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Docherty M, Decrop R, McManamon B, Boxer P, Dubow EF, Huesmann LR. Exposure to violence predicts callous-unemotional traits and aggression in adolescence in the context of persistent ethnic-political conflict and violence. Aggress Behav 2023; 49:655-668. [PMID: 37539489 PMCID: PMC10592434 DOI: 10.1002/ab.22103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
According to social-cognitive ecological theory, violence exposure increases emotional factors-such as callous-unemotional (CU) traits-which then contribute to engagement in aggressive behavior. However, previous research has generally not tested this mediational pathway, particularly in the context of persistent ethnic-political violence exposure. The present study examined associations among violence exposure, CU traits, and aggression in a sample of 1051 youth in the Middle East (Palestine and Israel), using youth- and parent-reported data in a cohort-sequential design with three age cohorts (starting ages 8, 11, and 14 years) assessed over four waves spanning 6 years. Results from structural equation models with latent variables indicated that cumulative violence exposure in childhood and adolescence (measured annually for 3 years, and comprising exposure across multiple settings including political, community, family, and school) predicted later CU traits and aggression in adolescence and early adulthood, even after controlling for earlier levels of aggression and CU traits and demographic characteristics (child age and sex and parental socioeconomic status). Additionally, in mediation analyses, CU significantly mediated the association from earlier cumulative violence exposure to concurrent aggression, while aggression did not significantly mediate the association from earlier exposure to concurrent CU traits. The results of this study suggest that violence exposure leads to both aggressive behavior and a constellation of traits that place youth at greater risk for subsequent aggressive behavior, and that CU traits could partially explain the increased risk of aggression after violence exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Paul Boxer
- University of Michigan
- Rutgers University-Newark
| | - Eric F. Dubow
- Bowling Green State University
- University of Michigan
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Goldstein SE, Docherty M, Boxer P, Bushman BJ, Huesmann LR, O'Brien M, Anderson C, Gentile DA, Dubow EF. Developmental Changes in the Relation between Youth Disclosure and Parenting Behavior: A Cohort-sequential Analysis. J Youth Adolesc 2023; 52:2095-2112. [PMID: 37481505 PMCID: PMC10858734 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-023-01823-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
To address a gap in the literature regarding the development of youth disclosure across the transition to adolescence, the current research uses a cohort-sequential approach to study youth disclosure from middle childhood through adolescence. Longitudinal data from three cohorts of parents were utilized (N = 1359; children at T1 were in grades 2 [M = 8.00 years, SD = 0.57 years, 45% female], 4 [M = 10.12 years, SD = 0.60 years, 45% female], and 9 [M = 15.19 years, SD = 0.57 years, 48% female]). Parents were assessed annually over a 3-year time period. The focal analyses explored contemporaneous associations between characteristics of the parent-youth relationship (specifically, parental rejection and parental consistent discipline) and youth disclosure after accounting for person-specific trajectories of disclosure. Associations of gender, age, and socioeconomic status with disclosure were also assessed. Regarding trajectories of youth disclosure, results indicate that youth disclose less information to their parents about their daily lives as they get older; this trend was consistent across gender and socioeconomic status. In terms of associations with youth disclosure, when parents provided more consistent discipline or engaged in less rejection of their child, youth disclosure increased, even after accounting for their own trajectory of disclosure across time. In addition, the association of consistent discipline with youth disclosure became stronger with increased youth age. Results are discussed in terms of implications for understanding youth autonomy development, and the dyadic and developmental impact of parenting behaviors over time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Eric F Dubow
- Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA
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3
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Huesmann LR, Dubow EF, Boxer P, Smith C, Shikaki K, Landau SF, Gvirsman SD. Consequences of Exposure to War Violence: Discriminating Those with Heightened Risk for Aggression from Those with Heightened Risk for Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:6067. [PMID: 37372654 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20126067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to ethnic-political and war violence has deleterious effects throughout childhood. Some youths exposed to war violence are more likely to act aggressively afterwards, and some are more likely to experience post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTS symptoms). However, the concordance of these two outcomes is not strong, and it is unclear what discriminates between those who are at more risk for one or the other. Drawing on prior research on desensitization and arousal and on recent social-cognitive theorizing about how high anxious arousal to violence can inhibit aggression, we hypothesized that those who characteristically experience higher anxious arousal when exposed to violence should display a lower increase in aggression after exposure to war violence but the same or a higher increase in PTS symptoms compared to those low in anxious arousal. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed data from our 4-wave longitudinal interview study of 1051 Israeli and Palestinian youths (ages at Wave 1 ranged from 8 to 14, and at Wave 4 from 15-22). We used the 4 waves of data on aggression, PTS symptoms, and exposure to war violence, along with additional data collected during Wave 4 on the anxious arousal participants experienced while watching a very violent film unrelated to war violence (N = 337). Longitudinal analyses revealed that exposure to war violence significantly increased both the risk of subsequent aggression and PTS symptoms. However, anxious arousal in response to seeing the unrelated violent film (measured from skin conductance and self-reports of anxiety) moderated the relation between exposure to war violence and subsequent psychological and behavioral outcomes. Those who experienced greater anxious arousal while watching the violent film showed a weaker positive relation between amount of exposure to war violence and aggression toward their peers but a stronger positive relation between amount of exposure to war violence and PTS symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Rowell Huesmann
- Research Center for Group Dynamics, Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan, 426 Thompson St., Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1248, USA
| | - Eric F Dubow
- Research Center for Group Dynamics, Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan, 426 Thompson St., Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1248, USA
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA
| | - Paul Boxer
- Research Center for Group Dynamics, Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan, 426 Thompson St., Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1248, USA
- School of Arts and Sciences, Psychology Department, Rutgers University, 101 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Cathy Smith
- Research Center for Group Dynamics, Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan, 426 Thompson St., Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1248, USA
| | - Khalil Shikaki
- Palestinian Center for Survey and Policy Research, Off Irsal Street, Ramallah P.O. Box 76, Palestine
| | - Simha F Landau
- Faculty of Law, Institute of Criminology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mt. Scopus, Jerusalem 9190501, Israel
| | - Shira Dvir Gvirsman
