1
|
McGuire N, Gumley A, Hasson-Ohayon I, Allan S, Aunjitsakul W, Aydin O, Bo S, Bonfils KA, Bröcker AL, de Jong S, Dimaggio G, Inchausti F, Jansen JE, Lecomte T, Luther L, MacBeth A, Montag C, Pedersen MB, Pijnenborg GHM, Popolo R, Schwannauer M, Trauelsen AM, van Donkersgoed R, Wu W, Wang K, Lysaker PH, McLeod H. Investigating the relationship between negative symptoms and metacognitive functioning in psychosis: An individual participant data meta-analysis. Psychol Psychother 2023; 96:918-933. [PMID: 37530433 DOI: 10.1111/papt.12484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Negative symptoms are a persistent, yet under-explored problem in psychosis. Disturbances in metacognition are a potential causal factor in negative symptom development and maintenance. This meta-analysis uses individual participant data (IPD) from existing research to assess the relationship between negative symptoms and metacognition treated as summed scores and domains. METHODS Data sets containing individuals with negative symptoms and metacognition data, aged 16+ with psychosis, were identified according to pre-specific parameters. IPD integrity and completeness were checked and data were synthesized in two-stage meta-analyses of each negative symptoms cluster compared with metacognition in seemingly unrelated regression using restricted maximum likelihood estimation. Planned and exploratory sensitivity analyses were also conducted. RESULTS Thirty-three eligible data sets were identified with 21 with sufficient similarity and availability to be included in meta-analyses, corresponding to 1301 participants. The strongest relationships observed were between summed scores of negative symptoms and metacognition. Metacognitive domains of self-reflectivity and understanding others' minds, and expressive negative symptoms emerged as significant in some meta-analyses. The uncertainty of several effect estimates increased significantly when controlling for covariates. CONCLUSIONS This robust meta-analysis highlights the impact of using summed versus domain-specific scores of metacognition and negative symptoms, and relationships are not as clear-cut as once believed. Findings support arguments for further differentiation of negative symptom profiles and continued granular exploration of the relationship between metacognition and negative symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Orkun Aydin
- International University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Sune Bo
- Psychiatric Research Unit, Region Zealand, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Kelsey A Bonfils
- School of Psychology, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi, USA
| | | | - Steven de Jong
- Lentis Psychiatric Institute, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Felix Inchausti
- Department of Mental Health, Servicio Riojano de Salud, Logroño, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Marlene Buch Pedersen
- Early Psychosis Intervention Centre, Psychiatry East, Region Zealand, Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Anne-Marie Trauelsen
- Assessment and Brief Treatment Team (Newham), East London Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | | | - Kai Wang
- Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
McGuire N, Gumley A, Hasson-Ohayon I, Allan S, Aunjitsakul W, Aydin O, Bo S, Bonfils KA, Bröcker AL, de Jong S, Dimaggio G, Inchausti F, Jansen JE, Lecomte T, Luther L, MacBeth A, Montag C, Pedersen MB, Pijnenborg GHM, Popolo R, Schwannauer M, Trauelsen AM, van Donkersgoed R, Wu W, Wang K, Lysaker PH, McLeod H. Investigating the relationship between specific negative symptoms and metacognitive functioning in psychosis: A systematic review. Psychol Psychother 2023. [PMID: 37864383 DOI: 10.1111/papt.12505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disrupted metacognition is implicated in development and maintenance of negative symptoms, but more fine-grained analyses would inform precise treatment targeting for individual negative symptoms. AIMS This systematic review identifies and examines datasets that test whether specific metacognitive capacities distinctly influence negative symptoms. MATERIALS & METHODS PsycINFO, EMBASE, Medline and Cochrane Library databases plus hand searching of relevant articles, journals and grey literature identified quantitative research investigating negative symptoms and metacognition in adults aged 16+ with psychosis. Authors of included articles were contacted to identify unique datasets and missing information. Data were extracted for a risk of bias assessment using the Quality in Prognostic Studies tool. RESULTS 85 published reports met criteria and are estimated to reflect 32 distinct datasets and 1623 unique participants. The data indicated uncertainty about the relationship between summed scores of negative symptoms and domains of metacognition, with significant findings indicating correlation coefficients from 0.88 to -0.23. Only eight studies investigated the relationship between metacognition and individual negative symptoms, with mixed findings. Studies were mostly moderate-to-low risk of bias. DISCUSSION The relationship between negative symptoms and metacognition is rarely the focus of studies reviewed here, and negative symptom scores are often summed. This approach may obscure relationships between metacognitive domains and individual negative symptoms which may be important for understanding how negative symptoms are developed and maintained. CONLCLUSION Methodological challenges around overlapping participants, variation in aggregation of negative symptom items and types of analyses used, make a strong case for use of Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis to further elucidate these relationships.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Orkun Aydin
- International University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovinia
| | - Sune Bo
- Psychiatric Research Unit, Region Zealand, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Kelsey A Bonfils
- School of Psychology, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi, USA
| | | | - Steven de Jong
- Lentis Psychiatric Institute, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Felix Inchausti
- Department of Mental Health, Servicio Riojano de Salud, Logroño, Spain
| | - Jens Einar Jansen
- Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | - Marlene Buch Pedersen
- Early Psychosis Intervention Centre, Psychiatry East, Region Zealand, Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Weiming Wu
