1
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Bach ML, Laftih S, Andresen JK, Pedersen RM, Andersen TE, Madsen LW, Madsen K, Hinrichs GR, Zachar R, Svenningsen P, Lund L, Johansen IS, Hansen LF, Palarasah Y, Jensen BL. ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in human kidney tissue and urine extracellular vesicles with age, sex, and COVID-19. Pflugers Arch 2024:10.1007/s00424-024-03022-y. [PMID: 39382598 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-024-03022-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Revised: 09/17/2024] [Accepted: 09/20/2024] [Indexed: 10/10/2024]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 virus infects cells by engaging with ACE2 requiring protease TMPRSS2. ACE2 is highly expressed in kidneys. Predictors for severe disease are high age and male sex. We hypothesized that ACE2 and TMPRSS2 proteins are more abundant (1) in males and with increasing age in kidney and (2) in urine and extracellular vesicles (EVs) from male patients with COVID-19 and (3) SARS-CoV-2 is present in urine and EVs during infection. Kidney cortex samples from patients subjected to cancer nephrectomy (male/female; < 50 years/˃75 years, n = 24; ˃80 years, n = 15) were analyzed for ACE2 and TMPRSS2 protein levels. Urine from patients hospitalized with SARS-CoV-2 infection was analyzed for ACE2 and TMPRSS2. uEVs were used for immunoblotting and SARS-CoV-2 mRNA and antigen detection. Tissue ACE2 and TMPRSS2 protein levels did not change with age. ACE2 was not more abundant in male kidneys in any age group. ACE2 protein was associated with proximal tubule apical membranes in cortex. TMPRSS2 was observed predominantly in the medulla. ACE2 was elevated significantly in uEVs and urine from patients with COVID-19 with no sex difference compared with urine from controls w/wo albuminuria. TMPRSS2 was elevated in uEVs from males compared to female. ACE2 and TMPRSS2 did not co-localize in uEVs/apical membranes. SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein and mRNA were not detected in urine. Higher kidney ACE2 protein abundance is unlikely to explain higher susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection in males. Kidney tubular cells appear not highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Loss of ACE2 into urine in COVID could impact susceptibility and angiotensin metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Lykke Bach
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Sara Laftih
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jesper K Andresen
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Rune M Pedersen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Odense University Hospital, and Research Unit for Clinical Microbiology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Thomas Emil Andersen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Odense University Hospital, and Research Unit for Clinical Microbiology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lone W Madsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, and Research Unit for Infectious Diseases, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Unit for Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Sygehus Lillebælt, Kolding, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Madsen
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Gitte R Hinrichs
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Nephrology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Rikke Zachar
- Department of Nephrology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Per Svenningsen
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lars Lund
- Department of Urology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Isik S Johansen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, and Research Unit for Infectious Diseases, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Yaseelan Palarasah
- Unit of Inflammation and Cancer Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Boye L Jensen
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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2
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Peyravi A, Quecke E, Kosareva E, Dolez P, Doroshenko A, Smith S, Quemerais B, Hashisho Z. Evaluation of masks and mask material suitability for bioaerosol capture. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2024:1-12. [PMID: 39365694 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2024.2394613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2024]
Abstract
Non-medical masks such as disposable non-medical, commercially produced cloth, and homemade masks are not regulated like surgical masks. Their performance, in terms of filtration efficiency and breathability, is variable and unreliable. This research provides a quantitative evaluation of various non-medical masks, assesses their fabrics' potential for the reduction of transmission of bioaerosols such as the SARS-CoV-2 virus, and compares them to surgical masks and N95 filtering facepiece respirators. Using a testing line with a NaCl challenge aerosol, four types of commercial reusable cloth masks, two types of disposable non-medical masks, three types of surgical or N95 masks, and seven types of commonly available materials were tested individually and in combinations. The testing line and procedure were adapted from the ASTM F2299-03: Standard Test Method for Determining the Initial Efficiency of Materials Used in Medical Face Masks to Penetration by Particulates Using Latex Spheres testing method used for testing surgical masks. Filtration efficiencies at 0.15 µm particle diameter at a face velocity of 25 cm/sec for commercial cloth masks, disposable non-medical masks, surgical masks, commercial mask combinations, and homemade combinations ranged from 16-29%, 39-76%, 91-97%, 51-95%, and 45-94%, respectively. The pressure drop results for the different masks and material combinations were all under 3 mm H2O/cm2 except for one material configuration. This study builds on other research that looks at individual materials and masks by testing combinations alongside the individual masks and materials. With proper layering, household materials can achieve the filtration efficiency and low pressure drop requirements of surgical masks. The filtration capabilities of disposable and cloth mask fabrics vary considerably meaning that they are not a reliable or consistent facemask option, regardless of fit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arman Peyravi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Emily Quecke
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Elena Kosareva
- Department of Human Ecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Patricia Dolez
- Department of Human Ecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alexander Doroshenko
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Stephanie Smith
- Public Health Innovation and Decision Support, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bernadette Quemerais
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Zaher Hashisho
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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3
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Keiser PT, Zhang W, Ricca M, Wacquiez A, Grimins A, Cencic R, Patten JJ, Shah P, Padilha E, Connor JH, Pelletier J, Lyons SM, Saeed M, Brown LE, Porco JA, Davey RA. Amidino-rocaglates (ADRs), a class of synthetic rocaglates, are potent inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 replication through inhibition of viral protein synthesis. Antiviral Res 2024; 230:105976. [PMID: 39117283 PMCID: PMC11434215 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Coronaviruses are highly transmissible respiratory viruses that cause symptoms ranging from mild congestion to severe respiratory distress. The recent outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has underscored the need for new antivirals with broad-acting mechanisms to combat increasing emergence of new variants. Currently, there are only a few antivirals approved for treatment of SARS-CoV-2. Previously, the rocaglate natural product silvestrol and synthetic rocaglates such as CR-1-31b were shown to have antiviral effects by inhibiting eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A1 (eIF4A) function and virus protein synthesis. In this study, we evaluated amidino-rocaglates (ADRs), a class of synthetic rocaglates with the most potent eIF4A-inhibitory activity to-date, for inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 infection. This class of compounds showed low nanomolar potency against multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants and in multiple cell types, including human lung-derived cells, with strong inhibition of virus over host protein synthesis and low cytotoxicity. The most potent ADRs were also shown to be active against two highly pathogenic and distantly related coronaviruses, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. Mechanistically, cells with mutations of eIF4A1, which are known to reduce rocaglate interaction displayed reduced ADR-associated loss of cellular function, consistent with targeting of protein synthesis. Overall, ADRs and derivatives may offer new potential treatments for SARS-CoV-2 with the goal of developing a broad-acting anti-coronavirus agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick T Keiser
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Boston University Medical School, Boston, MA, 02118, USA; National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Wenhan Zhang
- Boston University Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Michael Ricca
- Boston University Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Alan Wacquiez
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, MA, 02118, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Autumn Grimins
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Regina Cencic
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Oncology and Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3G 1Y6
| | - J J Patten
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Boston University Medical School, Boston, MA, 02118, USA; National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Pranav Shah
- National Institutes of Health, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Elias Padilha
- National Institutes of Health, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - John H Connor
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Boston University Medical School, Boston, MA, 02118, USA; National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Jerry Pelletier
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Oncology and Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3G 1Y6
| | - Shawn M Lyons
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Mohsan Saeed
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, MA, 02118, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Lauren E Brown
- Boston University Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - John A Porco
- Boston University Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Robert A Davey
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Boston University Medical School, Boston, MA, 02118, USA; National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, MA, 02118, USA.
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4
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Sharma A, Chandrashekar CR, Krishna S, Sowdhamini R. Computational Analysis of the Accumulation of Mutations in Therapeutically Important RNA Viral Proteins During Pandemics with Special Emphasis on SARS-CoV-2. J Mol Biol 2024; 436:168716. [PMID: 39047897 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2024.168716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Single stranded RNA viruses are primary causative agents for pandemics, causing extensive morbidity and mortality worldwide. A pivotal question in pandemic preparedness and therapeutic intervention is what are the specific mutations which are more likely to emerge during such global health crises? This study aims to identify markers for mutations with the highest probability of emergence in these pandemics, focusing on the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, an essential and therapeutically significant viral protein, starting from sequence information from the onset of the pandemic until July 2022. Quite consistently, we observed that emerged mutations tended to demonstrate a high genetic score, which reflects high similarity of the type of codon required for translation between an amino acid and to the mutated one. Further, this pattern is also observed in therapeutically significant proteins of other ssRNA pandemic viruses, including influenza (HA, NA), spike proteins of Ebola, envelope of Dengue and Chikungunya. We propose that the genetic score serves as an initial indicator, preceding the actual impact of the mutation on viral fitness. Finally, we developed a comprehensive computational pipeline to further explore and predict the subsequent effects of mutations on viral fitness. We believe that our pipeline can narrow down and predict future mutations in therapeutically important viral proteins during a pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Sharma
- National Centre for Biological Science, GKVK Campus, Bengaluru 560065, India
| | - C R Chandrashekar
- National Centre for Biological Science, GKVK Campus, Bengaluru 560065, India
| | - Sudhir Krishna
- National Centre for Biological Science, GKVK Campus, Bengaluru 560065, India
| | - Ramanathan Sowdhamini
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Banagalore 560012, India; Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bangalore, 560100, India.