- Department of Communication Studies, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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Docherty M, Boxer P, Huesmann LR, Bushman BJ, Anderson CA, Gentile DA, Dubow EF. Within-Person Bidirectional Associations Over Time Between Parenting and Youths' Callousness. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 2023:1-16. [PMID: 36995268 PMCID: PMC10544678 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2023.2188554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Callousness has been identified as a key driver of aggressive and violent behavior from childhood into early adulthood. Although previous research has underscored the importance of the parenting environment in contributing to the development of youth callousness, findings have generally been confined to the between-individual level and have not examined bidirectionality. In the current study, we test whether aspects of parenting are associated with callousness from childhood to adolescence both between and within individuals, examine the temporal ordering of associations, and test whether these relations are moderated by gender or developmental stage. METHOD Data came from a longitudinal study in which parents of 1,421 youth (52% girls; 62% White and 22% Black) from the second, fourth, and ninth grades were interviewed three times, with one year between consecutive interviews. RESULTS A random-intercept cross-lagged panel model indicated that elevated youth callousness predicts subsequent increases in parental rejection and decreases in consistency of discipline. Findings were largely similar for boys and girls, but within-individual associations were generally stronger for 4th graders compared to the 2nd and 9th graders. CONCLUSIONS Callousness and parenting practices and attitudes were related both at the between-individual and within-individual level. These results have implications for the etiology and treatment of children and adolescents who exhibit callousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan Docherty
- Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Paul Boxer
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Rutgers University, Newark, NJ
| | | | | | | | | | - Eric F. Dubow
- Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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Huesmann LR, Dubow EF, Boxer PB, Bushman BJ, Smith CS, Docherty MA, O'Brien MJ. Longitudinal predictions of young adults' weapons use and criminal behavior from their childhood exposure to violence. Aggress Behav 2021; 47:621-634. [PMID: 34148248 PMCID: PMC8784960 DOI: 10.1002/ab.21984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we examine whether youth who are exposed to more weapons violence are subsequently more likely to behave violently with weapons. We use data collected with a 3-cohort, 4-wave, 10-year longitudinal study of 426 high-risk youth from Flint, Michigan, who were second, fourth, or ninth-graders in 2006-2007. The data were obtained from individual interviews with the youth, their parents, and their teachers, from archival school and criminal justice records, and from geo-coded criminal offense data. These data show that early exposure to weapons violence significantly correlates at modest levels with weapon carrying, weapon use or threats-to-use, arrests for weapons use, and criminally violent acts 10 years later. Multiple regression analyses, controlling for children's initial aggressiveness, intellectual achievement, and parents' income, education, and aggression, reveal statistically significant independent 10-year effects: (1) more early exposure to weapon use within the family predicts more using or threatening to use a gun; (2) more cumulative early violent video game playing predicts more gun using or threatening to use weapons, and normative beliefs that gun use is acceptable; (3) more cumulative early exposure to neighborhood gun violence predicts more arrests for a weapons crime; and (4) more cumulative early exposure to movie violence predicts more weapon carrying. We argue that youth who observe violence with weapons, whether in the family, among peers, or through the media or video games, are likely to be infected from exposure with a social-cognitive-emotional disease that increases their own risk of behaving violently with weapons later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Rowell Huesmann
- Research Center for Group Dynamics, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Eric F. Dubow
- Research Center for Group Dynamics, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | - Cathy S. Smith
- Research Center for Group Dynamics, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Meagan A. Docherty
- Research Center for Group Dynamics, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, USA
| | - Maureen J. O'Brien
- Research Center for Group Dynamics, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Boxer P, Brunson RK, Gaylord‐Harden N, Kahn K, Patton DU, Richardson J, Rivera LM, Smith Lee JR, Staller MS, Krahé B, Dubow EF, Parrott D, Algrim K. Addressing the inappropriate use of force by police in the United States and beyond: A behavioral and social science perspective. Aggress Behav 2021; 47:502-512. [PMID: 33948965 DOI: 10.1002/ab.21970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Recent high-profile incidents involving the deadly application of force in the United States sparked worldwide protests and renewed scrutiny of police practices as well as scrutiny of relations between police officers and minoritized communities. In this report, we consider the inappropriate use of force by police from the perspective of behavioral and social science inquiry related to aggression, violence, and intergroup relations. We examine the inappropriate use of force by police in the context of research on modern policing as well as critical race theory and offer five recommendations suggested by contemporary theory and research. Our recommendations are aimed at policymakers, law enforcement administrators, and scholars and are as follows: (1) Implement public policies that can reduce inappropriate use of force directly and through the reduction of broader burdens on the routine activities of police officers. (2) For officers frequently engaged in use-of-force incidents, ensure that best practice, evidence-based treatments are available and required. (3) Improve and increase the quality and delivery of noncoercive conflict resolution training for all officers, along with police administrative policies and supervision that support alternatives to the use of force, both while scaling back the militarization of police departments. (4) Continue the development and evaluation of multicomponent interventions for police departments, but ensure they incorporate evidence-based, field-tested components. (5) Expand research in the behavioral and social sciences aimed at understanding and managing use-of-force by police and reducing its disproportionate impact on minoritized communities, and expand funding for these lines of inquiry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Boxer
- Department of Psychology Rutgers University Newark New Jersey USA
| | - Rod K. Brunson
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice Northeastern University Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Noni Gaylord‐Harden
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences Texas A&M University College Station Texas USA
| | - Kimberly Kahn
- Department of Psychology Portland State University Portland Oregon USA
| | | | - Joseph Richardson
- Department of African American Studies University of Maryland College Park Maryland USA
| | - Luis M. Rivera
- Department of Psychology Rutgers University Newark New Jersey USA
| | - Jocelyn R. Smith Lee
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies University of North Carolina‐Greensboro Greensboro North Carolina USA
| | - Mario S. Staller
- University of Applied Sciences for Police and Public Administration Gelsenkirchen North Rhine‐Westphalia Germany
| | - Barbara Krahé
- Department of Psychology University of Potsdam Potsdam Germany
| | - Eric F. Dubow
- Department of Psychology Bowling Green State University Bowling Green Ohio USA
| | - Dominic Parrott
- Department of Psychology Georgia State University Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - Kaylise Algrim
- Department of Psychology Rutgers University Newark New Jersey USA
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Koerten HR, Dubow EF. Expectancy–value theory as a framework to understand the relation between domain‐specific perfectionism and internalizing symptoms in freshman high school students. Psychology in the Schools 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pits.22472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah R. Koerten
- Department of Psychology Bowling Green State University Bowling Green Ohio USA
| | - Eric F. Dubow
- Department of Psychology Bowling Green State University Bowling Green Ohio USA
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8
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Koerten HR, Watford TS, Dubow EF, O’Brien WH. Cardiovascular effects of brief mindfulness meditation among perfectionists experiencing failure. Psychophysiology 2020; 57:e13517. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah R. Koerten
- Psychology Department Bowling Green State University Bowling Green OH USA
| | - Tanya S. Watford
- Psychology Department Bowling Green State University Bowling Green OH USA
| | - Eric F. Dubow
- Psychology Department Bowling Green State University Bowling Green OH USA
| | - William H. O’Brien
- Psychology Department Bowling Green State University Bowling Green OH USA
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9
