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Hendry D, Rohl AL, Rasmussen CL, Zabatiero J, Cliff DP, Smith SS, Mackenzie J, Pattinson CL, Straker L, Campbell A. Objective Measurement of Posture and Movement in Young Children Using Wearable Sensors and Customised Mathematical Approaches: A Systematic Review. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:9661. [PMID: 38139507 PMCID: PMC10747033 DOI: 10.3390/s23249661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Given the importance of young children's postures and movements to health and development, robust objective measures are required to provide high-quality evidence. This study aimed to systematically review the available evidence for objective measurement of young (0-5 years) children's posture and movement using machine learning and other algorithm methods on accelerometer data. From 1663 papers, a total of 20 papers reporting on 18 studies met the inclusion criteria. Papers were quality-assessed and data extracted and synthesised on sample, postures and movements identified, sensors used, model development, and accuracy. A common limitation of studies was a poor description of their sample data, yet over half scored adequate/good on their overall study design quality assessment. There was great diversity in all aspects examined, with evidence of increasing sophistication in approaches used over time. Model accuracy varied greatly, but for a range of postures and movements, models developed on a reasonable-sized (n > 25) sample were able to achieve an accuracy of >80%. Issues related to model development are discussed and implications for future research outlined. The current evidence suggests the rapidly developing field of machine learning has clear potential to enable the collection of high-quality evidence on the postures and movements of young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danica Hendry
- School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia; (D.H.); (C.L.R.); (J.Z.); (L.S.)
- ARC Centre of Excellence for the Digital Child, Brisbane, ACT 2609, Australia; (A.L.R.); (D.P.C.); (S.S.S.); (J.M.); (C.L.P.)
| | - Andrew L. Rohl
- ARC Centre of Excellence for the Digital Child, Brisbane, ACT 2609, Australia; (A.L.R.); (D.P.C.); (S.S.S.); (J.M.); (C.L.P.)
- School of Electrical Engineering, Computing and Mathematical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - Charlotte Lund Rasmussen
- School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia; (D.H.); (C.L.R.); (J.Z.); (L.S.)
- ARC Centre of Excellence for the Digital Child, Brisbane, ACT 2609, Australia; (A.L.R.); (D.P.C.); (S.S.S.); (J.M.); (C.L.P.)
| | - Juliana Zabatiero
- School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia; (D.H.); (C.L.R.); (J.Z.); (L.S.)
- ARC Centre of Excellence for the Digital Child, Brisbane, ACT 2609, Australia; (A.L.R.); (D.P.C.); (S.S.S.); (J.M.); (C.L.P.)
| | - Dylan P. Cliff
- ARC Centre of Excellence for the Digital Child, Brisbane, ACT 2609, Australia; (A.L.R.); (D.P.C.); (S.S.S.); (J.M.); (C.L.P.)
- Early Start, School of Education, University of Wollongong, Keiraville, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Simon S. Smith
- ARC Centre of Excellence for the Digital Child, Brisbane, ACT 2609, Australia; (A.L.R.); (D.P.C.); (S.S.S.); (J.M.); (C.L.P.)
- Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Janelle Mackenzie
- ARC Centre of Excellence for the Digital Child, Brisbane, ACT 2609, Australia; (A.L.R.); (D.P.C.); (S.S.S.); (J.M.); (C.L.P.)
- School of Computer Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Cassandra L. Pattinson
- ARC Centre of Excellence for the Digital Child, Brisbane, ACT 2609, Australia; (A.L.R.); (D.P.C.); (S.S.S.); (J.M.); (C.L.P.)
- Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Leon Straker
- School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia; (D.H.); (C.L.R.); (J.Z.); (L.S.)
- ARC Centre of Excellence for the Digital Child, Brisbane, ACT 2609, Australia; (A.L.R.); (D.P.C.); (S.S.S.); (J.M.); (C.L.P.)
| | - Amity Campbell
- School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia; (D.H.); (C.L.R.); (J.Z.); (L.S.)
- ARC Centre of Excellence for the Digital Child, Brisbane, ACT 2609, Australia; (A.L.R.); (D.P.C.); (S.S.S.); (J.M.); (C.L.P.)
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Varman SD, Jones RA, Kelly B, Hammersley ML, Parrish AM, Stanley R, Cliff DP. The effect of experiential learning interventions on physical activity outcomes in children: A systematic review. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0294987. [PMID: 38033028 PMCID: PMC10688861 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This systematic review examined the effectiveness of experiential learning interventions for improving children's physical activity knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours. It also aimed to identify intervention characteristics that resulted in the greatest impact. METHODS Four databases: Education Research Complete, Scopus, Web of Science and PsychINFO were searched from database inception to January 2023. Eligible studies: (1) included children 0-12 years; (2) assessed the effect of physical activity outcomes on children's physical activity knowledge, attitudes or behaviour and (3) were randomised controlled trials conducted in any setting. Study risk of bias was assessed by two independent reviewers using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Intervention approaches were categorised, and effect sizes were compared across studies for each outcome. RESULTS Twelve studies were included in the review: ten in school age and two in below five years. For behavioural outcomes, six of eight studies showed medium to large effects (effects size (ES) range: 0.3-0.9), two of the three studies that assessed attitudinal outcomes displayed medium effects (ES range: 0.4-0.5) and both studies that assessed knowledge outcomes displayed medium to large effects (ES range: 0.4-1.3). The two experiential learning interventions among children < 5 years demonstrated small to medium effects on behaviour change (ES range: 0.2-0.5). Effective interventions combined enjoyable practical activities (fitness activities, games and challenges), with behaviour change techniques (goal setting, and self-monitoring), were underpinned by a behaviour change theory, and were often of short duration (< 4 months) but intense (several sessions/week). Moderate to high statistical heterogeneity was observed for behaviour outcomes and risk of bias across studies was generally high. CONCLUSIONS This review provides some evidence supporting the effectiveness of experiential learning interventions in improving physical activity outcomes in school-aged children. Additional evidence is needed in children <5 years old. Future experiential learning interventions need to strengthen the evidence with rigorous methodological quality and clear reporting of the experiential learning components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumantla D. Varman
- Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, Early Start, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Rachel A. Jones
- Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, Early Start, School of Education, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Bridget Kelly
- Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, Early Start, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Megan L. Hammersley
- Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, Early Start, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Anne-Maree Parrish
- Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, Early Start, School of Education, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Rebecca Stanley
- Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, Early Start, School of Education, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Dylan P. Cliff
- Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, Early Start, School of Education, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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Watson A, D'Souza NJ, Timperio A, Cliff DP, Okely AD, Hesketh KD. Longitudinal associations between weight status and academic achievement in primary school children. Pediatr Obes 2023; 18:e12975. [PMID: 36128712 PMCID: PMC10078458 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence for longitudinal associations between childhood weight status and academic achievement remains unclear due to considerable heterogeneity in study design, measures of academic achievement and appropriate categorization of weight status. OBJECTIVE To examine longitudinal associations between childhood weight status (underweight, healthy weight, overweight/obese) and academic achievement in the transition from preschool to primary (elementary) school among Australian school children. METHODS Data were from the Healthy Active Preschool and Primary Years study. Height and weight, for calculating BMI were measured at baseline (preschool age 3-5 years; 2008/9) and follow-up (primary school age 6-8 years; 2011/12). Academic achievement was measured at age 9 years. RESULTS No associations between BMI z-score or weight category in the preschool years and later NAPLAN scores were found for boys. For girls, having a higher BMI z-score (B = -13.68, 95%CI: -26.61, -0.76) and being affected by overweight (B = -33.57, 95%CI: -61.50, -5.24) in preschool was associated with lower language scores. Remaining affected by overweight from preschool to primary school was associated with lower numeracy (B = -25.03, 95%CI: -49.74, -0.33), spelling (B = -33.5, 95%CI: -63.43, -3.58), language (B = -37.89, 95%CI: -72.75, -3.03) and total achievement scores (B = -24.24, 95%CI: -44.85, -3.63) among girls. For boys, becoming affected by overweight was associated with lower spelling (B = -38.76, 95%CI: -73.59, -3.93) and total achievement scores (B = -27.70, 95%CI: -54.81, -0.58). CONCLUSIONS Associations between being affected by overweight/obesity and poorer academic achievement were more pronounced in girls than boys, indicating potentially inequitable impacts of excess weight and highlighting the greater need for intervention among girls. However, stronger study designs are needed to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Watson
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Science, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.,Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ninoshka J D'Souza
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Science, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anna Timperio
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Science, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dylan P Cliff
- Early Start, Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anthony D Okely
- Early Start, Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kylie D Hesketh
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Science, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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Kemp BJ, Parrish AM, Batterham M, Cliff DP. Changes in subdomains of non-organized physical activity between childhood and adolescence in Australia: a longitudinal study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2022; 19:73. [PMID: 35752838 PMCID: PMC9233835 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-022-01311-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical activity (PA) participation among youth tends to be insufficient and is prone to decline with age. In Australia, this decline has been shown to particularly occur in the domain of non-organized PA (e.g. active play and informal sport) between childhood and adolescence. However, information about changes in more specific groupings of activities within non-organized PA (i.e. subdomains) is needed, as this could support more targeted intervention strategies. This study aimed to investigate changes in the duration of specific subdomains of non-organized PA between late childhood (10-11 years) and early adolescence (12-13 years) in Australia, as well as whether these changes are moderated by sex. METHODS Data were sourced from Waves 6 and 7 of the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (n = 3614). Youth time-use diaries (24-h) were used to measure the duration of eight subdomains of non-organized PA at both waves (athletics/gymnastics, ball sports, cycling/motor/roller sports, fitness/gym/exercise, martial arts/dancing, water/ice/snow sports, active play and other outdoor/nature PA). Multilevel mixed modelling was used to explore longitudinal changes between waves and the potential moderation effect of sex. RESULTS Active play declined the most of all subdomains (β = -20.5 min/day; 95% CI = -23.4, -17.6, p < 0.001). A smaller decline was observed in the subdomain of non-organized ball sports (β = -4.1 min/day; 95% CI = -5.9, -2.3, p < 0.001). Other subdomains remained stable or had only very small changes in participation. The decline in active play was moderated by sex, with a steeper decline among girls. No other notable moderation effects were observed. CONCLUSIONS Future studies may seek to explore and test the acceptability of PA promotion strategies to encourage active play participation, such as 'reframing' childhood play activities to be appropriate for adolescents. Such studies might particularly seek the perspectives of girls in the transition to adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron J Kemp
- Early Start, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia. .,School of Education, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
| | - Anne-Maree Parrish
- Early Start, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,School of Health and Society, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Marijka Batterham
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,Statistical Consulting Centre, National Institute for Applied Statistical Research Australia, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Dylan P Cliff
- Early Start, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,School of Education, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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5
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Okely AD, Ghersi D, Loughran SP, Cliff DP, Shilton T, Jones RA, Stanley RM, Sherring J, Toms N, Eckermann S, Olds TS, Zhang Z, Parrish AM, Kervin L, Downie S, Salmon J, Bannerman C, Needham T, Marshall E, Kaufman J, Brown L, Wille J, Wood G, Lubans DR, Biddle SJH, Pill S, Hargreaves A, Jonas N, Schranz N, Campbell P, Ingram K, Dean H, Verrender A, Ellis Y, Chong KH, Dumuid D, Katzmarzyk PT, Draper CE, Lewthwaite H, Tremblay MS. A collaborative approach to adopting/adapting guidelines. The Australian 24-hour movement guidelines for children (5-12 years) and young people (13-17 years): An integration of physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2022; 19:2. [PMID: 34991606 PMCID: PMC8734238 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-021-01236-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Background In 2018, the Australian Government updated the Australian Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour Guidelines for Children and Young People. A requirement of this update was the incorporation of a 24-hour approach to movement, recognising the importance of adequate sleep. The purpose of this paper was to describe how the updated Australian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for Children and Young People (5 to 17 years): an integration of physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep were developed and the outcomes from this process. Methods The GRADE-ADOLOPMENT approach was used to develop the guidelines. A Leadership Group was formed, who identified existing credible guidelines. The Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for Children and Youth best met the criteria established by the Leadership Group. These guidelines were evaluated based on the evidence in the GRADE tables, summaries of findings tables and recommendations from the Canadian Guidelines. We conducted updates to each of the Canadian systematic reviews. A Guideline Development Group reviewed, separately and in combination, the evidence for each behaviour. A choice was then made to adopt or adapt the Canadian recommendations for each behaviour or create de novo recommendations. We then conducted an online survey (n=237) along with three focus groups (n=11 in total) and 13 key informant interviews. Stakeholders used these to provide feedback on the draft guidelines. Results Based on the evidence from the Canadian systematic reviews and the updated systematic reviews in Australia, the Guideline Development Group agreed to adopt the Canadian recommendations and, apart from some minor changes to the wording of good practice statements, maintain the wording of the guidelines, preamble, and title of the Canadian Guidelines. The Australian Guidelines provide evidence-informed recommendations for a healthy day (24-hours), integrating physical activity, sedentary behaviour (including limits to screen time), and sleep for children (5-12 years) and young people (13-17 years). Conclusions To our knowledge, this is only the second time the GRADE-ADOLOPMENT approach has been used to develop movement behaviour guidelines. The judgments of the Australian Guideline Development Group did not differ sufficiently to change the directions and strength of the recommendations and as such, the Canadian Guidelines were adopted with only very minor alterations. This allowed the Australian Guidelines to be developed in a shorter time frame and at a lower cost. We recommend the GRADE-ADOLOPMENT approach, especially if a credible set of guidelines that was developed using the GRADE approach is available with all supporting materials. Other countries may consider this approach when developing and/or revising national movement guidelines. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12966-021-01236-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D Okely
- Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia. .,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, Australia.
| | - Davina Ghersi
- Research Policy and Translation, National Health and Medical Research Council, Canberra, Australia.,National Health & Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Centre, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sarah P Loughran
- Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Dylan P Cliff
- Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Trevor Shilton
- National Heart Foundation (WA), 334 Rokeby Road, Subiaco, Australia
| | - Rachel A Jones
- Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Rebecca M Stanley
- Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Julie Sherring
- Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Natalie Toms
- Preventive Programs, Commonwealth Department of Health, Canberra, Australia
| | - Simon Eckermann
- Australian Health Services Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Timothy S Olds
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Zhiguang Zhang
- Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Anne-Maree Parrish
- Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Lisa Kervin
- Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Sandra Downie
- Preventive Programs, Commonwealth Department of Health, Canberra, Australia
| | - Jo Salmon
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Jordy Kaufman
- Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Layne Brown
- Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Janecke Wille
- Federation of Ethnic Communities Council of Australia (FECCA), Canberra, Australia
| | - Greg Wood
- Australian Sports Commission, Leederville, Western Australia
| | - David R Lubans
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Stuart J H Biddle
- Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Central, Toowoomba, Australia
| | - Shane Pill
- The Australian Council for Health, Physical Education and Recreation (ACHPER), Wayville, Australia and Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia
| | | | - Natalie Jonas
- Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority (ACARA), SA, Sydney, Australia
| | - Natasha Schranz
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.,Active Healthy Kids Australia, Adelaide, Australia and National Heart Foundation, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Perry Campbell
- Australian Children's Education & Care Quality Authority (ACECQA), Sydney, Australia
| | - Karen Ingram
- NSW Education Standards Authority (NESA), Sydney, Australia
| | - Hayley Dean
- NSW Education Standards Authority (NESA), Sydney, Australia
| | - Adam Verrender
- Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Yvonne Ellis
- Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Kar Hau Chong
- Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Dorothea Dumuid
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Catherine E Draper
- SAMRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Hayley Lewthwaite
- Australian Health Services Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Mark S Tremblay
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
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Varman SD, Cliff DP, Jones RA, Hammersley ML, Zhang Z, Charlton K, Kelly B. Experiential Learning Interventions and Healthy Eating Outcomes in Children: A Systematic Literature Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:10824. [PMID: 34682570 PMCID: PMC8535521 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182010824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Experiential learning is the process where learners create meaning from direct experience. This systematic review aimed to examine the effects of experiential learning activities on dietary outcomes (knowledge, attitudes, behaviors) in children. Four databases: Education Research Complete, Scopus, Web of Science and PsychINFO were searched from database inception to 2020. Eligible studies included children 0-12 years, assessed effect of experiential learning on outcomes of interest compared to non-experiential learning and were open to any setting. The quality of studies was assessed using the revised Cochrane risk of bias tool by two independent reviewers and effect size was calculated on each outcome. Nineteen studies were conducted in primary school, six in pre-school and one in an outside-of-school setting and used nine types of experiential learning strategies. Cooking, taste-testing, games, role-playing, and gardening were effective in improving nutrition outcomes in primary school children. Sensory evaluation, games, creative arts, and storybooks were effective for preschool children. Multiple strategies involving parents, and short/intense strategies are useful for intervention success. Experiential learning is a useful strategy to improve children's knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors towards healthy eating. Fewer studies in pre-school and outside of school settings and high risk of bias may limit the generalizability and strength of the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumantla D. Varman
- Early Start, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (D.P.C.); (R.A.J.); (M.L.H.); (Z.Z.); (B.K.)