- Anhui Medical University, Hefei City, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Anhui Medical University, Hefei City, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gallacher KI, Taylor-Rowan M, Eton DT, McLeod H, Kidd L, Wood K, Sardar A, Quinn TJ, Mair FS. Protocol for the development and validation of a patient reported measure (PRM) of treatment burden in stroke. Health Open Res 2023; 5:17. [PMID: 38708032 PMCID: PMC11064975 DOI: 10.12688/healthopenres.13334.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Background Treatment burden is the workload of healthcare for people with long-term conditions and the impact on wellbeing. A validated measure of treatment burden after stroke is needed. We aim to adapt a patient-reported measure (PRM) of treatment burden in multimorbidity, PETS (Patient Experience with Treatment and Self-Management version 2.0), to create a stroke-specific measure, PETS-stroke. We aim to examine content validity, construct validity, reliability and feasibility in a stroke survivor population. Methods 1) Adaptation of 60-item PETS to PETS-stroke using a taxonomy of treatment burden. 2) Content validity testing through cognitive interviews that will explore the importance, relevance and clarity of each item. 3) Evaluation of scale psychometric properties through analysis of data from stroke survivors recruited via postal survey (n=340). Factor structure will be tested with confirmatory factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha will be used to index internal consistency. Construct validity will be tested against: The Stroke Southampton Self-Management Questionnaire; The Satisfaction with Stroke Care Measure; and The Shortened Stroke Impact Scale. We will explore known-groups validity by exploring the association between treatment burden, socioeconomic deprivation and multimorbidity. Test-retest reliability will be examined via re-administration after 2 weeks. Acceptability and feasibility of use will be explored via missing data rates and telephone interviews with 30 participants. Conclusions We aim to create a validated PRM of treatment burden after stroke. PETS-stroke is designed for use as an outcome measure in clinical trials of stroke treatments and complex interventions to ascertain if treatments are workable for patients in the context of their everyday lives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katie I Gallacher
- General Practice and Primary Care, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, G12 8TB, UK
| | - Martin Taylor-Rowan
- General Practice and Primary Care, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, G12 8TB, UK
| | - David T Eton
- Outcomes Research Branch, Healthcare Delivery Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, USA
| | - Hamish McLeod
- Mental Health and Wellbeing, Gartnavel Royal Hospital, Glasgow, Scotland, G12 0XH, UK
| | - Lisa Kidd
- Department of Nursing and Community Health, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, Scotland, G40BA, UK
| | - Karen Wood
- General Practice and Primary Care, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, G12 8TB, UK
| | - Aleema Sardar
- School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Terry J Quinn
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Frances S Mair
- General Practice and Primary Care, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, G12 8TB, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Edwards CJ, Owrid O, Miller L, Jafari H, Emsley R, Rus-Calafell M, Craig TKJ, Clancy M, McLeod H, Fornells-Ambrojo M, McDonnell J, Montague A, Huckvale M, Bucci S, Haddock G, Garety P, Ward T. The voice characterisation checklist: psychometric properties of a brief clinical assessment of voices as social agents. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1192655. [PMID: 37559917 PMCID: PMC10408443 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1192655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM There is growing interest in tailoring psychological interventions for distressing voices and a need for reliable tools to assess phenomenological features which might influence treatment response. This study examines the reliability and internal consistency of the Voice Characterisation Checklist (VoCC), a novel 10-item tool which assesses degree of voice characterisation, identified as relevant to a new wave of relational approaches. METHODS The sample comprised participants experiencing distressing voices, recruited at baseline on the AVATAR2 trial between January 2021 and July 2022 (n = 170). Inter-rater reliability (IRR) and internal consistency analyses (Cronbach's alpha) were conducted. RESULTS The majority of participants reported some degree of voice personification (94%) with high endorsement of voices as distinct auditory experiences (87%) with basic attributes of gender and age (82%). While most identified a voice intention (75%) and personality (76%), attribution of mental states (35%) to the voice ('What are they thinking?') and a known historical relationship (36%) were less common. The internal consistency of the VoCC was acceptable (10 items, α = 0.71). IRR analysis indicated acceptable to excellent reliability at the item-level for 9/10 items and moderate agreement between raters' global (binary) classification of more vs. less highly characterised voices, κ = 0.549 (95% CI, 0.240-0.859), p < 0.05. CONCLUSION The VoCC is a reliable and internally consistent tool for assessing voice characterisation and will be used to test whether voice characterisation moderates treatment outcome to AVATAR therapy. There is potential wider utility within clinical trials of other relational therapies as well as routine clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clementine J. Edwards
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Owrid
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Miller
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hassan Jafari
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Emsley
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mar Rus-Calafell
- Mental Health Research and Treatment Centre, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas K. J. Craig
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Moya Clancy
- University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- NHS Greater Glasgow & Clyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Hamish McLeod
- University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- NHS Greater Glasgow & Clyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Miriam Fornells-Ambrojo
- University College London, London, United Kingdom
- North East London NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey McDonnell
- University College London, London, United Kingdom
- North East London NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alice Montague
- University College London, London, United Kingdom
- North East London NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sandra Bucci
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian Haddock
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Philippa Garety
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Ward
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gould RL, Rawlinson C, Thompson B, Weeks K, Gossage-Worrall R, Cantrill H, Serfaty MA, Graham CD, McCracken LM, White D, Howard RJ, Bursnall M, Bradburn M, Al-Chalabi A, Orrell R, Chhetri SK, Noad R, Radunovic A, Williams T, Young CA, Dick D, Lawrence V, Goldstein LH, Young T, Ealing J, McLeod H, Williams N, Weatherly H, Cave R, Chiwera T, Pagnini F, Cooper C, Shaw PJ, McDermott CJ. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for people living with motor neuron disease: an uncontrolled feasibility study. Pilot Feasibility Stud 2023; 9:116. [PMID: 37420261 DOI: 10.1186/s40814-023-01354-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Motor neuron disease (MND) is a fatal, progressive neurodegenerative disease that causes progressive weakening and wasting of limb, bulbar, thoracic and abdominal muscles. Clear evidence-based guidance on how psychological distress should be managed in people living with MND (plwMND) is lacking. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is a form of psychological therapy that may be particularly suitable for this population. However, to the authors' knowledge, no study to date has evaluated ACT for plwMND. Consequently, the primary aim of this uncontrolled feasibility study was to examine the feasibility and acceptability of ACT for improving the psychological health of plwMND. METHODS PlwMND aged ≥ 18 years were recruited from 10 UK MND Care Centres/Clinics. Participants received up to 8 one-to-one ACT sessions, developed specifically for plwMND, plus usual care. Co-primary feasibility and acceptability outcomes were uptake (≥ 80% of the target sample [N = 28] recruited) and initial engagement with the intervention (≥ 70% completing ≥ 2 sessions). Secondary outcomes included measures of quality of life, anxiety, depression, disease-related functioning, health status and psychological flexibility in plwMND and quality of life and burden in caregivers. Outcomes were assessed at baseline and 6 months. RESULTS Both a priori indicators of success were met: 29 plwMND (104%) were recruited and 76% (22/29) attended ≥ 2 sessions. Attrition at 6-months was higher than anticipated (8/29, 28%), but only two dropouts were due to lack of acceptability of the intervention. Acceptability was further supported by good satisfaction with therapy and session attendance. Data were possibly suggestive of small improvements in anxiety and psychological quality of life from baseline to 6 months in plwMND, despite a small but expected deterioration in disease-related functioning and health status. CONCLUSIONS There was good evidence of acceptability and feasibility. Limitations included the lack of a control group and small sample size, which complicate interpretation of findings. A fully powered RCT to evaluate the clinical and cost-effectiveness of ACT for plwMND is underway. TRIAL REGISTRATION The study was pre-registered with the ISRCTN Registry (ISRCTN12655391).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Gould
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, Wing B, 6th Floor Maple House, 149 Tottenham Court Rd, London, W1T 7NF, UK.
| | - Charlotte Rawlinson
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, Wing B, 6th Floor Maple House, 149 Tottenham Court Rd, London, W1T 7NF, UK
| | - Ben Thompson
- Clinical Trials Research Unit, School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Kirsty Weeks
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, Wing B, 6th Floor Maple House, 149 Tottenham Court Rd, London, W1T 7NF, UK
| | - Rebecca Gossage-Worrall
- Clinical Trials Research Unit, School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Hannah Cantrill
- Clinical Trials Research Unit, School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Marc A Serfaty
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, Wing B, 6th Floor Maple House, 149 Tottenham Court Rd, London, W1T 7NF, UK
- Priory Hospital North London, London, UK
| | - Christopher D Graham
- Strathclyde Psychology, Department of Psychological Sciences & Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - David White
- Clinical Trials Research Unit, School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Robert J Howard
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, Wing B, 6th Floor Maple House, 149 Tottenham Court Rd, London, W1T 7NF, UK
| | - Matt Bursnall
- Clinical Trials Research Unit, School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Mike Bradburn
- Clinical Trials Research Unit, School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Ammar Al-Chalabi
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Richard Orrell
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Suresh K Chhetri
- Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Lancashire, UK
| | - Rupert Noad
- Department of Neuropsychology, Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, UK
| | | | - Tim Williams
- The Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - David Dick
- Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, UK
| | - Vanessa Lawrence
- Health Services & Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Laura H Goldstein
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Tracey Young
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - John Ealing
- Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - Hamish McLeod
- Mental Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Nicola Williams
- Primary Care Clinical Trials Unit, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Richard Cave
- Language and Cognition, University College London, London, UK
| | - Theresa Chiwera
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Francesco Pagnini
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
| | - Cindy Cooper
- Clinical Trials Research Unit, School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Pamela J Shaw
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Myring G, Lim AG, Hollingworth W, McLeod H, Beer L, Vickerman P, Hickman M, Radley A, Dillon JF. Cost-effectiveness of pharmacy-led versus conventionally delivered antiviral treatment for hepatitis C in patients receiving opioid substitution therapy: An economic evaluation alongside a pragmatic cluster randomised trial. J Infect 2022; 85:676-682. [PMID: 36170895 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2022.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elimination targets for hepatitis C have been set across the world. In the UK almost 90% of infections are in people who inject drugs. Evidence shows community case-finding is effective at identifying and treating undiagnosed patients. The aim of this analysis was to assess, from a healthcare provider perspective, the cost-effectiveness of a new pharmacist-led test and treat pathway for hepatitis C in opioid agonist treatment (OAT) patients attending community pharmacies compared to conventional care. METHODS In a cluster randomised controlled trial, pharmacies were randomised to the pharmacist-led or conventional care pathway. Mean cost per OAT patient and per patient initiating treatment was identified for each pathway. A Markov model tracking disease progression was developed, with a 50-year time horizon and 3·5% time discount rate, to estimate the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained and the probability of being cost-effective at a £30,000 per QALY willingness-to-pay threshold. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis was performed for a range of drug discounts, re-infection rates, and model assumptions. FINDINGS Mean cost per OAT patient (£3,674 vs £1,965) and per patient initiating treatment (£863 vs £404) was higher in the pharmacist-led pathway, due to higher uptake of testing and pharmacist time requirements. Over a 50-year time horizon the ICER per QALY gained was £31,612 at NHS indicative price for treatment (£38,979 for 12 weeks) and 12·1/100 person-years re-infection rate, reducing to £21,027/£10,220/-£501 per QALY gained with 30%/60%/90% drug price discounts and £25,373/£21,738/£14,912 per QALY gained at re-infection rates of 8/5/2 per 100 person-years. At 30%/60%/90% drug discount rates, the pharmacist-led pathway has an 80%/98%/100% probability of being cost-effective. INTERPRETATION The pharmacist-led pathway is effective at increasing testing and treatment uptake, with cost-effectiveness being highly dependent on drug price discounts. FUNDING Trial funding provided by the Scottish Government, Gilead Sciences, and Bristol-Myers Squibb.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Myring
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, BS8 1UD, UK; The National Institute for Health Research Applied Research Collaboration West (NIHR ARC West) at University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol BS1 2NT, UK.