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Dubow EF, Huesmann LR, Boxer P, Smith C, Landau SF, Dvir Gvirsman S, Shikaki K. Serious violent behavior and antisocial outcomes as consequences of exposure to ethnic-political conflict and violence among Israeli and Palestinian youth. Aggress Behav 2019; 45:287-299. [PMID: 30690775 DOI: 10.1002/ab.21818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We examine whether cumulative-past and concurrent exposure to ethnic-political violence among Israeli and Palestinian youth predict serious violent behavior and antisocial outcomes toward the in-group and the out-group. We collected four waves of data from 162 Israeli Jewish and 400 Palestinian youths (three age cohorts: 8, 11, and 14 years old) and their parents. The first three waves were consecutive annual assessments, and the fourth was conducted 4 years after the third wave, when the three age cohorts were 14, 17, and 20 years old, respectively. Based on social-cognitive-ecological models of the development of aggression (Dubow et al., 2009, Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 12, 113-126; Huesmann, 1998) and models of the development of beliefs about the "other," (Bar-Tal, 2004, European Journal of Social Psychology, 34, 677-701; Tajfel & Turner, 1986), we predicted that serious violent outcomes directed toward both the in-group and the out-group would be related to both concurrent and to persistent-past exposure to ethnic political violence. Bivariate regression models (prior to including covariates) indicated that both early cumulative exposure to ethnic-political violence during childhood and adolescence and concurrent exposure during late adolescence/early adulthood predicted all six serious violent and antisocial outcomes. When we added to the models the covariates of ethnic subgroup, age, sex, parents' education, and youths' prior physical aggression, concurrent exposure to ethnic-political violence was still significantly associated with a greater likelihood of concurrently perpetrating all six serious violent and nonviolent forms of antisocial behavior, and earlier cumulative exposure remained significantly related to three of these: severe physical aggression, participating in violent demonstrations, and our overall index of violent/antisocial behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric F. Dubow
- Bowling Green State UniversityBowling GreenOhio
- University of MichiganAnn ArborMichigan
| | | | - Paul Boxer
- University of MichiganAnn ArborMichigan
- Rutgers UniversityNewarkNew Jersey
| | | | | | | | - Khalil Shikaki
- Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey ResearchRamallahIsrael
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10
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Huesmann LR, Boxer P, Dubow EF, Smith C. Anxiety, Depression, and Offending in the Columbia County Longitudinal Study: A Prospective Analysis from Late Adolescence to Middle Adulthood. J Crim Justice 2019; 62:35-41. [PMID: 31190689 PMCID: PMC6561654 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We use data from a community sample, the Columbia County Longitudinal Study, which followed participants from childhood through adulthood, to examine the longitudinal relations between mental health (serious anxiety and serious depression) and offending across three waves of data collection (ages 19, 30, and 48). METHOD Participants were from the Columbia County Longitudinal Study (436 males and 420 females). The youth, their parents, and peers were first interviewed when the youth were age 8; the youth were later interviewed at ages 19, 30, and 48. RESULTS We found significant longitudinal relations from offending to experiencing subsequent severe anxiety and weaker longitudinal relations from experiencing severe anxiety to subsequent offending. For the relation between offending and severe depression, we found similar but somewhat weaker longitudinal associations. Cross-lagged longitudinal structural modelling analyses controlling for the continuity of offending, anxiety, and depression and for family socio-economic status and education were conducted to test the plausibility of alternative causal effects. CONCLUSIONS The analyses suggest that it is more plausible to conclude that offending is stimulating serious anxiety and depression than to conclude that anxiety and depression are stimulating offending. These results mirror what has been found previously about general aggressive behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Boxer
- Rutgers University and the University of Michigan
| | - Eric F Dubow
- The University of Michigan and Bowling Green State University
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11
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Bushman BJ, Coyne SM, Anderson CA, Björkqvist K, Boxer P, Dodge KA, Dubow EF, Farrington DP, Gentile DA, Huesmann LR, Lansford JE, Novaco RW, Ostrov JM, Underwood MK, Warburton WA, Ybarra ML. Risk factors for youth violence: Youth violence commission, International Society For Research On Aggression (ISRA). Aggress Behav 2018; 44:331-336. [PMID: 29913051 DOI: 10.1002/ab.21766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brad J. Bushman
- School of CommunicationDepartment of Psychology The Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhio
| | | | - Craig A. Anderson
- Center for Study of ViolenceDepartment of PsychologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowa
| | - Kaj Björkqvist
- Department of Social SciencesÅbo Akademi UniversityVasaFinland
| | - Paul Boxer
- Center on Youth Violence and Juvenile JusticeDepartment of PsychologyRutgers University‐NewarkNewarkNew Jersey
| | - Kenneth A. Dodge
- Sanford School of Public PolicyDuke UniversityDurhamNorth Carolina
| | - Eric F. Dubow
- Department of PsychologyBowling Green State UniversityBowling Green, OhioUniversity of Michigan, Institute for Social ResearchAnn ArborMichigan
| | | | | | - L. Rowell Huesmann
- Institute for Social Research and Department of Communication StudiesUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichigan
| | | | - Raymond W. Novaco
- Department of Psychology and Social BehaviorUniversity of CaliforniaIrvine
| | - Jamie M. Ostrov
- Department of PsychologyUniversity at BuffaloThe State University of New YorkBuffaloNew York
| | - Marion K. Underwood
- School of Behavioral and Brain SciencesUniversity of Texas at DallasRichardsonTexas
| | - Wayne A. Warburton
- Department of PsychologyMacquarie UniversitySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
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12
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Galliher RV, Rivas-Drake D, Dubow EF. Identity development process and content: Toward an integrated and contextualized science of identity. Dev Psychol 2018; 53:2009-2010. [PMID: 29094965 DOI: 10.1037/dev0000452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This introductory summary provides an overview of the content of the special issue entitled "Identity Development Process and Content: Toward an Integrated and Contextualized Science of Identity." The 16 theoretical and empirical articles that comprise this special issue were selected to highlight innovative methodologies, theoretical integration, and multicultural perspectives on the process and content of identity formation. The articles examine identity in developmental stages ranging from early childhood to young adulthood, and represent samples from 5 different countries. Within the geographic regions represented, authors explore diverse domains of identity development, addressing relevant and timely aspects of identity formation. Together, the contributions of the special issue are poised to move the field of identity research forward, both theoretically and empirically. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eric F Dubow
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University
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13
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Abstract
The present study assessed religious coping with sexual stigma in 260 young adults with same-sex attractions. Although the majority of the sample rarely utilized religious coping, a significant minority of participants frequently turned to religion to deal with sexual stigma. Controlling for demographic and general religious variables, positive religious coping (e.g., connecting with God) was associated with beneficial outcomes, and negative religious coping (e.g., frustrations with one's spiritual community) related to poorer adjustment to sexual stigma. Data are presented on how religious coping varied as a function of religiosity and sexual identity development (e.g., disclosure of sexual orientation to others).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shauna K Lauricella
- The Renfrew Center of Northern New Jersey, 174 Union Street, Ridgewood, NJ, 07450, USA
| | - Russell E Phillips
- Behavioral Sciences Division, University of Pittsburgh at Greensburg, 150 Finoli Drive, Greensburg, PA, 15601, USA.