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5
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Juhász N, Bartha FA, Marzban S, Han R, Röst G. Probability of early infection extinction depends linearly on the virus clearance rate. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2024; 11:240903. [PMID: 39359461 PMCID: PMC11444767 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.240903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024]
Abstract
We provide an in silico study of stochastic viral infection extinction from a pharmacokinetical viewpoint. Our work considers a non-specific antiviral drug that increases the virus clearance rate, and we investigate the effect of this drug on early infection extinction. Infection extinction data are generated by a hybrid multiscale framework that applies both continuous and discrete mathematical approaches. The central result of our paper is the observation, analysis and explanation of a linear relationship between the virus clearance rate and the probability of early infection extinction. The derivation behind this simple relationship is given by merging different mathematical toolboxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Juhász
- National Laboratory for Health Security, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Bolyai Institute, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - F A Bartha
- National Laboratory for Health Security, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Bolyai Institute, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - S Marzban
- Integrated Mathematical Oncology Department, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - R Han
- School of Sciences, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, People's Republic of China
| | - G Röst
- National Laboratory for Health Security, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Bolyai Institute, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine (HCEMM), Szeged, Hungary
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6
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Wang J, Ziarnik M, Zhang XF, Jagota A. Biomechanics Model to Characterize Atomic Force Microscopy-Based Virus-Host Cell Adhesion Measurements. J Phys Chem B 2024. [PMID: 39316705 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c04527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
We present a model for virus-cell adhesion that can be used for quantitative extraction of adhesive properties from atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based force spectroscopy measurements. We extend a previously reported continuum model of viral cell interactions based on a single parameter representing adhesive energy density by using a cohesive zone model in which adhesion is represented by two parameters, a pull-off stress and associated characteristic displacement. This approach accounts for the deformability of the adhesive receptors, such as the Spike protein and transmembrane immunoglobulin and mucin domain (TIM) family that mediate adhesion of SARS-CoV-2 and Ebola viruses, and the omnipresent glycocalyx. Our model represents receptors as a Winkler foundation and aims to predict the pull-off force needed to break the adhesion between the virus and the cell. By comparing the force-separation curves simulated by the model and experimental data, we found that the model can effectively explain the AFM pull-off force trace, thus allowing quantification of the adhesion parameters. Our model provides a more refined understanding of viral cell adhesion and also establishes a framework for interpreting and predicting AFM force spectroscopy measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Matthew Ziarnik
- Department of Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - X Frank Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Anand Jagota
- Department of Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
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7
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Tirehdast A, Sheikhi-Mohammareh S, Sabet-Sarvestani H, Organ MG, Semeniuchenko V, Shiri A. Design and synthesis of novel main protease inhibitors of COVID-19: quinoxalino[2,1- b]quinazolin-12-ones. RSC Adv 2024; 14:29122-29133. [PMID: 39282064 PMCID: PMC11393744 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra06025c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic represents a substantial global challenge, being a significant cause of mortality in numerous countries. Thus, it is imperative to conduct research to develop effective therapies to combat COVID-19. The primary aim of this study is to employ a two-step tandem reaction involving 2,3-dichloroquinoxaline and 2-amino-N-substituted benzamides in alkaline media/DMF at an elevated temperature to design and synthesize a series of polycyclic derivatives endowed with quinoxalino[2,1-b]quinazolin-12-one framework. Following synthesis, the newly synthesized heterocycles were evaluated for their potential as inhibitors of the main protease of SARS-CoV-2 by means of molecular docking and dynamic simulation techniques. The in silico investigation demonstrated that all tested compounds effectively establish stable binding interactions, primarily through multiple hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions, at the active site of the enzyme. These findings offer crucial structural insights that can be employed in future endeavors toward designing potent inhibitors targeting the main protease (Mpro). Among the investigated compounds, the p-tolylamino-substituted quinoxalino[2,1-b]quinazolinone derivative exhibited the most promise as an inhibitor of the main protease in COVID-19. Consequently, it warrants further investigation both in vitro and in vivo to identify it as a prospective candidate for anti-SARS-CoV-2 drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Tirehdast
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Mashhad Iran
| | | | | | - Michael G Organ
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa Ottawa Canada
| | - Volodymyr Semeniuchenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa Ottawa Canada
| | - Ali Shiri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Mashhad Iran
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8
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Paull JRA, Luscombe CA, Seta A, Heery GP, Bobardt MD, Gallay PA, Constant S, Castellarnau A. Astodrimer sodium nasal spray forms a barrier to SARS-CoV-2 in vitro and preserves normal mucociliary function in human nasal epithelium. Sci Rep 2024; 14:21259. [PMID: 39261670 PMCID: PMC11390883 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-72262-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 remains a severe condition for many including immunocompromised individuals. There remains a need for effective measures against this and other respiratory infections, which transmit via virus-laden droplets that reach the nasal or oral mucosae. Nasal sprays offer potential protection against viruses. Such formulations should preserve normal nasal mucociliary function. The antiviral barrier efficacy and effects on mucociliary function of astodrimer sodium nasal spray (AS-NS) were evaluated and compared with other available nasal sprays-low pH hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC-NS), iota-carrageenan (Carr-NS), nitric oxide (NO-NS), and povidone iodine (PI-NS). Assays simulated clinical conditions. Antiviral barrier function and cell viability were assessed in airway cell monolayers, while a model of fully differentiated human nasal epithelium (MucilAir™) was utilized to evaluate tissue integrity, cytotoxicity, cilia beating frequency, and mucociliary clearance. AS-NS reduced infectious virus in cell monolayers and demonstrated a benign cytotoxicity profile. In human nasal epithelium ex vivo, AS-NS had no impact on mucociliary function (cilia beating nor mucociliary clearance). Carr-NS, HPMC-NS, NO-NS and PI-NS demonstrated limited antiviral effects, while HPMC-NS caused inhibition of mucociliary function. Astodrimer sodium nasal spray demonstrates an acceptable nonclinical efficacy and safety profile as a barrier nasal spray against respiratory viral infection in the nasal cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aynaz Seta
- Starpharma Pty Ltd, Abbotsford, VIC, 3067, Australia
| | | | - Michael D Bobardt
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92307, USA
| | - Philippe A Gallay
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92307, USA
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9
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Lim J, Son SU, Ki J, Kim S, Lee J, Jang S, Seo SB, Jang H, Kang T, Jung J, Kim E, Lim EK. Dual structure-switching aptamer-mediated signal amplification cascade for SARS-CoV-2 detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 259:116375. [PMID: 38749283 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Since the outbreak of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) at the end of 2019, the spread of the virus has posed a significant threat to public health and the global economy. This work proposed a one-step, dual-structure-switching aptamer-mediated signal amplification cascade for rapid and sensitive detection of the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein. This system consisted of two DNA aptamers with structure-switching functionality and fuel DNA, where a cascade of strand hybridization and displacement triggered fluorescence generation and signal amplification. This aptamer-based amplification cascade required neither an amplification stage using enzymes nor pre-processing steps such as washing, viral isolation, and gene extraction. The assay could distinguish SARS-CoV-2 from other respiratory viruses and detect up to 1.0 PFU/assay of SARS-CoV-2 within 30 min at room temperature. In 35 nasopharyngeal clinical samples, the assay accurately assessed 25 positive and 10 negative clinical swab samples, which were confirmed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The strategy reported herein can help detect newly emerging pathogens and biomarkers of various diseases in liquid samples. In addition, the developed detection system consisting of only DNA and fluorophores can be widely integrated into liquid biopsy platforms for disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaewoo Lim
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea; Medical Device Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, 123 Osongsaengmyeong-ro, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Uk Son
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Nanobiotechnology, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisun Ki
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunjoo Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon, 51472, Republic of Korea
| | - Jina Lee
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Nanobiotechnology, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Soojin Jang
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Nanobiotechnology, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Beom Seo
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyowon Jang
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Taejoon Kang
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea; School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Juyeon Jung
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Nanobiotechnology, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea; School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjung Kim
- Department of Bioengineering & Nano-bioengineering, Research Center for Bio Materials and Process Development, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea; Division of Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eun-Kyung Lim
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Nanobiotechnology, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea; School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Bonavita CM, Wells HL, Anthony SJ. Cellular dynamics shape recombination frequency in coronaviruses. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012596. [PMID: 39331680 PMCID: PMC11463787 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 10/09/2024] [Accepted: 09/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus genomes have evolutionary histories shaped extensively by recombination. Yet, how often recombination occurs at a cellular level, or the factors that regulate recombination rates, are poorly understood. Utilizing experimental co-infections with pairs of genetically distinct coronaviruses, we found that recombination is both frequent and rare during coinfection. Recombination occurred in every instance of co-infection yet resulted in relatively few recombinant RNAs. By integrating a discrete-time Susceptible-Infected-Removed (SIR) model, we found that rates of recombination are determined primarily by rates of cellular co-infection, rather than other possible barriers such as RNA compartmentalization. By staggering the order and timing of infection with each virus we also found that rates of co-infection are themselves heavily influenced by genetic and ecological mechanisms, including superinfection exclusion and the relative fitness of competing viruses. Our study highlights recombination as a potent yet regulated force: frequent enough to ensure a steady influx of genetic variation but also infrequent enough to maintain genomic integrity. As recombination is thought to be an important driver of host-switching and disease emergence, our study provides new insights into the factors that regulate coronavirus recombination and evolution more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra M. Bonavita
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Heather L. Wells
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Simon J. Anthony
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, United States of America
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11
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Qiu H, Yuan XY, Holloway K, Wood H, Cabral T, Grant C, McQueen P, Westmacott G, Beniac DR, Lin L, Carpenter M, Kobasa D, Gräfenhan T, Cheney IW. Development and characterization of monoclonal antibodies recognizing nucleocapsid protein of multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants. Heliyon 2024; 10:e35325. [PMID: 39170261 PMCID: PMC11336563 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Rapid antigen test (RAT) is widely used for SARS-CoV-2 infection diagnostics. However, test sensitivity has decreased recently due to the emergence of the Omicron variant and its sublineages. Here we developed a panel of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein (NP) specific mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and assessed their sensitivity and specificity to important SARS-CoV-2 variants. We identified seven mAbs that exhibited strong reactivity to SARS-CoV-2 variants and recombinant NP (rNP) by Western immunoblot or ELISA. Their specificity to SARS-CoV-2 was confirmed by negative or low reactivity to rNPs from SARS-CoV-1, MERS, and common human coronaviruses (HCoV-HKU1, HCoV-CO43, HCoV-NL63, and HCoV-229E). These seven mAbs were further tested by immunoplaque assay against selected variants of concern (VOCs), including two Omicron sublineages, and five mAbs (F461G13, F461G7, F459G7, F457G3, and F461G6), showed strong reactions, warranting further suitability testing for the development of diagnostic assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Qiu
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Xin-Yong Yuan
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Kimberly Holloway
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Heidi Wood
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Teresa Cabral
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Chris Grant
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Peter McQueen
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Garrett Westmacott
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Daniel R. Beniac
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Lisa Lin
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Michael Carpenter
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Darwyn Kobasa
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3R2, Canada
| | | | - Ian Wayne Cheney
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3R2, Canada
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12
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Bosch A, Guzman HV, Pérez R. Adsorption-Driven Deformation and Footprints of the RBD Proteins in SARS-CoV-2 Variants on Biological and Inanimate Surfaces. J Chem Inf Model 2024; 64:5977-5990. [PMID: 39083670 PMCID: PMC11323246 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.4c00460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Respiratory viruses, carried through airborne microdroplets, frequently adhere to surfaces, including plastics and metals. However, our understanding of the interactions between viruses and materials remains limited, particularly in scenarios involving polarizable surfaces. Here, we investigate the role of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein mutations on the adsorption of SARS-CoV-2 to hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces employing molecular simulations. To contextualize our findings, we contrast the interactions on inanimate surfaces with those on native biological interfaces, specifically the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. Notably, we identify a 2-fold increase in structural deformations for the protein's receptor binding motif (RBM) onto inanimate surfaces, indicative of enhanced shock-absorbing mechanisms. Furthermore, the distribution of adsorbed amino acids (landing footprints) on the inanimate surface reveals a distinct regional asymmetry relative to the biological interface, with roughly half of the adsorbed amino acids arranged in opposite sites. In spite of the H-bonds formed at the hydrophilic substrate, the simulations consistently show a higher number of contacts and interfacial area with the hydrophobic surface, where the wild-type RBD adsorbs more strongly than the Delta or Omicron RBDs. In contrast, the adsorption of Delta and Omicron to hydrophilic surfaces was characterized by a distinctive hopping-pattern. The novel shock-absorbing mechanisms identified in the virus adsorption on inanimate surfaces show the embedded high-deformation capacity of the RBD without losing its secondary structure, which could lead to current experimental strategies in the design of virucidal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio
M. Bosch
- Departamento
de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Horacio V. Guzman
- Departamento
de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
- Department
of Theoretical Physics, Jožef Stefan
Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Rubén Pérez
- Departamento
de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
- Condensed
Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad
Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
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13
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Toft CJ, Stocks BB, Schaeffer PM. Comparison of the analytical sensitivity of COVID-19 rapid antigen tests in Australia and Canada. Talanta 2024; 275:126147. [PMID: 38677170 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Rapid testing has become an indispensable strategy to identify the most infectious individuals and prevent the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in vulnerable populations. As such, COVID-19 rapid antigen tests (RATs) are being manufactured faster than ever yet lack relevant comparative analyses required to inform on absolute analytical sensitivity and performance, limiting end-user ability to accurately compare brands for decision making. To date, more than 1000 different COVID-19 RATs are commercially available in the world, most of which detect the viral nucleocapsid protein (NP). Here, we examine and compare the analytical sensitivity of 26 RATs that are readily available in Canada and/or Australia using two NP reference materials (RMs) - a fluorescent NP-GFP expressed in bacterial cells and NCAP-1 produced in a mammalian expression system. Both RMs generate highly comparable results within each RAT, indicating minimal bias due to differing expression systems and final buffer compositions. However, we demonstrate orders of magnitude differences in analytical sensitivities among distinct RATs, and find little correlation with the median tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) assay values reported by manufacturers. In addition, two COVID-19/Influenza A&B combination RATs were evaluated with influenza A NP-GFP. Finally, important logistics considerations are discussed regarding the robustness, ease of international shipping and safe use of these reference proteins. Taken together, our data highlight the need for and practicality of readily available, reliable reference proteins for end-users that will ensure that manufacturers maintain batch-to-batch quality and accuracy of RATs. They will aid international public health and government agencies, as well as health and aged care facilities to reliably benchmark and select the best RATs to curb transmission of future SARS-CoV-2 and influenza outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey J Toft
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Douglas, Queensland, Australia
| | - Bradley B Stocks
- Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0R6, Canada.
| | - Patrick M Schaeffer
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Douglas, Queensland, Australia.
