASD, as it enhances inhibition control, cognitive flexibility, and BDNF levels in children with ASD. Furthermore, the observed improvements in EF following aquatic exercise intervention in children with ASD may be associated with increased BDNF levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiting Zhao
- School of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Kai Chen
- School of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Gaohui Zhu
- School of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Hansen Li
- School of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Sha Chen
- School of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jinge Hu
- School of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Li Huang
- School of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xin Liu
- School of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Liya Guo
- School of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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Cao W, Li X, Yan Y, Zhou J, Ye J, Lv Q. Changes in sleep patterns in primary care workers during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2022 in Shanghai: a cross-sectional study. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12373. [PMID: 38811616 PMCID: PMC11137069 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61311-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has significantly affected the sleep health of healthcare workers (HCWs); however, no studies have assessed this effect in primary HCWs. This cross-sectional, web-based study explored the prevalence and factors associated with sleep disorders among primary HCWs during the first COVID-19 outbreak in Shanghai from 12 July to 15 August 2022. Sociodemographic and work-related characteristics, various sleep dimensions, and exposure to patients with COVID-19 were assessed. They were screened for common mental disorders (depression, burnout, and stress). Overall, 313 primary HCWs were recruited. At least one sleep dimension in 84% of respondents deteriorated compared with that observed pre-pandemic; sleep quality (decline of 66%) and daytime sleepiness (increase of 56%) were the most affected domains. After excluding 145 primary HCWs with pre-pandemic 'poor sleep', depression (odds ratio [OR] 3.08; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.59-5.98), weekly burnout symptoms (OR 2.57; 95% CI 1.32-5.03), and high psychological stress (OR 4.51; 95% CI 2.09-9.72) were associated with poor sleep patterns during the pandemic. After adjusting for significant differences between groups, for every 1-point increase in the Perceived Stress Scale score, an associated 12% increased risk of poor sleep (adjusted OR 1.12; 95% CI 1.05-1.21; p = 0.002) was observed. Most primary HCWs showed significant worsening of sleep quality, with increases in daytime sleepiness during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Shanghai. HCWs with high stress levels were at greater risks of sleep disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshu Cao
- Tianlin Community Health Center of Xuhui District, 500 Liuzhou Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoting Li
- Nanhui New Town Community Health Service Center of Pudong New Area, 280 Chaohe Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Yini Yan
- Tianlin Community Health Center of Xuhui District, 500 Liuzhou Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhou
- Tianlin Community Health Center of Xuhui District, 500 Liuzhou Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Jizhong Ye
- Tianlin Community Health Center of Xuhui District, 500 Liuzhou Road, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qiwei Lv
- Tianlin Community Health Center of Xuhui District, 500 Liuzhou Road, Shanghai, China.
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Zang W, Zhu J, Xiao N, Fang M, Li D, Li H, Yan J, Jing H, Wang S. Effects of aerobic exercise on children's executive function and academic performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28633. [PMID: 38586404 PMCID: PMC10998207 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the effects of exercise on executive function in children, providing an evidence-based foundation to inform future research in school physical education and health education. Methods We searched ten databases: Cochrane Library, Scopus, OVID, Web of Science, PubMed, EBSCOhost, SPORTDiscus, PsycINFO, CNKI, WANFANG DATA, VIP, and SinoMed, and eight articles were included. Applying the revised Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool for Randomized Trials (RoB2), funnel plots and Egger regression analysis were integrated with R meta-analysis to screen for publication bias. The quality of the evidence was appraised using the Grading system. Results The included literature contained 2655 participants, with 1308 in the experimental group and 1347 in the control group. The results indicated that the aerobic exercise group considerably improved inhibitory control in children compared to the control group [SMD = 0.29, 95% CI (0.05, 0.54), P = 0.018]; working memory [SMD = 0.25, 95% CI (0.07, 0.42), P = 0.005]; and cognitive flexibility [SMD = 0.36, 95% CI (0.17, 0.54), P < 0.001]. However, the findings indicated that only aerobic exercise interventions extending beyond 50 weeks positively influenced academic performance in children [SMD = 1.19, 95% CI (0.34, 2.04), P = 0.006]. The results of an Egger regression analysis revealed that the p-values for inhibitory control, working memory, cognitive flexibility, and academic performance were more significant than 0.1. The Grade system said that the quality of evidence was all low regarding the level of evidence. Conclusion Aerobic exercise enhanced executive function but only aerobic exercise interventions extending beyond 50 weeks demonstrated a significant effect on the academic performance of children. Due to the low quality of evidence presented in this study, additional high-quality randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanli Zang
- Postgraduate School, University of Harbin Sport, Harbin, China
| | - Jinyi Zhu
- Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Ningkun Xiao
- Department of Psychology, Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Mingqing Fang
- Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of International Culture Education, Cho dang University, Republic of Korea
| | - Haiming Li
- Institution of Physical Education, China University of Mining and Technology, 221116, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jin Yan
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hongying Jing
- Department of Sports Science, University of Harbin Sport, Harbin, China
| | - Su Wang
- Department of Sports Science, University of Harbin Sport, Harbin, China
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7
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Zhong X, Wang C, Xu M, Yuan X, Jiang C. Physical training improves inhibitory control in children aged 7-12 years: An fNIRS study. Behav Brain Res 2024; 463:114902. [PMID: 38341102 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.114902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Physical exercise plays a crucial role in the development of cognition and brain functions in children. Inhibitory control is an advanced cognition that affects children's life and learning. In the current study, the relationship between physical training and inhibitory control was explored. In total, 80 children were randomly but equally assigned to the experimental and control groups. The experimental group underwent physical training (volleyball) for 60 min, thrice a week for 12 weeks. In contrast, the control group did not undergo any training and continued with their daily routines. The flanker task and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) were employed to investigate the effects of 12-week physical training on inhibitory control and changes in the oxy-Hb concentration in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) during the task. The behavioral results revealed that the experimental group performed better on the flanker task (e.g., shorter response time [F(1,74) = 18.420, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.199] and higher accuracy [F(1,74) = 15.00, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.169] than the control group. The oxy-Hb concentration in the right dorsolateral PFC (R-DLPFC) was higher and the activation level of this region was higher during the flanker task [F(1,74) = 6.216, p < 0.05, ηp2 = 0.077]. Moreover, the McNemar test revealed improved cognitive performance in response time or accuracy and R-DLPFC activation induced by physical exercise coincided significantly (χ2 = 5.49, p < 0.05; χ2 = 6.081, p < 0.05). These findings suggest that the R-DLPFC is likely the neural substrate for improved cognitive performance elicited by 12-week physical training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoke Zhong
- Graduate Department, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Graduate Department, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Mingchao Xu
- Graduate Department, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaoxia Yuan
- Graduate Department, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Changhao Jiang
- The Center of Neuroscience and Sports, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing 100089, China.
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Liu Y, Wadey CA, Barker AR, Williams CA. Process evaluation of school-based high-intensity interval training interventions for children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:348. [PMID: 38308213 PMCID: PMC10835840 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-17786-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several systematic reviews have been published to investigate the effectiveness of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in schools. However, there has been limited attention given to understanding the functioning of the intervention processes, which is of paramount importance for interpreting and translating the intervention effectiveness. The aim of this systematic review is to determine the extent to which process evaluation is measured in school-based HIIT interventions and to explore the effects of process evaluation and intervention characteristics on cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), body composition, muscular strength, and blood pressure. METHODS A comprehensive search was conducted in SPORT Discus (EBSCOhost), Web of Science, Scopus, Medline (Ovid) and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. The extent to which process evaluation is measured was narratively reported, alongside with the guidance of process evaluation of complex interventions by UK Medical Research Council. Meta-analyses and meta-regressions were conducted to determine the effects of process evaluation and intervention characteristics to the intervention outcomes. RESULTS The literature search identified 77 studies reporting on 45 school-based HIIT interventions. In total, five interventions reported process evaluation in a section or in a separate study, and only one intervention adopted a process evaluation framework. On average, 6 out of 12 process evaluation measures were reported in all interventions. Subgroup analyses did not indicate any beneficial treatment effects for studies with process evaluation group, whereas all pooled data and studies without process evaluation group showed significant improvement for CRF and body composition. CONCLUSION Process evaluation is frequently omitted in the literature of school-based HIIT in children and adolescents. Although reporting of process evaluation measures may not directly associate with better intervention outcomes, it allows accurate interpretation of intervention outcomes, thereby enhancing the generalisability and dissemination of the interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Public Health and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter, Devon, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Curtis A Wadey
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Public Health and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter, Devon, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Alan R Barker
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Public Health and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter, Devon, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Craig A Williams
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Public Health and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter, Devon, EX1 2LU, UK.