| | - Eric F Dubow
- Psychology Department, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA
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14
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Abstract
Developmental Psychology (DP) has long been in the forefront of shaping the field of life span developmental science by advancing theory, research design, and statistical methodology and applying these to timely topics. My overarching goal as editor is to ensure that DP continues to play a leading role in charting the future of developmental science research by maintaining the highest theoretical and methodological standards and to further extend our reach by continuing to encourage international and multidisciplinary researchers to submit manuscripts. My comments in this editorial are not meant to be viewed as an endorsement of any specific topic, theoretical perspective, or methodological/statistical modeling technique, and we do not propose to change the journal's broad mission, which is to publish "articles that significantly advance knowledge and theory about development across the life span." Rather, my comments reflect my views of the field of life span developmental science and where it is headed, informed by my own research since the early 1980s and, more recently, by my 6 years as an Associate Editor and my year as incoming Editor of DP. Based on these experiences, I want to share a few examples of what I have observed in terms of specific emerging timely content areas, as well as methodological design characteristics, that appear to be on the forefront of developmental science (PsycINFO Database Record
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Abstract
PURPOSE We use data from a community sample followed from ages 8 to 48. We focus on the main and risk-buffering effects of childhood and adolescent protective factors for predicting adulthood violence (official records and self reports). METHOD Males (N=436) from the Columbia County Longitudinal Study participated. The youth, their parents, and peers were first interviewed when the youth were age 8; the youth were later interviewed at ages 19, 30, and 48. RESULTS Risk factors for adulthood violence included higher aggression and lower family socioeconomic status at ages 8 and 19. Protective factors included anxiety about behaving aggressively (ages 8 and 19), popularity (ages 8 and 19), family church attendance (age 8), lower negative family interactions (age 8), and higher educational aspirations (age 19). For youth with at least one risk factor, the sum of adolescent-but not childhood--protective factors reduced the likelihood of adulthood violence. The most critical adolescent risk-buffering protective factors were anxiety about behaving aggressively and educational aspirations. CONCLUSIONS Aggression and low family SES, even by age 8, place youth at risk for adulthood violence. Interventions to strengthen critical protective factors must continue into late adolescence to reduce the likelihood of adulthood violence among at-risk youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric F. Dubow
- The University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Research Center for Group Dynamics, 426 Thompson Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48106, USA
- Bowling Green State University, Department of Psychology, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA
| | - L. Rowell Huesmann
- The University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Research Center for Group Dynamics, 426 Thompson Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48106, USA
| | - Paul Boxer
- The University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Research Center for Group Dynamics, 426 Thompson Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48106, USA
- Rutgers University, Department of Psychology, 101 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Cathy Smith
- The University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Research Center for Group Dynamics, 426 Thompson Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48106, USA
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16
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Niwa EY, Boxer P, Dubow EF, Huesmann LR, Landau S, Shikaki K, Gvirsman SD. Negative Stereotypes of Ethnic Out-groups: A Longitudinal Examination Among Palestinian, Israeli Jewish, and Israeli Arab Youth. J Res Adolesc 2016; 26:166-179. [PMID: 27019573 PMCID: PMC4803080 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ethno-political conflict impacts thousands of youth globally and has been associated with a number of negative psychological outcomes. Extant literature has mostly addressed the adverse emotional and behavioral outcomes of exposure while failing to examine change over time in social-cognitive factors in contexts of ethno-political conflict. Using cohort-sequential longitudinal data, the present study examines ethnic variation in the development of negative stereotypes about ethnic out-groups among Palestinian (n=600), Israeli Jewish (n=451), and Israeli Arab (n=450) youth over three years. Age and exposure to ethno-political violence were included as covariates for these trajectories. Findings indicate important ethnic differences in trajectories of negative stereotypes about ethnic out-groups, as well as variation in how such trajectories are shaped by prolonged ethno-political conflict.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Y. Niwa
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University (see acknowledgements for additional information regarding current academic affiliation)
| | | | - Eric F. Dubow
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University; Research Center for Group Dynamics, Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan
| | - L. Rowell Huesmann
- Research Center for Group Dynamics, Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan
| | - Simha Landau
- Institute of Criminology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Department of Criminology, Emek Yezreel Academic College
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Gvirsman SD, Huesmann LR, Dubow EF, Landau SF, Boxer P, Shikaki K. The Longitudinal Effects of Chronic Mediated Exposure to Political Violence on Ideological Beliefs About Political Conflicts Among Youths. Polit Commun 2015; 33:98-117. [PMID: 26997852 PMCID: PMC4795830 DOI: 10.1080/10584609.2015.1010670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the effects of chronic (i.e., repeated and cumulative) mediated exposure to political violence on ideological beliefs regarding political conflict. It centers on these effects on young viewers, from preadolescents to adolescents. Ideological beliefs refers here to support of war, perception of threat to one's nation, and normative beliefs concerning aggression toward the out-group. A longitudinal study was conducted on a sample of Israeli and Palestinian youths who experience the Israeli-Palestinian conflict firsthand (N = 1,207). Two alternative hypotheses were tested: that chronic exposure via the media increases support for war and aggression and elevates feeling of threat, or that chronic exposure via the media strengthens preexisting beliefs. Results demonstrated that higher levels of exposure were longitudinally related to stronger support for war. Regarding normative beliefs about aggression and threat to one's nation, mediated exposure reinforced initial beliefs, rendering the youths more extreme in their attitudes. These results mostly support the conceptualization of the relation between media violence and behaviors as "reciprocally determined" or "reinforcing spirals." The results are also discussed in light of the differences found between the effect of exposure to political violence firsthand and exposure via the media.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eric F Dubow
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University and the Institute of Research, University of Michigan
| | - Simha F Landau
- Department of Criminology, Academic College of Emek Yezreel and Hebrew University of Jerusalem
| | - Paul Boxer
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University and the Institute of Social Research, University of Michigan
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Dubow EF, Huesmann LR, Boxer P, Smith C. Childhood predictors and age 48 outcomes of self-reports and official records of offending. Crim Behav Ment Health 2014; 24:291-304. [PMID: 25294162 PMCID: PMC4197121 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.1929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The key question is: are self-reports and official records equally valid indicators of criminal offending? AIMS We examine the correspondence between self-reports and official records of offending, the similarity of childhood and adolescent individual and contextual predictors of both measures of offending, and the similarity of age 48 correlates of both measures of offending. METHODS Men (N=436) from the Columbia County Longitudinal Study, a sample of all 3rd graders in Columbia County, New York, in 1959-60, participated. The youth, their peers and their parents were interviewed when the youth were age 8; the youth were later interviewed at ages 19, 30 and 48. RESULTS We found moderate to high correspondence between self-reports of having been in trouble with the law and official arrest records. Lifetime self-reports and official records of offending were generally predicted by the same childhood and adolescent variables, and were correlated with many of the same adult outcome measures. By age 48, life-course non-offenders defined by either self-reports or official records had better outcomes than offenders. CONCLUSIONS The results validate the use of adolescent and adult self-reports of offending, and the early identification of individuals at risk for adult criminal behaviour through childhood parent and peer reports and adolescent self and peer reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric F Dubow