- School of Health & Society, Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Dylan P. Cliff
- Early Start, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (D.P.C.); (R.A.J.); (M.L.H.); (Z.Z.); (B.K.)
- School of Education, Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia;
| | - Rachel A. Jones
- Early Start, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (D.P.C.); (R.A.J.); (M.L.H.); (Z.Z.); (B.K.)
- School of Education, Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia;
| | - Megan L. Hammersley
- Early Start, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (D.P.C.); (R.A.J.); (M.L.H.); (Z.Z.); (B.K.)
- School of Health & Society, Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia;
| | - Zhiguang Zhang
- Early Start, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (D.P.C.); (R.A.J.); (M.L.H.); (Z.Z.); (B.K.)
- School of Education, Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H9, Canada
| | - Karen Charlton
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia;
- Faculty of Science, School of Medicine, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Bridget Kelly
- Early Start, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (D.P.C.); (R.A.J.); (M.L.H.); (Z.Z.); (B.K.)
- School of Health & Society, Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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Pereira J, Santos R, Sousa-Sá E, Zhang Z, Burley J, Veldman SLC, Cliff DP. Longitudinal differences in levels and bouts of sedentary time by different day types among Australian toddlers and pre-schoolers. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:2804-2811. [PMID: 34412555 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1964747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to characterize sedentary time (ST) and sedentary bouts among young children, across a typical week and by day type (childcare days, non-childcare days and weekends), over a 12-month period.ST % (ST/accelerometer wear time*100) and number of sedentary bouts/hours were assessed using accelerometers at two time-points 12-months apart in 153 toddlers and 74 pre-schoolers. Differences between baseline and follow-up according to the whole week and the different day types were calculated using linear mixed models with adjustment for age, sex, socio-economic status and zBMI.During the weekend, toddlers had more 20-30 min/h sedentary bouts at follow-up than at baseline (MD: 0.03). In pre-schoolers, ST % (MD:-8.4), the number of 1-4 min/h (MD:-1.45), 5-9 min/h (MD: -0.46) and 10-19 min/h sedentary bouts (MD:-0.11) were lower at baseline, compared to follow-up, on non-childcare days; as were the number of 5-9 min/h sedentary bouts on weekends (MD:0.40). P < 0.05 for all.This study found that longer sedentary bouts (20-30 min/h) tended to decrease among toddlers and pre-schoolers, whereas ST and shorter sedentary bouts increased over 12-months, particularly among pre-schoolers on non-childcare weekdays. Non-childcare days, and home environment may be targeted for intervention to reduce ST and sedentary bouts among pre-schoolers.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Pereira
- School of Education, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Australia.,Universidade Lusófona, CIDEFES (Centro De Investigação Em Desporto, Educação Física E Exercício E Saúde), Lisboa, Portugal.,CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2020), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rute Santos
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure - CIAFEL - University of Porto, Portugal.,Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, Porto, Portugal.,Directorate-General of Health
- National Physical Activity Promotion Program, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Eduarda Sousa-Sá
- School of Education, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Australia.,Universidade Lusófona, CIDEFES (Centro De Investigação Em Desporto, Educação Física E Exercício E Saúde), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Zhiguang Zhang
- School of Education, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Australia.,Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Jade Burley
- School of Education, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute - IHMRI - University of Wollongong, Wollongong, AUSTRALIA
| | - Sanne L C Veldman
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dylan P Cliff
- School of Education, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute - IHMRI - University of Wollongong, Wollongong, AUSTRALIA
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8
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Chong KH, Parrish AM, Cliff DP, Dumuid D, Okely AD. Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Associations between 24-Hour Movement Behaviours, Recreational Screen Use and Psychosocial Health Outcomes in Children: A Compositional Data Analysis Approach. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:ijerph18115995. [PMID: 34204928 PMCID: PMC8199728 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18115995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
It remains unclear whether the time-use composition of 24-h movement behaviours (sleep, sedentary time (ST), physical activity (PA)) and recreational screen use are independently associated with psychosocial health. This study examined the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between 24-h movement behaviour composition, recreational screen use and psychosocial health outcomes in children. Measures completed at baseline (n = 127; 11.7 years) and follow-up (n = 88; 12.8 years) included accelerometer-based 24-h movement behaviours, self-reported recreational screen use and psychosocial health (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, Kessler’s Psychological Distress Scale). Linear mixed models were used to examine the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between the 24-h movement behaviour composition and recreational screen use levels with psychosocial health outcomes. Overall, the movement behaviour composition (p < 0.05) and recreational screen use levels (p < 0.01) were both cross-sectionally but not longitudinally associated with psychosocial health outcomes. Relative to other behaviours, sleep was negatively associated, while light-intensity PA was positively associated with internalising problems and total difficulties scores. ST was positively associated with internalising problems. High levels of recreational screen use (>2 h/day) were associated with greater externalising problems, total difficulties scores and psychological distress. These findings reinforce the importance of achieving a balance between different types of movement behaviours over a 24-h period for psychosocial health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kar Hau Chong
- Early Start, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (A.-M.P.); (D.P.C.); (A.D.O.)
- School of Health and Society, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Anne-Maree Parrish
- Early Start, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (A.-M.P.); (D.P.C.); (A.D.O.)
- School of Health and Society, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Dylan P. Cliff
- Early Start, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (A.-M.P.); (D.P.C.); (A.D.O.)
- School of Education, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Dorothea Dumuid
- Allied Health and Human Performance, Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia;
| | - Anthony D. Okely
- Early Start, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (A.-M.P.); (D.P.C.); (A.D.O.)
- School of Health and Society, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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9
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Putra IGNE, Astell-Burt T, Cliff DP, Vella SA, Feng X. Association between green space quality and prosocial behaviour: A 10-year multilevel longitudinal analysis of Australian children. Environ Res 2021; 196:110334. [PMID: 33075353 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current evidence from studies on green space and child prosocial behaviour suggests a paucity of studies investigating the plausible role of green space quality in shaping the development of prosocial behaviour. This study aimed to examine longitudinal association between green space quality and prosocial behaviour among children. METHODS We analysed 10-year longitudinal data (2004-2014) from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC), a nationally representative cohort study. Prosocial behaviour that covers positive behaviours (e.g. sharing, helping) was measured using a prosocial scale from Goodman's Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Parents' perceptions on the availability of "good" parks, playgrounds, and play space in the neighbourhood assessed green space quality. Multilevel linear regression models were used to examine potential changes in prosocial behaviour across childhood in relation to green space quality. A two-way interaction term between green space and age was fitted to assess potential differences in the effect of green space quality by age. Sensitivity analyses by child's sex and history of residential movement were also performed. RESULTS From the analysis of 24,418 observations nested in 4969 children, prosocial behaviour was relatively high (mean = 8.13 out of 10; SD = 1.79) and about balanced proportions between girls (48.74%) and boys (51.26%) were included. Prosocial behaviour was higher among children whose parents agreed (β = 0.10; 95%CI = 0.04, 0.16) and strongly agreed (β = 0.20; 95%CI = 0.13, 0.27) to having quality green space in their neighbourhood. The benefit of exposure to favourable green space on prosocial behaviour was similar among both children who changed and did not change neighbourhood, but reported higher among boys than girls. Younger compared with older children or adolescents tended to benefit more by the presence of quality green space. CONCLUSION Green space quality was positively associated with child prosocial behaviour. Boys and younger children tended to benefit more from quality green space. Future research might seek to identify preferred characteristics of quality green spaces, and to understand how these preferences vary by gender and age, to best support the development of prosocial behaviour across childhood and adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Gusti Ngurah Edi Putra
- Population Wellbeing and Environment Research Lab (PowerLab), School of Health and Society, Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Thomas Astell-Burt
- Population Wellbeing and Environment Research Lab (PowerLab), School of Health and Society, Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia; Menzies Centre for Health Policy, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2522, Australia; National Institute for Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Peking Union Medical College, The Chinese Academy for Medical Sciences and Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Dylan P Cliff
- School of Education, Early Start, Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Stewart A Vella
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia; School of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Xiaoqi Feng
- Population Wellbeing and Environment Research Lab (PowerLab), School of Health and Society, Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia; Menzies Centre for Health Policy, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2522, Australia; National Institute for Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; School of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2522, Australia
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10
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Chong KH, Parrish AM, Cliff DP, Dumuid D, Okely AD. Changes in 24-hour movement behaviours during the transition from primary to secondary school among Australian children. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 22:1276-1286. [PMID: 33719925 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.1903562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This study examined concurrent changes in all components of 24-h movement behaviours (24-h MB) (sleep, sedentary behaviour [SB] and physical activity [PA]) and compliance with the Australian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines over the primary to the secondary school transition period. The analytical sample included 83 children (60.2% girls) who provided valid accelerometer-measured 24-h MB data during their final year of primary school (T1) and first year of secondary school (T2). Self-reported participation in domain-specific SB and PA, socio-demographic characteristics and weight status were also assessed. Change in 24-h MB composition from T1 to T2 was analysed using a compositional multivariate linear model for repeated measures. The difference in the proportion of meeting the 24-hour integrated movement guidelines was assessed using a McNemar-Bowker test. An unfavourable change was observed in the 24-h MB composition (p < .0001), with increased time spent in SB (+58 min/day) and decreased time in sleep (-13 min/day), Iight-intensity PA (-13 min/day) and moderate- to vigorous-intensity PA (-14 min/day). Domain-specific SB results indicated an increase in recreational screen time (+45 min/day) and out-of-school educational activities (+25 min/day). No significant changes were observed for domain-specific PA. The proportion of children meeting the 24-hour integrated movement guidelines also declined (20.5% vs. 3.6%; p < .0001). Change in 24-h MB was larger on weekdays than weekends (p < .0001); but this was not moderated by socio-demographic characteristics or weight status. These findings suggest that an integrated intervention approach targeting weekdays may be beneficial to promote adherence to healthy 24-h MB during the primary to the secondary school transition period. HighlightsThis study investigated how the 24-hour movement behaviour composition (i.e., time spent in sleep, sedentary behaviour and physical activity) changes and its impact on children's compliance with the 24-hour integrated movement guidelines during the primary to secondary school transition period.There was an unfavourable change in the accelerometer-measured 24-hour movement behaviour composition, with increased time spent in sedentary behaviour and decreased time in sleep, light-intensity physical activity and moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity. The change in weekday composition was significantly more prominent than change on weekends.The observed increase in sedentary behaviour may be attributed in part to an increase in recreational screen time and out-of-school educational activities in secondary schools.These behavioural changes were reflected in decreased compliance rates with the individual and integrated 24-hour movement guidelines, with the largest decline observed in the sleep guideline.Our findings highlight the need for an integrated intervention approach to support children to develop and/or maintain healthy movement behaviour habits throughout the school transition period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kar Hau Chong
- Early Start, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,School of Health and Society, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Anne-Maree Parrish
- Early Start, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,School of Health and Society, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Dylan P Cliff
- Early Start, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,School of Education, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Dorothea Dumuid
- Allied Health and Human Performance, Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Anthony D Okely
- Early Start, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,School of Health and Society, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
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11
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Downing KL, Hinkley T, Timperio A, Salmon J, Carver A, Cliff DP, Okely AD, Hesketh KD. Volume and accumulation patterns of physical activity and sedentary time: longitudinal changes and tracking from early to late childhood. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2021; 18:39. [PMID: 33731102 PMCID: PMC7971959 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-021-01105-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical activity (PA) decreases and sedentary time (SED) increases across childhood, with both behaviours tracking. However, no studies have examined how accumulation patterns of PA and SED (i.e., prolonged bouts, frequency of breaks in sedentary time) change and track over time. The aim of this study was to investigate longitudinal changes in and tracking of total volume and accumulation patterns of SED, light-intensity PA (LPA), moderate-intensity PA (MPA), vigorous-intensity PA (VPA) among boys and girls. METHODS In 2008/09 (T1), children in HAPPY (3-5y; n = 758) in Melbourne, Australia wore ActiGraph GT1M accelerometers to objectively assess SED, LPA, MPA and VPA. This was repeated at age 6-8y (T2; n = 473) and 9-11y (T3; n = 478). Ten pattern variables were computed: bouts of ≥ 5-, ≥ 10-, ≥ 15- and ≥ 20-min for SED, ≥ 1- and ≥ 5-min for LPA, ≥ 1-min for MPA, ≥ 1- and ≥ 5-min for VPA, and breaks in SED (interruptions of > 25 counts 15 s- 1). Longitudinal mixed models examined changes from T1-3, controlling for T1 age. Generalized estimating equations assessed tracking over the three time points, controlling for T1 age and time between measurements. Analyses were stratified by sex. RESULTS Total volume and bouts of SED and SED breaks increased, while total volume and bouts of LPA decreased for both sexes. There was a small decrease in total volume of MPA for girls, but time spent in ≥ 1-min bouts increased for both sexes. Total volume of VPA increased for both sexes, with time spent in ≥ 1-min bouts increasing for boys only. All volume and pattern variables tracked moderately for boys, except for all SED bouts ≥ 15-min, LPA bouts ≥ 5-min and MPA bouts ≥ 1-min (which tracked weakly). For girls, total SED and SED bouts ≥ 1-min tracked strongly, total volume of LPA, MPA and VPA, ≥ 5- and ≥ 10-min SED bouts, and ≥ 1-min LPA and MPA bouts tracked moderately, and SED breaks, all SED bouts ≥ 15 min, LPA bouts ≥ 5 min and all VPA bouts tracked weakly. CONCLUSIONS Patterns of SED and PA change from early to late childhood; with the exception of SED breaks and VPA, changes were detrimental. Total volumes and short bouts tended to track more strongly than longer bouts. Interventions to prevent declines in PA and increases in SED are important from early in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Downing
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
| | - Trina Hinkley
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Anna Timperio
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Jo Salmon
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Alison Carver
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Dylan P Cliff