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Wu R, Kong S, Kang SJ. Physical Activity Is Associated with Physical Fitness and Executive Function among School Children in the Jiangxi Region of China. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 11:42. [PMID: 38255356 PMCID: PMC10814843 DOI: 10.3390/children11010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that a positive relationship exists between physical activity (PA), physical fitness, and cognitive function in children and adolescents. However, research remains limited on the relationship among these three variables in Chinese individuals not living in big cities or specific regions. Therefore, this study investigated the association of PA with physical fitness and cognitive function (specifically, executive function) among 1100 children aged 9-12 years living in the Jiangxi region of China. Participants' PA levels were measured using the PA questionnaire for older children. Physical fitness was assessed based on cardiorespiratory endurance, muscle strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, and body mass index (BMI). Executive function was assessed using the Behavior Rating in Inventory of Executive Function questionnaire. Data were analyzed using one-way analyses of variance, Scheffé tests, one-way analyses of covariance, and Pearson's correlation coefficients. The results showed that PA is significantly associated (p < 0.01) with cardiorespiratory endurance (r = 0.460), muscular endurance (r = 0.270), muscle strength (r = 0.190), BMI (r = -0.114), and executive function (r = -0.140). Moreover, all components of physical fitness and executive function differed significantly based on PA level, with and without age and sex as covariates (p < 0.05). Overall, our results highlight the importance of higher PA levels during childhood to improve physical fitness and cognitive function. Including the goal of improving health-related fitness factors, such as cardiorespiratory endurance and muscle strength, is particularly important in PA programs for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renle Wu
- College of Physical Education, Yichun University, Yichun 336000, China;
| | - Sunga Kong
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Health Sciences & Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06355, Republic of Korea
| | - Suh-Jung Kang
- Sports and Health Care Major, College of Culture and Arts, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, Republic of Korea
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Tyler J, Podaras M, Richardson B, Roeder N, Hammond N, Hamilton J, Blum K, Gold M, Baron DA, Thanos PK. High intensity interval training exercise increases dopamine D2 levels and modulates brain dopamine signaling. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1257629. [PMID: 38192549 PMCID: PMC10773799 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1257629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Previous research has outlined the health benefits of exercise including its therapeutic potential for substance use disorders (SUD). These data have already been utilized and it is now common to find exercise as part of SUD treatment and relapse prevention programs. However, we need to better understand different exercise regimens and determine which would be the most beneficial for SUDs. Recently, high intensity interval training (HIIT) has gained attention in comparison with aerobic and resistance exercise. Little is known regarding the neurobiological mechanisms of HIIT, including its effects on dopamine signaling and receptor levels in the brain. The present study examined the effects of chronic HIIT exercise on dopamine signaling as measured by dopamine type 1-like receptor (D1R)-like, dopamine type 2-like receptor (D2R)-like, and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) quantification in the brains of male and female rats as measured by [3H] SCH 23390 and [3H] spiperone autoradiography, and TH-immunoreactive optical density values. Methods Rats were separated in two groups: sedentary and HIIT exercise. Exercise was on a treadmill for 30 min daily (10 3 min cycles) for six weeks with progressive speed increased up to 0.8 mph (21.5 m/min). Results Results showed for D2R-like binding, a significant effect across the ventral caudate putamen (V CPU) between sexes, such that mean D2R-like binding was 14% greater for males than females. In the nucleus accumbens shell (Nac Shell), the HIIT Exercise rats showed 16% greater D2R-like binding as compared to the sedentary rats. No significant effects of HIIT exercise were found across groups for brain D1R-like binding levels or TH expression. Conclusion These results suggest that HIIT exercise can modulate dopamine signaling by way of increased D2R. These findings support the premise that HIIT exercise plays an important role in dopamine signaling and, may provide a potential mechanism for how HIIT exercise can impact the brain and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Tyler
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Madeline Podaras
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
- Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Brittany Richardson
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Nicole Roeder
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Nikki Hammond
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - John Hamilton
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Kenneth Blum
- Center for Sports, Exercsie and Mental Health, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Mark Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - David A. Baron
- Center for Sports, Exercsie and Mental Health, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Panayotis K. Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
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11
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Yao ZF, Hsieh S, Yang MH. Exercise habits and mental health: Exploring the significance of multimodal imaging markers. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2023; 286:179-209. [PMID: 38876575 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Engaging in regular physical activity and establishing exercise habits is known to have multifaceted benefits extending beyond physical health to cognitive and mental well-being. This study explores the intricate relationship between exercise habits, brain imaging markers, and mental health outcomes. While extensive evidence supports the positive impact of exercise on cognitive functions and mental health, recent advancements in multimodal imaging techniques provide a new dimension to this exploration. By using a cross-sectional multimodal brain-behavior statistic in participants with different exercise habits, we aim to unveil the intricate mechanisms underlying exercise's influence on cognition and mental health, including the status of depression, anxiety, and quality of life. This integration of exercise science and imaging promises to substantiate cognitive benefits on mental health and uncover functional and structural changes underpinning these effects. This study embarks on a journey to explore the significance of multimodal imaging metrics (i.e., structural and functional metrics) in deciphering the intricate interplay between exercise habits and mental health, enhancing the comprehension of how exercise profoundly shapes psychological well-being. Our analysis of group comparisons uncovered a strong association between regular exercise habits and improved mental well-being, encompassing factors such as depression, anxiety levels, and overall life satisfaction. Additionally, individuals who engaged in exercise displayed enhanced brain metrics across different modalities. These metrics encompassed greater gray matter volume within the left frontal regions and hippocampus, improved white matter integrity in the frontal-occipital fasciculus, as well as more robust functional network configurations in the anterior segments of the default mode network. The interplay between exercise habits, brain adaptations, and mental health outcomes underscores the pivotal role of an active lifestyle in nurturing a resilient and high-functioning brain, thus paving the way for tailored interventions and improved well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zai-Fu Yao
- College of Education, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City, Taiwan; Research Center for Education and Mind Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City, Taiwan; Basic Psychology Group, Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City, Taiwan; Department of Kinesiology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City, Taiwan.
| | - Shulan Hsieh
- Cognitive Electrophysiology Laboratory, Control, Aging, Sleep, and Emotion (CASE), National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan; Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan; Institute of Allied Health Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan.
| | - Meng-Heng Yang
- Cognitive Electrophysiology Laboratory, Control, Aging, Sleep, and Emotion (CASE), National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
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12
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Zhang M, Jia J, Yang Y, Zhang L, Wang X. Effects of exercise interventions on cognitive functions in healthy populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 92:102116. [PMID: 37924980 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic exercise intervention is a non-pharmacological therapy suggested to improve cognitive function in various populations. However, few meta-analyses have assessed the cognitive benefits associated with all FITT-VP variables (exercise frequency, intensity, bout duration time, type, volume or total intervention length, and progression) in healthy populations by age. Thus, this meta-analysis assessed the effects of each FITT-VP variable on cognitive function in healthy children, adults, and older adults. This study followed PRISMA guidelines. After searching PubMed and the Web of Science, we included 54 randomized controlled trials to examined the effects of FITT-VP variables on five cognitive domains: global cognition, executive function, memory, attention, and information processing. Moderation analyses assessed the effects by age and by each exercise variables. Exercise benefitted overall cognition and all subcognitive domains. Aerobic and resistance exercise showed the greatest benefits on global cognition and executive function respectively, whereas mind-body exercise benefitted memory. Among all populations, older adults showed the greatest benefits of exercise on global cognition, executive function, and memory compared with controls. Additional studies are needed to assess the effects of exercise on attention and information processing. This meta-analysis offers new insights on the relationships between cognition and FITT-VP exercise variables in healthy populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minggang Zhang
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jiafeng Jia
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yang Yang
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Lepu Zhang
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China.
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13
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Agostino S, Calandretti M, Veglio F, Abate Daga F. Physical strength levels and short-term memory efficiency in primary school children: a possible match? J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2023; 63:1343-1349. [PMID: 37736663 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.23.14996-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical strength stimulation and, in general, physical activity induces brain plasticity (functional and structural adaptations) in different cerebral areas, benefiting executive function, cognition, attention and academic performance, which is usually estimated by measuring the Intelligent Quotient (IQ), and IQ is related to short-term memory, generally during school age. However, very little is known about the role of physical strength on short-term memory efficiency. Therefore, the primary aim of this study is to examine whether the level of physical strength can positively impact short-term memory efficiency in primary school children. Additionally, if this effect is observed, the secondary goal of this study is to determine whether the age of the participants plays a role in mediating and moderating this influence. METHODS Seventy-five children from a primary school in the metropolitan area of Turin were recruited for this study. Each subject performed the overhead medicine ball toss (backwards) test to assess physical strength and the Digit Span test from the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) to evaluate short-term memory efficiency. Firstly, a simple mediation model was used to identify the possible impact of physical strength levels on short-term memory efficiency and the potential role of participants' chronological age. Secondly, a moderation model was carried out to observe if age could moderate the impact of physical training on short-term memory efficiency and the different significance levels of the moderator. Significance was assumed at P<0.05. RESULTS The results showed a statistically significant direct effect of physical strength on short-term memory (Β=0.429, t(72)=3.247, P<0.01). On the contrary, age was not statistically significant (Β=0.167, t(72)=3.247, P=0.211). Furthermore, a significant interaction between strength and age was identified by the moderation model (β=-0.270, P<0.01). Specifically, the impact of physical strength levels on short-term memory increased for individuals who were above the mean age (β=0.755, P<0.001). but not for those under the mean age (β=0.215, P=0.153). This model explains 37.2% of the variance in memory (R2=0.372, F(3, 71)=14.031, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that physical strength can positively influence short-term memory. In addition, this impact is enhanced in older-age children. Thus, primary school programs should stimulate physical strength to help children develop cognitive abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Agostino
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Franco Veglio
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Federico Abate Daga
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy -
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14
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Wang CH, Fu HL, Kao SC, Moreau D, Yang CT. Systems factorial technology provides novel insights into the cognitive processing characteristics of open-skill athletes. PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE 2023; 66:102395. [PMID: 37665857 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Sport expertise has been shown to modulate the cognitive advantage in open-skill athletes, with evidence for a greater advantage for athletes practicing interceptive sports relative to strategic sports. However, this conclusion is solely based on central tendency measures such as accuracy or mean reaction time (RT), dismissing important information embedded in the intra-individual temporal dynamics of cognitive performance. This study aimed to better understand the cognitive advantage associated with open-skill sports, with a non-parametric approach assessing cognitive process at the level of RT distribution (i.e., systems factorial technology, SFT). Twenty-eight interceptive sport athletes, 27 strategic sport athletes, and 26 physically active non-athletes performed a go/nogo version of the redundant target task to assess their processing capacity of simultaneously monitoring multiple information channels. SFT was applied to assess resilience capacity, an estimate of workload capacity underlying inhibitory control. Our findings showed that interceptive sport athletes exhibited shorter mean RT relative to non-athletes selectively in the task condition involving distracting information, while strategic sport athletes showed greater resilience capacity over earlier responses relative to the other groups. These findings suggest that the two types of open-skill sports may be associated with different processing specificity, possibly reflecting the domain-specific rules and requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hao Wang
- Institute of Physical Education, Health & Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, East District, Tainan City, 701, Taiwan; Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, Social Sciences Building, No. 1, University Road, East District, Tainan City, 701, Taiwan.
| | - Hao-Lun Fu
- Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, Social Sciences Building, No. 1, University Road, East District, Tainan City, 701, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chun Kao
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States
| | - David Moreau
- School of Psychology and Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Cheng-Ta Yang
- Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, Social Sciences Building, No. 1, University Road, East District, Tainan City, 701, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Mind, Brain and Consciousness, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
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15
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Heemskerk C, Strand S, Malmberg L. Physical activity predicts task-related behaviour, affect and tiredness in the primary school classroom: A within-person experiment. BRITISH JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 93 Suppl 1:130-151. [PMID: 35661349 PMCID: PMC10952838 DOI: 10.1111/bjep.12523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM We investigated the dose-response relationship between acute physical activity (PA) intensity during physical education (PE) lessons (dose), and task behaviour and learning experiences in the classroom after PE (response), and mediation effects of acute PA on-task behaviour via learning experiences. METHOD A total of 78 children (Mage = 9.30 years; 43 females) took part. Participants reported learning experiences (tiredness, positive and negative affect) during one afternoon per week for 6 weeks. Their task behaviour was observed (on-task, active off-task and passive off-task) during two classroom lessons. Between the classroom lessons, they took part in a PE lesson, with experimentally induced PA intensity (low, medium and high). Accelerometers were worn for 24 h leading up to and during every intervention afternoon. Participants completed self-reports three times per classroom lesson, both before and after PE. Intra- and interindividual differences in PA, task behaviour and learning experiences were analysed with multilevel structural equation models. RESULTS Moderate PA directly increased on-task behaviour and reduced passive off-task behaviour, whereas light PA increased active off-task behaviour and reduced on-task behaviour. We found no direct effects of vigorous PA or mediated effects of any PA intensity on-task-related behaviour. However, a greater positive affect during PE indirectly led to more on-task and less passive off-task behaviour. Regularly active children reported less tiredness in the classroom. CONCLUSION PE lessons can increase on-task behaviour and reduce both passive and active off-task behaviours. Positive affect and tiredness are indirectly involved in the impact of PA on task-related behaviour. The greatest benefits were found for moderate PA and for PE lessons, which left children feeling positive. Moreover, regular participation in moderate-to-vigorous PA leads children to feel less tired during school lessons.