- The University of Michigan, MI, USA; Bowling Green State University, OH, USA
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Gvirsman SD, Huesmann LR, Dubow EF, Landau SF, Shikaki K, Boxer P. The Effects of Mediated Exposure to Ethnic-Political Violence on Middle East Youth's Subsequent Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms and Aggressive Behavior. Communic Res 2014; 41:961-990. [PMID: 26456988 PMCID: PMC4596244 DOI: 10.1177/0093650213510941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This study introduces the concept of chronic (i.e., repeated and cumulative) mediated exposure to political violence and investigates its effects on aggressive behavior and post-traumatic stress (PTS) symptoms in young viewers. Embracing the risk-matrix approach, these effects are studied alongside other childhood risk factors that influence maladjustment. A longitudinal study was conducted on a sample of youth who experience the Israeli-Palestinian conflict firsthand (N = 1,207). As hypothesized, higher levels of chronic mediated exposure were longitudinally related to higher levels of PTS symptoms and aggression at peers independently of exposure to violence in other contexts. In the case of aggressive behavior, structural equation analysis (SEM) analyses suggest that, while it is likely there are causal effects in both directions, the bigger effect is probably for exposure to violence stimulating aggression than for aggression stimulating exposure to violence. Both the longitudinal effects on aggression and PTS symptoms were especially strong among youth who demonstrated initially higher levels of the same type of maladjustment. These results support the conceptualization of the relation between media violence and behaviors as "reciprocally determined" or "downward spirals" and highlight the contribution of the risk-matrix approach to the analysis of childhood maladjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eric F. Dubow
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
- Bowling Green State University, OH, USA
| | - Simha F. Landau
- Academic College of Emek Yezreel, Israel
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Paul Boxer
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
- Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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Huesmann LR, Dubow EF, Boxer P, Souweidane V, Ginges J. Foreign Wars and Domestic Prejudice: How Media Exposure to the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Predicts Ethnic Stereotyping by Jewish and Arab American Adolescents. J Res Adolesc 2012; 22:556-570. [PMID: 23243381 PMCID: PMC3521609 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-7795.2012.00785.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This study was based on the theory that adolescents view scenes of violent ethnic conflicts in the mass media through the lens of their own ethnicity, and that the resulting social-cognitive reactions influence their negative stereotypes about similar ethnic groups in their own country. We interviewed 89 Jewish and 180 Arab American high school students about their exposure to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, their social cognitive reactions to it, and their stereotypes toward ethnic groups. Beyond the effects of ethnic identity, the degree to which adolescents identified with Israelis and Palestinians in the media was a key variable linking exposure to media depictions of the conflict and the implicit ethnic stereotypes they displayed about Jewish Americans and Arab Americans.
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Boxer P, Rowell Huesmann L, Dubow EF, Landau SF, Gvirsman SD, Shikaki K, Ginges J. Exposure to violence across the social ecosystem and the development of aggression: a test of ecological theory in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Child Dev 2012; 84:163-77. [PMID: 22906188 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01848.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bronfenbrenner's (1979) ecological model proposes that events in higher order social ecosystems should influence human development through their impact on events in lower order social ecosystems. This proposition was tested with respect to ecological violence and the development of children's aggression via analyses of 3 waves of data (1 wave yearly for 3 years) from 3 age cohorts (starting ages: 8, 11, and 14) representing three populations in the Middle East: Palestinians (N = 600), Israeli Jews (N = 451), and Israeli Arabs (N = 450). Results supported a hypothesized model in which ethnopolitical violence increases community, family, and school violence and children's aggression. Findings are discussed with respect to ecological and observational learning perspectives on the development of aggressive behavior.
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Dubow EF, Huesmann LR, Boxer P, Landau S, Dvir S, Shikaki K, Ginges J. Exposure to political conflict and violence and posttraumatic stress in Middle East youth: protective factors. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 2012; 41:402-16. [PMID: 22594697 PMCID: PMC3387283 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2012.684274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
We examine the role of family- and individual-level protective factors in the relation between exposure to ethnic-political conflict and violence and posttraumatic stress among Israeli and Palestinian youth. Specifically, we examine whether parental mental health (lack of depression), positive parenting, children's self-esteem, and academic achievement moderate the relation between exposure to ethnic-political conflict/violence and subsequent posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptoms. We collected three waves of data from 901 Israeli and 600 Palestinian youths (three age cohorts: 8, 11, and 14 years old; approximately half of each gender) and their parents at 1-year intervals. Greater cumulative exposure to ethnic-political conflict/violence across the first 2 waves of the study predicted higher subsequent PTS symptoms even when we controlled for the child's initial level of PTS symptoms. This relation was significantly moderated by a youth's self-esteem and by the positive parenting received by the youth. In particular, the longitudinal relation between exposure to violence and subsequent PTS symptoms was significant for low self-esteem youth and for youth receiving little positive parenting but was non-significant for children with high levels of these protective resources. Our findings show that youth most vulnerable to PTS symptoms as a result of exposure to ethnic-political violence are those with lower levels of self-esteem and who experience low levels of positive parenting. Interventions for war-exposed youth should test whether boosting self-esteem and positive parenting might reduce subsequent levels of PTS symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric F Dubow
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA.
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Dubow EF, Boxer P, Huesmann LR, Landau S, Dvir S, Shikaki K, Ginges J. Cumulative effects of exposure to violence on posttraumatic stress in Palestinian and Israeli youth. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 2012; 41:837-44. [PMID: 22540411 PMCID: PMC3461244 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2012.675571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
We examine cumulative and prospective effects of exposure to conflict and violence across four contexts (ethnic-political, community, family, school) on posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptoms in Palestinian and Israeli youth. Interviews were conducted with 600 Palestinian and 901 Israeli (Jewish and Arab) children (ages 8, 11, and 14) and their parents once a year for 3 consecutive years. Palestinian children, males, and older youth were generally at greatest risk for exposure to conflict/violence across contexts. Regression analysis found unique effects of exposure to ethnic-political (Palestinian sample), school (Palestinian and Israeli Jewish samples), and family conflict/violence (Israeli Arab sample) during the first 2 years on PTS symptoms in Year 3, controlling for prior PTS symptoms. Cumulative exposure to violence in more contexts during the first 2 years predicted higher subsequent PTS symptoms than did exposure to violence in fewer contexts, and this was true regardless of the youth's level of prior PTS symptoms. These results highlight the risk that ongoing exposure to violence across multiple contexts in the social ecology poses for the mental health of children in contexts of ethnic-political violence. Researchers and mental health professionals working with war-exposed youth in a given cultural context must assess both war- and non-war-related stressors affecting youth. Based on this assessment, interventions may not be limited to individual-based, war-trauma-focused approaches but also may include school-based, community-based, and family-level interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric F Dubow
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA.