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Anthony D Okely
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Kylie D Hesketh
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
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12
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Kariippanon KE, Cliff DP, Ellis YG, Ucci M, Okely AD, Parrish AM. School Flexible Learning Spaces, Student Movement Behavior and Educational Outcomes among Adolescents: A Mixed-Methods Systematic Review. J Sch Health 2021; 91:133-145. [PMID: 33368271 DOI: 10.1111/josh.12984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To achieve sustainability, we must consider scalable improvements in student movement behavior in the classroom setting, educational priorities. Flexible learning spaces that employ student-centered pedagogy and contain a range of furniture and layout options, implemented to improve educational outcomes, may enable unintended health benefits. In this review, we summarize the evidence on the effects of flexible learning spaces on adolescent student movement behaviors and educational outcomes. METHODS We searched 5 databases, retrieving 5 quantitative and one qualitative article meeting the review criteria. RESULTS Students in flexible learning spaces spent less time sitting, and more time standing and moving. Students were also more engaged, on-task, and collaborated and interacted more. Academic results for English, Mathematics and Humanities for those in flexible learning spaces were higher than peers in traditional classrooms. CONCLUSION Evidence from the reviewed studies suggests that there may be beneficial outcomes across some movement behaviors as well as learning outcomes in classrooms that employ student-centered pedagogy and use a built environment that facilitates autonomy and choice around where and how to learn. These learning environments present an opportunity for an interdisciplinary approach to address sedentary behavior in classrooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina E Kariippanon
- Early Start, School of Health and Society, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Dylan P Cliff
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Yvonne G Ellis
- Early Start, School of Education, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Marcella Ucci
- Bartlett School of Environment, Energy and Resources, University College London Institute for Environmental Design and Engineering, London, UK
| | - Anthony D Okely
- Early Start, School of Education, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Anne-Maree Parrish
- Early Start, School of Health and Society, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
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13
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McNeill J, Howard SJ, Vella SA, Cliff DP. Longitudinal associations of physical activity and modified organized sport participation with executive function and psychosocial health in preschoolers. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:2858-2865. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1803037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jade McNeill
- Early Start, School of Education, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Steven J. Howard
- Early Start, School of Education, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Stewart A. Vella
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Dylan P. Cliff
- Early Start, School of Education, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
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14
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McNeill J, Howard SJ, Vella SA, Cliff DP. Compliance with the 24-Hour movement guidelines for the early years: Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations with executive function and psychosocial health in preschool children. J Sci Med Sport 2020; 23:846-853. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2020.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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15
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Kemp BJ, Cliff DP, Batterham M, Parrish AM. Socio-ecological predictors of non-organized physical activity participation and decline between childhood and adolescence. J Sports Sci 2020; 39:120-130. [PMID: 32795168 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1808296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Physical activity (PA) tends to decline during late childhood and adolescence. In Australia, this decline has been shown to particularly occur non-organized PA (e.g., active play, informal sport). This study aimed to explore predictors of non-organized PA at 13y; and decline between 11y and 13y. Data were sourced from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. Non-organized PA was measured using time-use diaries. Analyses included Cragg hurdle and binary logistic regressions. The likelihood of non-organized PA at 13y was predicted by PA enjoyment (OR = 1.36, p = 0.007), number of siblings (OR = 1.11, p < 0.001), sex (females) (OR = 0.66, p < 0.001) and home computer use at 11y (OR = 0.98, p = 0.002) (n = 3,193). Females also engaged in less non-organized PA at 13y (β = -77.77, p = 0.048) (n = 3,193). Significant predictors of decline in non-organized PA were socioeconomic position (OR = 0.92, p = 0.047) and sugary drink consumption at 11y (OR = 1.06, p = 0.033) (n = 3,222). Strategies to promote non-organized PA may include targeting females and those of lower socioeconomic position, and focusing on types of PA that may replace the perceived benefits of computer use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron J Kemp
- Early Start, University of Wollongong , Australia.,School of Health and Society, Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong , Australia
| | - Dylan P Cliff
- Early Start, University of Wollongong , Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong , Australia.,School of Education, Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong , Australia
| | - Marijka Batterham
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong , Australia.,School of Mathematics and Applied Statistics, Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences, University of Wollongong , Australia.,National Institute for Applied Statistical Research Australia, University of Wollongong , Australia
| | - Anne-Maree Parrish
- Early Start, University of Wollongong , Australia.,School of Health and Society, Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong , Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong , Australia
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16
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Putra IGNE, Astell-Burt T, Cliff DP, Vella SA, John EE, Feng X. The Relationship Between Green Space and Prosocial Behaviour Among Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review. Front Psychol 2020; 11:859. [PMID: 32425867 PMCID: PMC7203527 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The plausible role of nearby green space in influencing prosocial behaviour among children and adolescents has been studied recently. However, no review has been conducted of the evidence testing the association between green space and prosocial behaviour. This systematic review addresses this gap among children and adolescents. Within this review, we propose a conceptual framework describing potential pathways linking green space to prosocial behaviour, discuss the direction, magnitude, moderators, and mediators of the association, and develop a narrative synthesis of future study directions. Out of 63 extracted associations from 15 studies, 44 were in the positive or expected direction, of which 18 were reported to be statistically significant (p < 0.05). Overall, the current evidence shows that exposure to green space may potentially increase prosocial behaviour among children and adolescents, with some contingencies (e.g., child's sex and ethnic background). However, the volume and quality of this evidence is not yet sufficient to draw conclusions on causality. Further, heterogeneity in the indicators of green space exposure could lead to mixed findings. In addition, none of the included studies investigated potential mediators. Nevertheless, this review provides preliminary evidence and a basis for further investigation with rigorous study methodology capable of drawing causal inferences and testing potential effect modifiers, linking pathways, and relevant green space measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Gusti Ngurah Edi Putra
- Population Wellbeing and Environment Research Lab (PowerLab), School of Health and Society, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Thomas Astell-Burt
- Population Wellbeing and Environment Research Lab (PowerLab), School of Health and Society, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Menzies Centre for Health Policy, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- National Institute for Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- School of Public Health, Peking Union Medical College, The Chinese Academy for Medical Sciences and Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Dylan P. Cliff
- School of Education, Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Stewart A. Vella
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Eme Eseme John
- Population Wellbeing and Environment Research Lab (PowerLab), School of Health and Society, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Xiaoqi Feng
- Population Wellbeing and Environment Research Lab (PowerLab), School of Health and Society, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Menzies Centre for Health Policy, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- National Institute for Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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17
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Abstract
Background: Young children appear to spend large portions of their waking time being sedentary. Understanding the correlates of sedentary time would assist in developing effective interventions among young children. The purpose of this systematic review was to summarize the current literature on the correlates of objectively measured sedentary time in young children aged 1-5.99y. Methods: This review was registered with PROSPERO (registration no. CRD42017081374) and aligned with the PRISMA Statement for systematic reviews. Five electronic databases (MEDline, CINAHL Complete, PsycINFO, SportDiscus, Scopus) were searched up to October 26, 2017 for studies investigating correlates of sedentary time measured using objective devices. A semiquantitative approach was used to synthesize data. Results: Forty-five studies were retrieved comprising 13,430 participants, and 84 correlates of sedentary time in young children were evaluated. The associations between sex, sleep habits, daily patterns (childcare vs. non-childcare hours), childcare type and sedentary time were indeterminate. Thirty-nine correlates were consistently unrelated. Forty-one potential correlates were examined in too few studies (<4) to make confident conclusions. Parental sedentary behaviour was reported 3 times and maternal sedentary behaviour was reported once. Out of these four studies, three were positively associated with child sedentary time. Conclusions: Despite reviewing 45 studies that evaluated associations for 84 correlates, this review was unable to identify any consistent correlates of sedentary time in young children. Additional research is needed in this area to provide robust evidence of the correlates of sedentary time in young children, particularly for those examined in only a small number of studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Pereira
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Lusófona University, Lisboa, Portugal.,Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity - CIDAF, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Z Zhang
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - E Sousa-Sá
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - R Santos
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - D P Cliff
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
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18
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Okely AD, Stanley RM, Jones RA, Cliff DP, Trost SG, Berthelsen D, Salmon J, Batterham M, Eckermann S, Reilly JJ, Brown N, Mickle KJ, Howard SJ, Hinkley T, Janssen X, Chandler P, Cross P, Gowers F. 'Jump start' childcare-based intervention to promote physical activity in pre-schoolers: six-month findings from a cluster randomised trial. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2020; 17:6. [PMID: 31948454 PMCID: PMC6966838 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-020-0910-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Participation in adequate levels of physical activity during the early years is important for health and development. We report the 6-month effects of an 18-month multicomponent intervention on physical activity in early childhood education and care (ECEC) settings in low-income communities. METHODS A cluster randomised controlled trial was conducted in 43 ECEC settings in disadvantaged areas of New South Wales, Australia. Three-year-old children were recruited and assessed in the first half of 2015 with follow-up 6 months later. The intervention was guided by Social Cognitive Theory and included five components. The primary outcome was minutes per hour in total physical activity during ECEC hours measured using Actigraph accelerometers. Intention-to-treat analysis of the primary outcome was conducted using a generalized linear mixed model. RESULTS A total of 658 children were assessed at baseline. Of these, 558 (85%) had valid accelerometer data (mean age 3.38y, 52% boys) and 508 (77%) had valid accelerometry data at 6-month follow-up. Implementation of the intervention components ranged from 38 to 72%. There were no significant intervention effects on mins/hr. spent in physical activity (adjusted difference = - 0.17 mins/hr., 95% CI (- 1.30 to 0.97), p = 0.78). A priori sub-group analyses showed a greater effect among overweight/obese children in the control group compared with the intervention group for mins/hr. of physical activity (2.35mins/hr., [0.28 to 4.43], p = 0.036). CONCLUSIONS After six-months the Jump Start intervention had no effect on physical activity levels during ECEC. This was largely due to low levels of implementation. Increasing fidelity may result in higher levels of physical activity when outcomes are assessed at 18-months. TRIAL REGISTRATION Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12614000597695.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D Okely
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522, Australia.
| | - Rebecca M Stanley
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522, Australia
| | - Rachel A Jones
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522, Australia
| | - Dylan P Cliff
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522, Australia
| | - Stewart G Trost
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation at Queensland Centre for Children's Health Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Donna Berthelsen
- School of Early Childhood, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, 4059, Australia
| | - Jo Salmon
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Marijka Batterham
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522, Australia
| | - Simon Eckermann
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522, Australia
| | - John J Reilly
- School of Psychological Science and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Ngiare Brown
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522, Australia
| | - Karen J Mickle
- Institute of Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Steven J Howard
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522, Australia
| | - Trina Hinkley
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Xanne Janssen
- School of Psychological Science and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Paul Chandler
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522, Australia
| | - Penny Cross
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522, Australia
| | - Fay Gowers
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522, Australia
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19
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Kemp BJ, Parrish AM, Cliff DP. 'Social screens' and 'the mainstream': longitudinal competitors of non-organized physical activity in the transition from childhood to adolescence. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2020; 17:5. [PMID: 31937315 PMCID: PMC7050814 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-019-0908-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Physical activity (PA) tends to decline during late childhood and adolescence. In Australia, this decline has been shown to occur particularly in non-organized PA (e.g. active play and informal sport). Using a social marketing approach, segments of youth may be identified and targeted based on their profile of alternative activities that compete with non-organized PA during the transition to adolescence. The objectives of this study were to identify and describe segments of youth whose participation in non-organized PA declined between 11 and 13 years, based on changes in other potential competing activities during this period. Methods Data were sourced from Waves 4 and 5 of the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. Participation in non-organized PA and thirteen alternative activities (e.g. video games, homework, sleep) were measured using 24-h time-use diaries. Analyses were limited to participants whose non-organized PA had declined between 11 and 13 years (n = 1043). Two-stage cluster analysis was conducted and segments were described using chi-square and t-tests. Results Among the analytic sample, average non-organized PA participation declined by 87 min/day between 11y and 13y (p < 0.001). Two segments were identified (κ = 0.66). The ‘Social Screens’ segment (n = 143) had large increases in texting, emailing and social media use (+ 56 min/day, p < 0.001) and other internet use (+ 32 min/day, p < 0.001). Conversely, ‘the Mainstream’ segment (n = 900) had smaller increases in a wider range of activities, including other PA (organized PA, active transport, active chores/work) (+ 16.0 min/day, p < 0.001), homework/study (+ 9.5 min/day, p < 0.001) and electronic gaming (+ 6.7 min/day, p < 0.05). ‘Social Screens’ were more likely to attend public school, live in urban areas and have more advanced pubertal development (girls only). ‘The Mainstream’ were more likely to participate in PA and out-of-school activities. Conclusions The ‘Social Screens’ segment had a much larger increase in texting, emailing, social media and other internet use, and lower participation in overall PA and out-of-school activities, compared with ‘the Mainstream’. Future research may trial PA promotion strategies to replace benefits that this segment may seek in competing activities (e.g. social PA apps).