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16
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Mou H, Fang Q, Tian S, Qiu F. Effects of acute exercise with different modalities on working memory in men with high and low aerobic fitness. Physiol Behav 2023; 258:114012. [PMID: 36341835 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.114012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine the effects of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) and moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) on working memory in individuals with high and low aerobic fitness. DESIGN The protocol adopted a between-subjects crossover design. METHODS Forty healthy male college students (mean age = 19.59 ± 1.00 years) were assigned to high fitness (n = 20) or low fitness (n = 20) groups based on their estimated maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) in the 20 m shuttle run test. All participants were instructed to engage in three acute exercise interventions (10 min HIIE, 20 min HIIE, 20 min MICE) and a reading control intervention on separate days in a randomized order. A spatial 2-back task was performed before and after each intervention to assess working memory. RESULTS Analyses of the 2-back task performance revealed that the working memory of high and low fitness participants benefited from different modalities of acute exercise. Specifically, reaction time in the 2-back task was significantly shorter after 20 min HIIE compared to pre-exercise in high fitness participants, whereas low fitness participants had significantly faster reaction time in the 2-back task after 20 min MICE and 10 min HIIE relative to pre-exercise. CONCLUSIONS The effects of acute aerobic exercise on working memory are modulated by a combination of exercise modality and aerobic fitness. This finding has important implications for providing experimental evidence that participants choose appropriate exercise to undertake based on their level of aerobic fitness to improve cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Mou
- Department of Physical Education, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Qun Fang
- Department of Physical Education, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Shudong Tian
- Department of Physical Education, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Fanghui Qiu
- Department of Physical Education, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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17
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Wang CH, Baumgartner N, Nagy C, Fu HL, Yang CT, Kao SC. Protective effect of aerobic fitness on the detrimental influence of exhaustive exercise on information processing capacity. PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE 2023; 64:102301. [PMID: 37665801 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2022.102301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Although aerobic fitness has been thought to protect against the detrimental cognitive effects following exhaustive exercise, available evidence from studies using traditional mean behavioral measures remain somewhat equivocal. PURPOSE This study aimed to reconcile this discrepancy by using a novel theory-driven diagnostic tool, the Systems Factorial Technology (SFT). METHODS Sixty-six healthy young adults aged from 18 to 30 years old with different levels of aerobic fitness (n = 33 for the higher-fit and lower-fit groups) completed a go/nogo version of redundant-target task before and after a graded exercise test (GXT) until exhaustion. SFT was used to calculate the resilience capacity, which reflects the information processing capacity underlying inhibitory control. RESULTS Following the GXT, both higher-fit and lower-fit groups showed faster responses while leaving accuracy unchanged as compared to the performance at the pretest. On the other hand, the resilience capacity decreased for the lower-fit group but was maintained for the higher-fit group. CONCLUSION The present findings suggest that aerobic fitness may modulate the individual difference in decisional mechanism following exhaustive exercise. In sum, this study offers an alternative mechanistic explanation regarding cognitive individual differences in response to exhaustive exercise and provides novel insights into the significance of maintaining a state of high physical fitness for those who need to perform cognitively challenging tasks under physically stressful conditions (e.g., elite athletes).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hao Wang
- Institute of Physical Education, Health & Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan; Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | | | - Christian Nagy
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA
| | - Hao-Lun Fu
- Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ta Yang
- Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Mind, Brain and Consciousness, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan.
| | - Shih-Chun Kao
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA.
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18
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Ballester-Ferrer JA, Bonete-López B, Roldan A, Cervelló E, Pastor D. Effect of acute exercise intensity on cognitive inhibition and well-being: Role of lactate and BDNF polymorphism in the dose-response relationship. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1057475. [PMID: 36570982 PMCID: PMC9780502 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1057475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction There is evidence in the literature that acute exercise can modify cognitive function after the effort. However, there is still some controversy concerning the most effective exercise modality to improve cognitive function in acute interventions. Regarding these different exercise modalities, the dose-response relationship between exercise intensity and cognitive response is one of the most challenging questions in exercise and cognition research. Methods In this study, we tested the impact of moderate-intensity (MICT), high-intensity (HIIT) exercise sessions, or control situation (CTRL) on cognitive inhibition (measured with the Stroop Test). Thirty-six young college students participated in this study, where a within-subject repeated measure design was used. Results ANOVA 2×3 demonstrated that HIIT improved the acute cognitive response to a higher degree when compared to MICT or CTRL (p < 0.05). The cognitive improvements correlated with lactate release, providing a plausible molecular explanation for the cognitive enhancement (r < -0.2 and p < 0.05 for all the Stroop conditions). Moreover, a positive trend in wellbeing was observed after both exercise protocols (HIIT and MICT) but not in the CTRL situation. Genetic BDNF single nucleotide polymorphism did not influence any interactions (p < 0.05). Discussion In this sense, our results suggest that exercise intensity could be a key factor in improved cognitive function following exercise in young college students, with no additional impact of BDNF polymorphism. Moreover, our results also provide evidence that exercise could be a useful tool in improving psychological wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alba Roldan
- Sports Research Centre, Department of Sport Sciences, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Elche, Spain
| | - Eduardo Cervelló
- Sports Research Centre, Department of Sport Sciences, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Elche, Spain
| | - Diego Pastor
- Sports Research Centre, Department of Sport Sciences, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Elche, Spain,*Correspondence: Diego Pastor,
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Ballester-Ferrer JA, Roldan A, Cervelló E, Pastor D. Memory Modulation by Exercise in Young Adults Is Related to Lactate and Not Affected by Sex or BDNF Polymorphism. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11101541. [PMID: 36290444 PMCID: PMC9598181 DOI: 10.3390/biology11101541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Currently, high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) is on the rise compared to moderate-intensity exercise (MIE) due to its similar benefits for health and performance with low time requirements. Recent studies show how physical exercise can also influence cognitive function, although the optimal dose and underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Therefore, in our study, we have compared the effects on visuospatial and declarative memory of different exercise intensities (HIIE vs. MIE), including possible implicated factors such as lactate released after each session and the Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) genotype. Thirty-six undergraduate students participated in this study. The HIIE session consisted of a 3 min warm-up, four 2 min sets at 90−95% of the maximal aerobic speed (MAS) with 2 min of passive recovery between sets, and a 3 min cooldown, and the MIE session implies the same total duration of continuous exercise at 60% of the MAS. Better improvements were found after HIIE than MIE on the backward condition of the visuospatial memory test (p = 0.014, ηp2 = 0.17) and the 48 h retention of the declarative memory test (p = 0.04; d = 0.34). No differences were observed in the forward condition of the visuospatial memory test and the 7-day retention of the declarative memory test (p > 0.05). Moreover, non-modifiable parameters such as biological sex and BDNF polymorphism (Val/Val, Val/Met, or Met/Met) did not modulate the cognitive response to exercise. Curiously, the correlational analysis showed associations (p < 0.05) between changes in memory (visuospatial and declarative) and lactate release. In this sense, our results suggest an important role for intensity in improving cognitive function with exercise, regardless of genetic factors such as biological sex or BDNF Val66Met polymorphism.
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20
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Bracero-Malagón J, Juárez-Ruiz de Mier R, Reigal RE, Caballero-Cerbán M, Hernández-Mendo A, Morales-Sánchez V. Logical Intelligence and Mathematical Competence Are Determined by Physical Fitness in a Sample of School Children. Front Psychol 2022; 13:833844. [PMID: 35645885 PMCID: PMC9135127 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.833844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research has shown positive relationships between fitness level and different cognitive abilities and academic performance. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationships between logical–mathematical intelligence and mathematical competence with physical fitness in a group of pre-adolescents. Sixty-three children (50.79% girls; 49.21% boys) from Castro del Río (Córdoba, Spain), aged between 11 and 12 years (M = 11.44, SD = 0.64), participated in this research. The Superior Logical Intelligence Test (SLIT) and the EVAMAT 1.0–5 battery were used. Physical fitness was evaluated by the horizontal jump test, the 4×10 meter speed–agility test, and the Course Navette test. The analyses showed positive relationships between physical fitness with logical–mathematical intelligence and mathematical competence. Specifically, linear regression analyzes indicated that the 4×10 speed–agility test significantly predicted mathematical competence (R2 = 0.16; β = −0.41) and the horizontal jump test significantly predicted logical–mathematical intelligence (R2 = 0.24; β = 0.50). These results are in agreement with previous research, highlighting the importance of improving physical fitness from an early age due to its benefits for intellectual and academic development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rafael E. Reigal
- Department of Social Psychology, Social Work, Anthropology and East Asian Studies, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Hernández-Mendo
- Department of Social Psychology, Social Work, Anthropology and East Asian Studies, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Verónica Morales-Sánchez
- Department of Social Psychology, Social Work, Anthropology and East Asian Studies, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- *Correspondence: Verónica Morales-Sánchez,
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21
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Duncombe SL, Barker AR, Bond B, Earle R, Varley-Campbell J, Vlachopoulos D, Walker JL, Weston KL, Stylianou M. School-based high-intensity interval training programs in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266427. [PMID: 35507539 PMCID: PMC9067698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE 1) To investigate the effectiveness of school-based high-intensity interval training (HIIT) interventions in promoting health outcomes of children and adolescents compared with either a control group or other exercise modality; and 2) to explore the intervention characteristics and process outcomes of published school-based HIIT interventions. METHODS We searched Medline, Embase, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science from inception until 31 March 2021. Studies were eligible if 1) participants aged 5-17 years old; 2) a HIIT intervention within a school setting ≥ 2 weeks duration; 3) a control or comparative exercise group; 4) health-related, cognitive, physical activity, nutrition, or program evaluation outcomes; and 5) original research published in English. We conducted meta-analyses between HIIT and control groups for all outcomes with ≥ 4 studies and meta-regressions for all outcomes with ≥ 10 studies. We narratively synthesised results between HIIT and comparative exercise groups. RESULTS Fifty-four papers met eligibility criteria, encompassing 42 unique studies (35 randomised controlled trials; 36 with a high risk of bias). Meta-analyses indicated significant improvements in waist circumference (mean difference (MD) = -2.5cm), body fat percentage (MD = -1.7%), body mass index (standardised mean difference (SMD) = -1.0), cardiorespiratory fitness (SMD = +1.0), resting heart rate (MD = -5bpm), homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (MD = -0.7), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (SMD = -0.9) for HIIT compared to the control group. Our narrative synthesis indicated mixed findings between HIIT and other comparative exercise groups. CONCLUSION School-based HIIT is effective for improving several health outcomes. Future research should address the paucity of information on physical activity and nutrition outcomes and focus on the integration and long-term effectiveness of HIIT interventions within school settings. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER PROSPERO CRD42018117567.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L. Duncombe