| | - A G Lim
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, BS8 1UD, UK
| | - W Hollingworth
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, BS8 1UD, UK; The National Institute for Health Research Applied Research Collaboration West (NIHR ARC West) at University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol BS1 2NT, UK
| | - H McLeod
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, BS8 1UD, UK; The National Institute for Health Research Applied Research Collaboration West (NIHR ARC West) at University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol BS1 2NT, UK
| | - L Beer
- Tayside Clinical Trials Unit, Tayside Medical Science Centre, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - P Vickerman
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, BS8 1UD, UK
| | - M Hickman
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, BS8 1UD, UK
| | - A Radley
- Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Clinical & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - J F Dillon
- Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Clinical & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gumley AI, Bradstreet S, Ainsworth J, Allan S, Alvarez-Jimenez M, Birchwood M, Briggs A, Bucci S, Cotton S, Engel L, French P, Lederman R, Lewis S, Machin M, MacLennan G, McLeod H, McMeekin N, Mihalopoulos C, Morton E, Norrie J, Reilly F, Schwannauer M, Singh SP, Sundram S, Thompson A, Williams C, Yung A, Aucott L, Farhall J, Gleeson J. Digital smartphone intervention to recognise and manage early warning signs in schizophrenia to prevent relapse: the EMPOWER feasibility cluster RCT. Health Technol Assess 2022; 26:1-174. [PMID: 35639493 DOI: 10.3310/hlze0479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Relapse is a major determinant of outcome for people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Early warning signs frequently precede relapse. A recent Cochrane Review found low-quality evidence to suggest a positive effect of early warning signs interventions on hospitalisation and relapse. OBJECTIVE How feasible is a study to investigate the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a digital intervention to recognise and promptly manage early warning signs of relapse in schizophrenia with the aim of preventing relapse? DESIGN A multicentre, two-arm, parallel-group cluster randomised controlled trial involving eight community mental health services, with 12-month follow-up. SETTINGS Glasgow, UK, and Melbourne, Australia. PARTICIPANTS Service users were aged > 16 years and had a schizophrenia spectrum disorder with evidence of a relapse within the previous 2 years. Carers were eligible for inclusion if they were nominated by an eligible service user. INTERVENTIONS The Early signs Monitoring to Prevent relapse in psychosis and prOmote Wellbeing, Engagement, and Recovery (EMPOWER) intervention was designed to enable participants to monitor changes in their well-being daily using a mobile phone, blended with peer support. Clinical triage of changes in well-being that were suggestive of early signs of relapse was enabled through an algorithm that triggered a check-in prompt that informed a relapse prevention pathway, if warranted. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The main outcomes were feasibility of the trial and feasibility, acceptability and usability of the intervention, as well as safety and performance. Candidate co-primary outcomes were relapse and fear of relapse. RESULTS We recruited 86 service users, of whom 73 were randomised (42 to EMPOWER and 31 to treatment as usual). Primary outcome data were collected for 84% of participants at 12 months. Feasibility data for people using the smartphone application (app) suggested that the app was easy to use and had a positive impact on motivations and intentions in relation to mental health. Actual app usage was high, with 91% of users who completed the baseline period meeting our a priori criterion of acceptable engagement (> 33%). The median time to discontinuation of > 33% app usage was 32 weeks (95% confidence interval 14 weeks to ∞). There were 8 out of 33 (24%) relapses in the EMPOWER arm and 13 out of 28 (46%) in the treatment-as-usual arm. Fewer participants in the EMPOWER arm had a relapse (relative risk 0.50, 95% confidence interval 0.26 to 0.98), and time to first relapse (hazard ratio 0.32, 95% confidence interval 0.14 to 0.74) was longer in the EMPOWER arm than in the treatment-as-usual group. At 12 months, EMPOWER participants were less fearful of having a relapse than those in the treatment-as-usual arm (mean difference -4.29, 95% confidence interval -7.29 to -1.28). EMPOWER was more costly and more effective, resulting in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of £3041. This incremental cost-effectiveness ratio would be considered cost-effective when using the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence threshold of £20,000 per quality-adjusted life-year gained. LIMITATIONS This was a feasibility study and the outcomes detected cannot be taken as evidence of efficacy or effectiveness. CONCLUSIONS A trial of digital technology to monitor early warning signs that blended with peer support and clinical triage to detect and prevent relapse is feasible. FUTURE WORK A main trial with a sample size of 500 (assuming 90% power and 20% dropout) would detect a clinically meaningful reduction in relapse (relative risk 0.7) and improvement in other variables (effect sizes 0.3-0.4). TRIAL REGISTRATION This trial is registered as ISRCTN99559262. FUNDING This project was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 26, No. 27. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information. Funding in Australia was provided by the National Health and Medical Research Council (APP1095879).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew I Gumley
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Simon Bradstreet
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - John Ainsworth
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Stephanie Allan
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Mario Alvarez-Jimenez
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Maximillian Birchwood
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Andrew Briggs
- Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Sandra Bucci
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Sue Cotton
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lidia Engel
- School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul French
- Department of Nursing, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Reeva Lederman
- School of Computing and Information Systems, Melbourne School of Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Shôn Lewis
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Matthew Machin
- Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Graeme MacLennan
- Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Hamish McLeod
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Nicola McMeekin
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Cathy Mihalopoulos
- School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Emma Morton
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - John Norrie
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | - Swaran P Singh
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Suresh Sundram
- Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew Thompson
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Chris Williams
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alison Yung