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron J Kemp
- Early Start, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia. .,School of Health and Society, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.
| | - Anne-Maree Parrish
- Early Start, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.,School of Health and Society, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Dylan P Cliff
- Early Start, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.,School of Education, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
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20
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Kariippanon KE, Cliff DP, Lancaster SJ, Okely AD, Parrish AM. Flexible learning spaces facilitate interaction, collaboration and behavioural engagement in secondary school. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223607. [PMID: 31584994 PMCID: PMC6777793 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, many schools are replacing traditional classrooms with innovative flexible learning spaces to improve academic outcomes. Little is known about the effect on classroom behaviour. Students from nine secondary schools (n = 60, M age = 13.2±1.0y) were observed via momentary time sampling for a 30 minute period, in both a traditionally furnished and arranged classroom and a flexible learning space containing a variety of furniture options to accommodate different pedagogical approaches and learning styles. The teaching approaches in both conditions were documented. In traditional classrooms the approach was predominantly teacher-led and in the flexible learning space it was student-centred. Students in flexible learning spaces spent significantly more time in large group settings (d = 0.61, p = 0.001), collaborating (d = 1.33, p = 0.001), interacting with peers (d = 0.88, p = 0.001) and actively engaged (d = 0.50, p = 0.001) than students in traditional classrooms. Students also spent significantly less class time being taught in a whole class setting (d = -0.65, p = 0.001), engaged in teacher-led instruction (d = -0.75, p = 0.001), working individually (d = -0.79, p = 0.001), verbally off-task (d = -0.44, p = 0.016), and using technology (d = -0.26, p = 0.022) than in traditional classrooms. The results suggest that the varied, adaptable nature of flexible learning spaces coupled with the use of student-centred pedagogies, facilitated a higher proportion of class time interacting, collaborating and engaging with the lesson content. This may translate into beneficial learning outcomes in the long-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina E. Kariippanon
- Early Start, School of Health and Society, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Dylan P. Cliff
- Early Start, School of Education, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Sarah J. Lancaster
- Early Start, School of Health and Society, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony D. Okely
- Early Start, School of Education, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Anne-Maree Parrish
- Early Start, School of Health and Society, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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21
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Pereira JR, Sousa-Sá E, Zhang Z, Cliff DP, Santos R. Concurrent validity of the ActiGraph GT3X+ and activPAL for assessing sedentary behaviour in 2-3-year-old children under free-living conditions. J Sci Med Sport 2019; 23:151-156. [PMID: 31447386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2019.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES ActiGraph accelerometer cut-points are commonly used to classify sedentary behaviour (SB) in young children. However, they vary from 5counts/5s to 301counts/15s, resulting in different estimates and inconsistent findings. The aim was to examine the concurrent validity of ActiGraph GT3X+cut-points against the activPAL for measuring SB in 2-3-year-olds during free-living conditions. DESIGN Observational validation-study. METHODS Sixty children were fitted with the activPAL and ActiGraph simultaneously for at least 2h. Nine ActiGraph cut-points ranging from 60 to 1488 counts per minute were used to derive SB. Bland & Altman plots and equivalent tests were performed to assess agreement between methods. RESULTS Estimates of SB according to the different ActiGraph cut-points were not within the activPAL ±10% equivalent interval (-4.05; 4.05%). The ActiGraph cut-points that showed the lower bias were 48counts/15s (equivalence lower limit: p= 0.597; equivalence upper limit: p<0.001; bias: -4.46%; limits of agreement [LoA]: -21.07 to 30.00%) and 5counts/5s (equivalence lower limit: p<0.001; equivalence upper limit: p= 0.737; bias: -5.11%; LoA: 30.43 to 20.20%). For the 25counts/15s, 37counts/15s and 48counts/15s ActiGraph cut-points, the upper limits were within the equivalent interval (p<0.001) but not the lower limits (p>0.05). When using the 5counts/5s and 181counts/15s ActiGraph cut-points, lower limits were within the equivalent interval (p<0.001) but not the upper limits (p>0.05). Confidence intervals of the remaining ActiGraph cut-points lie outside the equivalent interval. CONCLUSIONS Although none of the ActiGraph cut-points provided estimates of SB that were equivalent to activPAL; estimates from 48counts/15s and 5counts/5s displayed the smallest mean bias (˜5%).
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Affiliation(s)
- João R Pereira
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Australia; Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity - CIDAF - University of Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Eduarda Sousa-Sá
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - Zhiguang Zhang
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - Dylan P Cliff
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute - IHMRI - University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - Rute Santos
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Australia; Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure - CIAFEL - University of Porto, Portugal; Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias. Lisbon, Portugal
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22
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McNeill J, Howard SJ, Vella SA, Cliff DP. Longitudinal Associations of Electronic Application Use and Media Program Viewing with Cognitive and Psychosocial Development in Preschoolers. Acad Pediatr 2019; 19:520-528. [PMID: 30853576 DOI: 10.1016/j.acap.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate associations of traditional (program viewing) and contemporary (electronic applications, or apps) electronic media use with preschoolers' executive function and psychosocial development 12 months later. METHODS We conducted an analysis of longitudinal data from 185 children (mean age, 4.2 ± 0.6 years). Parents reported children's weekly electronic media use: 1) viewing programs on television or other devices and 2) app and game play using tablets, computers, consoles, or other devices. Direct assessments of children's executive functions (working memory, inhibition, and shifting) and educator-reported psychosocial difficulties were also collected. Linear regression models assessed associations between baseline predictors and developmental outcomes 12 months later, adjusting for covariates, preschool clustering, and baseline levels of predictors. RESULTS Higher levels of program viewing at baseline were significantly associated with increases in externalizing behaviors (β = 0.008; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.002-0.014; P = .010) and total difficulties (β = 0.013; 95% CI, 0.005-0.022; P = .005) at follow-up. High-dose app users (≥30 min/d) had a significantly lower inhibition score (mean difference = -0.04; 95% CI: -0.09 to -0.00; P = .044) at follow-up compared to low-dose app users (1 to 29 min/d). CONCLUSIONS Limiting electronic app use to <30 min/d and limiting media program viewing may be positively associated with preschool children's cognitive and psychosocial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade McNeill
- Early Start and School of Education, Faculty of Social Sciences (J McNeill, SJ Howard, DP Cliff); Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (J McNeill and DP Cliff).
| | - Steven J Howard
- Early Start and School of Education, Faculty of Social Sciences (J McNeill, SJ Howard, DP Cliff); Early Start and School of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences (SJ Howard and SA Vella), University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stewart A Vella
- Early Start and School of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences (SJ Howard and SA Vella), University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dylan P Cliff
- Early Start and School of Education, Faculty of Social Sciences (J McNeill, SJ Howard, DP Cliff); Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (J McNeill and DP Cliff)
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23
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Kariippanon KE, Cliff DP, Okely AD, Parrish AM. Flexible learning spaces reduce sedentary time in adolescents. J Sci Med Sport 2019; 22:918-923. [PMID: 30898513 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Many schools internationally are replacing traditional classrooms (TC) with innovative flexible learning spaces (FLS) to improve academic outcomes. Via a stealth approach, there may be additional unintended health benefits if students reduce their total and prolonged sitting. The aim of this study was to compare student sitting patterns between TC and FLS. DESIGN School-based cross-over trial. METHODS Students at nine secondary schools (n=191, M age=13.2±1.0years) wore activPAL accelerometers in both a traditionally furnished and arranged classroom (TC), and a FLS containing a variety of furniture and layout options, utilizing student-centered pedagogies, for the duration of one double classroom lesson (M=76min). The lesson content and teacher were consistent across both conditions. Data were analyzed using multilevel mixed-effects linear regression. RESULTS In FLS, students spent less class time sitting (mean=18%; 95% CI: -20.8, -15.0), and accumulated more breaks in sitting (2.1; 95% CI: 0.8, 3.5 per 60min), more bouts of intermittent (≤9min) sitting (2.2; 95% CI: 0.8, 3.6 per 60min), and fewer bouts of prolonged (≤30min) sitting (-0.2; 95% CI: -0.3, -0.1 per 60min), than in TC. Students also spent more class time standing (15%; 95% CI: 12.7, 18.0) and stepping (3%; 95% CI: 2.0, 3.1) in FLS than TC. CONCLUSION The results suggest that, by stealth, elements of FLS including a variety of furniture and resources, and greater use of student-centered pedagogies, facilitate improvements in adolescents' sedentary profiles during class time. This may translate into beneficial health impacts over a longer period given the health benefits of reducing total and breaking up prolonged sitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina E Kariippanon
- Early Start, School of Health and Society, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Australia.
| | - Dylan P Cliff
- Early Start, School of Education, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - Anthony D Okely
- Early Start, School of Education, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - Anne-Maree Parrish
- Early Start, School of Health and Society, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Australia
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24
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Trost SG, Cliff DP, Ahmadi MN, Tuc NVAN, Hagenbuchner M. Sensor-enabled Activity Class Recognition in Preschoolers: Hip versus Wrist Data. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018; 50:634-641. [PMID: 29059107 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pattern recognition approaches to accelerometer data processing have emerged as viable alternatives to cut-point methods. However, few studies have explored the validity of pattern recognition approaches in preschoolers, and none have compared supervised learning algorithms trained on hip and wrist data. Purpose of this study was to develop, test, and compare activity class recognition algorithms trained on hip, wrist, and combined hip and wrist accelerometer data in preschoolers. METHODS Eleven children 3-6 yr of age (mean age, 4.8 ± 0.9 yr) completed 12 developmentally appropriate physical activity (PA) trials while wearing an ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometer on the right hip and nondominant wrist. PA trials were categorized as sedentary, light activity games, moderate-to-vigorous games, walking, and running. Random forest (RF) and support vector machine (SVM) classifiers were trained using time and frequency domain features from the vector magnitude of the raw signal. Features were extracted from 15-s nonoverlapping windows. Classifier performance was evaluated using leave-one-out cross-validation. RESULTS Cross-validation accuracy for the hip, wrist, and combined hip and wrist RF models was 0.80 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.79-0.82), 0.78 (95% CI, 0.77-0.80), and 0.82 (95% CI, 0.80-0.83), respectively. Accuracy for hip, wrist, and combined hip and wrist SVM models was 0.81 (95% CI, 0.80-0.83), 0.80 (95% CI, 0.79-0.80), and 0.85 (95% CI, 0.84-0.86), respectively. Recognition accuracy was consistently excellent for sedentary (>90%); moderate for light activity games, moderate-to-vigorous games, and running (69%-79%); and modest for walking (61%-71%). CONCLUSIONS Machine learning algorithms such as RF and SVM are useful for predicting PA class from accelerometer data collected in preschool children. Although classifiers trained on hip or wrist data provided acceptable recognition accuracy, the combination of hip and wrist accelerometer delivered better performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart G Trost
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation at QLD Centre for Children's Health Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, AUSTRALIA
| | - Dylan P Cliff
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation at QLD Centre for Children's Health Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, AUSTRALIA
| | - Matthew N Ahmadi
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation at QLD Centre for Children's Health Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, AUSTRALIA
| | - Nguyen VAN Tuc
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation at QLD Centre for Children's Health Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, AUSTRALIA
| | - Markus Hagenbuchner
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation at QLD Centre for Children's Health Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, AUSTRALIA
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25
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VAN Loo CMT, Okely AD, Batterham MJ, Hinkley T, Ekelund U, Brage S, Reilly JJ, Trost SG, Jones RA, Janssen X, Cliff DP. Wrist Acceleration Cut Points for Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity in Youth. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018; 50:609-616. [PMID: 29023358 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to examine the validity of wrist acceleration cut points for classifying moderate (MPA), vigorous (VPA), and moderate-to-vigorous (MVPA) physical activity. METHODS Fifty-seven children (5-12 yr) completed 15 semistructured activities. Three sets of wrist cut points (>192 mg, >250 mg, and >314 mg), previously developed using Euclidian norm minus one (ENMO192+), GENEActiv software (GENEA250+), and band-pass filter followed by Euclidian norm (BFEN314+), were evaluated against indirect calorimetry. Analyses included classification accuracy, equivalence testing, and Bland-Altman procedures. RESULTS All cut points classified MPA, VPA, and MVPA with substantial accuracy (ENMO192+: κ = 0.72 [95% confidence interval = 0.72-0.73], MVPA: area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC-AUC) = 0.85 [0.85-0.86]; GENEA250+: κ = 0.75 [0.74-0.76], MVPA: ROC-AUC = 0.85 [0.85-0.86]; BFEN314+: κ = 0.73 [0.72-0.74], MVPA: ROC-AUC = 0.86 [0.86-0.87]). BFEN314+ misclassified 19.7% non-MVPA epochs as MPA, whereas ENMO192+ and GENEA250+ misclassified 32.6% and 26.5% of MPA epochs as non-MVPA, respectively. Group estimates of MPA time were equivalent (P < 0.01) to indirect calorimetry for the BFEN314+ MPA cut point (mean bias = -1.5%, limits of agreement [LoA] = -57.5% to 60.6%), whereas estimates of MVPA time were equivalent (P < 0.01) to indirect calorimetry for the ENMO192+ (mean bias = -1.1%, LoA = -53.7% to 55.9%) and GENEA250+ (mean bias = 2.2%, LoA = -56.5% to 52.2%) cut points. Individual variability (LoA) was large for MPA (min: BFEN314+, -60.6% to 57.5%; max: GENEA250+, -42.0% to 104.1%), VPA (min: BFEN314+, -238.9% to 54.6%; max: ENMO192+, -244.5% to 127.4%), and MVPA (min: ENMO192+, -53.7% to 55.0%; max: BFEN314+, -83.9% to 25.3%). CONCLUSION Wrist acceleration cut points misclassified a considerable proportion of non-MVPA and MVPA. Group-level estimates of MVPA were acceptable; however, error for individual-level prediction was larger.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anthony D Okely
- Early Start Research Institute and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, AUSTRALIA
| | - Marijka J Batterham
- Early Start Research Institute and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, AUSTRALIA
| | - Trina Hinkley
- Early Start Research Institute and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, AUSTRALIA
| | - Ulf Ekelund
- Early Start Research Institute and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, AUSTRALIA.,Early Start Research Institute and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, AUSTRALIA
| | - Søren Brage
- Early Start Research Institute and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, AUSTRALIA
| | - John J Reilly
- Early Start Research Institute and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, AUSTRALIA
| | - Stewart G Trost
- Early Start Research Institute and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, AUSTRALIA
| | - Rachel A Jones
- Early Start Research Institute and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, AUSTRALIA
| | - Xanne Janssen
- Early Start Research Institute and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, AUSTRALIA
| | - Dylan P Cliff
- Early Start Research Institute and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, AUSTRALIA
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Kemp BJ, Cliff DP, Chong KH, Parrish AM. Longitudinal changes in domains of physical activity during childhood and adolescence: A systematic review. J Sci Med Sport 2018; 22:695-701. [PMID: 30630743 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Physical activity (PA) participation is prone to decline during adolescence. An understanding of the domains of PA that are susceptible to decline may support a more targeted approach to PA and health promotion. The aim of this study was to review longitudinal trends in participation in four PA domains during childhood and adolescence: organized PA, non-organized PA, active transport and active chores. DESIGN Systematic review. METHODS 5517 research articles were sourced from five electronic databases (covering January 1997-April 2018). Eligibility criteria included repeated measurements of at least one PA domain among the same participants (5-18years of age). RESULTS 23 studies were included, cumulatively reporting data from 27,231 participants. Few studies had a low risk of bias (n=6). Most studies of active transport reported an increase in participation during childhood, no change in the transition to adolescence, and no change or decline during adolescence. Most studies of organized PA reported an increase during childhood, an increasing or stable pattern in the transition to adolescence, and no change or decline during adolescence. Non-organized PA participation tended to remain stable among adolescent girls and decline among adolescent boys. Active chores increased during the transition to adolescence and then stabilized. CONCLUSIONS Potential strategies for PA promotion among youth may include targeting non-organized PA among adolescent boys or organized PA among late adolescent boys and girls. However, there is a continuing need for high-quality, longitudinal studies of participation in PA domains, particularly non-organized PA and active chores. PROSPERO Registration: CRD42017076888.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron J Kemp
- Early Start, University of Wollongong, Australia; School of Health and Society, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Australia.