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Dubow EF, Boxer P, Huesmann LR, Shikaki K, Landau S, Gvirsman SD, Ginges J. Exposure to conflict and violence across contexts: relations to adjustment among Palestinian children. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 2010; 39:103-16. [PMID: 20390802 PMCID: PMC2856124 DOI: 10.1080/15374410903401153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite extensive literatures on the impact on children of exposure to violence in families, neighborhoods, and peer groups, there has been relatively little effort evaluating their cumulative impact. There also has been less attention to the effects of exposure to political conflict and violence. We collected data from a representative sample of 600 Palestinian youths (3 age cohorts: 8, 11, and 14 years old) to evaluate the relation of exposure to political conflict and violence, and violence in the family, community, and school, to posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptoms and aggressive behavior. Results highlight the additive effects of exposure to political conflict and violence, suggesting that interventionists should consider the full spectrum of sources of environmental risk for PTS symptoms and aggressive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric F Dubow
- Research Center for Group Dynamics, Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan, USA.
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Dubow EF, Huesmann LR, Boxer P. A social-cognitive-ecological framework for understanding the impact of exposure to persistent ethnic-political violence on children's psychosocial adjustment. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2009; 12:113-26. [PMID: 19430904 PMCID: PMC2744398 DOI: 10.1007/s10567-009-0050-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we describe a theoretical framework for understanding how persistent and extreme exposure to ethnic-political conflict and violence interacts with cognitive, emotional, and self processes to influence children's psychosocial adjustment. Three recent strands of theorizing guide our approach. First, we focus on how observational and social learning processes combine to influence the development of social-cognitive structures and processes that affect behavior. Second, we focus on the role of developing self and identity processes in shaping the child's interactions with the world and the consequences of those interactions. Third, we build on the complex systems perspective on development and assume that human development can only be understood accurately by examining how the multiple contexts affecting children and the adults in their lives interact to moderate biosocial factors which predispose individuals to develop in certain directions. We review the recent empirical literature on children's exposure to ethnic-political violence and we apply the social-cognitive-ecological framework to the empirical findings in this literature. Finally, we propose future directions for research and clinical implications derived from this framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric F Dubow
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA.
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Huesmann LR, Dubow EF, Boxer P. Continuity of aggression from childhood to early adulthood as a predictor of life outcomes: implications for the adolescent-limited and life-course-persistent models. Aggress Behav 2009; 35:136-49. [PMID: 19189380 DOI: 10.1002/ab.20300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Using data from the Columbia County Longitudinal Study, a 40-year longitudinal study following an entire county's population of third-grade students from age 8 to 48, we examine questions about the long-term consequences of aggressive and antisocial behavior in childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood. We found moderate levels of continuity of aggression from age 8 to 48 both for males and for females. Contrary to what some have proposed, we found that continuity of aggressiveness is owing to not only the high-aggressive participants staying high but also owing to the low-aggressive participants staying low. Compared with life-course-persistent low aggressives, we found that life-course-persistent high aggressives had consistently poorer outcomes across domains of life success, criminal behavior, and psychosocial functioning at age 48 (e.g., arrests, traffic violations, aggression toward spouse and divorces, depression, health, occupational and educational attainment). In contrast, adolescent-limited and child-limited aggressives did not differ from life-course-persistent low aggressives on the age 48 outcomes. Finally, the outcomes for late-onset (early adulthood) aggressives were also problematic in some domains though not as problematic as those for life-course-persistent aggressives.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Rowell Huesmann
- Research Center for Group Dynamics, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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Kokko K, Pulkkinen L, Huesmann LR, Dubow EF, Boxer P. Intensity of Aggression in Childhood as a Predictor of Different Forms of Adult Aggression: A Two-Country (Finland and United States) Analysis. J Res Adolesc 2009; 19:9-34. [PMID: 19890485 PMCID: PMC2771930 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-7795.2009.00579.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the prediction of different forms of adult aggression in two countries from child and adolescent aggression. It was based on two longitudinal projects: the Jyväskylä Longitudinal Study of Personality and Social Development (JYLS; N = 196 boys and 173 girls) conducted in Finland and the Columbia County Longitudinal Study (CCLS; N = 436 males and 420 females) conducted in the USA. The same peer-nominated items for aggression were used in both studies at age 8; comparable measures of aggression also were available in adolescence (age 14 in the JYLS/19 in the CCLS) and adulthood (ages 36/30 and 42/48). Results showed that in both countries and in both genders, aggression in childhood was linked significantly to physical aggression and lack of self-control of anger in adulthood but not to verbal aggression. This differential predictability of aggression over 40 years suggests that individual differences in physical aggression are more determined by lasting individual differences (including emotional reactivity) than are individual differences in verbal aggression.