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Lorna Aucott
- Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - John Farhall
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,NorthWestern Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - John Gleeson
- Healthy Brain and Mind Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gumley AI, Bradstreet S, Ainsworth J, Allan S, Alvarez-Jimenez M, Aucott L, Birchwood M, Briggs A, Bucci S, Cotton SM, Engel L, French P, Lederman R, Lewis S, Machin M, MacLennan G, McLeod H, McMeekin N, Mihalopoulos C, Morton E, Norrie J, Schwannauer M, Singh SP, Sundram S, Thompson A, Williams C, Yung AR, Farhall J, Gleeson J. The EMPOWER blended digital intervention for relapse prevention in schizophrenia: a feasibility cluster randomised controlled trial in Scotland and Australia. Lancet Psychiatry 2022; 9:477-486. [PMID: 35569503 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(22)00103-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early warning signs monitoring by service users with schizophrenia has shown promise in preventing relapse but the quality of evidence is low. We aimed to establish the feasibility of undertaking a definitive randomised controlled trial to determine the effectiveness of a blended digital intervention for relapse prevention in schizophrenia. METHODS This multicentre, feasibility, cluster randomised controlled trial aimed to compare Early signs Monitoring to Prevent relapse in psychosis and prOmote Well-being, Engagement, and Recovery (EMPOWER) with treatment as usual in community mental health services (CMHS) in Glasgow and Melbourne. CMHS were the unit of randomisation, selected on the basis of those that probably had five or more care coordinators willing to participate. Participants were eligible if they were older than 16 years, had a schizophrenia or related diagnosis confirmed via case records, were able to provide informed consent, had contact with CMHS, and had had a relapse within the previous 2 years. Participants were randomised within stratified clusters to EMPOWER or to continue their usual approach to care. EMPOWER blended a smartphone for active monitoring of early warning signs with peer support to promote self-management and clinical triage to promote access to relapse prevention. Main outcomes were feasibility, acceptability, usability, and safety, which was assessed through face-to-face interviews. App usage was assessed via the smartphone and self-report. Primary end point was 12 months. Participants, research assistants and other team members involved in delivering the intervention were not masked to treatment conditions. Assessment of relapse was done by an independent adjudication panel masked to randomisation group. The study is registered at ISRCTN (99559262). FINDINGS We identified and randomised eight CMHS (six in Glasgow and two in Melbourne) comprising 47 care coordinators. We recruited 86 service users between Jan 19 and Aug 8, 2018; 73 were randomised (42 [58%] to EMPOWER and 31 [42%] to treatment as usual). There were 37 (51%) men and 36 (49%) women. At 12 months, main outcomes were collected for 32 (76%) of service users in the EMPOWER group and 30 (97%) of service users in the treatment as usual group. Of those randomised to EMPOWER, 30 (71%) met our a priori criterion of more than 33% adherence to daily monitoring that assumed feasibility. Median time to discontinuation of these participants was 31·5 weeks (SD 14·5). There were 29 adverse events in the EMPOWER group and 25 adverse events in the treatment as usual group. There were 13 app-related adverse events, affecting 11 people, one of which was serious. Fear of relapse was lower in the EMPOWER group than in the treatment as usual group at 12 months (mean difference -7·53 (95% CI -14·45 to 0·60; Cohen's d -0·53). INTERPRETATION A trial of digital technology to monitor early warning signs blended with peer support and clinical triage to detect and prevent relapse appears to be feasible, safe, and acceptable. A further main trial is merited. FUNDING UK National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment programme and the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew I Gumley
- Glasgow Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Simon Bradstreet
- Glasgow Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - John Ainsworth
- Division of Informatics Imaging and Data Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Stephanie Allan
- Glasgow Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Mario Alvarez-Jimenez
- Orygen Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lorna Aucott
- Centre for Healthcare Randomised Trials (CHaRT), University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Maximillian Birchwood
- Centre for Mental Health and Wellbeing Research, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Warwick, UK
| | - Andrew Briggs
- Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Sandra Bucci
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Sue M Cotton
- Orygen Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lidia Engel
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul French
- Department of Psychiatry, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Reeva Lederman
- School of Computing and Information Systems, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Shôn Lewis
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Matthew Machin
- Division of Informatics Imaging and Data Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Graeme MacLennan
- Centre for Healthcare Randomised Trials (CHaRT), University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Hamish McLeod
- Glasgow Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Nicola McMeekin
- Glasgow Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Cathy Mihalopoulos
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Emma Morton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - John Norrie
- The Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Swaran P Singh
- Centre for Mental Health and Wellbeing Research, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Warwick, UK
| | - Suresh Sundram
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Mental Health Program, Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew Thompson
- Orygen Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Mental Health and Wellbeing Research, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Warwick, UK
| | - Chris Williams
- Glasgow Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alison R Yung
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; School of Medicine, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - John Farhall
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; NorthWestern Mental Health, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Epping, VIC, Australia
| | - John Gleeson