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Children’s Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Alan R. Barker
- Children’s Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Bert Bond
- Children’s Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Renae Earle
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jo Varley-Campbell
- Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dimitris Vlachopoulos
- Children’s Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Jacqueline L. Walker
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kathryn L. Weston
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Michalis Stylianou
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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22
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Effects of Physical Training in Different Modes on Cognitive Function and GNDF Level in Old Mice. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-022-09924-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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23
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Ludyga S, Gerber M, Kamijo K. Exercise types and working memory components during development. Trends Cogn Sci 2022; 26:191-203. [PMID: 35031211 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Working memory is crucial to learning and academic success. Exercise has been found to benefit working memory in late life, but its effects during cognitive development are less clear. Building on findings that working memory is supported by the motor system, we highlight the sensitivity of different working memory components to acute and long-term exercise in children and adolescents. We also consider how the specific skill demands of endurance and coordinative exercise influence this sensitivity. Distinct effects of these exercise types are further linked with neurocognitive and neuroendocrine pathways. Our review suggests long-term rather than acute benefits of exercise for children and adolescents' working memory, which are more pronounced and specific for exercise with high coordinative demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Ludyga
- Department of Sport, Exercise & Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Markus Gerber
- Department of Sport, Exercise & Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Keita Kamijo
- Faculty of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Chukyo University, Nagoya, Japan
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24
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Gentil P, de Lira CAB, Vancini RL, Ramirez-Campillo R, Souza D. High-Intensity Multimodal Training for Young People: It's Time to Think Inside the Box! Front Physiol 2021; 12:723486. [PMID: 34456755 PMCID: PMC8397438 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.723486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Gentil
- College of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo Luiz Vancini
- College of Physical Education and Sport, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Universidad de Los Lagos, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Investigación en Fisiología del Ejercicio, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel Souza
- College of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
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YANGÜEZ MARC, BEDIOU BENOIT, HILLMAN CHARLESH, BAVELIER DAPHNE, CHANAL JULIEN. The Indirect Role of Executive Functions on the Relationship between Cardiorespiratory Fitness and School Grades. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:1656-1665. [PMID: 33731657 PMCID: PMC8284357 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the indirect effects of cardiorespiratory fitness on scholastic performance through executive functions. More precisely, we examined the contribution of the different domains of executive functions, and whether this relationship was specific to certain school topics. METHODS Children 8-12 yr old completed nine cognitive tests and the multistage fitness test. Structural equation modeling techniques were used to analyze the role of different domains of executive functions (inhibition, working memory, cognitive flexibility, and a common factor to all tasks) in the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and school grades in three domains: (i) mathematics; (ii) grammar, spelling, and vocabulary; and (iii) text comprehension and expression. Covariate analyses included age and socioeconomic status. RESULTS The results of this study showed that an indirect effect of the various domains of executive functions explained, in part, the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and (i) mathematics (β = 0.12, SE = 0.03, P < 0.001), and between cardiorespiratory fitness and (ii) grammar, spelling, and vocabulary (β = 0.12, SE = 0.03, P < 0.001). No relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and (iii) text comprehension and expression was observed. Although executive functions correlated with school grades, cognitive flexibility drove the indirect effect when all executive function domains were simultaneously taken into account. CONCLUSIONS These results show the role that executive functions play in understanding the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and scholastic performance. Importantly, not all executive function domains contributed equally because cognitive flexibility played a leading role in this wide age range. Furthermore, the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and scholastic performance was strongest for mathematics and for low-level language topics but nonsignificant for higher-level language topics, providing a more modulated view of the effect of cardiorespiratory fitness on language.
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Affiliation(s)
- MARC YANGÜEZ
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, SWITZERLAND
- Distance Learning University, Brig, SWITZERLAND
| | - BENOIT BEDIOU
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, SWITZERLAND
- Campus Biotech, 9 Chemis des Mines, Geneva, SWITZERLAND
| | - CHARLES H. HILLMAN
- Department of Psychology and Department of Physical Therapy, Movement, and Rehabilitation Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston MA
| | - DAPHNE BAVELIER
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, SWITZERLAND
- Campus Biotech, 9 Chemis des Mines, Geneva, SWITZERLAND
| | - JULIEN CHANAL
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, SWITZERLAND
- Distance Learning University, Brig, SWITZERLAND
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26
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Ishihara T, Miyazaki A, Tanaka H, Fujii T, Takahashi M, Nishina K, Kanari K, Takagishi H, Matsuda T. Childhood exercise predicts response inhibition in later life via changes in brain connectivity and structure. Neuroimage 2021; 237:118196. [PMID: 34029739 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Participation in exercise during early life (i.e., childhood through adolescence) enhances response inhibition; however, it is unclear whether participation in exercise during early life positively predicts response inhibition in later life. This historical cohort study was designed to clarify whether participation in exercise (e.g., structured sports participation) during early life predicts response inhibition in adulthood and if so, to reveal the brain connectivity and cortical structures contributing to this association. We analyzed data derived from 214 participants (women = 104, men = 110; age: 26‒69 years). Results indicated that participation in exercise during childhood (before entering junior high school; ≤ 12 years old) significantly predicted better response inhibition. No such association was found if exercise participation took place in early adolescence or later (junior high school or high school; ≥ 12 years old). The positive association of exercise participation during childhood with response inhibition was moderated by decreased structural and functional connectivity in the frontoparietal (FPN), cingulo-opercular (CON), and default mode networks (DMN), and increased inter-hemispheric structural networks. Greater cortical thickness and lower levels of dendritic arborization and density in the FPN, CON, and DMN also moderated this positive association. Our results suggest that participation in exercise during childhood positively predicts response inhibition later in life and that this association can be moderated by changes in neuronal circuitry, such as increased cortical thickness and efficiency, and strengthened inter-hemispheric connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Ishihara
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, 3-11 Tsurukabuto, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan; Tamagawa University Brain Science Institute, 6-1-1 Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8610, Japan
| | - Atsushi Miyazaki
- Tamagawa University Brain Science Institute, 6-1-1 Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8610, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tanaka
- Tamagawa University Brain Science Institute, 6-1-1 Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8610, Japan; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
| | - Takayuki Fujii
- Tamagawa University Brain Science Institute, 6-1-1 Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8610, Japan
| | - Muneyoshi Takahashi
- Tamagawa University Brain Science Institute, 6-1-1 Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8610, Japan
| | - Kuniyuki Nishina
- Tamagawa University Brain Science Institute, 6-1-1 Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8610, Japan
| | - Kei Kanari
- Tamagawa University Brain Science Institute, 6-1-1 Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8610, Japan
| | - Haruto Takagishi
- Tamagawa University Brain Science Institute, 6-1-1 Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8610, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Matsuda
- Tamagawa University Brain Science Institute, 6-1-1 Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8610, Japan.
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Alves AR, Dias R, Neiva HP, Marinho DA, Marques MC, Sousa AC, Loureiro V, Loureiro N. High-Intensity Interval Training upon Cognitive and Psychological Outcomes in Youth: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18105344. [PMID: 34067861 PMCID: PMC8157174 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18105344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Development of innovative and time-efficient strategies to involve youth in physical activity is pivotal in the actual inactivity pandemic. Moreover, physical activity may improve academic performance, of great interest for educators. This present systematic review aimed to analyze the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on cognitive performance and psychological outcomes in youth. A database search (Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and PsycINFO) for original research articles was performed. A total of eight articles met the inclusion criteria, and the Cochrane risk of bias tool was used. The studies' results were recalculated to determine effect sizes using Cohen's d. Different HIIT interventions reported improvements on cognitive performance at executive function (d = 0.75, +78.56%), linguistic reasoning (d = 0.25, +7.66%), concentration (d = 0.71, +61.10%), selective attention (d = 0.81, +60.73%), non-verbal and verbal abilities (d = 0.88, +47.50%; d = 1.58, +22.61%, respectively), abstract reasoning (d = 0.75, +44.50%), spatial and numerical abilities (d = 37.19, +22.85%; d = 1.20, +8.28%, respectively), and verbal reasoning (d = 1.00, +15.71%) in youth. Regarding psychological outcomes, HIIT showed higher self-concept (d = 0.28, +8.71%) and psychological well-being in boys and girls (d = 0.73, +32.43%, d = 0.39, +11.58%, respectively). To sum up, HIIT interventions between 4-16 weeks, for 8-30 min/session, at ≥85% maximal heart rate, would provide positive effects on cognitive performance and psychological outcomes in youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R. Alves
- Department of Arts, Humanities and Sports, School of Education, Polytechnic Institute of Beja, 7800-295 Beja, Portugal; (V.L.); (N.L.)
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (H.P.N.); (D.A.M.); (M.C.M.); (A.C.S.)
- Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health, School of Education, Polytechnic Institute of Beja, 7800-295 Beja, Portugal;
- Correspondence:
| | - Renata Dias
- Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health, School of Education, Polytechnic Institute of Beja, 7800-295 Beja, Portugal;
| | - Henrique P. Neiva
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (H.P.N.); (D.A.M.); (M.C.M.); (A.C.S.)
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Daniel A. Marinho
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (H.P.N.); (D.A.M.); (M.C.M.); (A.C.S.)
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Mário C. Marques
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (H.P.N.); (D.A.M.); (M.C.M.); (A.C.S.)
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - António C. Sousa
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (H.P.N.); (D.A.M.); (M.C.M.); (A.C.S.)
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Vânia Loureiro
- Department of Arts, Humanities and Sports, School of Education, Polytechnic Institute of Beja, 7800-295 Beja, Portugal; (V.L.); (N.L.)
- Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health, School of Education, Polytechnic Institute of Beja, 7800-295 Beja, Portugal;
- Research Center in Physical Activity, Values Promotion and Education, HUM-954 Huelva, Spain
| | - Nuno Loureiro
- Department of Arts, Humanities and Sports, School of Education, Polytechnic Institute of Beja, 7800-295 Beja, Portugal; (V.L.); (N.L.)
- Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health, School of Education, Polytechnic Institute of Beja, 7800-295 Beja, Portugal;
- The Instituto de Saúde Ambiental Research Center (ISAMB), 1649-026 Lisboa, Portugal
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Wassenaar TM, Wheatley CM, Beale N, Nichols T, Salvan P, Meaney A, Atherton K, Diaz-Ordaz K, Dawes H, Johansen-Berg H. The effect of a one-year vigorous physical activity intervention on fitness, cognitive performance and mental health in young adolescents: the Fit to Study cluster randomised controlled trial. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2021; 18:47. [PMID: 33789683 PMCID: PMC8011147 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-021-01113-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Physical activity (PA) may positively stimulate the brain, cognition and mental health during adolescence, a period of dynamic neurobiological development. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) or vigorous PA interventions are time-efficient, scalable and can be easily implemented in existing school curricula, yet their effects on cognitive, academic and mental health outcomes are unclear. The primary aim of the Fit to Study trial was to investigate whether a pragmatic and scalable HIIT-style VPA intervention delivered during school physical education (PE) could improve attainment in maths. The primary outcome has previously been reported and was null. Here, we report the effect of the intervention on prespecified secondary outcomes, including cardiorespiratory fitness, cognitive performance, and mental health in young adolescents. Methods The Fit to Study cluster randomised controlled trial included Year 8 pupils (n = 18,261, aged 12–13) from 104 secondary state schools in South/Mid-England. Schools were randomised into an intervention condition (n = 52), in which PE teachers delivered an additional 10 min of VPA per PE lesson for one academic year (2017–2018), or into a “PE as usual” control condition. Secondary outcomes included assessments of cardiorespiratory fitness (20-m shuttle run), cognitive performance (executive functions, relational memory and processing speed) and mental health (Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire and self-esteem measures). The primary intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis used linear models and structural equation models with cluster-robust standard errors to test for intervention effects. A complier-average causal effect (CACE) was estimated using a two-stage least squares procedure. Results The HIIT-style VPA intervention did not significantly improve cardiorespiratory fitness, cognitive performance (executive functions, relational memory or processed speed), or mental health (all p > 0.05). Subgroup analyses showed no significant moderation of intervention effects by sex, socioeconomic status or baseline fitness levels. Changes in cardiorespiratory fitness were not significantly related to changes in cognitive or mental health outcomes. The trial was marked by high drop-out and low intervention compliance. Findings from the CACE analysis were in line with those from the ITT analysis. Conclusion The one-academic year HIIT-style VPA intervention delivered during regular school PE did not significantly improve fitness, cognitive performance or mental health, but these findings should be interpreted with caution given low implementation fidelity and high drop-out. Well-controlled, large-scale, school-based trials that examine the effectiveness of HIIT-style interventions to enhance cognitive and mental health outcomes are warranted. Trial registration ISRCTN registry, 15,730,512. Trial protocol and analysis plan for primary outcome prospectively registered on 30th March 2017. ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03286725. Secondary measures (focus of current manuscript) retrospectively registered on 18 September 2017. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12966-021-01113-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Wassenaar
- Wellcome Centre For Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - C M Wheatley
- Wellcome Centre For Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - N Beale
- Department of Sport Health Sciences and Social Work, Centre for Movement Occupational and Rehabilitation Sciences, Oxford Brookes Centre for Nutrition and Health, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - T Nichols
- Wellcome Centre For Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.,Oxford Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
| | - P Salvan
- Wellcome Centre For Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - A Meaney
- Department of Sport Health Sciences and Social Work, Centre for Movement Occupational and Rehabilitation Sciences, Oxford Brookes Centre for Nutrition and Health, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - K Atherton
- Wellcome Centre For Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - K Diaz-Ordaz
- Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - H Dawes
- Department of Sport Health Sciences and Social Work, Centre for Movement Occupational and Rehabilitation Sciences, Oxford Brookes Centre for Nutrition and Health, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - H Johansen-Berg
- Wellcome Centre For Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.
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29
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Amatriain-Fernández S, Ezquerro García-Noblejas M, Budde H. Effects of chronic exercise on the inhibitory control of children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 31:1196-1208. [PMID: 33559271 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitory control is a main component of executive functions that relate to the ability to control prepotent responses and to resist interferences. Deficits in inhibitory control have been associated with numerous disorders, but exercise has become a promising approach to benefit this domain. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to provide synthesized information and effect size calculations of the benefits of chronic exercise interventions on the inhibitory control of healthy children and adolescents. A systematic search of PubMed, PsycINFO, MEDLINE, ERIC, SPORTDiscus, and PsycArticles identified 4166 articles to be screened for eligibility. A total of 10 studies (3138 participants) met the inclusion criteria. A random-effects analysis model was performed in three variables: accuracy, reaction time and combined scores. The results showed a very small but statistically significant effect in accuracy (d = 0.14, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.27, P =.04), and two almost null effects (statistically non-significant), in the reaction time (d = 0.03, 95% CI -0.10 to 0.16, P =.62) and the combined scores (d = 0.06, 95% CI -0.03 to 0.15, P =.17). Despite the high number of studies that reported positive outcomes, this meta-analysis found only modest benefits in the inhibitory control of healthy children and adolescents after they participated in different chronic exercise interventions. The strict inclusion criteria of this study and the high variability in the designs of the exercise interventions included, among other reasons, might explain the obtained results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Amatriain-Fernández
- Department of Pedagogy, Faculty of Human Sciences, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Milagros Ezquerro García-Noblejas
- Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Henning Budde
- Department of Pedagogy, Faculty of Human Sciences, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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30
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Cabral LLP, Browne RAV, Freire YA, Schwade D, Souto GC, Dantas M, Lima FAS, Farias-Junior LF, Costa EC, Barros JF. Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Performance in Multiple Domains of Executive Functions in School-Aged Adolescents. Front Physiol 2021; 12:640765. [PMID: 33737887 PMCID: PMC7960783 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.640765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the association between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and performance in multiple domains of executive functions in school–aged adolescents. A sample of 132 adolescents (43% girls) aged 11–16 years were included in this cross–sectional study. Each participant completed a progressive aerobic cardiovascular endurance running (PACER) test, computerized cognitive tasks (Attentional Network, Berg’s Card Sorting, Go/No–Go oddball, Sternberg’s Working Memory, and Tower of London) and questionnaire for daytime sleepiness, as well as other factors that might influence cognitive performance (age, sex, school year, pubertal stage, and body mass index – BMI). Generalized linear model was used to calculate the coefficient estimates (β) and its 95% confidence interval (CI) for the cognitive tasks using PACER laps as a predictor, controlling for potential confounding variables. There was a negatively association of PACER laps with planning (β = –17.1, 95% CI –31.9, –2.3) and solution (β = –44.6, 95% CI –75.1, –14.2) time in performing the Tower of London task, as well as with perseverative errors in performing Berg’s task (β = –0.073, 95% CI –0.133, –0.013). Moderating effect of sex was found for the association of PACER laps with completed categories and perseverative errors in Berg’s task (p < 0.05). Mediating effect of BMI was found for the association between PACER laps and NoGo task, revealing a full mediator accounted for 81% of the total effect mediated (standardized indirect effect, –0.069, 95% CI –0.140, –0.020; standardized direct effect, 0.011, 95% CI –0.149, 0.165). No association was found for Attentional or Sternberg’s tasks. The findings suggest that school–aged adolescents with higher CRF level showed better planning and problem–solving abilities and cognitive flexibility. Additionally, the positive association of CRF with cognitive flexibility was sex–moderated and with inhibitory control was BMI–mediated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yuri Alberto Freire
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Daniel Schwade
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Costa Souto
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Matheus Dantas
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | | | | | - Eduardo Caldas Costa
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.,Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Jônatas França Barros
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.,Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
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31
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Hsieh SS, Chueh TY, Huang CJ, Kao SC, Hillman CH, Chang YK, Hung TM. Systematic review of the acute and chronic effects of high-intensity interval training on executive function across the lifespan. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:10-22. [PMID: 32780634 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1803630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Research regarding the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on executive function has grown exponentially in recent years. However, there has been no comprehensive review of the current state of literature. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review is to summarize previous research regarding the acute and chronic effects of HIIT on executive function across the lifespan and highlight future research directions. The results indicated that acute bouts of HIIT has a positive effect on inhibition in children/adolescents and adults, and further that chronic HIIT benefits inhibition and working memory in children. More research employing chronic interventions, focusing on middle-aged and older adults, and examining the effects on the working memory and cognitive flexibility domains of executive function are needed. Future research should also focus on a) the use of stronger research designs, b) the effects of HIIT dosage/modality, c) consideration of individual differences, d) possible underlying mechanisms, and e) examining the feasibility of translating HIIT to real-word settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Shih Hsieh
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University , Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ting-Yu Chueh
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ju Huang
- Graduate Institute of Sport Pedagogy, University of Taipei , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chun Kao
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University , West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Charles H Hillman
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University , Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy, Movement, and Rehabilitation Science, Northeastern University , Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yu-Kai Chang
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University , Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute for Research Excellence and Learning Science, National Taiwan Normal University , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Min Hung
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University , Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute for Research Excellence and Learning Science, National Taiwan Normal University , Taipei, Taiwan
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32
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de Las Heras B, Rodrigues L, Cristini J, Weiss M, Prats-Puig A, Roig M. Does the Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Val66Met Polymorphism Modulate the Effects of Physical Activity and Exercise on Cognition? Neuroscientist 2020; 28:69-86. [PMID: 33300425 DOI: 10.1177/1073858420975712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Val66Met is a polymorphism of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene that encodes a substitution of a valine (Val) to methionine (Met) amino acid. Carrying this polymorphism reduces the activity-dependent secretion of the BDNF protein, which can potentially affect brain plasticity and cognition. We reviewed the biology of Val66Met and surveyed 26 studies (11,417 participants) that examined the role of this polymorphism in moderating the cognitive response to physical activity (PA) and exercise. Nine observational studies confirmed a moderating effect of Val66Met on the cognitive response to PA but differences between Val and Met carriers were inconsistent and only significant in some cognitive domains. Only five interventional studies found a moderating effect of Val66Met on the cognitive response to exercise, which was also inconsistent in its direction. Two studies showed a superior cognitive response in Val carriers and three studies showed a better response in Met carriers. These results do not support a general and consistent effect of Val66Met in moderating the cognitive response to PA or exercise. Both Val and Met carriers can improve specific aspects of cognition by increasing PA and engaging in exercise. Causes for discrepancies among studies, effect moderators, and future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernat de Las Heras
- Memory and Motor Rehabilitation Laboratory (MEMORY-LAB), Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Montreal Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR), Laval, Quebec, Canada.,School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lynden Rodrigues
- Memory and Motor Rehabilitation Laboratory (MEMORY-LAB), Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Montreal Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR), Laval, Quebec, Canada.,School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jacopo Cristini
- Memory and Motor Rehabilitation Laboratory (MEMORY-LAB), Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Montreal Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR), Laval, Quebec, Canada.,School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maxana Weiss
- Memory and Motor Rehabilitation Laboratory (MEMORY-LAB), Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Montreal Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR), Laval, Quebec, Canada.,School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anna Prats-Puig
- University School of Health and Sport (EUSES), University of Girona, Girona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Marc Roig
- Memory and Motor Rehabilitation Laboratory (MEMORY-LAB), Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Montreal Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR), Laval, Quebec, Canada.,School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Mekari S, Neyedli HF, Fraser S, O’Brien MW, Martins R, Evans K, Earle M, Aucoin R, Chiekwe J, Hollohan Q, Kimmerly DS, Dupuy O. High-Intensity Interval Training Improves Cognitive Flexibility in Older Adults. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10110796. [PMID: 33137993 PMCID: PMC7693870 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10110796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Regular aerobic exercise is associated with better executive function in older adults. It is unclear if high-intensity-interval-training (HIIT) elicits moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) or resistance training (RT). We hypothesized that HIIT would augment executive function more than MICT and RT. Methods: Sixty-nine older adults (age: 68 ± 7 years) performed six weeks (three days/week) of HIIT (2 × 20 min bouts alternating between 15 s intervals at 100% of peak power output (PPO) and passive recovery (0% PPO); n = 24), MICT (34 min at 60% PPO; n = 19), or whole-body RT (eight exercise superior improvements in executive function of older adults than moderate-intensity-continuous-training, 2 × 10 repetitions; n = 26). Cardiorespiratory fitness (i.e., V˙O2max) and executive function were assessed before and after each intervention via a progressive maximal cycle ergometer protocol and the Stroop Task, respectively. Results: The V˙O2max findings revealed a significant group by time interaction (p = 0.001) in which all groups improved following training, but HIIT and MICT improved more than RT. From pre- to post-training, no interaction in the naming condition of the Stroop Task was observed (p > 0.10). However, interaction from pre- to post-training by group was observed, and only the HIIT group exhibited a faster reaction time (from 1250 ± 50 to 1100 ± 50 ms; p < 0.001) in switching (cognitive flexibility). Conclusion: Despite similar improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness, HIIT, but not MICT nor RT, enhanced cognitive flexibility in older adults. Exercise programs should consider using HIIT protocols in an effort to combat cognitive decline in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said Mekari
- School of Kinesiology, Acadia University, 550. Main Street, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada; (R.M.); (K.E.); (M.E.); (R.A.); (J.C.); (Q.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(902)-585-1566
| | - Heather F. Neyedli
- Division of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health, School of Health and Human Performance, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 1T8, Canada; (H.F.N.); (M.W.O.); (D.S.K.)