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14
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Joharinia N, Bonneil É, Grandvaux N, Thibault P, Lippé R. Comprehensive proteomic analysis of HCoV-OC43 virions and virus-modulated extracellular vesicles. J Virol 2024; 98:e0085024. [PMID: 38953378 PMCID: PMC11265355 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00850-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Viruses are obligate parasites that depend on the cellular machinery for their propagation. Several viruses also incorporate cellular proteins that facilitate viral spread. Defining these cellular proteins is critical to decipher viral life cycles and delineate novel therapeutic strategies. While numerous studies have explored the importance of host proteins in coronavirus spread, information about their presence in mature virions is limited. In this study, we developed a protocol to highly enrich mature HCoV-OC43 virions and characterize them by proteomics. Recognizing that cells release extracellular vesicles whose content is modulated by viruses, and given our ability to separate virions from these vesicles, we also analyzed their protein content in both uninfected and infected cells. We uncovered 69 unique cellular proteins associated with virions including 31 high-confidence hits. These proteins primarily regulate RNA metabolism, enzymatic activities, vesicular transport, cell adhesion, metabolite interconversion, and translation. We further discovered that the virus had a profound impact on exosome composition, incorporating 47 novel cellular proteins (11 high confidence) and excluding 92 others (61 high confidence) in virus-associated extracellular vesicles compared to uninfected cells. Moreover, a dsiRNA screen revealed that 11 of 18 select targets significantly impacted viral yields, including proteins found in virions or extracellular vesicles. Overall, this study provides new and important insights into the incorporation of numerous host proteins into HCoV-OC43 virions, their biological significance, and the ability of the virus to modulate extracellular vesicles. IMPORTANCE In recent years, coronaviruses have dominated global attention, making it crucial to develop methods to control them and prevent future pandemics. Besides viral proteins, host proteins play a significant role in viral propagation and offer potential therapeutic targets. Targeting host proteins is advantageous because they are less likely to mutate and develop resistance compared to viral proteins, a common issue with many antiviral treatments. In this study, we examined the protein content of the less virulent biosafety level 2 HCoV-OC43 virus as a stand-in for the more virulent SARS-CoV-2. Our findings reveal that several cellular proteins incorporated into the virion regulate viral spread. In addition, we report that the virus extensively modulates the content of extracellular vesicles, enhancing viral dissemination. This underscores the critical interplay between the virus, host proteins, and extracellular vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar Joharinia
- Azrieli Research center of the CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Éric Bonneil
- IRIC, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nathalie Grandvaux
- Research center of the CHUM (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pierre Thibault
- IRIC, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Roger Lippé
- Azrieli Research center of the CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Cell biology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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15
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Datta G, Rezagholizadeh N, Hasler WA, Khan N, Chen X. SLC38A9 regulates SARS-CoV-2 viral entry. iScience 2024; 27:110387. [PMID: 39071889 PMCID: PMC11277692 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 viral entry into host cells depends on the cleavage of spike (S) protein into S1 and S2 proteins. Such proteolytic cleavage by furin results in the exposure of a multibasic motif on S1, which is critical for SARS-CoV-2 viral infection and transmission; however, how such a multibasic motif contributes to the infection of SARS-CoV-2 remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate that the multibasic motif on S1 is critical for its interaction with SLC38A9, an endolysosome-resident arginine sensor. SLC38A9 knockdown prevents S1-induced endolysosome de-acidification and blocks the S protein-mediated entry of pseudo-SARS-CoV-2 in Calu-3, U87MG, Caco-2, and A549 cells. Our findings provide a novel mechanism in regulating SARS-CoV-2 viral entry; S1 present in endolysosome lumen could interact with SLC38A9, which mediates S1-induced endolysosome de-acidification and dysfunction, facilitating the escape of SARS-CoV-2 from endolysosomes and enhancing viral entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Datta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA
| | - Neda Rezagholizadeh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA
| | - Wendie A. Hasler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA
| | - Nabab Khan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA
| | - Xuesong Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA
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16
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van der Schans M, Yu J, de Vries A, Martin G. Estimation of the UV susceptibility of aerosolized SARS-CoV-2 to 254 nm irradiation using CFD-based room disinfection simulations. Sci Rep 2024; 14:15963. [PMID: 38987323 PMCID: PMC11237116 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63472-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The recent COVID-19 pandemic has raised interest in efficient air disinfection solutions. The application of germicidal ultraviolet (GUV) irradiation is an excellent contender to prevent airborne transmission of COVID-19, as well as other existing and future infectious airborne diseases. While GUV has already been proven effective in inactivating SARS-CoV-2, quantitative data on UV susceptibility and dose requirements, needed to predict and optimize the performance of GUV solutions, is still limited. In this study, the UV susceptibility of aerosolized SARS-CoV-2 to 254 nm ultraviolet (UV) irradiation is investigated. This is done by employing 3D computational fluid dynamics based simulations of SARS-CoV-2 inactivation in a test chamber equipped with an upper-room UV-C luminaire and comparing the results to previously published measurements performed in the same test chamber. The UV susceptibility found in this study is (0.6 ± 0.2) m2/J, which is equivalent to a D90 dose between 3 and 6 J/m2. These values are in the same range as previous estimations based on other corona viruses and inactivation data reported in literature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joan Yu
- Signify, High Tech Campus 7, 5656AE, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Adrie de Vries
- Signify, High Tech Campus 7, 5656AE, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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17
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Exner HM, Gregorchuk BSJ, Castor AG, Crisostomo L, Kolsun K, Giesbrecht S, Dust K, Alexander DC, Bolaji A, Quill Z, Head BM, Meyers AFA, Sandstrom P, Becker MG. Post-market surveillance of six COVID-19 point-of-care tests using pre-Omicron and Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variants. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0016324. [PMID: 38757955 PMCID: PMC11218491 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00163-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Post-market surveillance of test performance is a critical function of public health agencies and clinical researchers that ensures tests maintaining diagnostic characteristics following their regulatory approval. Changes in product quality, manufacturing processes over time, or the evolution of new variants may impact product performance. During the COVID-19 pandemic, a plethora of point-of-care tests (POCTs) was released onto the Canadian market. This study evaluated the performance characteristics of several of the most widely distributed POCTs in Canada, including four rapid antigen tests (Abbott Panbio, BTNX Rapid Response, SD Biosensor, and Quidel QuickVue) and two molecular tests (Abbott ID NOW and Lucira Check IT). All tests were challenged with 149 SARS-CoV-2 clinical positives, including multiple variants up to and including Omicron XBB.1.5, as well as 29 clinical negatives. Results were stratified based on whether the isolate was Omicron or pre-Omicron as well as by reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR Ct value. The test performance of each POCT was consistent with the manufacturers' claims and showed no significant decline in clinical performance against any of the variants tested. These findings provide continued confidence in the results of these POCTs as they continue to be used to support decentralized COVID-19 testing. This work demonstrates the essential role of post-market surveillance in ensuring reliability in diagnostic tools.IMPORTANCEPost-market surveillance of diagnostic test performance is critical to ensure their reliability after regulatory approval. This is especially critical in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic as the use of point-of-care tests (POCTs) became widespread. Our study focused on four rapid antigen tests (Abbott Panbio, BTNX Rapid Response, SD Biosensor, and Quidel QuickVue) and two molecular tests (Abbott ID NOW and Lucira Check IT) that were widely distributed across Canada, assessing their performance using many SARS-CoV-2 variants, including up to Omicron subvariant XBB.1.5. Overall, we found no significant difference in performance against any variant, reinforcing confidence in their use. As concerns in test efficacy have been raised by news outlets, particularly regarding the BTNX Rapid Response, this work is even more timely and crucial. Our research offers insights into the performance of widely used COVID-19 POCTs but also highlights the necessity for post-market surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Exner
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Branden S J Gregorchuk
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Ac-Green Castor
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Leandro Crisostomo
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Kurt Kolsun
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Shayna Giesbrecht
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Kerry Dust
- Cadham Provincial Laboratory, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | | | - Zoe Quill
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Breanne M Head
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Adrienne F A Meyers
- Office of Population and Public Health, Indigenous Services Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul Sandstrom
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Michael G Becker
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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18
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Elghali M, Bannour I, Touil I, Changuel M, Brahem Y, Jaoued O, Boudawara N, Amor HIH, Elatrous S, Knani J, Sakly N. Increased Rheumatoid Factor production in patients with severe COVID-19. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 109:116284. [PMID: 38604077 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Searching for Rheumatoid Factors (RF) in patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has rarely been described. OBJECTIVES To investigate the association between RF isotypes (IgM, IgA, and IgG) and different clinical presentations of COVID-19 in a series of Tunisian patients. STUDY DESIGN Eighty-two COVID-19 patients were enrolled in this study. Symptomatic cases were recruited from the Department of COVID-19 and the intensive care unit (ICU) of the University Hospital of Mahdia, Tunisia, from January 2021 to March 2021. Different RF isotypes were assessed using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Forty-one patients (50%) had RF of any isotype. Thirty-two patients (39%) were tested positive for RF-IgM. Symptomatic forms of the disease were associated with RF-IgM positivity (p = 0.005). The mean concentration of RF-IgM was higher in the severe form than in the moderate and asymptomatic forms (p = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that the production of RF-IgM isotype is increased in patients with severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mourad Elghali
- Immunology department, University Hospital F.B., University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - I Bannour
- Immunology department, University Hospital F.B., University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - I Touil
- Pneumology department, Tahar Sfar hospital, University of Monastir, Mahdia, Tunisia
| | - M Changuel
- Immunology department, University Hospital F.B., University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Y Brahem
- Pneumology department, Tahar Sfar hospital, University of Monastir, Mahdia, Tunisia
| | - O Jaoued
- Intensive Care Unit, Tahar Sfar hospital, University of Monastir, Mahdia, Tunisia
| | - N Boudawara
- Pneumology department, Tahar Sfar hospital, University of Monastir, Mahdia, Tunisia
| | - H Ibn Hadj Amor
- Cardiology Department, Tahar Sfar hospital, University of Monastir, Mahdia, Tunisia
| | - S Elatrous
- Intensive Care Unit, Tahar Sfar hospital, University of Monastir, Mahdia, Tunisia
| | - J Knani
- Pneumology department, Tahar Sfar hospital, University of Monastir, Mahdia, Tunisia
| | - N Sakly
- Immunology department, University Hospital F.B., University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.
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19
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Shen Q, Li Z, Wang Y, Meyer MD, De Guzman MT, Lim JC, Xiao H, Bouchard RR, Lu GJ. 50-nm Gas-Filled Protein Nanostructures to Enable the Access of Lymphatic Cells by Ultrasound Technologies. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2307123. [PMID: 38533973 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Ultrasound imaging and ultrasound-mediated gene and drug delivery are rapidly advancing diagnostic and therapeutic methods; however, their use is often limited by the need for microbubbles, which cannot transverse many biological barriers due to their large size. Here, the authors introduce 50-nm gas-filled protein nanostructures derived from genetically engineered gas vesicles(GVs) that are referred to as 50 nmGVs. These diamond-shaped nanostructures have hydrodynamic diameters smaller than commercially available 50-nm gold nanoparticles and are, to the authors' knowledge, the smallest stable, free-floating bubbles made to date. 50 nmGVs can be produced in bacteria, purified through centrifugation, and remain stable for months. Interstitially injected 50 nmGVs can extravasate into lymphatic tissues and gain access to critical immune cell populations, and electron microscopy images of lymph node tissues reveal their subcellular location in antigen-presenting cells adjacent to lymphocytes. The authors anticipate that 50 nmGVs can substantially broaden the range of cells accessible to current ultrasound technologies and may generate applications beyond biomedicine as ultrasmall stable gas-filled nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qionghua Shen
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Zongru Li
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yixian Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Matthew D Meyer
- Shared Equipment Authority, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Marc T De Guzman
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Janie C Lim
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Han Xiao
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- SynthX Center, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Richard R Bouchard
- Department of Imaging Physics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - George J Lu
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Rice Synthetic Biology Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
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20
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Longest AK, Rockey NC, Lakdawala SS, Marr LC. Review of factors affecting virus inactivation in aerosols and droplets. J R Soc Interface 2024; 21:18. [PMID: 38920060 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2024.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The inactivation of viruses in aerosol particles (aerosols) and droplets depends on many factors, but the precise mechanisms of inactivation are not known. The system involves complex physical and biochemical interactions. We reviewed the literature to establish current knowledge about these mechanisms and identify knowledge gaps. We identified 168 relevant papers and grouped results by the following factors: virus type and structure, aerosol or droplet size, temperature, relative humidity (RH) and evaporation, chemical composition of the aerosol or droplet, pH and atmospheric composition. These factors influence the dynamic microenvironment surrounding a virion and thus may affect its inactivation. Results indicate that viruses experience biphasic decay as the carrier aerosols or droplets undergo evaporation and equilibrate with the surrounding air, and their final physical state (liquid, semi-solid or solid) depends on RH. Virus stability, RH and temperature are interrelated, but the effects of RH are multifaceted and still not completely understood. Studies on the impact of pH and atmospheric composition on virus stability have raised new questions that require further exploration. The frequent practice of studying virus inactivation in large droplets and culture media may limit our understanding of inactivation mechanisms that are relevant for transmission, so we encourage the use of particles of physiologically relevant size and composition in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra K Longest
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Nicole C Rockey
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University , Durham, NC, USA
| | - Seema S Lakdawala
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University , Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Linsey C Marr
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, VA, USA
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21
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Rak A, Matyushenko V, Prokopenko P, Kostromitina A, Polyakov D, Sokolov A, Rudenko L, Isakova-Sivak I. A novel immunofluorescent test system for SARS-CoV-2 detection in infected cells. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304534. [PMID: 38820303 PMCID: PMC11142482 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Highly variable pandemic coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, which causes the hazardous COVID-19 infection, has been persistent in the human population since late 2019. A prompt assessment of individual and herd immunity against the infection can be accomplished by using rapid tests to determine antiviral antibody levels. The microneutralization assay (MN) is one of the most widely used diagnostic methods that has been proposed to assess the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of virus-specific humoral immunity in COVID-19 convalescents or vaccine recipients. However, some aspects of the assay, such as sensitivity and time cost, need improvement. Here, we developed an express test, which may be potentially used in clinical practice for the assessment of serum-caused SARS-CoV-2 inhibition in infected cell cultures. It implies the detection and counting of coronaviral fluorescent-forming units (FFU) and includes two sequentially used developing components: biotinylated mouse monoclonal antibodies against the recombinant N protein of SARS-CoV-2 (B.1) and the recombinant EGFP-streptavidin fusion protein. Due to the universal specificity of the antibodies, our analytical tool is suitable for the detection of various strains of SARS-CoV-2 when determining both the infectious titer of viruses and the titer of serum virus-neutralizing antibodies. The developed two-component test system is characterized by high sensitivity, a reduced number of analytic stages and low assay cost, as well as by flexibility, since it may be modified for detection of other pathogens using the appropriate antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Rak
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Victoria Matyushenko
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Polina Prokopenko
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Arina Kostromitina
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry Polyakov
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Alexey Sokolov
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Larisa Rudenko
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Irina Isakova-Sivak
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
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22
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Rastegar-Pouyani N, Dongsar TS, Ataei M, Hassani S, Gumpricht E, Kesharwani P, Sahebkar A. An overview of the efficacy of inhaled curcumin: a new mode of administration for an old molecule. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2024. [PMID: 38771504 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2024.2358880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Curcumin is a polyphenol with a variety of pharmacological actions. Despite its therapeutic effects and well-known safety profile, the utility of curcumin has been limited due to its deprived physical, chemical, and pharmacokinetic profile resulting from limited solubility, durability, prompt deterioration and pitiable systemic availability. Employment of an amalgamated framework integrating the potential advantages of a nanoscaffold alongside the beneficial traits of inhalational drug delivery system beautifully bringing down the restricting attributes of intended curative interventions and further assures its clinical success. AREAS COVERED Current review discussed different application of inhalable nanocurcumin in different medical conditions. Lung diseases have been the prime field in which inhalable nanocurcumin had resulted in significant beneficial effects. Apart from this several lung protective potentials of the inhaled nanocurcumin have been discussed against severe pulmonary disorders such as pulmonary fibrosis, radiation pneumonitis and IUGR induced bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Also, application of the disclosed intervention in the clinical management of COVID-19 and Alzheimer's Disease has been discussed. EXPERT OPINION In this portion, the potential of inhalable nanocurcumin in addressing various medical conditions along with ongoing advancements in nanoencapsulation techniques and the existing challenges in transitioning from pre-clinical models to clinical practice has been summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Rastegar-Pouyani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Tenzin Sonam Dongsar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Mahshid Ataei
- Toxicology and Diseases Specialty Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Shokoufeh Hassani
- Toxicology and Diseases Specialty Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Eric Gumpricht
- Department of Pharmacology, Isagenix International, LLC, Gilbert, Arizona, AZ, USA
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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23
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Asadipooya K, Asadipooya A, Adatorwovor R. Combination of spironolactone and DPP-4 inhibitors for treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection: a literature review. Arch Virol 2024; 169:122. [PMID: 38753071 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-06043-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is still causing hospitalization and death, and vaccination appears to become less effective with each emerging variant. Spike, non-spike, and other possible unrecognized mutations have reduced the efficacy of recommended therapeutic approaches, including monoclonal antibodies, plasma transfusion, and antivirals. SARS-CoV-2 binds to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and probably dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) to initiate the process of endocytosis by employing host proteases such as transmembrane serine protease-2 (TMPRSS-2) and ADAM metallopeptidase domain 17 (ADAM17). Spironolactone reduces the amount of soluble ACE2 and antagonizes TMPRSS-2 and ADAM17. DPP-4 inhibitors play immunomodulatory roles and may block viral entry. The efficacy of treatment with a combination of spironolactone and DPP-4 inhibitors does not appear to be affected by viral mutations. Therefore, the combination of spironolactone and DPP-4 inhibitors might improve the clinical outcome for COVID-19 patients by decreasing the efficiency of SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells and providing better anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and antifibrotic effects than those achieved using current therapeutic approaches such as antivirals and monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamyar Asadipooya
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Kentucky, 2195 Harrodsburg Rd, Suite 125, Lexington, KY, 40504, USA.