- Healthy Brain and Mind Research Centre, School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Garety P, Edwards CJ, Ward T, Emsley R, Huckvale M, McCrone P, Rus-Calafell M, Fornells-Ambrojo M, Gumley A, Haddock G, Bucci S, McLeod H, Hardy A, Peters E, Myin-Germeys I, Craig T. Optimising AVATAR therapy for people who hear distressing voices: study protocol for the AVATAR2 multi-centre randomised controlled trial. Trials 2021; 22:366. [PMID: 34034792 PMCID: PMC8145186 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-021-05301-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AVATAR therapy is a novel intervention targeting distressing auditory verbal hallucinations (henceforth 'voices'). A digital simulation (avatar) of the voice is created and used in a three-way dialogue between participant, avatar and therapist. To date, therapy has been delivered over 6 sessions, comprising an initial phase, focusing on standing up to a hostile avatar, and a second phase in which the avatar concedes and focus shifts to individualised treatment targets, including beliefs about voices. The first fully powered randomised trial found AVATAR therapy resulted in a rapid and substantial fall in voice frequency and associated distress that was superior to supportive counselling at 12 weeks. The main objective of this AVATAR2 trial is to test the efficacy of two forms of AVATAR therapy in reducing voice-related distress: AVATAR-brief (standardised focus on exposure, assertiveness and self-esteem) and AVATAR-extended (phase 1 mirroring AVATAR-brief augmented by a formulation-driven phase 2). Secondary objectives include the examination of additional voice, wellbeing and mood outcomes, the exploration of mediators and moderators of therapy response, and examining cost-effectiveness of both forms of therapy compared with usual treatment (TAU). METHODS This multi-site parallel group randomised controlled trial will independently randomise 345 individuals to receive AVATAR-brief (6 sessions) plus TAU or AVATAR-extended (12 sessions) plus TAU or TAU alone (1:1:1 allocation). Participants will be people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders who have heard distressing voices for more than 6 months. The primary outcome is the PSYRATS Auditory Hallucinations Distress dimension score at 16 and 28 weeks, conducted by blinded assessors. Statistical analysis will follow the intention-to-treat principle and data will be analysed using linear mixed models. Mediation and moderation analyses using contemporary causal inference methods will be conducted as secondary analyses. Service costs will be calculated, and cost-effectiveness assessed in terms of quality-adjusted life years accrued. DISCUSSION This study will clarify optimal therapy delivery, test efficacy in a multi-site study and enable the testing of the AVATAR software platform, therapy training and provision in NHS settings. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN registry ISRCTN55682735 . Registered on 22 January 2020. The trial is funded by the Wellcome Trust (WT).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippa Garety
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Clementine J Edwards
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
- South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
| | - Thomas Ward
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Richard Emsley
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Mar Rus-Calafell
- Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Miriam Fornells-Ambrojo
- University College London, London, UK
- South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Andrew Gumley
- University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- NHS Greater Glasgow & Clyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Gillian Haddock
- University of Manchester and the Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK
- Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust and the Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Sandra Bucci
- University of Manchester and the Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK
- Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust and the Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Hamish McLeod
- University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- NHS Greater Glasgow & Clyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Amy Hardy
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Emmanuelle Peters
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Thomas Craig
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hasson-Ohayon I, Gumley A, McLeod H, Lysaker PH. Metacognition and Intersubjectivity: Reconsidering Their Relationship Following Advances From the Study of Persons With Psychosis. Front Psychol 2020; 11:567. [PMID: 32269546 PMCID: PMC7109331 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As research on metacognition has progressed a significant array of definitions, methodologies and therapeutic applications have emerged. Some of this work has primarily framed metacognition as an activity carried out by one person in order to know, monitor, and adjust their beliefs, memories, and behaviors. Accordingly, problems with metacognition have often been characterized as issues related to cognition. This, however, risks neglecting how metacognition is also a fundamentally intersubjective act, one in which human beings know and reflect upon themselves and others primarily with and through connections with other people. In this paper, we review research on metacognition in schizophrenia using the integrative model of metacognition and a research paradigm in which metacognition is assessed within personal narratives. Stimulated by this work, we discuss how disturbances in intersubjective experience and metacognitive capacity mutually influence one another, with disruptions in metacognition perhaps more deeply understood as disruptions in relatedness with others. We then discuss how metacognition and intersubjectivity each affect mental health. We finally focus on the implications of this for treatments that target metacognition as well as future directions for research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew Gumley
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Hamish McLeod
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Paul H. Lysaker
- Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- School of Medicine, Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gumley A, Bradstreet S, Ainsworth J, Allan S, Alvarez-Jimenez M, Beattie L, Bell I, Birchwood M, Briggs A, Bucci S, Castagnini E, Clark A, Cotton SM, Engel L, French P, Lederman R, Lewis S, Machin M, MacLennan G, Matrunola C, McLeod H, McMeekin N, Mihalopoulos C, Morton E, Norrie J, Reilly F, Schwannauer M, Singh SP, Smith L, Sundram S, Thomson D, Thompson A, Whitehill H, Wilson-Kay A, Williams C, Yung A, Farhall J, Gleeson J. Early Signs Monitoring to Prevent Relapse in Psychosis and Promote Well-Being, Engagement, and Recovery: Protocol for a Feasibility Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial Harnessing Mobile Phone Technology Blended With Peer Support. JMIR Res Protoc 2020; 9:e15058. [PMID: 31917372 PMCID: PMC6996736 DOI: 10.2196/15058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Relapse in schizophrenia is a major cause of distress and disability and is predicted by changes in symptoms such as anxiety, depression, and suspiciousness (early warning signs [EWSs]). These can be used as the basis for timely interventions to prevent relapse. However, there is considerable uncertainty regarding the implementation of EWS interventions. Objective This study was designed to establish the feasibility of conducting a definitive cluster randomized controlled trial comparing Early signs Monitoring to Prevent relapse in psychosis and prOmote Well-being, Engagement, and Recovery (EMPOWER) against treatment as usual (TAU). Our primary outcomes are establishing parameters of feasibility, acceptability, usability, safety, and outcome signals of a digital health intervention as an adjunct to usual care that is deliverable in the UK National Health Service and Australian community mental health service (CMHS) settings. We will assess the