| | - Dylan P Cliff
- Early Start, University of Wollongong, Australia; School of Education, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - Kar Hau Chong
- Early Start, University of Wollongong, Australia; School of Education, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - Anne-Maree Parrish
- Early Start, University of Wollongong, Australia; School of Health and Society, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Australia
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Pereira JR, Cliff DP, Sousa-Sá E, Zhang Z, Santos R. Prevalence of objectively measured sedentary behavior in early years: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2018; 29:308-328. [PMID: 30456827 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The early years have been identified as a critical period during which sedentary habits may be established, as this behavior appears to track throughout life. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to summarize the current literature on the prevalence of sedentary behavior in children aged 1-5.99 years, reporting differences between boys and girls, weekdays and weekend days, childcare hours and nonchildcare hours, and between time spent indoors and outdoors while children attended childcare. METHODS Five databases were searched until 26.10.2017 and meta-analyses were conducted to estimate prevalence and calculate mean differences in prevalence between groups. RESULTS Fifty studies representing 14 598 children (2-5.99 years) were included. Children spent 51.4% of their waking time in sedentary behaviors. Boys spent less time being sedentary than girls (estimate difference = -1.4%; 95%CI = -2.0: -0.7; P < .001). No significant differences were found between weekdays/weekend days (estimate difference = -0.4; 95%CI = -2.0: 1.2; P = .61) nor between childcare hours/nonchildcare hours (estimate difference = %; 95%CI = -0.9: 6.6; P = .136). While attending childcare centers, children were more sedentary indoors than outdoors (estimate difference = 14.4%; 95%CI = 11.8: 16.9; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that young children spend a significant portion of their waking hours in sedentary behaviors. While at childcare, young children accumulated more sedentary behavior indoors than outdoors. Girls were more likely to be more sedentary than boys. No significant differences were found between weekdays and weekends, or between childcare and nonchildcare hours. There is a need for higher-quality studies with strong designs, using age and device appropriate cut-off points, to improve evidence-base and to better establish prevalence of sedentary behavior in young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Rafael Pereira
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity - CIDAF (uid/dtp/03213/2016) University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Dylan P Cliff
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Eduarda Sousa-Sá
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Zhiguang Zhang
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Rute Santos
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Universidade Lusófona, Lisboa, Portugal
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Abstract
Background Overweight and obesity among young people is alarmingly high. While hundreds of millions of children participate in organised sports worldwide, it is currently unknown whether time spent in organised sports is associated with levels of adiposity among young people. This study aimed to investigate bidirectional associations between participation in organised sports and adiposity over a two year period. Method Data were drawn from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. In total, 4033 participants (51% male) reported time spent in organised sports and had their body mass index, body fat percentage, and waist circumference measured at age 12, and again two years later. A cross-lagged panel model was used to examine bidirectional relationships over time, as well as interaction effects. Results Total sport participation at age 12 was not associated with subsequent BMI-z scores (β = 0.01 [95% CI, -0.02, 0.04]), body fat (β = 0.01 [95% CI, -0.02, 0.03]), or waist circumference (β = -0.01 [95% CI, -0.05, 0.02]). Similarly, measure of adiposity at age 12 were not associated with subsequent sports participation (BMI-z score: β = -0.01 [95% CI, -0.02, 0.04]; body fat percentage: β = -0.02 [95% CI, -0.05, 0.02]; waist circumference: β = -0.01 [95% CI, -0.01, 0.03]). There were no differences in the strength or direction of the relationships by type of sport or by sex (p < .05). Conclusion Policy and programmatic changes may be needed before organised youth sports are considered a preventative strategy for overweight and obesity. However, a more nuanced understanding of why organised youth sports are not associated with adiposity is needed before evidence-based changes can be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart A. Vella
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, Northfields Avenue, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Northfields Avenue, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Dylan P. Cliff
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, Northfields Avenue, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
- School of Education, Faculty of Social Sciences, Northfields Avenue, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
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Cliff DP, Howard SJ, Radesky JS, McNeill J, Vella SA. Early Childhood Media Exposure and Self-Regulation: Bidirectional Longitudinal Associations. Acad Pediatr 2018; 18:813-819. [PMID: 29704999 DOI: 10.1016/j.acap.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate: 1) prospective associations between media exposure (television viewing, computers, and electronic games) at 2 years and self-regulation at 4 and 6 years, and 2) bidirectional associations between media exposure and self-regulation at 4 and 6 years. We hypothesized that media exposure and self-regulation would show a negative prospective association and subsequent bidirectional inverse associations. METHODS Data from the nationally-representative Longitudinal Study of Australian Children when children were aged 2 years (n = 2786) and 4/6 years (n = 3527) were used. Primary caregivers reported children's weekly electronic media exposure. A composite measure of self-regulation was computed from caregiver-, teacher-, and observer-report data. Associations were examined using linear regression and cross-lagged panel models, accounting for covariates. RESULTS Lower television viewing and total media exposure at 2 years were associated with higher self-regulation at 4 years (both β = -0.02; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.03 to -0.01). Lower self-regulation at 4 years was also significantly associated with higher television viewing (β = -0.15; 95% CI, -0.21 to -0.08), electronic game use (β = -0.05; 95% CI, -0.09 to -0.01), and total media exposure (β = -0.19; 95% CI, -0.29 to -0.09) at 6 years. However, media exposure at 4 years was not associated with self-regulation at 6 years. CONCLUSIONS Although media exposure duration at 2 years was associated with later self-regulation, and self-regulation at 4 years was associated with later media exposure, associations were of small magnitude. More research is needed to examine content quality, social context, and mobile media use and child self-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan P Cliff
- Early Start, School of Education, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.
| | - Steven J Howard
- Early Start, School of Education, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Jenny S Radesky
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | - Jade McNeill
- Early Start, School of Education, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Stewart A Vella
- Early Start, School of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
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Ellis YG, Cliff DP, Howard SJ, Okely AD. Feasibility, acceptability, and potential efficacy of a childcare-based intervention to reduce sitting time among pre-schoolers: A pilot randomised controlled trial. J Sports Sci 2018; 37:146-155. [PMID: 29913108 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1486362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to test the feasibility, acceptability and potential efficacy of a childcare-based intervention to reduce total and prolonged sitting time in pre-schoolers. Four centres and 115 pre-schoolers (44 % boys; 4.1y) participated in a 3-month, 2-arm pilot cluster randomised controlled trial. Feasibility and acceptability were assessed through observations and semi-structured interviews. Sitting time, and breaks and bouts of sitting during childcare were assessed using an activPAL accelerometer over a one-week period at pre- and post-test (12wks). EF (inhibition, working memory and shifting) was assessed using the Early Years Toolbox. Intervention fidelity was high for both intervention centres (77 % vs 70 %) and educators reacted positively to the intervention. Proportion of sitting time per day reduced significantly at post-test in both intervention (-5.3%/day,[2.13, 8.50]) and control centres (-6.45 %,[4.20, 8.71]), resulting in a non- significant between-group difference (p = 0.51[2.4, 4.9]). EF scores did not significantly differ between groups (p > 0.05). Modifications to the childcare environment to reducing sitting, particularly the standing workstations, were feasible and acceptable to educators and children. No differences in sitting time between groups were seen; additional changes and longer-term trials are needed to reduce sitting time in pre-schoolers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne G Ellis
- a Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences , University of Wollongong , Wollongong , Australia
| | - Dylan P Cliff
- a Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences , University of Wollongong , Wollongong , Australia
| | - Steven J Howard
- a Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences , University of Wollongong , Wollongong , Australia
| | - Anthony D Okely
- a Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences , University of Wollongong , Wollongong , Australia
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Brazendale K, Beets MW, Rowlands AV, Chandler JL, Fairclough SJ, Boddy LM, Olds TS, Parfitt G, Noonan RJ, Downs SJ, Cliff DP. Converting between estimates of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity derived from raw accelerations measured at the wrist and from ActiGraph counts measured at the hip: the Rosetta Stone. J Sports Sci 2018; 36:2603-2607. [PMID: 29708474 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1470373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The ability to compare published group-level estimates of objectively measured moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) across studies continues to increase in difficulty. The objective of this study was to develop conversion equations and demonstrate their utility to compare estimates of MVPA derived from the wrist and hip. Three studies of youth (N = 232, 9-12yrs, 50% boys) concurrently wore a hip-worn ActiGraph and a wrist-worn GENEActiv for 7-days. ActiGraph hip count data were reduced using four established cutpoints. Wrist accelerations were reduced using the Hildebrand MVPA 200 mg threshold. Conversion equations were developed on a randomly selected subsample of 132 youth. Equations were cross-validated and absolute error, absolute percent error, and modified Bland-Altman plots were evaluated for conversion accuracy. Across equations R2adj was 0.51-0.56 with individual-level absolute error in minutes ranging from 7 (wrist-to-hip Puyau) to 14.5 minutes (wrist-to-hip Freedson 3MET) and absolute percent differences ranging from 13.9%-24.5%. Group-level cross-validation to convert hip-to-wrist MVPA resulted in average absolute percent errors ranging from 3.1%-4.9%. Conversion of wrist-to-hip MVPA resulted in average absolute percent errors ranging from 3.0%-10.0%. We recommend the use of these equations to compare published estimates of MVPA between the wear-site cut-point combinations presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Brazendale
- a Arnold School of Public Heath , University of South Carolina , Columbia , SC , USA
| | - Michael W Beets
- a Arnold School of Public Heath , University of South Carolina , Columbia , SC , USA
| | - Alex V Rowlands
- b Diabetes Research Centre , University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital , Leicester , UK.,c Lifestyle and Physical Activity Biomedical Research Unit , NIHR Leicester-Loughborough Diet , Leicester , UK.,d Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Sansom Institute for Health Research, Division of Health Sciences , University of South Australia , Adelaide , Australia
| | - Jessica L Chandler
- e College of Nursing , Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston , SC , USA
| | - Stuart J Fairclough
- f Department of Sport and Physical Activity , Edge Hill University , Ormskirk , UK.,g Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences , University of Limerick , Limerick , Ireland
| | - Lynne M Boddy
- h Physical Activity Exchange, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences , Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool , UK
| | - Tim S Olds
- d Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Sansom Institute for Health Research, Division of Health Sciences , University of South Australia , Adelaide , Australia
| | - Gaynor Parfitt
- d Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Sansom Institute for Health Research, Division of Health Sciences , University of South Australia , Adelaide , Australia
| | - Robert J Noonan
- h Physical Activity Exchange, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences , Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool , UK
| | - Samantha J Downs
- f Department of Sport and Physical Activity , Edge Hill University , Ormskirk , UK
| | - Dylan P Cliff
- i Early Start Research Institute, School of Education, Faculty of Social Sciences , University of Wollongong , Wollongong , Australia
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Scott JJ, Rowlands AV, Cliff DP, Morgan PJ, Plotnikoff RC, Lubans DR. Comparability and feasibility of wrist- and hip-worn accelerometers in free-living adolescents. J Sci Med Sport 2017; 20:1101-1106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2017.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Cliff DP, McNeill J, Vella SA, Howard SJ, Santos R, Batterham M, Melhuish E, Okely AD, de Rosnay M. Adherence to 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for the Early Years and associations with social-cognitive development among Australian preschool children. BMC Public Health 2017; 17:857. [PMID: 29219104 PMCID: PMC5773906 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4858-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The new Australian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for the Early Years recommend that, for preschoolers, a healthy 24-h includes: i) ≥180 min of physical activity, including ≥60 min of energetic play, ii) ≤1 h of sedentary screen time, and iii) 10–13 h of good quality sleep. Using an Australian sample, this study reports the proportion of preschool children meeting these guidelines and investigates associations with social-cognitive development. Methods Data from 248 preschool children (mean age = 4.2 ± 0.6 years, 57% boys) participating in the PATH-ABC study were analyzed. Children completed direct assessments of physical activity (accelerometry) and social cognition (the Test of Emotional Comprehension (TEC) and Theory of Mind (ToM)). Parents reported on children’s screen time and sleep. Children were categorised as meeting/not meeting: i) individual guidelines, ii) combinations of two guidelines, or iii) all three guidelines. Associations were examined using linear regression adjusting for child age, sex, vocabulary, area level socio-economic status and childcare level clustering. Results High proportions of children met the physical activity (93.1%) and sleep (88.7%) guidelines, whereas fewer met the screen time guideline (17.3%). Overall, 14.9% of children met all three guidelines. Children meeting the sleep guideline performed better on TEC than those who did not (mean difference [MD] = 1.41; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.36, 2.47). Children meeting the sleep and physical activity or sleep and screen time guidelines also performed better on TEC (MD = 1.36; 95% CI = 0.31, 2.41) and ToM (MD = 0.25; 95% CI = −0.002, 0.50; p = 0.05), respectively, than those who did not. Meeting all three guidelines was associated with better ToM performance (MD = 0.28; 95% CI = −0.002, 0.48, p = 0.05), while meeting a larger number of guidelines was associated with better TEC (3 or 2 vs. 1/none, p < 0.02) and ToM performance (3 vs. 2, p = 0.03). Conclusions Strategies to promote adherence to the 24-Hour Movement Behaviour Guidelines for the Early Years among preschool children are warranted. Supporting preschool children to meet all guidelines or more guidelines, particularly the sleep and screen time guidelines, may be beneficial for their social-cognitive development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan P Cliff
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia. .,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.
| | - Jade McNeill
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Stewart A Vella
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Steven J Howard
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Rute Santos
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marijka Batterham
- Statistical Consulting Service, School of Mathematics and Applied Statistics, Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Edward Melhuish
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.,Department of Education, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
| | - Anthony D Okely
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Marc de Rosnay
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
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Okely AD, Ghersi D, Hesketh KD, Santos R, Loughran SP, Cliff DP, Shilton T, Grant D, Jones RA, Stanley RM, Sherring J, Hinkley T, Trost SG, McHugh C, Eckermann S, Thorpe K, Waters K, Olds TS, Mackey T, Livingstone R, Christian H, Carr H, Verrender A, Pereira JR, Zhang Z, Downing KL, Tremblay MS. A collaborative approach to adopting/adapting guidelines - The Australian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for the early years (Birth to 5 years): an integration of physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep. BMC Public Health 2017; 17:869. [PMID: 29219094 PMCID: PMC5773882 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4867-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In 2017, the Australian Government funded the update of the National Physical Activity Recommendations for Children 0–5 years, with the intention that they be an integration of movement behaviours across the 24-h period. The benefit for Australia was that it could leverage research in Canada in the development of their 24-h guidelines for the early years. Concurrently, the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) working group published a model to produce guidelines based on adoption, adaption and/or de novo development using the GRADE evidence-to-decision framework. Referred to as the GRADE-ADOLOPMENT approach, it allows guideline developers to follow a structured and transparent process in a more efficient manner, potentially avoiding the need to unnecessarily repeat costly tasks such as conducting systematic reviews. The purpose of this paper is to outline the process and outcomes for adapting the Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for the Early Years to develop the Australian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for the Early Years guided by the GRADE-ADOLOPMENT framework. Methods The development process was guided by the GRADE-ADOLOPMENT approach. A Leadership Group and Consensus Panel were formed and existing credible guidelines identified. The draft Canadian 24-h integrated movement guidelines for the early years best met the criteria established by the Panel. These were evaluated based on the evidence in the GRADE tables, summaries of findings tables and draft recommendations from the Canadian Draft Guidelines. Updates to each of the Canadian systematic reviews were conducted and the Consensus Panel reviewed the evidence for each behaviour separately and made a decision to adopt or adapt the Canadian recommendations for each behaviour or create de novo recommendations. An online survey was then conducted (n = 302) along with five focus groups (n = 30) and five key informant interviews (n = 5) to obtain feedback from stakeholders on the draft guidelines. Results Based on the evidence from the Canadian systematic reviews and the updated systematic reviews in Australia, the Consensus Panel agreed to adopt the Canadian recommendations and, apart from some minor changes to the wording of good practice statements, keep the wording of the guidelines, preamble and title of the Canadian Guidelines. The Australian Guidelines provide evidence-informed recommendations for a healthy day (24-h), integrating physical activity, sedentary behaviour (including limits to screen time), and sleep for infants (<1 year), toddlers (1–2 years) and preschoolers (3–5 years). Conclusions To our knowledge, this is only the second time the GRADE-ADOLOPMENT approach has been used. Following this approach, the judgments of the Australian Consensus Panel did not differ sufficiently to change the directions and strength of the recommendations and as such, the Canadian recommendations were adopted with very minor alterations. This allowed the Guidelines to be developed much faster and at lower cost. As such, we would recommend the GRADE-ADOLOPMENT approach, especially if a credible set of guidelines, with all supporting materials and developed using a transparent process, is available. Other countries may consider using this approach when developing and/or revising national movement guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D Okely
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia. .,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, Australia.