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Dubow EF, Boxer P, Huesmann LR. Long-term Effects of Parents' Education on Children's Educational and Occupational Success: Mediation by Family Interactions, Child Aggression, and Teenage Aspirations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 55:224-249. [PMID: 20390050 DOI: 10.1353/mpq.0.0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We examine the prediction of individuals' educational and occupational success at age 48 from contextual and personal variables assessed during their middle childhood and late adolescence. We focus particularly on the predictive role of the parents' educational level during middle childhood, controlling for other indices of socioeconomic status and children's IQ, and the mediating roles of negative family interactions, childhood behavior, and late adolescent aspirations. Data come from the Columbia County Longitudinal Study, which began in 1960 when all 856 third graders in a semi-rural county in New York State were interviewed along with their parents; participants were reinterviewed at ages 19, 30, and 48 (Eron et al, 1971; Huesmann et al., 2002). Parents' educational level when the child was 8 years old significantly predicted educational and occupational success for the child 40 years later. Structural models showed that parental educational level had no direct effects on child educational level or occupational prestige at age 48 but had significant indirect effects that were independent of the other predictor variables' effects. These indirect effects were mediated through age 19 educational aspirations and age 19 educational level. These results provide strong support for the unique predictive role of parental education on adult outcomes 40 years later and underscore the developmental importance of mediators of parent education effects such as late adolescent achievement and achievement-related aspirations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric F Dubow
- Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan and Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University
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Dubow EF, Boxer P, Huesmann LR. Childhood and adolescent predictors of early and middle adulthood alcohol use and problem drinking: the Columbia County Longitudinal Study. Addiction 2008; 103 Suppl 1:36-47. [PMID: 18426539 DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02175.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To examine the role of individually and contextually based factors measured during childhood and adolescence in predicting alcohol use and abuse measured during early and middle adulthood. DESIGN Initial sample of 856 individuals first interviewed at age 8 with follow-up interviews at 19 (n = 427), 30 (n = 409), and 48 (n = 523). PARTICIPANTS Individuals enrolled in 3rd-grade classes in Columbia County, NY, in 1960 (49% female; > 90% Caucasian; primarily working-class families), who were re-sampled in 1970 (51% female), 1981 (52% female) and 2000 (49% female). MEASUREMENTS Parent reports of negative family interaction and socio-economic status when the child was 8 years old; IQ test at age 8; peer nominations of aggression, popularity and behavioral inhibition at ages 8 and 19; self-report of depression and educational attainment at age 19; self-report of alcohol use and problem drinking at ages 30 and 48. FINDINGS Path models showed that the effects of childhood individual variables (e.g. aggression, popularity, behavioral inhibition) on adulthood alcohol use and abuse generally were mediated by the same behavioral variables in adolescence. Specifically, both for males and for females, lower levels of behavioral inhibition and higher levels of aggression predicted adulthood alcohol variables. Childhood contextual variables (family socio-economic status and negative family interaction) were relatively weak predictors of adulthood alcohol use and abuse. CONCLUSIONS Alcohol use and abuse in adulthood, when considered in a long-term developmental-contextual framework, appear to be consistent with a general deviance model of problem behavior whereby individually based factors from childhood and late adolescence predict long-term indices of adulthood alcohol use and abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric F Dubow
- University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1248, USA.
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Dubow EF, Huesmann LR, Boxer P, Pulkkinen L, Kokko K. Middle childhood and adolescent contextual and personal predictors of adult educational and occupational outcomes: a mediational model in two countries. Dev Psychol 2007; 42:937-49. [PMID: 16953698 DOI: 10.1037/0012-1649.42.5.937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The authors examined the prediction of occupational attainment by age 40 from contextual and personal variables assessed during childhood and adolescence in 2 participant samples: (a) the Columbia County Longitudinal Study, a study of 856 third graders in a semirural county in New York State that began in 1960, and (b) the Jyväskylä Longitudinal Study of Personality and Social Development, a study of 369 eight-year-olds in Jyväskylä, Finland, that began in 1968. Both samples were followed up during adolescence and early and middle adulthood. Structural modeling analyses revealed that in both countries, for both genders, children's age 8 cognitive-academic functioning and their parents' occupational status had independent positive long-term effects on the children's adult occupational attainment, even after other childhood and adolescent personal variables were controlled for. Further, childhood and adolescent aggressive behavior negatively affected educational status in early adulthood, which in turn predicted lower occupational status in middle adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric F Dubow
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA.
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Boxer P, Goldstein SE, Musher-Eizenman D, Dubow EF, Heretick D. Developmental issues in school-based aggression prevention from a social-cognitive perspective. J Prim Prev 2006; 26:383-400. [PMID: 16200388 DOI: 10.1007/s10935-005-0005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Contemporary research on the development and prevention of aggressive behavior in childhood and adolescence emphasizes the importance of social-cognitive factors such as perceptual biases, problem-solving skills, and social-moral beliefs in the maintenance of aggression. Indeed, school-based social-cognitive intervention approaches have been identified as best practices by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. However, because child age is an important covariate of both intervention effectiveness and social-cognitive ability, school-based prevention program designers should keep in mind a number of issues identified through developmental research. In this paper, we review the social-cognitive model of aggressive behavior development as applied to prevention programming. We then discuss some of the ways in which the broader developmental research base can inform the design of aggression prevention programs. EDITORS' STRATEGIC IMPLICATIONS: Educational administrators and policy makers will find evidence in this review that school-based programs that employ a social-cognitive model represent a strategy that works for preventing violence. Prevention researchers will also benefit from the authors' insights regarding theoretical mediating processes and the importance of a developmental view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Boxer
- Department of Psychology, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA.
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Boxer P, Musher-Eizenman D, Dubow EF, Danner S, Heretick DM. Assessing teachers' perceptions for school-based aggression prevention programs: Applying a cognitive-ecological framework. Psychol Schs 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/pits.20144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Musher-Eizenman DR, Boxer P, Danner S, Dubow EF, Goldstein SE, Heretick DM. Social-cognitive mediators of the relation of environmental and emotion regulation factors to children's aggression. Aggress Behav 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/ab.20078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Boxer P, Edwards-Leeper L, Goldstein SE, Musher-Eizenman D, Dubow EF. Exposure to "low-level" aggression in school: associations with aggressive behavior, future expectations, and perceived safety. Violence Vict 2003; 18:691-705. [PMID: 15109121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Examined associations with witnessing and being victimized by "low-level" aggressive acts (e.g., pushing, gossip) and three indicators of psychosocial functioning in a sample of 771 elementary school students from one urban and one suburban school district. Results indicated that exposure to low-level aggression appears to relate to psychosocial functioning in ways similar to more severe forms of aggression. Students who were exposed to higher levels of both witnessing and victimization by low-level aggression reported the highest levels of engagement in aggression, the lowest levels of positive expectations for the future, and the lowest levels of perceived safety. Findings are discussed in the context of research on exposure to aggression in general, with suggestions offered for future studies. Implications of the findings for school-based intervention programs are raised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Boxer
- Research Center for Group Dynamics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48106, USA.
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Dubow EF, Huesmann LR, Boxer P. Theoretical and methodological considerations in cross-generational research on parenting and child aggressive behavior. J Abnorm Child Psychol 2003; 31:185-92; discussion 201-3. [PMID: 12735400 PMCID: PMC4512166 DOI: 10.1023/a:1022526325204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The four studies in this special issue represent important advances in research on the intergenerational transmission of aggressive behavior. In this commentary, we review the key features and findings of these studies, as well as our own cross-generational study of aggression, the Columbia County Longitudinal Study. Next, we consider important theoretical issues (e.g., defining and operationalizing "aggression" and "parenting"; assessing reciprocal effects of parenting and child aggression; identifying the ages at which aggression should be assessed across generations; broadening the investigation of contextual and individual factors). We then discuss several methodological issues (e.g., determining the most informative measurement intervals for assessing prospective effects; sampling considerations; measuring potential moderating and mediating variables that might explain cross-generational continuities and discontinuities in parenting and aggression). Finally, we raise implications of cross-generational research for designing interventions targeting the reduction and prevention of child aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric F Dubow
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, USA.