feasibility of candidate primary outcomes, candidate secondary outcomes, and candidate mechanisms for a definitive trial. Methods We will randomize CMHSs to EMPOWER or TAU. We aim to recruit up to 120 service user participants from 8 CMHSs and follow them for 12 months. Eligible service users will (1) be aged 16 years and above, (2) be in contact with local CMHSs, (3) have either been admitted to a psychiatric inpatient service or received crisis intervention at least once in the previous 2 years for a relapse, and (4) have an International Classification of Diseases-10 diagnosis of a schizophrenia-related disorder. Service users will also be invited to nominate a carer to participate. We will identify the feasibility of the main trial in terms of recruitment and retention to the study and the acceptability, usability, safety, and outcome signals of the EMPOWER intervention. EMPOWER is a mobile phone app that enables the monitoring of well-being and possible EWSs of relapse on a daily basis. An algorithm calculates changes in well-being based on participants’ own baseline to enable tailoring of well-being messaging and clinical triage of possible EWSs. Use of the app is blended with ongoing peer support. Results Recruitment to the trial began September 2018, and follow-up of participants was completed in July 2019. Data collection is continuing. The database was locked in July 2019, followed by analysis and disclosing of group allocation. Conclusions The knowledge gained from the study will inform the design of a definitive trial including finalizing the delivery of our digital health intervention, sample size estimation, methods to ensure successful identification, consent, randomization, and follow-up of participants, and the primary and secondary outcomes. The trial will also inform the final health economic model to be applied in the main trial. Trial Registration International Standard Randomized Controlled Trial Number (ISRCTN): 99559262; http://isrctn.com/ISRCTN99559262 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/15058
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Gumley
- Glasgow Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Glasgow Mental Health Research Facility, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Bradstreet
- Glasgow Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Glasgow Mental Health Research Facility, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - John Ainsworth
- Division of Informatics, Imaging, and Data Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Allan
- Glasgow Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Glasgow Mental Health Research Facility, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Mario Alvarez-Jimenez
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia.,Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Louise Beattie
- Glasgow Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Glasgow Mental Health Research Facility, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Imogen Bell
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Max Birchwood
- Division of Mental Health and Wellbeing, University of Warwick, Warwick, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Briggs
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sandra Bucci
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Castagnini
- La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.,NorthWestern Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrea Clark
- Glasgow Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Glasgow Mental Health Research Facility, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,NHS Research Scotland Mental Health Network, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Sue M Cotton
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Paul French
- Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Reeva Lederman
- School of Computing and Information Systems, Melbourne School of Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Shon Lewis
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Machin
- Division of Informatics, Imaging, and Data Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme MacLennan
- The Centre for Healthcare Randomised Trials, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Matrunola
- Glasgow Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Glasgow Mental Health Research Facility, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,NHS Research Scotland Mental Health Network, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Hamish McLeod
- Glasgow Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Glasgow Mental Health Research Facility, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola McMeekin
- Glasgow Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Emma Morton
- Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - John Norrie
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Reilly
- Scottish Recovery Network, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Schwannauer
- School of Health and Social Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Swaran P Singh
- Division of Mental Health and Wellbeing, University of Warwick, Warwick, United Kingdom
| | - Lesley Smith
- Scottish Recovery Network, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - David Thomson
- Glasgow Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Glasgow Mental Health Research Facility, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Thompson
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia.,Division of Mental Health and Wellbeing, University of Warwick, Warwick, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Whitehill
- Glasgow Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Glasgow Mental Health Research Facility, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Scottish Recovery Network, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Wilson-Kay
- Glasgow Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Glasgow Mental Health Research Facility, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Williams
- Glasgow Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Glasgow Mental Health Research Facility, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Yung
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - John Farhall
- La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.,NorthWestern Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - John Gleeson
- Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Whiting D, Deane F, McLeod H, Ciarrochi J, Simpson G. Can acceptance and commitment therapy facilitate psychological adjustment after a severe traumatic brain injury? A pilot randomized controlled trial. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2019; 30:1348-1371. [DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2019.1583582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diane Whiting
- Brain Injury Rehabilitation Research Group, Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Frank Deane
- School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Hamish McLeod
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Joseph Ciarrochi
- Institute of Positive Psychology & Education, Australian Catholic University, Strathfield, Australia
| | - Grahame Simpson
- Brain Injury Rehabilitation Research Group, Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- John Walsh Centre for Rehabilitation Research, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gumley A, White R, Briggs A, Ford I, Barry S, Stewart C, Beedie S, Clarke C, MacLeod R, Lidstone E, Nam J, McLeod H. A parallel group randomised open blinded evaluation of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Depression After Psychosis: A Pilot Trial Protocol (ADAPT). Psychosis 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/17522439.2015.1100669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