| | - Artin Asadipooya
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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24
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Sadare OO, Oke D, Olawuni OA, Olayiwola IA, Moothi K. Modelling and optimization of membrane process for removal of biologics (pathogens) from water and wastewater: Current perspectives and challenges. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29864. [PMID: 38698993 PMCID: PMC11064141 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
As one of the 17 sustainable development goals, the United Nations (UN) has prioritized "clean water and sanitation" (Goal 6) to reduce the discharge of emerging pollutants and disease-causing agents into the environment. Contamination of water by pathogenic microorganisms and their existence in treated water is a global public health concern. Under natural conditions, water is frequently prone to contamination by invasive microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. This circumstance has therefore highlighted the critical need for research techniques to prevent, treat, and get rid of pathogens in wastewater. Membrane systems have emerged as one of the effective ways of removing contaminants from water and wastewater However, few research studies have examined the synergistic or conflicting effects of operating conditions on newly developing contaminants found in wastewater. Therefore, the efficient, dependable, and expeditious examination of the pathogens in the intricate wastewater matrix remains a significant obstacle. As far as it can be ascertained, much attention has not recently been given to optimizing membrane processes to develop optimal operation design as related to pathogen removal from water and wastewater. Therefore, this state-of-the-art review aims to discuss the current trends in removing pathogens from wastewater by membrane techniques. In addition, conventional techniques of treating pathogenic-containing water and wastewater and their shortcomings were briefly discussed. Furthermore, derived mathematical models suitable for modelling, simulation, and control of membrane technologies for pathogens removal are highlighted. In conclusion, the challenges facing membrane technologies for removing pathogens were extensively discussed, and future outlooks/perspectives on optimizing and modelling membrane processes are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olawumi O. Sadare
- School of Chemical and Minerals Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Doris Oke
- Northwestern-Argonne Institute of Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Oluwagbenga A. Olawuni
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Doornfontein Campus, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Johannesburg, 2028, South Africa
| | - Idris A. Olayiwola
- UNESCO-UNISA Africa Chair in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology College of Graduates Studies, University of South Africa, Pretoria 392, South Africa
| | - Kapil Moothi
- School of Chemical and Minerals Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
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25
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Han Y, Yuan Z, Yi Z. Identification of a membrane-associated element (MAE) in the C-terminal region of SARS-CoV-2 nsp6 that is essential for viral replication. J Virol 2024; 98:e0034924. [PMID: 38639488 PMCID: PMC11092323 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00349-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has rapidly spread worldwide since its emergence in late 2019. Its ongoing evolution poses challenges for antiviral drug development. Coronavirus nsp6, a multiple-spanning transmembrane protein, participates in the biogenesis of the viral replication complex, which accommodates the viral replication-transcription complex. The roles of its structural domains in viral replication are not well studied. Herein, we predicted the structure of the SARS-CoV-2 nsp6 protein using AlphaFold2 and identified a highly folded C-terminal region (nsp6C) downstream of the transmembrane helices. The enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-fused nsp6C was found to cluster in the cytoplasm and associate with membranes. Functional mapping identified a minimal membrane-associated element (MAE) as the region from amino acids 237 to 276 (LGV-KLL), which is mainly composed of the α-helix H1 and the α-helix H2; the latter exhibits characteristics of an amphipathic helix (AH). Mutagenesis studies and membrane flotation experiments demonstrate that AH-like H2 is required for MAE-mediated membrane association. This MAE was functionally conserved across MERS-CoV, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-229E, HCoV-HKU1, and HCoV-NL63, all capable of mediating membrane association. In a SARS-CoV-2 replicon system, mutagenesis studies of H2 and replacements of H1 and H2 with their homologous counterparts demonstrated requirements of residues on both sides of the H2 and properly paired H1-H2 for MAE-mediated membrane association and viral replication. Notably, mutations I266A and K274A significantly attenuated viral replication without dramatically affecting membrane association, suggesting a dual role of the MAE in viral replication: mediating membrane association as well as participating in protein-protein interactions.IMPORTANCESevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) assembles a double-membrane vesicle (DMV) by the viral non-structural proteins for viral replication. Understanding the mechanisms of the DMV assembly is of paramount importance for antiviral development. Nsp6, a multiple-spanning transmembrane protein, plays an important role in the DMV biogenesis. Herein, we predicted the nsp6 structure of SARS-CoV-2 and other human coronaviruses using AlphaFold2 and identified a putative membrane-associated element (MAE) in the highly conserved C-terminal regions of nsp6. Experimentally, we verified a functionally conserved minimal MAE composed of two α-helices, the H1, and the amphipathic helix-like H2. Mutagenesis studies confirmed the requirement of H2 for MAE-mediated membrane association and viral replication and demonstrated a dual role of the MAE in viral replication, by mediating membrane association and participating in residue-specific interactions. This functionally conserved MAE may serve as a novel anti-viral target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Han
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenghong Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhigang Yi
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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26
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Bradley CC, Wang C, Gordon AJE, Wen AX, Luna PN, Cooke MB, Kohrn BF, Kennedy SR, Avadhanula V, Piedra PA, Lichtarge O, Shaw CA, Ronca SE, Herman C. Targeted accurate RNA consensus sequencing (tARC-seq) reveals mechanisms of replication error affecting SARS-CoV-2 divergence. Nat Microbiol 2024; 9:1382-1392. [PMID: 38649410 PMCID: PMC11384275 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-024-01655-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
RNA viruses, like SARS-CoV-2, depend on their RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RdRp) for replication, which is error prone. Monitoring replication errors is crucial for understanding the virus's evolution. Current methods lack the precision to detect rare de novo RNA mutations, particularly in low-input samples such as those from patients. Here we introduce a targeted accurate RNA consensus sequencing method (tARC-seq) to accurately determine the mutation frequency and types in SARS-CoV-2, both in cell culture and clinical samples. Our findings show an average of 2.68 × 10-5 de novo errors per cycle with a C > T bias that cannot be solely attributed to APOBEC editing. We identified hotspots and cold spots throughout the genome, correlating with high or low GC content, and pinpointed transcription regulatory sites as regions more susceptible to errors. tARC-seq captured template switching events including insertions, deletions and complex mutations. These insights shed light on the genetic diversity generation and evolutionary dynamics of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine C Bradley
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Baylor College of Medicine Medical Scientist Training Program, Houston, TX, USA
- Robert and Janice McNair Foundation/ McNair Medical Institute M.D./Ph.D. Scholars program, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alasdair J E Gordon
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alice X Wen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Baylor College of Medicine Medical Scientist Training Program, Houston, TX, USA
- Robert and Janice McNair Foundation/ McNair Medical Institute M.D./Ph.D. Scholars program, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pamela N Luna
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Matthew B Cooke
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Brendan F Kohrn
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Scott R Kennedy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Vasanthi Avadhanula
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pedro A Piedra
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Olivier Lichtarge
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chad A Shaw
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shannon E Ronca
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Feigin Biosafety Level 3 Facility, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Department of Pediatrics Tropical Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Christophe Herman
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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27
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Nampoolsuksan C, Akaraviputh T, Methasate A, Swangsri J, Trakarnsanga A, Phalanusitthepha C, Parakonthun T, Taweerutchana V, Srisuworanan N, Suwatthanarak T, Tawantanakorn T, Lohsiriwat V, Chinswangwatanakul V. Aerosol protection using modified N95 respirator during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Endosc 2024; 57:335-341. [PMID: 37430403 PMCID: PMC11133990 DOI: 10.5946/ce.2023.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has affected the worldwide practice of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Here we designed a modified N95 respirator with a channel for endoscope insertion and evaluated its efficacy in upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. METHODS Thirty patients scheduled for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy were randomized into the modified N95 (n=15) or control (n=15) group. The mask was placed on the patient after anesthesia administration and particles were counted every minute before (baseline) and during the procedure by a TSI AeroTrak particle counter (9306-04; TSI Inc.) and categorized by size (0.3, 0.5, 1, 3, 5, and 10 µm). Differences in particle counts between time points were recorded. RESULTS During the procedure, the modified N95 group displayed significantly smaller overall particle sizes than the control group (median [interquartile range], 231 [54-385] vs. 579 [213-1,379]×103/m3; p=0.056). However, the intervention group had a significant decrease in 0.3-µm particles (68 [-25-185] vs. 242 [72-588]×103/m3; p=0.045). No adverse events occurred in either group. The device did not cause any inconvenience to the endoscopists or patients. CONCLUSIONS This modified N95 respirator reduced the number of particles, especially 0.3-µm particles, generated during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chawisa Nampoolsuksan
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thawatchai Akaraviputh
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Asada Methasate
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jirawat Swangsri
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Atthaphorn Trakarnsanga
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Thammawat Parakonthun
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Voraboot Taweerutchana
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nicha Srisuworanan
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tharathorn Suwatthanarak
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Varut Lohsiriwat
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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28
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Mansueto G, Fusco G, Colonna G. A Tiny Viral Protein, SARS-CoV-2-ORF7b: Functional Molecular Mechanisms. Biomolecules 2024; 14:541. [PMID: 38785948 PMCID: PMC11118181 DOI: 10.3390/biom14050541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This study presents the interaction with the human host metabolism of SARS-CoV-2 ORF7b protein (43 aa), using a protein-protein interaction network analysis. After pruning, we selected from BioGRID the 51 most significant proteins among 2753 proven interactions and 1708 interactors specific to ORF7b. We used these proteins as functional seeds, and we obtained a significant network of 551 nodes via STRING. We performed topological analysis and calculated topological distributions by Cytoscape. By following a hub-and-spoke network architectural model, we were able to identify seven proteins that ranked high as hubs and an additional seven as bottlenecks. Through this interaction model, we identified significant GO-processes (5057 terms in 15 categories) induced in human metabolism by ORF7b. We discovered high statistical significance processes of dysregulated molecular cell mechanisms caused by acting ORF7b. We detected disease-related human proteins and their involvement in metabolic roles, how they relate in a distorted way to signaling and/or functional systems, in particular intra- and inter-cellular signaling systems, and the molecular mechanisms that supervise programmed cell death, with mechanisms similar to that of cancer metastasis diffusion. A cluster analysis showed 10 compact and significant functional clusters, where two of them overlap in a Giant Connected Component core of 206 total nodes. These two clusters contain most of the high-rank nodes. ORF7b acts through these two clusters, inducing most of the metabolic dysregulation. We conducted a co-regulation and transcriptional analysis by hub and bottleneck proteins. This analysis allowed us to define the transcription factors and miRNAs that control the high-ranking proteins and the dysregulated processes within the limits of the poor knowledge that these sectors still impose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gelsomina Mansueto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche Avanzate, Università della Campania, L. Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy;