| | - Davina Ghersi
- Research Policy and Translation, National Health and Medical Research Council, Canberra, Australia.,National Health & Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Centre, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kylie D Hesketh
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Rute Santos
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.,Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sarah P Loughran
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, Australia.,School of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Dylan P Cliff
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Trevor Shilton
- National Heart Foundation (WA), 334 Rokeby Road, Subiaco, Australia
| | - David Grant
- Population Health and Sport Division, Australian Government Department of Health, Canberra, Australia
| | - Rachel A Jones
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Rebecca M Stanley
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Julie Sherring
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Trina Hinkley
- Research Policy and Translation, National Health and Medical Research Council, Canberra, Australia
| | - Stewart G Trost
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation at Queensland Centre for Children's Health Research, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Simon Eckermann
- Australian Health Services Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Karen Thorpe
- Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Karen Waters
- Children's Hospital Westmead and University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Timothy S Olds
- Alliance for Research in Exercise Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Sansom Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Rhonda Livingstone
- Australian Children's Education & Care Quality Authority (ACECQA), Sydney, Australia
| | - Hayley Christian
- School of Population and Global Health and Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | | | - Adam Verrender
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, Australia.,School of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - João R Pereira
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Zhiguang Zhang
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Katherine L Downing
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Mark S Tremblay
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
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Santos R, Zhang Z, Pereira JR, Sousa-Sá E, Cliff DP, Okely AD. Compliance with the Australian 24-hour movement guidelines for the early years: associations with weight status. BMC Public Health 2017; 17:867. [PMID: 29219095 PMCID: PMC5773912 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4857-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background For effective public health and surveillance it is important to document the proportion of young children who meet the new Australian Integrated 24 h Movement Guidelines for the Early Years and how these associate with health outcomes. We aimed to (i) assess compliance with the new Integrated 24 h Movement Guidelines for the Early Years in a sample of Australian toddlers; and (ii) ascertain whether compliance with the guidelines associates with weight status. Methods The sample comprised 202 toddlers (104 girls) aged 19.74 ± 4.07 months from the GET UP! Study. Participants wore accelerometers (Actigraph GT3X+) for 24 h over 7 consecutive days to assess physical activity, sedentary time and sleep. Parents reported participants’ screen time. Weight and height were measured and body mass index (BMI) z-scores by age and sex were calculated. Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was performed to test differences in BMI z-scores between participants complying with (i) none or any individual guideline, (ii) any combination of meeting two guidelines, and (iii) those who met all three guidelines, adjusting for child age, gender and socioeconomic status. Results Only 8.9% of the sample met the overall 24 h movement guidelines. Most of the sample met the physical activity (96.5%) and sleep (79.7%) guidelines but only 11.4% met the sedentary behavior guideline. Average BMI Z-scores did not significantly differ between children who complied with none or any individual guideline, any combination of meeting two guidelines, and those who met all three guidelines (p > 0.05). Although the lack of significant differences, participants who accomplished any combination of two guidelines or all three guidelines appear to have had a lower BMI Z-score than those complying with one of the guidelines or none. Conclusions Just under 9% of our sample met the overall Australian 24 h Movement Guidelines for the Early Years. BMI was not associated with the accomplishment of any of the 24-h Movement Guidelines. Strategies to promote adherence to the 24-h movement guidelines in toddlers, particularly for screen time, are necessary, as promoting health-related behaviors in early childhood has the potential to provide children a strong foundation for lifelong physical and mental health. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12889-017-4857-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rute Santos
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia. .,Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Zhiguang Zhang
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - João R Pereira
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.,Research Centre in Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Eduarda Sousa-Sá
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Dylan P Cliff
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Anthony D Okely
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
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VAN Loo CMT, Okely AD, Batterham MJ, Hinkley T, Ekelund U, Brage S, Reilly JJ, Trost SG, Jones RA, Janssen X, Cliff DP. Wrist Accelerometer Cut Points for Classifying Sedentary Behavior in Children. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 49:813-822. [PMID: 27851669 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to examine the validity and accuracy of wrist accelerometers for classifying sedentary behavior (SB) in children. METHODS Fifty-seven children (5-8 and 9-12 yr) completed an ~170-min protocol, including 15 semistructured activities and transitions. Nine ActiGraph (GT3X+) and two GENEActiv wrist cut points were evaluated. Direct observation was the criterion measure. The accuracy of wrist cut points was compared with that achieved by the ActiGraph hip cut point (≤25 counts per 15 s) and the thigh-mounted activPAL3. Analyses included equivalence testing, Bland-Altman procedures, and area under the receiver operating curve (ROC-AUC). RESULTS The most accurate ActiGraph wrist cut points (Kim; vector magnitude, ≤3958 counts per 60 s; vertical axis, ≤1756 counts per 60 s) demonstrated good classification accuracy (ROC-AUC = 0.85-0.86) and accurately estimated SB time in 5-8 yr (equivalence P = 0.02; mean bias = 4.1%, limits of agreement = -20.1% to 28.4%) and 9-12 yr (equivalence P < 0.01; -2.5%, -27.9% to 22.9%). The mean bias of SB time estimates from Kim were smaller than ActiGraph hip (5-8 yr: 15.8%, -5.7% to 37.2%; 9-12 yr: 17.8%, -3.9% to 39.5%) and similar to or smaller than activPAL3 (5-8 yr: 12.6%, -39.8% to 14.7%; 9-12 yr: -1.4%, -13.9% to 11.0%), although classification accuracy was similar to ActiGraph hip (ROC-AUC = 0.85) but lower than activPAL3 (ROC-AUC = 0.92-0.97). Mean bias (5-8 yr: 6.5%, -16.1% to 29.1%; 9-12 yr: 10.5%, -13.6% to 34.6%) for the most accurate GENEActiv wrist cut point (Schaefer: ≤0.19 g) was smaller than ActiGraph hip, and activPAL3 in 5-8 yr, but larger than activPAL3 in 9-12 yr. However, SB time estimates from Schaefer were not equivalent to direct observation (equivalence P > 0.05) and classification accuracy (ROC-AUC = 0.79-0.80) was lower than for ActiGraph hip and activPAL3. CONCLUSION The most accurate SB ActiGraph (Kim) and GENEActiv (Schaefer) wrist cut points can be applied in children with similar confidence as the ActiGraph hip cut point (≤25 counts per 15 s), although activPAL3 was generally more accurate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiana M T VAN Loo
- 1Early Start Research Institute and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, AUSTRALIA; 2School of Mathematics and Applied Statistics, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, AUSTRALIA; 3School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University, Geelong, AUSTRALIA; 4Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, NORWAY; 5MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UNITED KINGDOM; 6School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, UNITED KINGDOM; and 7Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation at Queensland Centre for Children's Health Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, AUSTRALIA
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Lonsdale C, Lester A, Owen KB, White RL, Peralta L, Kirwan M, Diallo TMO, Maeder AJ, Bennie A, MacMillan F, Kolt GS, Ntoumanis N, Gore JM, Cerin E, Cliff DP, Lubans DR. An internet-supported school physical activity intervention in low socioeconomic status communities: results from the Activity and Motivation in Physical Education (AMPED) cluster randomised controlled trial. Br J Sports Med 2017; 53:341-347. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2017-097904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
ObjectiveQuality physical education (PE) is the cornerstone of comprehensive school physical activity (PA) promotion programmes. We tested the efficacy of a teacher professional learning intervention, delivered partially via the internet, designed to maximise opportunities for students to be active during PE lessons and enhance adolescents’ motivation towards PE and PA.MethodsA two-arm cluster randomised controlled trial with teachers and Grade 8 students from secondary schools in low socioeconomic areas of Western Sydney, Australia. The Activity and Motivation in Physical Education (AMPED) intervention for secondary school PE teachers included workshops, online learning, implementation tasks and mentoring sessions. The primary outcome was the proportion of PE lesson time that students spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), measured by accelerometers at baseline, postintervention (7–8 months after baseline) and maintenance (14–15 months). Secondary outcomes included observed PE teachers’ behaviour during lessons, students’ leisure-time PA and students’ motivation.ResultsStudents (n=1421) from 14 schools completed baseline assessments and were included in linear mixed model analyses. The intervention had positive effects on students’ MVPA during lessons. At postintervention, the adjusted mean difference in the proportion of lesson time spent in MVPA was 5.58% (p<0.001, approximately 4 min/lesson). During the maintenance phase, this effect was 2.64% (p<0.001, approximately 2 min/lesson). The intervention had positive effects on teachers’ behaviour, but did not impact students’ motivation.ConclusionsAMPED produced modest improvements in MVPA and compares favourably with previous interventions delivered exclusively face-to-face. Online teacher training could help facilitate widespread dissemination of professional learning interventions.Trial registration numberACTRN12614000184673.
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Rowlands AV, Cliff DP, Fairclough SJ, Boddy LM, Olds TS, Parfitt G, Noonan RJ, Downs SJ, Knowles ZR, Beets MW. Moving Forward with Backward Compatibility: Translating Wrist Accelerometer Data. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 48:2142-2149. [PMID: 27327029 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to provide a means for calibrating raw acceleration data from wrist-worn accelerometers in relation to past estimates of children's moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) from a range of cut points applied to hip-worn ActiGraph data. METHODS This is a secondary analysis of three studies with concurrent 7-d accelerometer wear at the wrist (GENEActiv) and hip (ActiGraph) in 238 children age 9-12 yr. The time spent above acceleration (ENMO) thresholds of 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, and 400 mg from wrist acceleration data (≤5-s epoch) was calculated for comparison with MVPA estimated from widely used children's hip-worn ActiGraph MVPA cut points (Freedson/Trost, 1100 counts per minute; Pate, 1680 counts per minute; Evenson, 2296 counts per minute; Puyau, 3200 counts per minute) with epochs of ≤5, 15, and 60 s. RESULTS The optimal ENMO thresholds for alignment with MVPA estimates from ActiGraph cut points determined from 70% of the sample and cross validated with the remaining 30% were as follows: Freedson/Trost = ENMO 150+ mg, irrespective of ActiGraph epoch (intraclass correlation [ICC] ≥ 0.65); Pate = ENMO 200+ mg, irrespective of ActiGraph epoch (ICC ≥ 0.67); Evenson = ENMO 250+ mg for ≤5- and 15-s epochs (ICC ≥ 0.69) and ENMO 300+ mg for 60-s epochs (ICC = 0.73); Puyau = ENMO 300+ mg for ≤5-s epochs (ICC = 0.73), ENMO 350+ mg for 15-s epochs (ICC = 0.73), and ENMO 400+ mg for 60-s epochs (ICC = 0.65). Agreement was robust with cross-validation ICC = 0.62-0.71 and means within ∣7.8∣% ± 4.9% of MVPA estimates from ActiGraph cut points, except Puyau 60-s epochs (ICC = 0.42). CONCLUSION Incremental ENMO thresholds enable children's acceleration data measured at the wrist to be simply and directly compared, at a group level, with past estimates of MVPA from hip-worn ActiGraphs across a range of cut points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex V Rowlands
- 1Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM; 2NIHR Leicester-Loughborough Diet, Lifestyle and Physical Activity Biomedical Research Unit, UNITED KINGDOM; 3Division of Health Sciences, Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, AUSTRALIA; 4School of Education, Faculty of Social Sciences, Early Start Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, AUSTRALIA; 5Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UNITED KINGDOM; 6Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, IRELAND; 7Physical Activity Exchange, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UNITED KINGDOM; and 8Arnold School of Public Health, Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
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Penning A, Okely AD, Trost SG, Salmon J, Cliff DP, Batterham M, Howard S, Parrish AM. Acute effects of reducing sitting time in adolescents: a randomized cross-over study. BMC Public Health 2017; 17:657. [PMID: 28810853 PMCID: PMC5558656 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4660-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Levels of sitting among adolescents are high, especially during the school day. The acute cognitive and health consequences associated with prolonged sitting are poorly understood in adolescents. This randomized crossover design study examined the acute effects of a simulated school day with reduced sitting or usual sitting on adolescents' cognitive function and cardiometabolic biomarkers. METHODS Eighteen healthy school aged adolescents were recruited from the community to the study (11 males; 7 females; mean age [SD] = 13.5 ± 0.9 years). Two protocols were developed to simulate an adolescent school day, the amount of time spent sitting was manipulated reflecting: a 'typical' day (65% of the time spent sitting with two sitting bouts sitting >20 min) and a 'reduced sitting' day (adolescents sat for 50% less time with no bouts of sitting >20 mins). The order that participants were exposed to each condition was randomized (via random number generator). Participants were not fully blinded as they could observe the difference between conditions. Energy intake and moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) were standardized for both conditions and monitored for 48 h post-condition for compensatory effects. Cognitive (working memory) and cardiometabolic outcomes (lipids, glucose, insulin, IL-6, apo-A1, apo-B, blood pressure,) were assessed pre and post for both conditions, BMI and body fat were assessed on the morning of the intervention. Data were analyzed using linear mixed models. Standardised effect sizes were calculated. RESULTS Compared with the typical school day, the reduced sitting day demonstrated significant positive effects for apoB/apoA-1 ratio (adjusted difference ± SD) -0.02 ± 0.03; P = 0.03; effect size [Cohen's d] = -0.67. Findings for total cholesterol -0.19 ± 0.27; P = 0.28; d = -0.71; HDL cholesterol -0.23 ± 0.50; P = 0.12 d = -0.66; and total cholesterol/HDL ratio 0.25 ± 0.53; P = 0.25; d = 0.51 and for cognition 0.64 ± 0.15; P = 0.15; d = 0.54 were non-significant. There were no compensatory changes in participant energy expenditure or energy intake for 48 h post intervention. CONCLUSION Reducing school day sitting time in adolescents' resulted in significant improvements in apoB/apoA-1 ratio with medium effect sizes for total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and total cholesterol/HDL ratio. Cognitive function results showed the equivalent of a 6 month improvement in effective mental-attentional capacity. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial was registered as a clinical trial with the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ( ACTRN12614001064695 ) on the 3rd of October 2014 - registered retrospectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisse Penning
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2521 Australia
- Early Start Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2521 Australia
| | - Anthony D. Okely
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2521 Australia
- Early Start Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2521 Australia
| | - Stewart G. Trost
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation at Queensland Centre for Children’s Health Research, Queensland University of Technology, South Brisbane, QLD 4101 Australia
| | - Jo Salmon
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC 3125 Australia
| | - Dylan P. Cliff
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2521 Australia
- Early Start Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2521 Australia
| | - Marijka Batterham
- Mathematics and Applied Statistics, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2521 Australia
- Early Start Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2521 Australia
| | - Steven Howard
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2521 Australia
- Early Start Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2521 Australia
| | - Anne-Maree Parrish
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2521 Australia
- Early Start Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2521 Australia
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Cliff DP, McNeill J, Vella S, Howard SJ, Kelly MA, Angus DJ, Wright IM, Santos R, Batterham M, Melhuish E, Okely AD, de Rosnay M. The Preschool Activity, Technology, Health, Adiposity, Behaviour and Cognition (PATH-ABC) cohort study: rationale and design. BMC Pediatr 2017; 17:95. [PMID: 28376910 PMCID: PMC5379769 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-017-0846-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prevalence estimates internationally suggest that many preschool-aged children (3-5 years) are insufficiently physically active and engage in high levels of screen-based entertainment. Early childhood is the developmental period for which we know the least about the effects of physical activity on development and health. Likewise, rapid technological advancements in mobile electronic media have made screen-based forms of entertainment for young children ubiquitous, and research demonstrating the impacts on cognition, psychosocial well-being, and health has lagged behind the rate of adoption of these technologies. The purpose of the Preschool Activity, Technology, Health, Adiposity, Behaviour and Cognition (PATH-ABC) study is to investigate if physical activity and screen-based entertainment are independently associated with cognitive and psychosocial development, and health outcomes in young children, and if so, how much and which types of these behaviours might be most influential. METHODS The PATH-ABC study is a prospective cohort, aiming to recruit 430 3-5 year-old children. Children are recruited through and complete initial assessments at their Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) centre, and then 12-months later at their centre or school. Direct assessments are made of children's habitual physical activity using accelerometry, cognitive (executive function) and language development (expressive vocabulary), psychosocial development (emotional understanding, Theory of Mind, empathy, and heart rate variability), adiposity (body mass index and waist circumference), and cardiovascular health (blood pressure and retinal micro- vasculature). Educators report on children's psychological strengths and difficulties and self-regulation. Parents report on children's habitual use of electronic media and other child, parent and household characteristics. DISCUSSION The PATH-ABC study aims to provide evidence to enhance understanding of how much and which types of physical activity and screen-based media influence development and health in preschool-aged children. This information would benefit parents, educators, health professionals and governments seeking to develop strategies and policies to give young children the best start in life by promoting healthy levels of physical activity and electronic media use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan P Cliff
- Early Start Research Institute, School of Education, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.