| | - Sarah Fraser
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 74K, Canada;
| | - Myles W. O’Brien
- Division of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health, School of Health and Human Performance, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 1T8, Canada; (H.F.N.); (M.W.O.); (D.S.K.)
| | - Ricardo Martins
- School of Kinesiology, Acadia University, 550. Main Street, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada; (R.M.); (K.E.); (M.E.); (R.A.); (J.C.); (Q.H.)
| | - Kailey Evans
- School of Kinesiology, Acadia University, 550. Main Street, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada; (R.M.); (K.E.); (M.E.); (R.A.); (J.C.); (Q.H.)
| | - Meghan Earle
- School of Kinesiology, Acadia University, 550. Main Street, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada; (R.M.); (K.E.); (M.E.); (R.A.); (J.C.); (Q.H.)
| | - Rachelle Aucoin
- School of Kinesiology, Acadia University, 550. Main Street, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada; (R.M.); (K.E.); (M.E.); (R.A.); (J.C.); (Q.H.)
| | - Joy Chiekwe
- School of Kinesiology, Acadia University, 550. Main Street, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada; (R.M.); (K.E.); (M.E.); (R.A.); (J.C.); (Q.H.)
| | - Quinn Hollohan
- School of Kinesiology, Acadia University, 550. Main Street, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada; (R.M.); (K.E.); (M.E.); (R.A.); (J.C.); (Q.H.)
| | - Derek S. Kimmerly
- Division of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health, School of Health and Human Performance, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 1T8, Canada; (H.F.N.); (M.W.O.); (D.S.K.)
| | - Olivier Dupuy
- Laboratory MOVE (EA 6314), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Poitiers, 86000 Poitiers, France;
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Wang CH, Lin CC, Moreau D, Yang CT, Liang WK. Neural correlates of cognitive processing capacity in elite soccer players. Biol Psychol 2020; 157:107971. [PMID: 33091450 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2020.107971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Although great progress has been made in our understanding of perceptual-cognitive expertise in team sports, the neurocognitive mechanisms underlying such cognitive advantage in the face of multiple, sometimes conflicting, channels of information are not well understood. Two electroencephalographic indices associated with perceptual decisions, the P3 component of event-related potential and alpha inter-trial phase coherence (ITPC), were measured and compared across elite soccer players and non-athletic controls while performing a redundant-target task. Specifically, we adopted an effective diagnostic tool, Systems Factorial Technology, to assess participants' workload capacity. Soccer players exhibited larger workload capacity while making faster decisions compared with controls. Moreover, this larger workload capacity was associated with modulations of P3 and alpha ITPC when processing two targets relative to one target and one distractor, an effect that was not observed in controls. Together, the present findings offer a possible mechanistic explanation of perceptual-cognitive expertise in the context of team sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hao Wang
- Institute of Physical Education, Health & Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, East District, Tainan City, 701, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Chih-Chun Lin
- Institute of Physical Education, Health & Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, East District, Tainan City, 701, Taiwan, ROC
| | - David Moreau
- School of Psychology and Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Cheng-Ta Yang
- Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, Social Sciences Building, No. 1, University Road, East District, Tainan City, 701, Taiwan, ROC; Institute of Allied Health Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Social Sciences Building, No. 1, University Road, East District, Tainan City, 701, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wei-Kuang Liang
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Central University, Jhongli, 320, Taiwan, ROC
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Skogli EW, Andersen PN, Isaksen J. An Exploratory Study of Executive Function Development in Children with Autism, after Receiving Early Intensive Behavioral Training. Dev Neurorehabil 2020; 23:439-447. [PMID: 32397778 DOI: 10.1080/17518423.2020.1756499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To examine the development of executive functions, in preschool children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), receiving early intensive behavioral training (EIBI). Method: Executive functions (EF) were assessed with The Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function - Preschool Version (BRIEF-P), by parents and preschool teachers at the time of diagnostic assessment and after 15 months of EIBI intervention. Ten children with ASD (M = 2.9 years, nine males) participated in the study. Reliable Change Index scores were computed for each of the participants in order to investigate any significant change in BRIEF-P T-scores. Results: Three children showed a significant improvement in EF, based on parent ratings. Four children showed a significant improvement in EF based on preschool teacher ratings. Conclusion: Findings indicating a reliable improvement in one third of preschool children with ASD receiving EIBI are encouraging but need to be replicated in larger scale controlled studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Winther Skogli
- Innlandet Hospital Trust, Division Mental Health Care, Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinic , Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Per Normann Andersen
- Department of Psychology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences , Lillehammer, Norway
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Effect of a Time-Efficient Physical Activity Intervention on Senior School Students’ On-Task Behaviour and Subjective Vitality: the ‘Burn 2 Learn’ Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10648-020-09537-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Leahy AA, Michels MFI, Eather N, Hillman CH, Shigeta TT, Lubans DR, Smith JJ. Feasibility of test administration and preliminary findings for cognitive control in the Burn 2 learn pilot randomised controlled trial. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:1708-1716. [PMID: 32379010 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1756673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The feasibility requirements of administering field-based cognitive assessments are rarely reported. We examined the feasibility of administering a group-based cognitive test battery in a school setting with older adolescents. Several types of reliability were also assessed in the control group. Preliminary efficacy and the relationship between changes in fitness and changes in cognitive control were also explored following a 14-week HIIT intervention (3 sessions/week). Participants completed a cognitive test battery measuring inhibition (flanker), and working memory (n-back) at baseline and post-test. Health-related fitness assessments were also conducted. Test administration took approximately 30.8 ± 1.5 minutes to complete with up to six participants simultaneously. The test battery demonstrated acceptable reliability (ICC = 0.5-0.81), with significant changes observed for flanker incongruent accuracy, and 2-back non-target accuracy from baseline to post-test. Regarding efficacy, small-to-moderate effects were observed for accuracy outcomes, while several small associations were found between changes in fitness and changes in cognition. Findings from the current study suggest a cognitive test battery can be administered with older adolescents in a school setting. However, there remains a lack of adequate reporting of administration requirements for field-based cognitive assessments. Efficacy findings should be confirmed with a larger and more representative sample of older adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus A Leahy
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle , Callaghan, Australia
| | - Madieke F I Michels
- Chairgroup Health and Society, Wageningen University and Research , Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Narelle Eather
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle , Callaghan, Australia
| | - Charles H Hillman
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University , Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Physical Therapy, Movement, & Rehabilitation Sciences, Northeastern University , Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - David R Lubans
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle , Callaghan, Australia
| | - Jordan J Smith
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle , Callaghan, Australia
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Mora‐Gonzalez J, Esteban‐Cornejo I, Solis‐Urra P, Migueles JH, Cadenas‐Sanchez C, Molina‐Garcia P, Rodriguez‐Ayllon M, Hillman CH, Catena A, Pontifex MB, Ortega FB. Fitness, physical activity, sedentary time, inhibitory control, and neuroelectric activity in children with overweight or obesity: The ActiveBrains project. Psychophysiology 2020; 57:e13579. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jose Mora‐Gonzalez
- College of Health and Human Services University of North Carolina at Charlotte Charlotte NC USA
- PROFITH “PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity” Research Group Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS) Department of Physical Education and Sports Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Granada Granada Spain
| | - Irene Esteban‐Cornejo
- PROFITH “PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity” Research Group Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS) Department of Physical Education and Sports Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Granada Granada Spain
| | - Patricio Solis‐Urra
- PROFITH “PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity” Research Group Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS) Department of Physical Education and Sports Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Granada Granada Spain
- IRyS Research Group School of Physical Education Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaiso Valparaiso Chile
| | - Jairo H. Migueles
- PROFITH “PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity” Research Group Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS) Department of Physical Education and Sports Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Granada Granada Spain
| | - Cristina Cadenas‐Sanchez
- PROFITH “PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity” Research Group Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS) Department of Physical Education and Sports Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Granada Granada Spain
| | - Pablo Molina‐Garcia
- PROFITH “PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity” Research Group Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS) Department of Physical Education and Sports Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Granada Granada Spain
| | - María Rodriguez‐Ayllon
- PROFITH “PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity” Research Group Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS) Department of Physical Education and Sports Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Granada Granada Spain
| | - Charles H. Hillman
- Department of Psychology Northeastern University Boston MA USA
- Department of Physical Therapy Movement & Rehabilitation Sciences Northeastern University Boston MA USA
| | - Andrés Catena
- Department of Experimental Psychology Mind, Brain and Behaviour Research Centre (CIMCYC) University of Granada Granada Spain
| | | | - Francisco B. Ortega
- PROFITH “PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity” Research Group Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS) Department of Physical Education and Sports Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Granada Granada Spain
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Booth JN, Chesham RA, Brooks NE, Gorely T, Moran CN. A citizen science study of short physical activity breaks at school: improvements in cognition and wellbeing with self-paced activity. BMC Med 2020; 18:62. [PMID: 32178667 PMCID: PMC7077117 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-020-01539-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND School-based physical activity and running programmes, such as The Daily Mile™, are increasing in popularity globally. The aim of this research was to examine the acute impact of such classroom physical activity breaks on cognition and affective wellbeing. METHODS A total of 5463 school pupils from 332 schools took part in a citizen science project with a repeated measures design. They completed tasks of cognition (inhibition, verbal, and visuo-spatial working memory) and the Children's Feeling Scale and Felt Arousal Scale before and after three different outdoor activities: a classroom break of 15 min of self-paced activity, a near maximal exhaustion activity (the bleep test), and a no-exercise control group where pupils sat or stood outside. Wellbeing and fitness were examined as mediators of the relationship between outdoor activity and cognition. RESULTS Fifteen minutes of self-paced outdoor activity was beneficial for pupils' cognition and wellbeing in comparison to both other activities (Cohen's d effect sizes ranging from 0.04 to 0.22; small). The relationship with cognition was not mediated by participants' fitness level and was only partially mediated by wellbeing. Change scores for alertness were higher after the bleep test compared to the control activity but similar for all other outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Taking a break from the classroom to complete 15 min of self-paced physical activity should be considered a worthwhile activity by class teachers, school management, and policymakers. Additionally, more intense physical activity should not be considered to be detrimental.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine N Booth
- Moray House School of Education and Sport, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 8AQ, Scotland, UK.