| | - Giovanna Fusco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Colonna
- Medical Informatics AOU, Università della Campania, L. Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy
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29
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Basu S, Kayal T, Patro PP, Patnaik A. JN.1: ongoing considerations of the shifting landscape of SARS-CoV-2 variants. Future Microbiol 2024; 19:559-562. [PMID: 38629923 PMCID: PMC11229580 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2024-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Basu
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, NIST University, Berhampur, Odisha, 761008, India
| | - Titirsha Kayal
- Department of Microbiology, Indira Gandhi Government Medical College & Hospital (IGGMC&H), Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440018, India
| | - Ponoop Prasad Patro
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, NIST University, Berhampur, Odisha, 761008, India
| | - Amit Patnaik
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, NIST University, Berhampur, Odisha, 761008, India
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30
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Lozano-Chamizo L, Márquez C, Marciello M, Galdon JC, de la Fuente-Zapico E, Martinez-Mazón P, Gonzalez-Rumayor V, Filice M, Gamiz F. High enhancement of sensitivity and reproducibility in label-free SARS-CoV-2 detection with graphene field-effect transistor sensors through precise surface biofunctionalization control. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 250:116040. [PMID: 38290380 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has taught us valuable lessons, especially the urgent need for a widespread, rapid and sensitive diagnostic tool. To this, the integration of bidimensional nanomaterials, particularly graphene, into point-of-care biomedical devices is a groundbreaking strategy able to potentially revolutionize the diagnostic landscape. Despite advancements in the fabrication of these biosensors, the relationship between their surface biofunctionalization and sensing performance remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that the combination of careful sensor fabrication and its precise surface biofunctionalization is crucial for exalting the sensing performances of 2D biosensors. Specifically, we have biofunctionalized Graphene Field-Effect Transistor (GFET) sensors surface through different biochemical reactions to promote either random/heterogeneous or oriented/homogeneous immobilization of the Anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike protein antibody. Each strategy was thoroughly characterized by in-silico simulations, physicochemical and biochemical techniques and electrical characterization. Subsequently, both biosensors were tested in the label-free direct titration of SARS-CoV-2 virus in simulated clinical samples, avoiding sample preprocessing and within short timeframes. Remarkably, the oriented GFET biosensor exhibited significantly enhanced reproducibility and responsiveness, surpassing the detection sensitivity of conventional non-oriented GFET by more than twofold. This breakthrough not only involves direct implications for COVID-19 surveillance and next pandemic preparedness but also clarify an unexplored mechanistic dimension of biosensor research utilizing 2D-nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lozano-Chamizo
- Nanobiotechnology for Life Sciences Laboratory, Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, E-28040, Madrid, Spain; Microscopy and Dynamic Imaging Unit, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Calle Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, E-28029, Madrid, Spain; Atrys Health, E-28001, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Márquez
- Nanoelectronics Research Group, Department of Electronics, CITIC-UGR (Research Center for Information and Communication Technologies), University of Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada ibs.GRANADA, 18012, Granada, Spain
| | - Marzia Marciello
- Nanobiotechnology for Life Sciences Laboratory, Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, E-28040, Madrid, Spain; Microscopy and Dynamic Imaging Unit, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Calle Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, E-28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Carlos Galdon
- Nanoelectronics Research Group, Department of Electronics, CITIC-UGR (Research Center for Information and Communication Technologies), University of Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada ibs.GRANADA, 18012, Granada, Spain
| | - Elsa de la Fuente-Zapico
- Nanoelectronics Research Group, Department of Electronics, CITIC-UGR (Research Center for Information and Communication Technologies), University of Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada ibs.GRANADA, 18012, Granada, Spain
| | - Paula Martinez-Mazón
- Nanoelectronics Research Group, Department of Electronics, CITIC-UGR (Research Center for Information and Communication Technologies), University of Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada ibs.GRANADA, 18012, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Marco Filice
- Nanobiotechnology for Life Sciences Laboratory, Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, E-28040, Madrid, Spain; Microscopy and Dynamic Imaging Unit, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Calle Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, E-28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Francisco Gamiz
- Nanoelectronics Research Group, Department of Electronics, CITIC-UGR (Research Center for Information and Communication Technologies), University of Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada ibs.GRANADA, 18012, Granada, Spain.
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Carine MR, Pagilla KR. A mass balance approach for quantifying the role of natural decay and fate mechanisms on SARS-CoV-2 genetic marker removal during water reclamation. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2024; 96:e11015. [PMID: 38599573 DOI: 10.1002/wer.11015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
The recent SARS-CoV-2 outbreak yielded substantial data regarding virus fate and prevalence at water reclamation facilities (WRFs), identifying influential factors as natural decay, adsorption, light, pH, salinity, and antagonistic microorganisms. However, no studies have quantified the impact of these factors in full scale WRFs. Utilizing a mass balance approach, we assessed the impact of natural decay and other fate mechanisms on genetic marker removal during water reclamation, through the use of sludge and wastewater genetic marker loading estimates. Results indicated negligible removal of genetic markers during P/PT (primary effluent (PE) p value: 0.267; preliminary and primary treatment (P/PT) accumulation p value: 0.904; and thickened primary sludge (TPS) p value: 0.076) indicating no contribution of natural decay and other fate mechanisms toward removal in P/PT. Comparably, adsorption and decomposition was found to be the dominant pathway for genetic marker removal (thickened waste activated sludge (TWAS) log loading 9.75 log10 GC/day); however, no estimation of log genetic marker accumulation could be carried out due to high detections in TWAS. PRACTITIONER POINTS: The mass balance approach suggested that the contribution of natural decay and other fate mechanisms to virus removal during wastewater treatment are negligible compared with adsorption and decomposition in P/PT (p value: 0.904). During (P/PT), a higher viral load remained in the (PE) (14.16 log10 GC/day) compared with TPS (13.83 log10 GC/day); however, no statistical difference was observed (p value: 0.280) indicting that adsorption/decomposition most probably did not occur. In secondary treatment (ST), viral genetic markers in TWAS were consistently detected (13.41 log10 GC/day) compared with secondary effluent (SE), indicating that longer HRT and the potential presence of extracellular polymeric substance-containing enriched biomass enabled adsorption/decomposition. Estimations of total solids and volatile solids for TPS and TWAS indicated that adsorption affinity was different between solids sampling locations (p value: <0.0001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline R Carine
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Krishna R Pagilla
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
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32
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Phan T, Zitzmann C, Chew KW, Smith DM, Daar ES, Wohl DA, Eron JJ, Currier JS, Hughes MD, Choudhary MC, Deo R, Li JZ, Ribeiro RM, Ke R, Perelson AS. Modeling the emergence of viral resistance for SARS-CoV-2 during treatment with an anti-spike monoclonal antibody. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011680. [PMID: 38635853 PMCID: PMC11060554 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
To mitigate the loss of lives during the COVID-19 pandemic, emergency use authorization was given to several anti-SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapies for the treatment of mild-to-moderate COVID-19 in patients with a high risk of progressing to severe disease. Monoclonal antibodies used to treat SARS-CoV-2 target the spike protein of the virus and block its ability to enter and infect target cells. Monoclonal antibody therapy can thus accelerate the decline in viral load and lower hospitalization rates among high-risk patients with variants susceptible to mAb therapy. However, viral resistance has been observed, in some cases leading to a transient viral rebound that can be as large as 3-4 orders of magnitude. As mAbs represent a proven treatment choice for SARS-CoV-2 and other viral infections, evaluation of treatment-emergent mAb resistance can help uncover underlying pathobiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection and may also help in the development of the next generation of mAb therapies. Although resistance can be expected, the large rebounds observed are much more difficult to explain. We hypothesize replenishment of target cells is necessary to generate the high transient viral rebound. Thus, we formulated two models with different mechanisms for target cell replenishment (homeostatic proliferation and return from an innate immune response antiviral state) and fit them to data from persons with SARS-CoV-2 treated with a mAb. We showed that both models can explain the emergence of resistant virus associated with high transient viral rebounds. We found that variations in the target cell supply rate and adaptive immunity parameters have a strong impact on the magnitude or observability of the viral rebound associated with the emergence of resistant virus. Both variations in target cell supply rate and adaptive immunity parameters may explain why only some individuals develop observable transient resistant viral rebound. Our study highlights the conditions that can lead to resistance and subsequent viral rebound in mAb treatments during acute infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tin Phan
- Theoretical Biology & Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Carolin Zitzmann
- Theoretical Biology & Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Kara W. Chew
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Davey M. Smith
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Eric S. Daar
- Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - David A. Wohl
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Joseph J. Eron
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Judith S. Currier
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Michael D. Hughes
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Manish C. Choudhary
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rinki Deo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Z. Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ruy M. Ribeiro
- Theoretical Biology & Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Ruian Ke
- Theoretical Biology & Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Alan S. Perelson
- Theoretical Biology & Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States of America
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Wang J, Dai L, Deng M, Xiao T, Zhang Z, Zhang Z. SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein S1 Domain Accelerates α-Synuclein Phosphorylation and Aggregation in Cellular Models of Synucleinopathy. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:2446-2458. [PMID: 37897633 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03726-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
The 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease that began to spread globally since 2019. Some COVID-19 patients have neurological complications, such as olfactory disorders and movement disorders, which coincide with the symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). Increasing imaging and autopsy evidence supports that the density of dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway is damaged in some COVID-19 patients. However, the underlying mechanism that causes PD-like symptoms remains unclear. PD is an age-related neurodegenerative disease with Lewy bodies (LBs) as its histopathologic feature. The main component of LBs is abnormally aggregated α-synuclein (α-syn). The prion-like propagation of α-syn aggregates plays a key role in the onset and progression of PD. The spike protein (S protein) of SARS-CoV-2 is a heparin-binding protein that mediates the entry of the virus into host cells. Here we found that the S1 domain interacts with α-syn and promotes α-syn aggregation. The S1 domain induces mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and cytotoxicity. The S1-seeded α-syn fibrils show enhanced seeding activity and induce synaptic damage and cytotoxicity. Thus, the S1 domain of SARS-CoV-2 promotes the aggregation of α-syn in the cellular model of synucleinopathy and may contribute to the pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiannan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Lijun Dai
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Min Deng
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Tingting Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Zhaohui Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Zhentao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.
- TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430000, China.