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Huesmann LR, Eron LD, Dubow EF. Childhood predictors of adult criminality: are all risk factors reflected in childhood aggressiveness? Crim Behav Ment Health 2002; 12:185-208. [PMID: 12830312 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early aggressive behaviour is one of the best predictors of adult criminality. AIM To assess the degree to which family background variables, parental beliefs and behaviour and child intelligence predict child aggression and adult criminality. METHOD Data were used from the Colombia County Longitudinal Study, a longitudinal study of 856 children in third grade in New York, in 1959-60. Adult measures of criminal behaviour, child measures taken at age eight, child peer-nominated aggression, child's peer-nominated popularity, child's IQ and parental measures at eight years were used. RESULTS Aggressive children were less intelligent, less popular, rejected more by their parents, had parents who believed in punishment, were less identified with their parents' self-image and were less likely to express guilt. As adults, more aggressive children with parents who were less well educated, experienced more marital disharmony and who seldom attended church were most at risk for arrest. However, after the effect of early aggression was controlled, most effects disappeared and only parents having a strong belief in punishment added significantly to risk of arrest by age 30; the only fact that then reduced the risk of arrest was having parents who attended church often. Both parental authoritarianism and child IQ reduced the risk of conviction for arrested children. DISCUSSION Level of aggression at age eight is the best predictor of criminal events over the next 22 years. A clear implication is that the risk for criminality is affected by much that happens to a boy before he is eight years old. Preventive interventions need to target risk factors that appear to influence the development of early aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Rowell Huesmann
- Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48104, USA.
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Boxer P, Dubow EF. A social-cognitive information-processing model for school-based aggression reduction and prevention programs: Issues for research and practice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0962-1849(01)80013-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abstract
Studied 185 seventh- and eighth-grade inner-city adolescents. Participants were categorized as low and high in exposure to stressors (stressful events or neighborhood disadvantage) and externally exhibited competence (self-, teacher, and school reports). We predicted that resilient (high-stress/high-competence) and stress-affected (high-stress/low-competence) youth would differ across three domains of hypothesized protective resources: internal resources (i.e., coping skills, perceived competence), familial support, and extrafamilial support. We also predicted that there would be an emotional cost to resilient youth in terms of experiencing internalizing problems (depression, anxiety). There were direct effects for stressor level on several protective resources; however, the hypothesized protective resources did not discriminate resilient from stress-affected youth. Both Resilient and stress-affected youth experienced equivalent levels of internalizing symptoms, and these groups' scores were higher than those of low-stress participants. These results are possibly reflective of the effects of chronic stressors.
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Dubow EF, Edwards S, Ippolito MF. Life stressors, neighborhood disadvantage, and resources: a focus on inner-city children's adjustment. J Clin Child Psychol 1997; 26:130-44. [PMID: 9169374 DOI: 10.1207/s15374424jccp2602_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Examined the contribution of particular stressors and resources to inner-city children's adjustment. Fourth, 5th, and 6th graders (N = 315; 66% from ethnic minority groups) reported on their recent exposure to stressful events and neighborhood disadvantage, their perceptions of self-worth and social support, and their behavioral and academic adjustment. Hierarchical regressions indicated unique contributions of stressful events and neighborhood disadvantage to predicting antisocial behavior; higher levels of self-worth and family support were related to lower levels of antisocial behavior, but higher levels of peer support were related to higher levels of antisocial behavior. Furthermore, whereas family support buffered the relation between stressful events and antisocial behavior, peer support exacerbated the effect of stressors on behavioral maladjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
- E F Dubow
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, OH 43403, USA
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Reid GJ, Dubow EF, Carey TC. Developmental and situational differences in coping among children and adolescents with diabetes. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0193-3973(95)90003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Dubow EF, Ippolito MF. Effects of poverty and quality of the home environment on changes in the academic and behavioral adjustment of elementary school-age children. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1207/s15374424jccp2304_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Reid GJ, Dubow EF, Carey TC, Dura JR. Contribution of coping to medical adjustment and treatment responsibility among children and adolescents with diabetes. J Dev Behav Pediatr 1994; 15:327-35. [PMID: 7868700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Youngsters with diabetes face numerous, daily challenges associated with their treatment. Previous research has examined coping in relation to global medical adjustment. However, the role that coping with diabetes-specific stressors plays in adherence to different treatment components, and child responsibility for these components, is not well understood. The present study examined the contribution of coping strategies to medical adjustment (i.e., metabolic control, treatment adherence) and level of child responsibility for treatment among children (n = 27) and adolescents (n = 29) with diabetes. Youngsters reported coping strategies in response to three diabetes-related situations (social, diet, fingerprick). Coping strategies accounted for a significant proportion of the variance in predicting most adjustment and responsibility variables, above and beyond the effects of relevant background variables (i.e., age, duration of diabetes, diabetes knowledge). Higher levels of approach-coping strategies related to better adherence to diet. Higher levels of avoidance-coping strategies related to poorer metabolic control and adherence to fingerpricks and higher levels of child responsibility for diet. These findings suggest that the role that coping strategies play in youngsters' medical adjustment is best understood within the context of diabetes-specific situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Reid
- Department of Psychology, Izaak Walton Killam Children's Hospital, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Dubow EF, Schmidt D, McBride J, Edwards S, Merk FL. Teaching Children to Cope With Stressful Experiences: Initial Implementation and Evaluation of a Primary Prevention Program. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1207/s15374424jccp2204_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Dubow EF, Tisak J, Causey D, Hryshko A, Reid G. A Two-Year Longitudinal Study of Stressful Life Events, Social Support, and Social Problem-Solving Skills: Contributions to Children's Behavioral and Academic Adjustment. Child Dev 1991. [DOI: 10.2307/1131133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Dubow EF, Tisak J, Causey D, Hryshko A, Reid G. A two-year longitudinal study of stressful life events, social support, and social problem-solving skills: contributions to children's behavioral and academic adjustment. Child Dev 1991; 62:583-99. [PMID: 1914627 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1991.tb01554.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the contributions of stressful life events and resources (social support and social problem-solving skills) to predicting changes in children's adjustment. At Time 1, 361 third through fifth graders completed measures of social support and social problem-solving skills. Their parents completed a stressful life events scale and a child behavior rating measure. The children's teachers provided ratings of behavioral and academic adjustment. 2-year follow-up data (Time 2) were obtained for approximately half of the sample on the same measures. Time 1 stressful life events and resources showed some significant but modest zero-order correlations with the Time 2 adjustment indices. Hierarchical multiple regressions revealed prospective effects for Time 1 social support on later teacher-rated competencies and grade-point average. In addition, increases over time in social support and social problem-solving skills (a composite score) were significantly related to improvement in behavioral and academic adjustment, whereas stressful life events were not predictive of adjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
- E F Dubow
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, OH 43403
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