| | - Jade McNeill
- Early Start Research Institute, School of Education, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Stewart Vella
- Early Start Research Institute, School of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Steven J Howard
- Early Start Research Institute, School of Education, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
- Early Start Research Institute, School of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Megan A Kelly
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Douglas J Angus
- School of Psychology University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia
| | - Ian M Wright
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Rute Santos
- Early Start Research Institute, School of Education, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marijka Batterham
- Statistical Consulting Centre, School of Mathematics and Applied Statistics, Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Edward Melhuish
- Early Start Research Institute, School of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
- Department of Education, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
| | - Anthony D Okely
- Early Start Research Institute, School of Education, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Marc de Rosnay
- Early Start Research Institute, School of Education, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
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Ellis YG, Cliff DP, Janssen X, Jones RA, Reilly JJ, Okely AD. Sedentary time, physical activity and compliance with IOM recommendations in young children at childcare. Prev Med Rep 2016; 7:221-226. [PMID: 28879067 PMCID: PMC5575436 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to report patterns of sitting, standing and physical activity (PA) and compliance with Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommendations for sedentary behavior (SB) and PA among children aged 1 to 5 years at childcare, and examine sociodemographic variations. Sitting, standing and PA time was assessed using an activPAL inclinometer over a period of 1 to 5 days in 301 children (49% boys; mean age = 3.7 ± 1.0 years) across 11 childcare services in Illawarra, NSW, Australia. Breaks and bouts of sitting and standing were calculated and categorized. Height and weight were assessed and parents completed a demographic survey. Differences by sex, age category (< 3 vs ≥ 3 years), weight status and SES were examined. Children spent 48.4% of their time at childcare sitting, 32.5% standing, and 19.1% in PA. Boys spent significantly more time in PA compared to girls (20.8% vs 17.7%; P = 0.003). Toddlers (< 3 years) spent significantly more time in PA compared to preschoolers (≥ 3 years) (22.2% vs 18.3%; P < 0.001). Children who were underweight spent significantly more time sitting compared with their overweight peers (52.4% vs 46.8%; P = 0.003). 56% and 16% of children met the IOM SB and PA recommendations, respectively. Girls (odds ratio [OR]; 95%CI = 0.26; 0.13 to 0.55) and preschoolers (0.16; 0.07 to 0.38) were less likely to meet the IOM PA recommendation compared to boys and toddlers. Young children spent ~ 50% of their time at childcare sitting. Girls and preschoolers sit more and are less likely to meet PA recommendations, making them important groups to target in future interventions. Use of an objective and direct measure to assess sitting, standing and PA. Assessment of compliance with the IOM recommendation for SB and PA in childcare. Young children spent almost half of their day at childcare sitting. Girls and preschoolers sit more and are less likely to meet PA recommendations. Strategies to break-up sitting time with more standing and LMVPA are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne G. Ellis
- Early Start Research Institute, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Australia
- Corresponding author at: Early Start Research Institute, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.Early Start Research InstituteFaculty of Social SciencesUniversity of WollongongWollongongNSW2522Australia
| | - Dylan P. Cliff
- Early Start Research Institute, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | | | - Rachel A. Jones
- Early Start Research Institute, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | | | - Anthony D. Okely
- Early Start Research Institute, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Australia
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Beets MW, Okely A, Weaver RG, Webster C, Lubans D, Brusseau T, Carson R, Cliff DP. The theory of expanded, extended, and enhanced opportunities for youth physical activity promotion. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2016; 13:120. [PMID: 27852272 PMCID: PMC5112641 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-016-0442-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical activity interventions targeting children and adolescents (≤18 years) often focus on complex intra- and inter-personal behavioral constructs, social-ecological frameworks, or some combination of both. Recently published meta-analytical reviews and large-scale randomized controlled trials have demonstrated that these intervention approaches have largely produced minimal or no improvements in young people's physical activity levels. DISCUSSION In this paper, we propose that the main reason for previous studies' limited effects is that fundamental mechanisms that lead to change in youth physical activity have often been overlooked or misunderstood. Evidence from observational and experimental studies is presented to support the development of a new theory positing that the primary mechanisms of change in many youth physical activity interventions are approaches that fall into one of the following three categories: (a) the expansion of opportunities for youth to be active by the inclusion of a new occasion to be active, (b) the extension of an existing physical activity opportunity by increasing the amount of time allocated for that opportunity, and/or (c) the enhancement of existing physical activity opportunities through strategies designed to increase physical activity above routine practice. Their application and considerations for intervention design and interpretation are presented. The utility of these mechanisms, referred to as the Theory of Expanded, Extended, and Enhanced Opportunities (TEO), is demonstrated in their parsimony, logical appeal, support with empirical evidence, and the direct and immediate application to numerous settings and contexts. The TEO offers a new way to understand youth physical activity behaviors and provides a common taxonomy by which interventionists can identify appropriate targets for interventions across different settings and contexts. We believe the formalization of the TEO concepts will propel them to the forefront in the design of future intervention studies and through their use, lead to a greater impact on youth activity behaviors than what has been demonstrated in previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Beets
- Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly St, 1st Flr Suite, RM 131, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
| | - Anthony Okely
- Early Start Research Institute, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - R Glenn Weaver
- Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly St, 1st Flr Suite, RM 131, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Collin Webster
- Department of Physical Education, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - David Lubans
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Tim Brusseau
- Physical Activity Research Laboratory, Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Recreation, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Russ Carson
- University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO, USA
| | - Dylan P Cliff
- Early Start Research Institute, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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43
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Santos R, Cliff DP, Howard SJ, Veldman SL, Wright IM, Sousa-Sá E, Pereira JR, Okely AD. "GET-UP" study rationale and protocol: a cluster randomised controlled trial to evaluate the effects of reduced sitting on toddlers' cognitive development. BMC Pediatr 2016; 16:182. [PMID: 27829405 PMCID: PMC5103395 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-016-0723-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The educational and cognitive differences associated with low socioeconomic status begin early in life and tend to persist throughout life. Coupled with the finding that levels of sedentary time are negatively associated with cognitive development, and time spent active tends to be lower in disadvantaged circumstances, this highlights the need for interventions that reduce the amount of time children spend sitting and sedentary during childcare. The proposed study aims to assess the effects of reducing sitting time during Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) services on cognitive development in toddlers from low socio-economic families. METHODS/DESIGN We will implement a 12-months 2-arm parallel group cluster randomised controlled trial (RCT) with Australian toddlers, aged 12 to 26 months at baseline. Educators from the ECEC services allocated to the intervention group will receive professional development on how to reduce sitting time while children attend ECEC. Participants' cognitive development will be assessed as a primary outcome, at baseline and post-intervention, using the cognitive sub-test from the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development. DISCUSSION This trial has the potential to inform programs and policies designed to optimize developmental and health outcomes in toddlers, specifically in those from disadvantaged backgrounds. TRIAL REGISTRATION Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12616000471482 , 11/04/2016, retrospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rute Santos
- Early Start Research Institute, School of Education, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia. .,Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Dylan P Cliff
- Early Start Research Institute, School of Education, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Steven J Howard
- Early Start Research Institute, School of Education, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Sanne L Veldman
- Early Start Research Institute, School of Education, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Ian M Wright
- Early Start Research Institute, School of Education, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Eduarda Sousa-Sá
- Early Start Research Institute, School of Education, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - João R Pereira
- Early Start Research Institute, School of Education, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Anthony D Okely
- Early Start Research Institute, School of Education, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
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44
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Lopes L, Póvoas S, Mota J, Okely AD, Coelho-E-Silva MJ, Cliff DP, Lopes VP, Santos R. Flexibility is associated with motor competence in schoolchildren. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2016; 27:1806-1813. [PMID: 27781306 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Available data on the associations between motor competence (MC) and flexibility are limited and result inconclusive. This study aims to examine the relationship between flexibility and MC in children. The sample comprised 596 Portuguese children (47.1% girls) aged 9.7 ± 0.6 years. Motor competence was evaluated with the body coordination test, Körperkoordination Test für Kinder. Cardiorespiratory fitness (20-m shuttle run), muscular strength (curl-up and push-up tests), and flexibility (back-saver sit and reach and trunk-lift tests) were evaluated using the Fitnessgram Test Battery. Z-scores by age and gender for the physical fitness tests were constructed. Analysis of variance and regression analysis were performed. Participants in the healthy zone groups of both flexibility tests exhibited significantly better scores of MC than the participants under the healthy zone (P < 0.001). Back-saver sit and reach and trunk-lift Z-scores, either individually or as a sum, were significant predictors of MC (P < 0.05 for all) after adjustments for the other physical fitness components, age, body mass index, and socioeconomic status, in both genders. Our findings highlight the importance of promoting and developing flexibility, as well as the other health-related physical fitness components in schoolchildren to reach adequate levels of MC.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lopes
- Research Centre for Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - S Póvoas
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), University Institute of Maia (ISMAI), Maia, Portugal
| | - J Mota
- Research Centre for Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - A D Okely
- Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Education, Early Start Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - M J Coelho-E-Silva
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - D P Cliff
- Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Education, Early Start Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - V P Lopes
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), School of Education of Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
| | - R Santos
- Research Centre for Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Education, Early Start Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
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45
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Lonsdale C, Sanders T, Cohen KE, Parker P, Noetel M, Hartwig T, Vasconcellos D, Kirwan M, Morgan P, Salmon J, Moodie M, McKay H, Bennie A, Plotnikoff R, Cinelli RL, Greene D, Peralta LR, Cliff DP, Kolt GS, Gore JM, Gao L, Lubans DR. Erratum to: Scaling-up an efficacious school-based physical activity intervention: Study protocol for the 'Internet-based Professional Learning to help teachers support Activity in Youth' (iPLAY) cluster randomized controlled trial and scale-up implementation evaluation. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:1026. [PMID: 27716137 PMCID: PMC5043574 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3724-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Lonsdale
- Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Australian Catholic University, Edward Clancy Building 167-169 Albert St, Strathfield, NSW, 2135, Australia.
| | - Taren Sanders
- Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Australian Catholic University, Edward Clancy Building 167-169 Albert St, Strathfield, NSW, 2135, Australia
| | - Kristen E Cohen
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Philip Parker
- Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Australian Catholic University, Edward Clancy Building 167-169 Albert St, Strathfield, NSW, 2135, Australia
| | - Michael Noetel
- Institute for Positive Psychology and Education and School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, Edward Clancy Building 167-169 Albert St, Strathfield, NSW, 2135, Australia
| | - Tim Hartwig
- School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, Edward Clancy Building 167-169 Albert St, Strathfield, NSW, 2135, Australia
| | - Diego Vasconcellos
- Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Australian Catholic University, Edward Clancy Building 167-169 Albert St, Strathfield, NSW, 2135, Australia
| | - Morwenna Kirwan
- Physical Activity Research Group, School of Human Health and Social Sciences, Central Queensland University, Building 18, Yaamba Road, Rockhampton, QLD, 4702, Australia
| | - Philip Morgan
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Jo Salmon
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Marj Moodie
- Deakin Health Economics, Centre for Population Health Research, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Heather McKay
- Center for Hip Health and Mobility, University of British Columbia, 7/F, 2635 Laurel Street, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1 M9, Canada
| | - Andrew Bennie
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Ron Plotnikoff
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Renata L Cinelli
- School of Education, Australian Catholic University, 250 Victoria Parade East, Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia
| | - David Greene
- School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, Edward Clancy Building 167-169 Albert St, Strathfield, NSW, 2135, Australia
| | - Louisa R Peralta
- Faculty of Education and Social Work, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Dylan P Cliff
- Early Start Research Institute, School of Education, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Gregory S Kolt
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Jennifer M Gore
- Teachers and Teaching Research Centre, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Lan Gao
- Deakin Health Economics, Centre for Population Health Research, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - David R Lubans
- Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Australian Catholic University, Edward Clancy Building 167-169 Albert St, Strathfield, NSW, 2135, Australia
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van Loo CMT, Okely AD, Batterham MJ, Hinkley T, Ekelund U, Brage S, Reilly JJ, Jones RA, Janssen X, Cliff DP. Validation of thigh-based accelerometer estimates of postural allocation in 5-12 year-olds. J Sci Med Sport 2016; 20:273-277. [PMID: 27566897 PMCID: PMC5361055 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To validate activPAL3™ (AP3) for classifying postural allocation, estimating time spent in postures and examining the number of breaks in sedentary behaviour (SB) in 5-12 year-olds. DESIGN Laboratory-based validation study. METHODS Fifty-seven children completed 15 sedentary, light- and moderate-to-vigorous intensity activities. Direct observation (DO) was used as the criterion measure. The accuracy of AP3 was examined using a confusion matrix, equivalence testing, Bland-Altman procedures and a paired t-test for 5-8y and 9-12y. RESULTS Sensitivity of AP3 was 86.8%, 82.5% and 85.3% for sitting/lying, standing, and stepping, respectively, in 5-8y and 95.3%, 81.5% and 85.1%, respectively, in 9-12y. Time estimates of AP3 were equivalent to DO for sitting/lying in 9-12y and stepping in all ages, but not for sitting/lying in 5-12y and standing in all ages. Underestimation of sitting/lying time was smaller in 9-12y (1.4%, limits of agreement [LoA]: -13.8 to 11.1%) compared to 5-8y (12.6%, LoA: -39.8 to 14.7%). Underestimation for stepping time was small (5-8y: 6.5%, LoA: -18.3 to 5.3%; 9-12y: 7.6%, LoA: -16.8 to 1.6%). Considerable overestimation was found for standing (5-8y: 36.8%, LoA: -16.3 to 89.8%; 9-12y: 19.3%, LoA: -1.6 to 36.9%). SB breaks were significantly overestimated (5-8y: 53.2%, 9-12y: 28.3%, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS AP3 showed acceptable accuracy for classifying postures, however estimates of time spent standing were consistently overestimated and individual error was considerable. Estimates of sitting/lying were more accurate for 9-12y. Stepping time was accurately estimated for all ages. SB breaks were significantly overestimated, although the absolute difference was larger in 5-8y. Surveillance applications of AP3 would be acceptable, however, individual level applications might be less accurate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiana M T van Loo
- Early Start Research Institute and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Australia.