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Grinstein-Koren O, Lusthaus M, Tabibian-Keissar H, Kaplan I, Buchner A, Ilatov R, Vered M, Zlotogorski-Hurvitz A. Pathological changes in oral epithelium and the expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry receptors, ACE2 and furin. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0300269. [PMID: 38489333 PMCID: PMC10942036 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-2 and co-factors like furin, play key-roles in entry of SARS-CoV-2 into host cells. Furin is also involved in oral carcinogenesis. We investigated their expression in oral pre-malignant/malignant epithelial pathologies to evaluate whether ACE2 and furin expression might increase susceptibility of patients with these lesions for SARS-CoV-2 infection. METHODS Study included normal oral mucosa (N = 14), epithelial hyperplasia-mild dysplasia (N = 27), moderate-to-severe dysplasia (N = 24), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC, N = 34) and oral lichen planus (N = 51). Evaluation of ACE2/furin membranous/membranous-cytoplasmic immunohistochemical expression was divided by epithelial thirds (basal/middle/upper), on a 5-tier scale (0, 1-weak, 1.5 -weak-to-moderate, 2-moderate, 3-strong). Total score per case was the sum of all epithelial thirds, and the mean staining score per group was calculated. Real time-polymerase chain reaction was performed for ACE2-RNA. Statistical differences were analyzed by One-way ANOVA, significance at p<0.05. RESULTS All oral mucosa samples were negative for ACE2 immuno-expression and its transcripts. Overall, furin expression was weakly present with total mean expression being higher in moderate-to-severe dysplasia and hyperplasia-mild dysplasia than in normal epithelium (p = 0.01, each) and SCC (p = 0.008, p = 0.009, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Oral mucosa, normal or with epithelial pathologies lacked ACE2 expression. Furin was weak and mainly expressed in dysplastic lesions. Thus, patients with epithelial pathologies do not seem to be at higher risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Overall, results show that oral mucosae do not seem to be a major site of SARS-CoV-2 entry and these were discussed vis-à-vis a comprehensive analysis of the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osnat Grinstein-Koren
- Department of Oral Pathology, Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Imaging, Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Michal Lusthaus
- Department of Oral Pathology, Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Imaging, Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Ilana Kaplan
- Department of Oral Pathology, Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Imaging, Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Institute of Pathology, Rabin Medical Center, Petach-Tikva, Israel
| | - Amos Buchner
- Department of Oral Pathology, Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Imaging, Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Ron Ilatov
- Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Marilena Vered
- Department of Oral Pathology, Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Imaging, Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Institute of Pathology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Ayelet Zlotogorski-Hurvitz
- Department of Oral Pathology, Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Imaging, Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Rabin Medical Center, Petach-Tikva, Israel
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Hassan SS, Bhattacharya T, Nawn D, Jha I, Basu P, Redwan EM, Lundstrom K, Barh D, Andrade BS, Tambuwala MM, Aljabali AA, Hromić-Jahjefendić A, Baetas-da-Cruz W, Serrano-Aroca Á, Uversky VN. SARS-CoV-2 NSP14 governs mutational instability and assists in making new SARS-CoV-2 variants. Comput Biol Med 2024; 170:107899. [PMID: 38232455 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.107899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the rapidly evolving RNA virus behind the COVID-19 pandemic, has spawned numerous variants since its 2019 emergence. The multifunctional Nonstructural protein 14 (NSP14) enzyme, possessing exonuclease and messenger RNA (mRNA) capping capabilities, serves as a key player. Notably, single and co-occurring mutations within NSP14 significantly influence replication fidelity and drive variant diversification. This study comprehensively examines 120 co-mutations, 68 unique mutations, and 160 conserved residues across NSP14 homologs, shedding light on their implications for phylogenetic patterns, pathogenicity, and residue interactions. Quantitative physicochemical analysis categorizes 3953 NSP14 variants into three clusters, revealing genetic diversity. This research underscoresthe dynamic nature of SARS-CoV-2 evolution, primarily governed by NSP14 mutations. Understanding these genetic dynamics provides valuable insights for therapeutic and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sk Sarif Hassan
- Department of Mathematics, Pingla Thana Mahavidyalaya, Maligram, Paschim Medinipur, 721140, West Bengal, India.
| | - Tanishta Bhattacharya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Berhampur, IISER Berhampur Transit campus (Govt. ITI Building), Engg. School Junction, Berhampur, 760010, Odisha, India.
| | - Debaleena Nawn
- Indian Research Institute for Integrated Medicine (IRIIM), Unsani, Howrah, 711302, West Bengal, India.
| | - Ishana Jha
- Department of Bioinformatics, Pondicherry University, Chinna Kalapet, Kalapet, Puducherry 605014, India.
| | - Pallab Basu
- School of Physics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Braamfontein 2000, 721140, South Africa; Adjunct Faculty, Woxsen School of Sciences, Woxsen University, Telangana, 500 033, India.
| | - Elrashdy M Redwan
- Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Therapeutic and Protective Proteins Laboratory, Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg EL-Arab, 21934, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | | | - Debmalya Barh
- Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology (IIOAB), Nonakuri, Purba Medinipur, 721172, India; Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Bruno Silva Andrade
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Computational Chemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Southwest of Bahia (UESB), Jequié 45083-900, Brazil.
| | - Murtaza M Tambuwala
- Lincoln Medical School, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool Campus, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK; College of Pharmacy, Ras Al Khaimah Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Alaa A Aljabali
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan.
| | - Altijana Hromić-Jahjefendić
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, International University of Sarajevo, Hrasnicka cesta 15, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
| | - Wagner Baetas-da-Cruz
- Centre for Experimental Surgery, Translational Laboratory in Molecular Physiology, College of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Ángel Serrano-Aroca
- Biomaterials and Bioengineering Lab, Centro de Investigación Traslacional San Alberto Magno, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, c/Guillem de Castro 94, 46001 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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36
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Godin R, Hejazi S, Reuel NF. Advancements in Airborne Viral Nucleic Acid Detection with Wearable Devices. ADVANCED SENSOR RESEARCH 2024; 3:2300061. [PMID: 38764891 PMCID: PMC11101210 DOI: 10.1002/adsr.202300061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Wearable health sensors for an expanding range of physiological parameters have experienced rapid development in recent years and are poised to disrupt the way healthcare is tracked and administered. The monitoring of environmental contaminants with wearable technologies is an additional layer of personal and public healthcare and is also receiving increased focus. Wearable sensors that detect exposure to airborne viruses could alert wearers of viral exposure and prompt proactive testing and minimization of viral spread, benefitting their own health and decreasing community risk. With the high levels of asymptomatic spread of COVID-19 observed during the pandemic, such devices could dramatically enhance our pandemic response capabilities in the future. To facilitate advancements in this area, this review summarizes recent research on airborne viral detection using wearable sensing devices as well as technologies suitable for wearables. Since the low concentration of viral particles in the air poses significant challenges to detection, methods for airborne viral particle collection and viral sensing are discussed in detail. A special focus is placed on nucleic acid-based viral sensing mechanisms due to their enhanced ability to discriminate between viral subtypes. Important considerations for integrating airborne viral collection and sensing on a single wearable device are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Godin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University
| | - Sepehr Hejazi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University
| | - Nigel F. Reuel
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University
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37
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Kawaguchi Y, Yoshizaki Y, Kawakami T, Iwamoto M, Hayakawa T, Hayashi Y, Sawa Y, Ito K, Kashiwabara K, Akamatsu N, Kaneko J, Nishikata Y, Hasegawa K. Effect of Smoke Evacuator on Reduction of Volatile Organic Compounds and Particles in Surgical Smoke: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Am Coll Surg 2024; 238:272-279. [PMID: 38063669 DOI: 10.1097/xcs.0000000000000921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surgical smoke is an occupational health problem and is increasingly recognized as a potential source of virus transmission. Dedicated smoke evacuators are used to protect against surgical smoke exposure. We tested the hypothesis that using smoke evacuators would reduce volatile organic compounds and the number of particles in surgical smoke during the laparotomy procedure. STUDY DESIGN A randomized, double-blind clinical trial was conducted in patients undergoing laparotomy from June 11, 2021, to March 30, 2022, to compare the effectiveness of smoke evacuators with a control (registration, UMIN000044250). The primary outcome was a change in the acetaldehyde level. Secondary outcomes were changes in the formaldehyde level and particle count assessed by the particle size of 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, and 5.0 nm. RESULTS A total of 42 patients were randomized and assessed (smoke evacuator group, n = 22 vs control group, n = 20). The acetaldehyde level was significantly lower in the smoke evacuator group than in the control group: mean (95% CI), 10.6 (3.7 to 17.5) vs 47.2 (19.9 to 74.5) μg/m 3 , p < 0.001. Similarly, the formaldehyde level was 72.2% lower in the smoke evacuator group than in the control group. Particle counts by each particle size category were 80% to 95% lower in the smoke evacuator group than in the control group (all, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Dedicated smoke evacuators reduced the level of acetaldehyde and formaldehyde, and the number of particles in surgical smoke, minimizing the potential exposure to volatile organic compounds and particle matters during surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikuni Kawaguchi
- From the Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (Kawaguchi, Yoshizaki, Hayakawa, Hayashi, Sawa, Ito, Akamatsu, Kaneko, Hasegawa)
| | - Yuhi Yoshizaki
- From the Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (Kawaguchi, Yoshizaki, Hayakawa, Hayashi, Sawa, Ito, Akamatsu, Kaneko, Hasegawa)
| | - Toshiaki Kawakami
- Environmental Technology Center Co, Ltd, Saitama, Japan (Kawakami, Iwamoto, Nishikata)
| | - Mitsuru Iwamoto
- Environmental Technology Center Co, Ltd, Saitama, Japan (Kawakami, Iwamoto, Nishikata)
| | - Tomoaki Hayakawa
- From the Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (Kawaguchi, Yoshizaki, Hayakawa, Hayashi, Sawa, Ito, Akamatsu, Kaneko, Hasegawa)
| | - Yoshihito Hayashi
- From the Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (Kawaguchi, Yoshizaki, Hayakawa, Hayashi, Sawa, Ito, Akamatsu, Kaneko, Hasegawa)
| | - Yui Sawa
- From the Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (Kawaguchi, Yoshizaki, Hayakawa, Hayashi, Sawa, Ito, Akamatsu, Kaneko, Hasegawa)
| | - Kyoji Ito
- From the Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (Kawaguchi, Yoshizaki, Hayakawa, Hayashi, Sawa, Ito, Akamatsu, Kaneko, Hasegawa)
| | - Kosuke Kashiwabara
- Biostatistics Division, Central Coordinating Unit, Clinical Research Support Center, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan (Kashiwabara)
| | - Nobuhisa Akamatsu
- From the Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (Kawaguchi, Yoshizaki, Hayakawa, Hayashi, Sawa, Ito, Akamatsu, Kaneko, Hasegawa)
| | - Junichi Kaneko
- From the Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (Kawaguchi, Yoshizaki, Hayakawa, Hayashi, Sawa, Ito, Akamatsu, Kaneko, Hasegawa)
| | - Yasuyoshi Nishikata
- Environmental Technology Center Co, Ltd, Saitama, Japan (Kawakami, Iwamoto, Nishikata)
| | - Kiyoshi Hasegawa
- From the Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (Kawaguchi, Yoshizaki, Hayakawa, Hayashi, Sawa, Ito, Akamatsu, Kaneko, Hasegawa)
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Ma L, Zhu H, Jiang Y, Kong X, Gao P, Liu Y, Zhao M, Deng G, Cao Y. Development of a Novel Multiplex PCR Method for the Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2, Influenza A Virus, and Influenza B Virus. Int J Anal Chem 2024; 2024:4950391. [PMID: 38456096 PMCID: PMC10919977 DOI: 10.1155/2024/4950391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective A sensitive and specific multiplex fluorescence rapid detection method was established for simultaneous detection of SARS-CoV-2, influenza A virus, and influenza B virus in a self-made device within 30 min, with a minimum detection limit of 200 copies/mL. Methods Based on the genome sequences of SARS-CoV-2, influenza A virus (FluA), and influenza B virus (FluB) with reference to the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention and related literature, specific primers were designed, and a multiplex fluorescent PCR system was established. The simultaneous and rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2, FluA, and FluB was achieved by optimizing the concentrations of Taq DNA polymerase as well as primers, probes, and Mg2+. The minimum detection limits of the nucleic acid rapid detection system for SARS-CoV-2, FluA, and FluB were evaluated. Results By optimizing the amplification system, the N enzyme with the best amplification performance was selected, and the optimal concentration of Mg2+ in the multiamplification system was 3 mmol/L; the final concentrations of SARS-CoV-2 NP probe and primer were 0.15 μmol/L and 0.2 μmol/L, respectively; the final concentrations of SARS-CoV-2 ORF probe and primer were both 0.15 μmol/L; the final concentrations of FluA probe and primer were 0.2 μmol/L and 0.3 μmol/L, respectively; the final concentrations of FluB probe and primer were 0.15 μmol/L and 0.25 μmol/L, respectively. Conclusion A multiplex real-time quantitative fluorescence RT-PCR system for three respiratory viruses of SARS-CoV-2, FluA, and FluB was established with a high amplification efficiency and sensitivity reaching 200 copies/mL for all samples. Combined with the automated microfluidic nucleic acid detection system, the system can achieve rapid detection in 30 minutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Haoyan Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yongwei Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaomu Kong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Meimei Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Guoxiong Deng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yongtong Cao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