| | - Ross A Chesham
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK
| | - Naomi E Brooks
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK
| | - Trish Gorely
- School of Health, Social Care and Life Sciences, University of the Highlands and Islands, Centre for Health Sciences, Old Perth Road, Inverness, IV2 3JH, UK
| | - Colin N Moran
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK
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Effect of High Intensity Interval Training Compared to Continuous Training on Cognitive Performance in Young Healthy Adults: A Pilot Study. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10020081. [PMID: 32033006 PMCID: PMC7071608 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10020081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
To improve cognitive function, moving the body is strongly recommended; however, evidence regarding the proper training modality is still lacking. The purpose of this study was therefore to assess the effects of high intensity interval training (HIIT) compared to moderate intensity continuous exercise (MICE), representing the same total training load, on improving cognitive function in healthy adults. It was hypothesized that after 6 weeks (3 days/week) of stationary bike training, HIIT would improve executive functions more than MICE. Twenty-five participants exercised three times a week for 6 weeks after randomization to the HIIT or MICE training groups. Target intensity was 60% of peak power output (PPO) in the MICE group and 100% PPO in the HIIT group. After training, PPO significantly increased in both the HIIT and MICE groups (9% and 15%, p < 0.01). HIIT was mainly associated with a greater improvement in overall reaction time in the executive components of the computerized Stroop task (980.43 ± 135.27 ms vs. 860.04 ± 75.63 ms, p < 0.01) and the trail making test (42.35 ± 14.86 s vs. 30.35 ± 4.13 s, p < 0.01). T exercise protocol was clearly an important factor in improving executive functions in young adults.
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Inoue DS, Antunes BM, Maideen MFB, Lira FS. Pathophysiological Features of Obesity and its Impact on Cognition: Exercise Training as a Non-Pharmacological Approach. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:916-931. [PMID: 31942854 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200114102524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The number of individuals with obesity is growing worldwide and this is a worrying trend, as obesity has shown to cause pathophysiological changes, which result in the emergence of comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus type 2 and cancer. In addition, cognitive performance may be compromised by immunometabolic deregulation of obesity. Although in more critical cases, the use of medications is recommended, a physically active lifestyle is one of the main foundations for health maintenance, making physical training an important tool to reduce the harmful effects of excessive fat accumulation. AIM The purpose of this review of the literature is to present the impact of immunometabolic alterations on cognitive function in individuals with obesity, and the role of exercise training as a non-pharmacological approach to improve the inflammatory profile, energy metabolism and neuroplasticity in obesity. METHOD An overview of the etiology and pathophysiology of obesity to establish a possible link with cognitive performance in obese individuals, with the executive function being one of the most affected cognitive components. In addition, the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) profile and its impact on cognition in obese individuals are discussed. Lastly, studies showing regular resistance and/or aerobic training, which may be able to improve the pathophysiological condition and cognitive performance through the improvement of the inflammatory profile, decreased insulin resistance and higher BDNF production are discussed. CONCLUSION Exercise training is essential for reestablishment and maintenance of health by increasing energy expenditure, insulin resistance reduction, anti-inflammatory proteins and neurotrophin production corroborating to upregulation of body function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela S Inoue
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Post-Graduation Program in Movement Sciences, Department of Physical Education, State University (UNESP), School of Technology and Sciences, Presidente Prudente, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bárbara M Antunes
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Post-Graduation Program in Movement Sciences, Department of Physical Education, State University (UNESP), School of Technology and Sciences, Presidente Prudente, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mohammad F B Maideen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Thermal Ergonomics Laboratory, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Fábio S Lira
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Post-Graduation Program in Movement Sciences, Department of Physical Education, State University (UNESP), School of Technology and Sciences, Presidente Prudente, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
Objective: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been hypothesized as a potential mechanism through which exercise may subserve memory function. The present review specifically evaluates this hypothesis.Methods: Studies were identified using electronic databases, including PubMed, PsychInfo, Sports Discus and Google Scholar.Results: In total, 52 articles met the study criteria, and among these, 36 were conducted in an animal model and 16 among humans. Among the animal experiments, 100% of them demonstrated that chronic exercise improved memory function; 97% demonstrated an exercise-induced increase in BDNF; and among the eight evaluating BDNF as a mediator, 100% provided evidence that BDNF mediated the relationship between exercise and memory. The findings in the human studies were mixed. Among the human studies, 44% demonstrated that varying exercise protocols improved memory and increased BDNF levels, and among the studies evaluating BDNF as a mediator, 40% provided evidence that BDNF mediated the relationship between exercise and memory.Conclusion: In animal models, chronic exercise training robustly increases BDNF and improves memory performance, with reasonable evidence to also suggest that BDNF may mediate the exercise-memory interaction. These interrelationships, however, are less clear among humans. Future research among humans, in particular, is needed to evaluate the extent to which BDNF may mediate the relationship between exercise and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Loprinzi
- Exercise & Memory Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
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Effects of High Intensity Interval Training on Executive Function in Children Aged 8-12 Years. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16214127. [PMID: 31717739 PMCID: PMC6862681 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16214127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of a high intensity interval training (HIIT) program on both physical fitness and executive functions in children. Fifty-six children aged 8–12 years participated in this study, and were divided into a HIIT group and a control group. The HIIT group performed three sessions of the 8- to 10-min HIIT program per week for 4 weeks. Before and after the intervention, 20-m shuttle runs, sit-ups, and standing long jumps were assessed as test of physical fitness. In addition, the executive function was assessed using the digit span forward (DSF) test, digit span backward (DSB) test, and Tower of Hanoi test. Only the HIIT group experienced significant improvement when completing the 20-m shuttle run (p = 0.042) and sit-ups (p < 0.001). Regarding executive function, the number of correct answers in DSB test significantly increased only in the HIIT group (p = 0.003). However, the standing long jump, DSF, and the Tower of Hanoi test performance did not change after intervention. The findings of the present study suggest that HIIT has positive effects on a core executive function such as working memory in addition to components of the physical fitness such as cardiorespiratory endurance and muscular endurance.
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Piepmeier AT, Etnier JL, Wideman L, Berry NT, Kincaid Z, Weaver MA. A preliminary investigation of acute exercise intensity on memory and BDNF isoform concentrations. Eur J Sport Sci 2019; 20:819-830. [PMID: 31495276 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1660726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the biological mechanisms underlying the beneficial effect of acute exercise on memory or the influence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on this effect. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a putative biological mechanism, and while findings from human studies are equivocal, they have neglected to assess how exercise affects individual BDNF isoform (proBDNF, mBDNF) concentrations in serum or the influence of the BDNF val66met SNP on BDNF isoform concentrations. Therefore, the objective of this study was to conduct an exploratory assessment of the effect of acute exercise intensity on memory performance and BDNF isoform concentrations relative to carrier status of the BDNF val66met SNP met allele and to provide guidance for future, fully-powered trials. Memory and BDNF isoform concentrations were assessed in three exercise groups (light intensity, vigorous intensity, and non-exercise) relative to BDNF met carrier status. Analyses revealed that BDNF isoform concentrations and memory were differentially affected by exercise intensity and BDNF met carrier status. Vigorous intensity exercise increased mBDNF, and BDNF met carriers had lower mBDNF concentration. Light intensity exercise improved memory, and over 24 h, memory was worse for BDNF met carriers. Implications from this work will help direct future mechanistic studies of the exercise-memory relationship.
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Jirout J, LoCasale-Crouch J, Turnbull K, Gu Y, Cubides M, Garzione S, Evans TM, Weltman AL, Kranz S. How Lifestyle Factors Affect Cognitive and Executive Function and the Ability to Learn in Children. Nutrients 2019; 11:E1953. [PMID: 31434251 PMCID: PMC6723730 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In today's research environment, children's diet, physical activity, and other lifestyle factors are commonly studied in the context of health, independent of their effect on cognition and learning. Moreover, there is little overlap between the two literatures, although it is reasonable to expect that the lifestyle factors explored in the health-focused research are intertwined with cognition and learning processes. This thematic review provides an overview of knowledge connecting the selected lifestyle factors of diet, physical activity, and sleep hygiene to children's cognition and learning. Research from studies of diet and nutrition, physical activity and fitness, sleep, and broader influences of cultural and socioeconomic factors related to health and learning, were summarized to offer examples of research that integrate lifestyle factors and cognition with learning. The literature review demonstrates that the associations and causal relationships between these factors are vastly understudied. As a result, current knowledge on predictors of optimal cognition and learning is incomplete, and likely lacks understanding of many critical facts and relationships, their interactions, and the nature of their relationships, such as there being mediating or confounding factors that could provide important knowledge to increase the efficacy of learning-focused interventions. This review provides information focused on studies in children. Although basic research in cells or animal studies are available and indicate a number of possible physiological pathways, inclusion of those data would distract from the fact that there is a significant gap in knowledge on lifestyle factors and optimal learning in children. In a climate where childcare and school feeding policies are continuously discussed, this thematic review aims to provide an impulse for discussion and a call for more holistic approaches to support child development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Jirout
- Center for Advanced Study of Teaching and Learning, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | | | - Khara Turnbull
- Center for Advanced Study of Teaching and Learning, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Yin Gu
- Center for Advanced Study of Teaching and Learning, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Mayaris Cubides
- Center for Advanced Study of Teaching and Learning, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Sarah Garzione
- Department of Kinesiology, Curry School of Education and Human Development, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Tanya M Evans
- Center for Advanced Study of Teaching and Learning, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Arthur L Weltman
- Department of Kinesiology, Curry School of Education and Human Development, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Sibylle Kranz
- Department of Kinesiology, Curry School of Education and Human Development, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA.