| | - Anthony D Okely
- Early Start Research Institute and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - Marijka J Batterham
- School of Mathematics and Applied Statistics, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - Trina Hinkley
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences
| | - Ulf Ekelund
- Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Norway; MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Søren Brage
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John J Reilly
- University of Strathclyde, School of Psychological Sciences and Health, Scotland
| | - Rachel A Jones
- Early Start Research Institute and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - Xanne Janssen
- University of Strathclyde, School of Psychological Sciences and Health, Scotland
| | - Dylan P Cliff
- Early Start Research Institute and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Australia
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Lonsdale C, Sanders T, Cohen KE, Parker P, Noetel M, Hartwig T, Vasconcellos D, Kirwan M, Morgan P, Salmon J, Moodie M, McKay H, Bennie A, Plotnikoff R, Cinelli RL, Greene D, Peralta LR, Cliff DP, Kolt GS, Gore JM, Gao L, Lubans DR. Scaling-up an efficacious school-based physical activity intervention: Study protocol for the 'Internet-based Professional Learning to help teachers support Activity in Youth' (iPLAY) cluster randomized controlled trial and scale-up implementation evaluation. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:873. [PMID: 27557641 PMCID: PMC4997792 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3243-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the health benefits of regular physical activity, most children are insufficiently active. Schools are ideally placed to promote physical activity; however, many do not provide children with sufficient in-school activity or ensure they have the skills and motivation to be active beyond the school setting. The aim of this project is to modify, scale up and evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention previously shown to be efficacious in improving children’s physical activity, fundamental movement skills and cardiorespiratory fitness. The ‘Internet-based Professional Learning to help teachers support Activity in Youth’ (iPLAY) study will focus largely on online delivery to enhance translational capacity. Methods/Design The intervention will be implemented at school and teacher levels, and will include six components: (i) quality physical education and school sport, (ii) classroom movement breaks, (iii) physically active homework, (iv) active playgrounds, (v) community physical activity links and (vi) parent/caregiver engagement. Experienced physical education teachers will deliver professional learning workshops and follow-up, individualized mentoring to primary teachers (i.e., Kindergarten – Year 6). These activities will be supported by online learning and resources. Teachers will then deliver the iPLAY intervention components in their schools. We will evaluate iPLAY in two complementary studies in primary schools across New South Wales (NSW), Australia. A cluster randomized controlled trial (RCT), involving a representative sample of 20 schools within NSW (1:1 allocation at the school level to intervention and attention control conditions), will assess effectiveness and cost-effectiveness at 12 and 24 months. Students’ cardiorespiratory fitness will be the primary outcome in this trial. Key secondary outcomes will include students’ moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (via accelerometers), fundamental movement skill proficiency, enjoyment of physical education and sport, cognitive control, performance on standardized tests of numeracy and literacy, and cost-effectiveness. A scale-up implementation study guided by the RE-AIM framework will evaluate the reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation, and maintenance of the intervention when delivered in 160 primary schools in urban and regional areas of NSW. Discussion This project will provide the evidence and a framework for government to guide physical activity promotion throughout NSW primary schools and a potential model for adoption in other states and countries. Trial registration Australia and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12616000731493). Date of registration: June 3, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Lonsdale
- Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Australian Catholic University, Edward Clancy Building 167-169 Albert St, Strathfield, NSW, 2135, Australia.
| | - Taren Sanders
- Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Australian Catholic University, Edward Clancy Building 167-169 Albert St, Strathfield, NSW, 2135, Australia
| | - Kristen E Cohen
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Philip Parker
- Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Australian Catholic University, Edward Clancy Building 167-169 Albert St, Strathfield, NSW, 2135, Australia
| | - Michael Noetel
- Institute for Positive Psychology and Education and School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, Edward Clancy Building 167-169 Albert St, Strathfield, NSW, 2135, Australia
| | - Tim Hartwig
- School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, Edward Clancy Building 167-169 Albert St, Strathfield, NSW, 2135, Australia
| | - Diego Vasconcellos
- Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Australian Catholic University, Edward Clancy Building 167-169 Albert St, Strathfield, NSW, 2135, Australia
| | - Morwenna Kirwan
- Physical Activity Research Group, School of Human Health and Social Sciences, Central Queensland University, Building 18, Yaamba Road, Rockhampton, QLD, 4702, Australia
| | - Philip Morgan
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Jo Salmon
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Marj Moodie
- Deakin Health Economics, Centre for Population Health Research, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Heather McKay
- Center for Hip Health and Mobility, University of British Columbia, 7/F, 2635 Laurel Street, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1 M9, Canada
| | - Andrew Bennie
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Ron Plotnikoff
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Renata L Cinelli
- School of Education, Australian Catholic University, 250 Victoria Parade East, Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia
| | - David Greene
- School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, Edward Clancy Building 167-169 Albert St, Strathfield, NSW, 2135, Australia
| | - Louisa R Peralta
- Faculty of Education and Social Work, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Dylan P Cliff
- Early Start Research Institute, School of Education, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Gregory S Kolt
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Jennifer M Gore
- Teachers and Teaching Research Centre, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Lan Gao
- Deakin Health Economics, Centre for Population Health Research, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - David R Lubans
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
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van Loo CMT, Okely AD, Batterham MJ, Hinkley T, Ekelund U, Brage S, Reilly JJ, Peoples GE, Jones RA, Janssen X, Cliff DP. Validation of the SenseWear Mini activity monitor in 5-12-year-old children. J Sci Med Sport 2016; 20:55-59. [PMID: 27256787 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to validate SenseWear Mini software algorithm versions 2.2 (SW2.2) and 5.2 (SW5.2) for estimating energy expenditure (EE) in children. DESIGN Laboratory-based validation study. METHODS 57 children aged 5-12 y completed a protocol involving 15 semi-structured sedentary (SED), light-intensity (LPA), and moderate- to vigorous-intensity (MVPA) physical activities. EE was estimated using portable indirect calorimetry (IC). The accuracy of EE estimates (kcal·min-1) from SW2.2 and SW5.2 were examined at the group level and individual level using the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), Bland-Altman plots and equivalence testing. RESULTS MAPE values were lower for SW5.2 (30.1±10.7%) than for SW2.2 (44.0±6.2%). Although mean differences for SW5.2 were smaller than for SW2.2 during SED (-0.23±0.22 vs. -0.61±0.20kcal·min-1), LPA (-0.69±0.76 vs. -1.07±0.46kcal·min-1) and MVPA (-2.22±1.15 vs. -2.57±1.15kcal·min-1), limits of agreement did not decrease for the updated algorithms. For all activities, SW2.2 and SW5.2 were not equivalent to IC (p>0.05). Errors increased with increasing intensity. CONCLUSION The current SenseWear Mini algorithms SW5.2 underestimated EE. The overall improved accuracy for SW5.2 was not accompanied with improved accuracy at the individual level and EE estimates were not equivalent to IC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiana M T van Loo
- Early Start Research Institute, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Australia.
| | - Anthony D Okely
- Early Start Research Institute, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - Marijka J Batterham
- School of Mathematics and Applied Statistics, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - Trina Hinkley
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Australia
| | - Ulf Ekelund
- Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Norway; MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Søren Brage
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John J Reilly
- University of Strathclyde, School of Psychological Sciences and Health, Scotland
| | | | - Rachel A Jones
- Early Start Research Institute, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - Xanne Janssen
- University of Strathclyde, School of Psychological Sciences and Health, Scotland
| | - Dylan P Cliff
- Early Start Research Institute, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Australia
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Cliff DP, Hesketh KD, Vella SA, Hinkley T, Tsiros MD, Ridgers ND, Carver A, Veitch J, Parrish AM, Hardy LL, Plotnikoff RC, Okely AD, Salmon J, Lubans DR. Objectively measured sedentary behaviour and health and development in children and adolescents: systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2016; 17:330-44. [PMID: 26914664 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sedentary behaviour has emerged as a unique determinant of health in adults. Studies in children and adolescents have been less consistent. We reviewed the evidence to determine if the total volume and patterns (i.e. breaks and bouts) of objectively measured sedentary behaviour were associated with adverse health outcomes in young people, independent of moderate-intensity to vigorous-intensity physical activity. Four electronic databases (EMBASE MEDLINE, Ovid EMBASE, PubMed and Scopus) were searched (up to 12 November 2015) to retrieve studies among 2- to 18-year-olds, which used cross-sectional, longitudinal or experimental designs, and examined associations with health outcomes (adiposity, cardio-metabolic, fitness, respiratory, bone/musculoskeletal, psychosocial, cognition/academic achievement, gross motor development and other outcomes). Based on 88 eligible observational studies, level of evidence grading and quantitative meta-analyses indicated that there is limited available evidence that the total volume or patterns of sedentary behaviour are associated with health in children and adolescents when accounting for moderate-intensity to vigorous-intensity physical activity or focusing on studies with low risk of bias. Quality evidence from studies with robust designs and methods, objective measures of sitting, examining associations for various health outcomes, is needed to better understand if the overall volume or patterns of sedentary behaviour are independent determinants of health in children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Cliff
- Early Start Research Institute, Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Education, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - K D Hesketh
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research (C-PAN), Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - S A Vella
- Early Start Research Institute, Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Education, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - T Hinkley
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research (C-PAN), Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - M D Tsiros
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - N D Ridgers
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research (C-PAN), Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - A Carver
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research (C-PAN), Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia.,School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - J Veitch
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research (C-PAN), Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - A-M Parrish
- Early Start Research Institute, Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Education, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - L L Hardy
- Prevention Research Collaboration, School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - R C Plotnikoff
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - A D Okely
- Early Start Research Institute, Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Education, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - J Salmon
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research (C-PAN), Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - D R Lubans
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
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50
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Lonsdale C, Lester A, Owen KB, White RL, Moyes I, Peralta L, Kirwan M, Maeder A, Bennie A, MacMillan F, Kolt GS, Ntoumanis N, Gore JM, Cerin E, Diallo TMO, Cliff DP, Lubans DR. An Internet-supported Physical Activity Intervention Delivered in Secondary Schools Located in Low Socio-economic Status Communities: Study Protocol for the Activity and Motivation in Physical Education (AMPED) Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:17. [PMID: 26740092 PMCID: PMC4704292 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-2583-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background School-based physical education is an important public health initiative as it has the potential to provide students with regular opportunities to participate in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Unfortunately, in many physical education lessons students do not engage in sufficient MVPA to achieve health benefits. In this trial we will test the efficacy of a teacher professional development intervention, delivered partially via the Internet, on secondary school students’ MVPA during physical education lessons. Teaching strategies covered in this training are designed to (i) maximize opportunities for students to be physically active during lessons and (ii) enhance students’ autonomous motivation towards physical activity. Method A two-arm cluster randomized controlled trial with allocation at the school level (intervention vs. usual care control). Teachers and Year 8 students in government-funded secondary schools in low socio-economic areas of the Western Sydney region of Australia will be eligible to participate. During the main portion of the intervention (6 months), teachers will participate in two workshops and complete two implementation tasks at their school. Implementation tasks will involve video-based self-reflection via the project’s Web 2.0 platform and an individualized feedback meeting with a project mentor. Each intervention school will also complete two group peer-mentoring sessions at their school (one per term) in which they will discuss implementation with members of their school physical education staff. In the booster period (3 months), teachers will complete a half-day workshop at their school, plus one online implementation task, and a group mentoring session at their school. Throughout the entire intervention period (main intervention plus booster period), teachers will have access to online resources. Data collection will include baseline, post-intervention (7–8 months after baseline) and maintenance phase (14–15 months after baseline) assessments. Research assistants blinded to group allocation will collect all data. The primary outcome will be the proportion of physical education lesson time that students spend in MVPA. Secondary outcomes will include leisure-time physical activity, subjective well-being, and motivation towards physical activity. Discussion The provision of an online training platform for teachers could help facilitate more widespread dissemination of evidence-based interventions compared with programs that rely exclusively on face-to-face training. Trial registration Australia and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry-ACTRN12614000184673. Registration date: February 19, 2014. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-015-2583-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Lonsdale
- Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Australian Catholic University, 25A Barker Road, Strathfield, NSW, 2135, Australia.
| | - Aidan Lester
- Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Australian Catholic University, 25A Barker Road, Strathfield, NSW, 2135, Australia.
| | - Katherine B Owen
- Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Australian Catholic University, 25A Barker Road, Strathfield, NSW, 2135, Australia.
| | - Rhiannon L White
- Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Australian Catholic University, 25A Barker Road, Strathfield, NSW, 2135, Australia.
| | - Ian Moyes
- Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Australian Catholic University, 25A Barker Road, Strathfield, NSW, 2135, Australia.
| | - Louisa Peralta
- Faculty of Education and Social Work, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Morwenna Kirwan
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia.
| | - Anthony Maeder
- School Computing, Engineering and Mathematics, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia.
| | - Andrew Bennie
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia.
| | - Freya MacMillan
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia.
| | - Gregory S Kolt
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia.
| | - Nikos Ntoumanis
- School of Psychology and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, Perth, Western Australia, 6102, Australia.
| | - Jennifer M Gore
- School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.
| | - Ester Cerin
- Center for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria, 3125, Australia. .,School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Thierno M O Diallo
- Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Australian Catholic University, 25A Barker Road, Strathfield, NSW, 2135, Australia.
| | - Dylan P Cliff
- Early Start Research Institute, School of Education, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.
| | - David R Lubans
- Priority Research Center in Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.
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