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Puglia M, Ottani F, Morselli N, Pedrazzi S, Allesina G, Muscio A, Cossarizza A, Tartarini P. Airborne pathogens diffusion: A comparison between tracer gas and pigmented aerosols for indoor environment analysis. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26076. [PMID: 38404762 PMCID: PMC10884858 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The evaluation of airborne pathogens diffusion is a crucial practice in preventing airborne diseases like COVID-19, especially in indoor environments. Through this transmission route, pathogens can be carried by droplets, droplet nuclei and aerosols and be conveyed over long distances. Therefore, understanding their diffusion is vital for prevention and curbing disease transmission. There are different techniques used for this purpose, and one of the most common is the utilization of tracer gas, however, it has limitations such as the difference in size between the gas molecules and the respiratory droplets, as well as its incapability to take into account evaporation. For this reason, a new method for evaluating the diffusion of respiratory droplets has been developed. This approach involves the use of an ultrasonic emitter to release and disperse pigmented aerosols, and a colorimeter for the following quantitative evaluation. A comparison with the tracer gas technique has been carried out, showing for the pigmented aerosols methodology a response that is dependent on different relative humidity conditions, while there is no clear difference in the dispersion of tracer gas at high or low humidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Puglia
- Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Dipartimento di Ingegneria “Enzo Ferrari”, Via Pietro Vivarelli, 10-41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Filippo Ottani
- Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Dipartimento di Ingegneria “Enzo Ferrari”, Via Pietro Vivarelli, 10-41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Nicolo’ Morselli
- Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Dipartimento di Ingegneria “Enzo Ferrari”, Via Pietro Vivarelli, 10-41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Simone Pedrazzi
- Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Dipartimento di Ingegneria “Enzo Ferrari”, Via Pietro Vivarelli, 10-41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Giulio Allesina
- Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Dipartimento di Ingegneria “Enzo Ferrari”, Via Pietro Vivarelli, 10-41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Alberto Muscio
- Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Dipartimento di Ingegneria “Enzo Ferrari”, Via Pietro Vivarelli, 10-41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Andrea Cossarizza
- Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche Materno Infantili e dell'Adulto, Via del Pozzo, 71, 41124, Modena, Italy
| | - Paolo Tartarini
- Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Dipartimento di Ingegneria “Enzo Ferrari”, Via Pietro Vivarelli, 10-41125, Modena, Italy
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González-Paz L, Lossada C, Hurtado-León ML, Vera-Villalobos J, Paz JL, Marrero-Ponce Y, Martinez-Rios F, Alvarado Y. Biophysical Analysis of Potential Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Cell Recognition and Their Effect on Viral Dynamics in Different Cell Types: A Computational Prediction from In Vitro Experimental Data. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:8923-8939. [PMID: 38434903 PMCID: PMC10905729 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Recent reports have suggested that the susceptibility of cells to SARS-CoV-2 infection can be influenced by various proteins that potentially act as receptors for the virus. To investigate this further, we conducted simulations of viral dynamics using different cellular systems (Vero E6, HeLa, HEK293, and CaLu3) in the presence and absence of drugs (anthelmintic, ARBs, anticoagulant, serine protease inhibitor, antimalarials, and NSAID) that have been shown to impact cellular recognition by the spike protein based on experimental data. Our simulations revealed that the susceptibility of the simulated cell systems to SARS-CoV-2 infection was similar across all tested systems. Notably, CaLu3 cells exhibited the highest susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection, potentially due to the presence of receptors other than ACE2, which may account for a significant portion of the observed susceptibility. Throughout the study, all tested compounds showed thermodynamically favorable and stable binding to the spike protein. Among the tested compounds, the anticoagulant nafamostat demonstrated the most favorable characteristics in terms of thermodynamics, kinetics, theoretical antiviral activity, and potential safety (toxicity) in relation to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-mediated infections in the tested cell lines. This study provides mathematical and bioinformatic models that can aid in the identification of optimal cell lines for compound evaluation and detection, particularly in studies focused on repurposed drugs and their mechanisms of action. It is important to note that these observations should be experimentally validated, and this research is expected to inspire future quantitative experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenin González-Paz
- Centro
de Biomedicina Molecular (CBM). Laboratorio de Biocomputación
(LB),Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones
Científicas (IVIC),Maracaibo, Zulia 4001, República Bolivariana de Venezuela
| | - Carla Lossada
- Centro
de Biomedicina Molecular (CBM). Laboratorio de Biocomputación
(LB),Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones
Científicas (IVIC),Maracaibo, Zulia 4001, República Bolivariana de Venezuela
| | - María Laura Hurtado-León
- Facultad
Experimental de Ciencias (FEC). Departamento de Biología. Laboratorio
de Genética y Biología Molecular (LGBM),Universidad del Zulia (LUZ),Maracaibo 4001, República Bolivariana de Venezuela
| | - Joan Vera-Villalobos
- Facultad
de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Departamento de Química
y Ciencias Ambientales, Laboratorio de Análisis Químico
Instrumental (LAQUINS), Escuela Superior
Politécnica del Litoral, Guayaquil EC090112, Ecuador
| | - José L. Paz
- Departamento
Académico de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de
Química e Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Cercado de Lima, Lima 15081, Perú
| | - Yovani Marrero-Ponce
- Grupo
de Medicina Molecular y Traslacional (MeM&T), Colegio de Ciencias
de la Salud (COCSA), Escuela de Medicina, Edificio de Especialidades
Médicas; e Instituto de Simulación Computacional (ISC-USFQ),
Diego de Robles y vía Interoceánica, Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), Quito, Pichincha 170157, Ecuador
| | - Felix Martinez-Rios
- Universidad
Panamericana. Facultad de Ingeniería. Augusto Rodin 498, Ciudad de México 03920, México
| | - Ysaías.
J. Alvarado
- Centro
de Biomedicina Molecular (CBM). Laboratorio de Química Biofísica
Teórica y Experimental (LQBTE),Instituto
Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC),Maracaibo, Zulia 4001, República Bolivariana
de Venezuela
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Buckingham LJ, Ashby B. Separation of evolutionary timescales in coevolving species. J Theor Biol 2024; 579:111688. [PMID: 38096978 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2023.111688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Many coevolutionary processes, including host-parasite and host-symbiont interactions, involve one species or trait which evolves much faster than the other. Whether or not a coevolutionary trajectory converges depends on the relative rates of evolutionary change in the two species, and so current adaptive dynamics approaches generally either determine convergence stability by considering arbitrary (often comparable) rates of evolutionary change or else rely on necessary or sufficient conditions for convergence stability. We propose a method for determining convergence stability in the case where one species is expected to evolve much faster than the other. This requires a second separation of timescales, which assumes that the faster evolving species will reach its evolutionary equilibrium (if one exists) before a new mutation arises in the more slowly evolving species. This method, which is likely to be a reasonable approximation for many coevolving species, both provides straightforward conditions for convergence stability and is less computationally expensive than traditional analysis of coevolution models, as it reduces the trait space from a two-dimensional plane to a one-dimensional manifold. In this paper, we present the theory underlying this new separation of timescales and provide examples of how it could be used to determine coevolutionary outcomes from models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia J Buckingham
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, UK; Milner Centre for Evolution, University of Bath, Bath, UK.
| | - Ben Ashby
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, UK; Milner Centre for Evolution, University of Bath, Bath, UK; Department of Mathematics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada; The Pacific Institute on Pathogens, Pandemics and Society (PIPPS), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
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Nguyen TH, Chen LY, Khan NZ, Lindenbauer A, Bui VC, Zipfel PF, Heinrich D. The Binding of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein to Platelet Factor 4: A Proposed Mechanism for the Generation of Pathogenic Antibodies. Biomolecules 2024; 14:245. [PMID: 38540666 PMCID: PMC10967930 DOI: 10.3390/biom14030245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic platelet factor 4 (PF4) antibodies contributed to the abnormal coagulation profiles in COVID-19 and vaccinated patients. However, the mechanism of what triggers the body to produce these antibodies has not yet been clarified. Similar patterns and many comparable features between the COVID-19 virus and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) have been reported. Previously, we identified a new mechanism of autoimmunity in HIT in which PF4-antibodies self-clustered PF4 and exposed binding epitopes for other pathogenic PF4/eparin antibodies. Here, we first proved that the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (SP) also binds to PF4. The binding was evidenced by the increase in mass and optical intensity as observed through quartz crystal microbalance and immunosorbent assay, while the switching of the surface zeta potential caused by protein interactions and binding affinity of PF4-SP were evaluated by dynamic light scattering and isothermal spectral shift analysis. Based on our results, we proposed a mechanism for the generation of PF4 antibodies in COVID-19 patients. We further validated the changes in zeta potential and interaction affinity between PF4 and SP and found that their binding mechanism differs from ACE2-SP binding. Importantly, the PF4/SP complexes facilitate the binding of anti-PF4/Heparin antibodies. Our findings offer a fresh perspective on PF4 engagement with the SARS-CoV-2 SP, illuminating the role of PF4/SP complexes in severe thrombotic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi-Huong Nguyen
- Institute for Bioprocessing and Analytical Measurement Techniques (iba), 37308 Heilbad Heiligenstadt, Germany
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Technische Universität Ilmenau, 98694 Ilmenau, Germany
| | - Li-Yu Chen
- Institute for Bioprocessing and Analytical Measurement Techniques (iba), 37308 Heilbad Heiligenstadt, Germany
- Institute of Miccrobiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Nida Zaman Khan
- Institute for Bioprocessing and Analytical Measurement Techniques (iba), 37308 Heilbad Heiligenstadt, Germany
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Technische Universität Ilmenau, 98694 Ilmenau, Germany
| | - Annerose Lindenbauer
- Institute for Bioprocessing and Analytical Measurement Techniques (iba), 37308 Heilbad Heiligenstadt, Germany
| | - Van-Chien Bui
- Department of Water Supply and Wastewater Treatment, Eichsfeldwerke GmbH, 37308 Heilbad Heiligenstadt, Germany
| | - Peter F. Zipfel
- Institute of Miccrobiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Doris Heinrich
- Institute for Bioprocessing and Analytical Measurement Techniques (iba), 37308 Heilbad Heiligenstadt, Germany
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Technische Universität Ilmenau, 98694 Ilmenau, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institut für Silicatforschung, Neunerplatz, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
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Ciaglia T, Vestuto V, Di Sarno V, Musella S, Smaldone G, Di Matteo F, Napolitano V, Miranda MR, Pepe G, Basilicata MG, Novi S, Capolupo I, Bifulco G, Campiglia P, Gomez-Monterrey I, Snoeck R, Andrei G, Manfra M, Ostacolo C, Lauro G, Bertamino A. Peptidomimetics as potent dual SARS-CoV-2 cathepsin-L and main protease inhibitors: In silico design, synthesis and pharmacological characterization. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 266:116128. [PMID: 38232463 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
In this paper we present the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a new series of peptidomimetics acting as potent anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents. Starting from our previously described Main Protease (MPro) and Papain Like Protease (PLPro) dual inhibitor, CV11, here we disclose its high inhibitory activity against cathepsin L (CTSL) (IC50 = 19.80 ± 4.44 nM), an emerging target in SARS-CoV-2 infection machinery. An in silico design, inspired by the structure of CV11, led to the development of a library of peptidomimetics showing interesting activities against CTSL and Mpro, allowing us to trace the chemical requirements for the binding to both enzymes. The screening in Vero cells infected with 5 different SARS-CoV-2 variants of concerns, highlighted sub-micromolar activities for most of the synthesized compounds (13, 15, 16, 17 and 31) in agreement with the enzymatic inhibition assays results. The compounds showed lack of activity against several different RNA viruses except for the 229E and OC43 human coronavirus strains, also characterized by a cathepsin-L dependent release into the host cells. The most promising derivatives were also evaluated for their chemical and metabolic in-vitro stability, with derivatives 15 and 17 showing a suitable profile for further preclinical characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Ciaglia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via G. Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Vestuto
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via G. Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Veronica Di Sarno
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via G. Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Simona Musella
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via G. Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Gerardina Smaldone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via G. Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Francesca Di Matteo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via G. Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Valeria Napolitano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via G. Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Miranda
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via G. Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Giacomo Pepe
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via G. Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | | | - Sara Novi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via G. Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Ilaria Capolupo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via G. Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bifulco
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via G. Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Pietro Campiglia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via G. Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy; European Biomedical Research Institute (EBRIS), Via S. De Renzi 50, 84125, Salerno, Italy
| | - Isabel Gomez-Monterrey
- Department of Pharmacy, University Federico II of Naples, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Robert Snoeck
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Transplantation, KU Leuven, BE-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Graciela Andrei
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Transplantation, KU Leuven, BE-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michele Manfra
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Via Dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Carmine Ostacolo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via G. Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Lauro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via G. Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy.
| | - Alessia Bertamino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via G. Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy.