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Moreau D, Chou E. The Acute Effect of High-Intensity Exercise on Executive Function: A Meta-Analysis. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2019; 14:734-764. [DOI: 10.1177/1745691619850568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
High-intensity exercise has recently emerged as a potent alternative to aerobic regimens, with ramifications for health and brain function. As part of this trend, single sessions of intense exercise have been proposed as powerful, noninvasive means for transiently enhancing cognition. However, findings in this field remain mixed, and a thorough synthesis of the evidence is lacking. Here, we synthesized the literature in a meta-analysis of the acute effect of high-intensity exercise on executive function. We included a total of 1,177 participants and 147 effect sizes across 28 studies and found a small facilitating effect ( d = 0.24) of high-intensity exercise on executive function. However, this effect was significant only compared with rest ( d = 0.34); it was not significant when high-intensity exercise was compared with low-to-moderate intensity exercise ( d = 0.07). This suggests that intense and moderate exercise affect executive function in a comparable manner. We tested a number of moderators that together explained a significant proportion of the between-studies variance. Overall, our findings indicate that high-intensity cardiovascular exercise might be a viable alternative for eliciting acute cognitive gains. We discuss the potential of this line of research, identify a number of challenges and limitations it faces, and propose applications to individuals, society, and policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Moreau
- School of Psychology, The University of Auckland
- Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland
| | - Edward Chou
- School of Psychology, The University of Auckland
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Pindus DM, Drollette ES, Raine LB, Kao SC, Khan N, Westfall DR, Hamill M, Shorin R, Calobrisi E, John D, Kramer AF, Hillman CH. Moving fast, thinking fast: The relations of physical activity levels and bouts to neuroelectric indices of inhibitory control in preadolescents. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2019; 8:301-314. [PMID: 31333883 PMCID: PMC6620425 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Structured vigorous physical activity (VPA) can improve cognitive control in children, but studies relating daily physical activity (PA) to cognitive control have yielded conflicting findings. While objectively measured daily PA summarizes all occurrences of PA within a registered period, a minimum duration of continuous PA is required for registration of a PA bout. Because brief bouts of high-intensity PA can account for a large proportion of children's daily activity-related energy expenditure, this study assessed whether daily and bouted VPA were selectively related to cognitive control in preadolescents relative to other PA intensities. METHODS A total of 75 children between the ages of 8 and 10 years (49% girls) wore an ActiGraph wGT3X+ on the hip for 7 days. The acceleration signal from the vertical axis was summarized over 1 s, 5 s, and 15 s epochs. Daily and bouted moderate PA, moderate-to-vigorous PA, and VPA were measured. PA bouts were expressed as the frequency and time spent in 2 different continuous PA bouts, one lasting ≥10 s and the other lasting ≥30 s at a given intensity. Inhibitory control was assessed using behavioral responses to a modified flanker task (mean reaction time (RTmean) and accuracy). Attentional resource allocation and cognitive processing speed were measured using the amplitude and latency of the P3 component of event-related brain potentials, respectively. Associations between PA, behavioral indices of inhibitory control, P3 amplitude, and latency were assessed using hierarchical regression models. RESULTS Daily VPA was not related to RTmean or accuracy on either congruent or incongruent trials. In contrast, more time spent in VPA bouts lasting ≥30 s predicted shorter P3 latency across epochs and flanker congruencies (all β ≤ -0.24, all p ≤ 0.04). The associations between shorter P3 latency and the time spent in moderate-to-vigorous PA bouts lasting ≥30 s were less consistent and largely limited to congruent trials (congruent: β (-0.31, -0.34)). No significant associations were observed upon correction for false discovery rate. CONCLUSION The pattern of uncorrected associations aligns with the dose-response literature and suggests that brief VPA bouts may yield the greatest benefits to cognitive processing speed in preadolescents. Future studies using measures of brain structure and function are needed to understand the mechanisms linking bouted VPA to neurocognitive function during childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika M. Pindus
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Eric S. Drollette
- School of Health and Human Sciences, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 6170, USA
| | - Lauren B. Raine
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shih-Chun Kao
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Naiman Khan
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Daniel R. Westfall
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Morgan Hamill
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rebecca Shorin
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Emily Calobrisi
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dinesh John
- Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Arthur F. Kramer
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Charles H. Hillman
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy, Movement, & Rehabilitation Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Wassenaar TM, Wheatley CM, Beale N, Salvan P, Meaney A, Possee JB, Atherton KE, Duda JL, Dawes H, Johansen-Berg H. Effects of a programme of vigorous physical activity during secondary school physical education on academic performance, fitness, cognition, mental health and the brain of adolescents (Fit to Study): study protocol for a cluster-randomised trial. Trials 2019; 20:189. [PMID: 30940164 PMCID: PMC6444886 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-019-3279-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early adolescence is a period of dynamic neurobiological change. Converging lines of research suggest that regular physical activity (PA) and improved aerobic fitness have the potential to stimulate positive brain changes, improve cognitive function and boost academic attainment in this age group, but high-quality studies are needed to substantiate these findings. The primary aim of the Fit to Study trial is to investigate whether short infusions of vigorous PA (VPA) delivered during secondary school physical education (PE) can improve attainment in maths, as described in a protocol published by NatCen Social Research. The present protocol concerns the trial's secondary outcome measures, which are variables thought to moderate or mediate the relationship between PA and attainment, including the effect of the intervention on cardiorespiratory fitness, cognitive performance, mental health and brain structure and function. METHOD The Fit to Study project is a cluster-randomised controlled trial that includes Year 8 pupils (aged 12-13) from secondary state schools in South/Mid-England. Schools were randomised into an intervention condition in which PE teachers delivered an additional 10 min of VPA per PE lesson for one academic year, or a 'PE as usual' control condition. Intervention and control groups were stratified according to whether schools were single-sex or co-educational. Assessments take place at baseline (end of Year 7, aged 11-12) and after 12 months (Year 8). Secondary outcomes are cardiorespiratory fitness, objective PA during PE, cognitive performance and mental health. The study also includes exploratory measures of daytime sleepiness, attitudes towards daily PA and PE enjoyment. A sub-set of pupils from a sub-set of schools will also take part in a brain imaging sub-study, which is embedded in the trial. DISCUSSION The Fit to Study trial could advance our understanding of the complex relationships between PA and aerobic fitness, the brain, cognitive performance, mental health and academic attainment during adolescence. Further, it will add to our understanding of whether school PE is an effective setting to increase VPA and fitness, which could inform future PA interventions and education policy. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03286725 . Retrospectively registered on 18 September 2017. ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03593863 . Retrospectively registered on 19 July 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. M. Wassenaar
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB Centre, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DU UK
| | - C. M. Wheatley
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB Centre, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DU UK
| | - N. Beale
- Centre for Movement, Occupational and Rehabilitation Sciences (MOReS), Oxford Brookes University, Headington Campus, Oxford, OX3 0BP UK
| | - P. Salvan
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB Centre, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DU UK
| | - A. Meaney
- Centre for Movement, Occupational and Rehabilitation Sciences (MOReS), Oxford Brookes University, Headington Campus, Oxford, OX3 0BP UK
| | - J. B. Possee
- Centre for Movement, Occupational and Rehabilitation Sciences (MOReS), Oxford Brookes University, Headington Campus, Oxford, OX3 0BP UK
| | - K. E. Atherton
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB Centre, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DU UK
| | - J. L. Duda
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
| | - H. Dawes
- Centre for Movement, Occupational and Rehabilitation Sciences (MOReS), Oxford Brookes University, Headington Campus, Oxford, OX3 0BP UK
| | - H. Johansen-Berg
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB Centre, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DU UK
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Wang CH, Moreau D, Yang CT, Tsai YY, Lin JT, Liang WK, Tsai CL. Aerobic exercise modulates transfer and brain signal complexity following cognitive training. Biol Psychol 2019; 144:85-98. [PMID: 30943426 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although recent evidence has demonstrated the potent effect of physical exercise to increase the efficacy of cognitive training, the neural mechanisms underlying this causal relationship remain unclear. Here, we used multiscale entropy (MSE) of electroencephalography (EEG)-a measure of brain signal complexity-to address this issue. Young males were randomly assigned to either a 20-day dual n-back training following aerobic exercise or the same training regimen following a reading. A feature binding working memory task with concurrent EEG recording was used to test for transfer effects. Although results revealed weak-to-moderate evidence for exercise-induced facilitation on cognitive training, the combination of cognitive training with exercise resulted in greater transfer gains on conditions involving greater attentional demanding, together with greater increases in cognitive modulation on MSE, compared with the reading condition. Overall, our findings suggest that the addition of antecedent physical exercise to brain training regimen could enable wider, more robust improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hao Wang
- Institute of Physical Education, Health & Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - David Moreau
- School of Psychology and Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Cheng-Ta Yang
- Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, Social Sciences Building, No. 1, University Road, East District, Tainan City 701, Taiwan; Institute of Allied Health Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, No.1, University Road, Tainan City, Tainan
| | - Yun-Yen Tsai
- Institute of Physical Education, Health & Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Tang Lin
- Institute of Physical Education, Health & Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Kuang Liang
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Central University, Jhongli 320, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Liang Tsai
- Institute of Physical Education, Health & Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan City, Taiwan.
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50
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Xue Y, Yang Y, Huang T. Effects of chronic exercise interventions on executive function among children and adolescents: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med 2019; 53:1397-1404. [PMID: 30737201 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2018-099825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To synthesise randomised controlled trials (RCTs) regarding the effects of chronic exercise interventions on different domain-specific executive functions (EFs) among children and adolescents. DESIGN Systematic review with meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES PsycINFO, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Academic Search Premier, Embase and Web of Science were searched. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES RCTs or cluster RCT design, which employ chronic exercise interventions and target healthy children (age 6-12 years) and adolescents (age 13-17 years). We defined chronic exercise as physical activity (PA) which consists of multiple exercise sessions per week and lasts for an extended period of time (typically over 6 weeks). RESULTS We included 19 studies, with a total of 5038 participants. The results showed that chronic exercise interventions improved overall EFs (standardised mean difference (SMD)=0.20, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.30, p<0.05) and inhibitory control (SMD=0.26, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.45, P<0.05). In meta regression, higher body mass index was associated with greater improvements in overall EFs performance (β=0.03, 95% CI 0.0002 to 0.06, p<0.05), whereas age and exercise duration were not. In subgroup analysis by intervention modality, sports and PA programme (SMD=0.21, 95% CI 0.12 to 0.31, p<0.05) and curricular PA (SMD=0.39, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.69, p<0.05) improved overall EFs performance, but integrated PA did not (SMD=0.02, 95% CI -0.05 to 0.09, p>0.05). Interventions with a session length < 90 minutes improved overall EFs performance (SMD=0.24, 95%CI 0.10 to 0.39, p=0.02), but session length ≥ 90 minutes did not (SMD=0.05, 95%CI -0.03 to 0.14). No other moderator was found to have an effect. CONCLUSIONS Despite small effect sizes, chronic exercise interventions, implemented in curricular or sports and PA programme settings, might be a promising way to promote multiple aspects of executive functions, especially inhibitory control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Xue
- Department of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Yanxiang Yang
- Department of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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