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Quintana J, Alda I, Alda J. Quantitative probability estimation of light-induced inactivation of SARS-CoV-2. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3386. [PMID: 38336807 PMCID: PMC10858268 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54006-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
During the COVID pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, studies have shown the efficiency of deactivating this virus via ultraviolet light. The damage mechanism is well understood: UV light disturbs the integrity of the RNA chain at those locations where specific nucleotide neighbors occur. In this contribution, we present a model to address certain gaps in the description of the interaction between UV photons and the RNA sequence for virus inactivation. We begin by exploiting the available information on the pathogen's morphology, physical, and genomic characteristics, enabling us to estimate the average number of UV photons required to photochemically damage the virus's RNA. To generalize our results, we have numerically generated random RNA sequences and checked that the distribution of pairs of nucleotides susceptible of damage for the SARS-CoV-2 is within the expected values for a random-generated RNA chain. After determining the average number of photons reaching the RNA for a preset level of fluence (or photon density), we applied the binomial probability distribution to evaluate the damage of nucleotide pairs in the RNA chain due to UV radiation. Our results describe this interaction in terms of the probability of damaging a single pair of nucleotides, and the number of available photons. The cumulative probability exhibits a steep sigmoidal shape, implying that a relatively small change in the number of affected pairs may trigger the inactivation of the virus. Our light-RNA interaction model quantitatively describes how the fraction of affected pairs of nucleotides in the RNA sequence depends on the probability of damaging a single pair and the number of photons impinging on it. A better understanding of the underlying inactivation mechanism would help in the design of optimum experiments and UV sanitization methods. Although this paper focuses on SARS-CoV-2, these results can be adapted for any other type of pathogen susceptible of UV damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Quintana
- Applied Optics Complutense Group, University Complutense of Madrid, Av. Arcos de Jalón, 118, 28037, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Alda
- School of Science and Technology, IE University, Paseo de la Castellana, 259E, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Alda
- Applied Optics Complutense Group, University Complutense of Madrid, Av. Arcos de Jalón, 118, 28037, Madrid, Spain.
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Li P, Koziel JA, Paris RV, Macedo N, Zimmerman JJ, Wrzesinski D, Sobotka E, Balderas M, Walz WB, Liu D, Yedilbayev B, Ramirez BC, Jenks WS. Indoor air quality improvement with filtration and UV-C on mitigation of particulate matter and airborne bacteria: Monitoring and modeling. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 351:119764. [PMID: 38100867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Indoor air, especially with suspended particulate matter (PM), can be a carrier of airborne infectious pathogens. Without sufficient ventilation, airborne infectious diseases can be transmitted from one person to another. Indoor air quality (IAQ) significantly impacts people's daily lives as people spend 90% of their time indoors. An industrial-grade air cleaner prototype (filtration + ultraviolet light) was previously upgraded to clean indoor air to improve IAQ on two metrics: particulate matter (PM) and viable airborne bacteria. Previous experiments were conducted to test its removal efficiency on PM and airborne bacteria between the inlet and treated air. However, the longer-term improvement on IAQ would be more informative. Therefore, this research focused on quantifying longer-term improvement in a testing environment (poultry facility) loaded with high and variable PM and airborne bacteria concentrations. A 25-day experiment was conducted to treat indoor air using an air cleaner prototype with intermittent ON and OFF days in which PM and viable airborne bacteria were measured to quantify the treatment effect. The results showed an average of 55% reduction of total suspended particulate (TSP) concentration between OFF days (110 μg/m3) and ON days (49 μg/m3). An average of 47% reduction of total airborne viable bacteria concentrations was achieved between OFF days (∼3200 CFU/m3) and ON days (∼2000 CFU/m3). A cross-validation (CV) model was established to predict PM concentrations with five input variables, including the status of the air cleaner, time (h), ambient temperature, indoor relative humidity, and day of the week to help simulate the air-cleaning effect of this prototype. The model can approximately predict the air quality trend, and future improvements may be made to improve its accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyang Li
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jacek A Koziel
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA; Livestock Nutrient Management Research Unit, USDA-ARS Conservation & Production Research Laboratory, Bushland, TX, USA.
| | | | - Nubia Macedo
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Zimmerman
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Danielle Wrzesinski
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Erin Sobotka
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Mateo Balderas
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - William B Walz
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Dongjie Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Bauyrzhan Yedilbayev
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA; Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences, al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Brett C Ramirez
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - William S Jenks
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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Nigam S, Mohapatra J, Makela AV, Hayat H, Rodriguez JM, Sun A, Kenyon E, Redman NA, Spence D, Jabin G, Gu B, Ashry M, Sempere LF, Mitra A, Li J, Chen J, Wei GW, Bolin S, Etchebarne B, Liu JP, Contag CH, Wang P. Shape Anisotropy-Governed High-Performance Nanomagnetosol for In Vivo Magnetic Particle Imaging of Lungs. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2305300. [PMID: 37735143 PMCID: PMC10842459 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202305300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has shown extensive lung manifestations in vulnerable individuals, putting lung imaging and monitoring at the forefront of early detection and treatment. Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) is an imaging modality, which can bring excellent contrast, sensitivity, and signal-to-noise ratios to lung imaging for the development of new theranostic approaches for respiratory diseases. Advances in MPI tracers would offer additional improvements and increase the potential for clinical translation of MPI. Here, a high-performance nanotracer based on shape anisotropy of magnetic nanoparticles is developed and its use in MPI imaging of the lung is demonstrated. Shape anisotropy proves to be a critical parameter for increasing signal intensity and resolution and exceeding those properties of conventional spherical nanoparticles. The 0D nanoparticles exhibit a 2-fold increase, while the 1D nanorods have a > 5-fold increase in signal intensity when compared to VivoTrax. Newly designed 1D nanorods displayed high signal intensities and excellent resolution in lung images. A spatiotemporal lung imaging study in mice revealed that this tracer offers new opportunities for monitoring disease and guiding intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumya Nigam
- Precision Health Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Radiology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Jeotikanta Mohapatra
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA
| | - Ashley V Makela
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Hanaan Hayat
- Precision Health Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Radiology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Jessi Mercedes Rodriguez
- Precision Health Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Radiology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Human Biology Program, College of Natural Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Aixia Sun
- Precision Health Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Radiology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Elizabeth Kenyon
- Precision Health Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Radiology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Nathan A Redman
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Dana Spence
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - George Jabin
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA
| | - Bin Gu
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Mohamed Ashry
- Precision Health Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Radiology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Lorenzo F Sempere
- Precision Health Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Radiology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Arijit Mitra
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, 701, Taiwan
| | - Jinxing Li
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Jiahui Chen
- Department of Mathematics, College of Natural Science, Michigan State U, niversity, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Guo-Wei Wei
- Department of Mathematics, College of Natural Science, Michigan State U, niversity, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Natural Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Steven Bolin
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Brett Etchebarne
- Osteopathic Medical Specialties, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - J Ping Liu
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA
| | - Christopher H Contag
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- Precision Health Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Radiology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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47
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Wamhoff EC, Ronsard L, Feldman J, Knappe GA, Hauser BM, Romanov A, Case JB, Sanapala S, Lam EC, Denis KJS, Boucau J, Barczak AK, Balazs AB, Diamond MS, Schmidt AG, Lingwood D, Bathe M. Enhancing antibody responses by multivalent antigen display on thymus-independent DNA origami scaffolds. Nat Commun 2024; 15:795. [PMID: 38291019 PMCID: PMC10828404 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44869-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein-based virus-like particles (P-VLPs) are commonly used to spatially organize antigens and enhance humoral immunity through multivalent antigen display. However, P-VLPs are thymus-dependent antigens that are themselves immunogenic and can induce B cell responses that may neutralize the platform. Here, we investigate thymus-independent DNA origami as an alternative material for multivalent antigen display using the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, the primary target of neutralizing antibody responses. Sequential immunization of mice with DNA-based VLPs (DNA-VLPs) elicits protective neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in a manner that depends on the valency of the antigen displayed and on T cell help. Importantly, the immune sera do not contain boosted, class-switched antibodies against the DNA scaffold, in contrast to P-VLPs that elicit strong B cell memory against both the target antigen and the scaffold. Thus, DNA-VLPs enhance target antigen immunogenicity without generating scaffold-directed immunity and thereby offer an important alternative material for particulate vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eike-Christian Wamhoff
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Larance Ronsard
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jared Feldman
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Grant A Knappe
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Blake M Hauser
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Anna Romanov
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - James Brett Case
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Shilpa Sanapala
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Evan C Lam
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Kerri J St Denis
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Julie Boucau
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Amy K Barczak
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Alejandro B Balazs
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Aaron G Schmidt
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Daniel Lingwood
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Mark Bathe
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Harvard Medical School Initiative for RNA Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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48
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Latosińska M, Latosińska JN. Favipiravir Analogues as Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase, Combined Quantum Chemical Modeling, Quantitative Structure-Property Relationship, and Molecular Docking Study. Molecules 2024; 29:441. [PMID: 38257352 PMCID: PMC10818557 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Our study was motivated by the urgent need to develop or improve antivirals for effective therapy targeting RNA viruses. We hypothesized that analogues of favipiravir (FVP), an inhibitor of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), could provide more effective nucleic acid recognition and binding processes while reducing side effects such as cardiotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, teratogenicity, and embryotoxicity. We proposed a set of FVP analogues together with their forms of triphosphate as new SARS-CoV-2 RdRp inhibitors. The main aim of our study was to investigate changes in the mechanism and binding capacity resulting from these modifications. Using three different approaches, QTAIM, QSPR, and MD, the differences in the reactivity, toxicity, binding efficiency, and ability to be incorporated by RdRp were assessed. Two new quantum chemical reactivity descriptors, the relative electro-donating and electro-accepting power, were defined and successfully applied. Moreover, a new quantitative method for comparing binding modes was developed based on mathematical metrics and an atypical radar plot. These methods provide deep insight into the set of desirable properties responsible for inhibiting RdRp, allowing ligands to be conveniently screened. The proposed modification of the FVP structure seems to improve its binding ability and enhance the productive mode of binding. In particular, two of the FVP analogues (the trifluoro- and cyano-) bind very strongly to the RNA template, RNA primer, cofactors, and RdRp, and thus may constitute a very good alternative to FVP.
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49
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Mah SWL, Linklater DP, Tzanov V, Le PH, Dekiwadia C, Mayes E, Simons R, Eyckens DJ, Moad G, Saita S, Joudkazis S, Jans DA, Baulin VA, Borg NA, Ivanova EP. Piercing of the Human Parainfluenza Virus by Nanostructured Surfaces. ACS NANO 2024; 18:1404-1419. [PMID: 38127731 PMCID: PMC10902884 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c07099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a comprehensive experimental and theoretical investigation into the antiviral properties of nanostructured surfaces and explains the underlying virucidal mechanism. We used reactive ion etching to fabricate silicon (Si) surfaces featuring an array of sharp nanospikes with an approximate tip diameter of 2 nm and a height of 290 nm. The nanospike surfaces exhibited a 1.5 log reduction in infectivity of human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hPIV-3) after 6 h, a substantially enhanced efficiency, compared to that of smooth Si. Theoretical modeling of the virus-nanospike interactions determined the virucidal action of the nanostructured substrata to be associated with the ability of the sharp nanofeatures to effectively penetrate the viral envelope, resulting in the loss of viral infectivity. Our research highlights the significance of the potential application of nanostructured surfaces in combating the spread of viruses and bacteria. Notably, our study provides valuable insights into the design and optimization of antiviral surfaces with a particular emphasis on the crucial role played by sharp nanofeatures in maximizing their effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samson W L Mah
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Denver P Linklater
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graeme Clarke Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Vassil Tzanov
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcel.lí Domingo s/n, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Phuc H Le
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Chaitali Dekiwadia
- RMIT Microscopy and Microanalysis Facility, STEM College,RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Edwin Mayes
- RMIT Microscopy and Microanalysis Facility, STEM College,RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Ranya Simons
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | | | - Graeme Moad
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Soichiro Saita
- The KAITEKI Institute Inc., Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8251, Japan
| | - Saulius Joudkazis
- Optical Science Centre, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Melbourne, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - David A Jans
- Nuclear Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Monash, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Vladimir A Baulin
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcel.lí Domingo s/n, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Natalie A Borg
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Elena P Ivanova
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
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50
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Kim YJ, Min J. Advances in nanobiosensors during the COVID-19 pandemic and future perspectives for the post-COVID era. NANO CONVERGENCE 2024; 11:3. [PMID: 38206526 PMCID: PMC10784265 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-023-00410-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The unprecedented threat of the highly contagious virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes exponentially increased infections of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), highlights the weak spots of the current diagnostic toolbox. In the midst of catastrophe, nanobiosensors offer a new opportunity as an alternative tool to fill a gap among molecular tests, rapid antigen tests, and serological tests. Nanobiosensors surpass the potential of antigen tests because of their enhanced sensitivity, thus enabling us to see antigens as stable and easy-to-access targets. During the first three years of the COVID-19 pandemic, a substantial number of studies have reported nanobiosensors for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 antigens. The number of articles on nanobiosensors and SARS-CoV-2 exceeds the amount of nanobiosensor research on detecting previous infectious diseases, from influenza to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. This unprecedented publishing pace also implies the significance of SARS-CoV-2 and the present pandemic. In this review, 158 studies reporting nanobiosensors for detecting SARS-CoV-2 antigens are collected to discuss the current challenges of nanobiosensors using the criteria of point-of-care (POC) diagnostics along with COVID-specific issues. These advances and lessons during the pandemic pave the way for preparing for the post-COVID era and potential upcoming infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jun Kim
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Heukseok-Dong, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhong Min
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Heukseok-Dong, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea.
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