14
|
Lysaker PH, Kukla M, Dubreucq J, Gumley A, McLeod H, Vohs JL, Buck KD, Minor KS, Luther L, Leonhardt BL, Belanger EA, Popolo R, Dimaggio G. Metacognitive deficits predict future levels of negative symptoms in schizophrenia controlling for neurocognition, affect recognition, and self-expectation of goal attainment. Schizophr Res 2015; 168:267-72. [PMID: 26164820 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The recalcitrance of negative symptoms in the face of pharmacologic treatment has spurred interest in understanding the psychological factors that contribute to their formation and persistence. Accordingly, this study investigated whether deficits in metacognition, or the ability to form integrated ideas about oneself, others, and the world, prospectively predicted levels of negative symptoms independent of deficits in neurocognition, affect recognition and defeatist beliefs. Participants were 53 adults with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder. Prior to entry into a rehabilitation program, all participants completed concurrent assessments of metacognition with the Metacognitive Assessment Scale-Abbreviated, negative symptoms with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, neurocognition with the MATRICS battery, affect recognition with the Bell Lysaker Emotion Recognition Task, and one form of defeatist beliefs with the Recovery Assessment Scale. Negative symptoms were then reassessed one week, 9weeks, and 17weeks after entry into the program. A mixed effects regression model revealed that after controlling for baseline negative symptoms, a general index of neurocognition, defeatist beliefs and capacity for affect recognition, lower levels of metacognition predicted higher levels of negative symptoms across all subsequent time points. Poorer metacognition was able to predict later levels of elevated negative symptoms even after controlling for initial levels of negative symptoms. Results may suggest that metacognitive deficits are a risk factor for elevated levels of negative symptoms in the future. Clinical implications are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul H Lysaker
- Roudebush VA Medical Center, (116a) 1481 W. 10th St., Indianapolis, IN 46219, USA; Indiana University School of Medicine, 340 West 10th Street, Suite 6200, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Marina Kukla
- Roudebush VA Medical Center, (116a) 1481 W. 10th St., Indianapolis, IN 46219, USA; Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 North Blackford, LD 124, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Julien Dubreucq
- Center of Reference for Psychosocial Rehabilitation, CH Alpes Isère, Grenoble, France; Réseau Handicap Psychique (RéHPsy), Grenoble, France.
| | - Andrew Gumley
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Hamish McLeod
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jenifer L Vohs
- Indiana University School of Medicine, 340 West 10th Street, Suite 6200, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Prevention and Recovery Center for Early Psychosis, Midtown Community Mental Health Centers, Wishard Hospital, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital, IU Psychotic Disorders Research Program, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Kelly D Buck
- Roudebush VA Medical Center, (116a) 1481 W. 10th St., Indianapolis, IN 46219, USA.
| | - Kyle S Minor
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 North Blackford, LD 124, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Lauren Luther
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 North Blackford, LD 124, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Bethany L Leonhardt
- Indiana University School of Medicine, 340 West 10th Street, Suite 6200, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Elizabeth A Belanger
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Indianapolis, 1400 East Hanna Avenue, GH 109, Indianapolis, IN 46227, USA.
| | - Raffaele Popolo
- Center for Metacognitive Interpersonal Therapy, via Ravenna 9/c, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Giancarlo Dimaggio
- Center for Metacognitive Interpersonal Therapy, via Ravenna 9/c, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Trevithick JR, Linklater HA, Dzialoszynski T, McLeod H, Sanford SE, Robertson JM. Modelling cortical cataractogenesis. 15: Use of combined dietary anti-oxidants to reduce cataract risk. Dev Ophthalmol 2015; 26:72-82. [PMID: 7895886 DOI: 10.1159/000423766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J R Trevithick
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ensaff H, Homer M, Sahota P, Braybrook D, Coan S, McLeod H. Nudging Adolescents towards Plant‐Based Foods within a School Food Environment. FASEB J 2015. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.29.1_supplement.lb300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Ensaff
- School of Health & Wellbeing Leeds Beckett UniversityUnited Kingdom
| | - M Homer
- School of Education University of LeedsUnited Kingdom
| | - P Sahota
- School of Health & Wellbeing Leeds Beckett UniversityUnited Kingdom
| | - D Braybrook
- School of Health & Wellbeing Leeds Beckett UniversityUnited Kingdom
| | - S Coan
- School of Health & Wellbeing Leeds Beckett UniversityUnited Kingdom
| | - H McLeod
- Health & Wellbeing ServiceLeeds City CouncilUnited Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ensaff H, Coan S, Sahota P, Braybrook D, Akter H, McLeod H. Plant‐Based Foods: Adolescents' Perceptions and the Consequent Implications for Policy and Practice. FASEB J 2015. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.29.1_supplement.lb301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Ensaff
- School of Health & Wellbeing Leeds Beckett UniversityUnited Kingdom
| | - S Coan
- School of Health & Wellbeing Leeds Beckett UniversityUnited Kingdom
| | - P Sahota
- School of Health & Wellbeing Leeds Beckett UniversityUnited Kingdom
| | - D Braybrook
- School of Health & Wellbeing Leeds Beckett UniversityUnited Kingdom
| | - H Akter
- School of Health & Wellbeing Leeds Beckett UniversityUnited Kingdom
| | - H McLeod
- Health & Wellbeing ServiceLeeds City CouncilUnited Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
White RG, Lysaker P, Gumley AI, McLeod H, McCleery M, O'Neill D, MacBeth A, Giurgi-Oncu C, Mulholland CC. Plasma cortisol levels and illness appraisal in deficit syndrome schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2014; 220:765-71. [PMID: 25262562 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Research investigating the association between negative symptoms and plasma cortisol levels in individuals with schizophrenia has produced inconsistent findings. This study investigated whether deficit syndrome schizophrenia (characterized by high levels of primary negative symptoms) is associated with comparatively high morning plasma cortisol levels, more negative appraisals about illness and higher levels of depression. Participants were 85 individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia and 85 individuals with no history of contact with psychiatric services matched for age and gender. All participants provided fasting 9.00a.m. plasma cortisol samples. There were no significant differences between the schizophrenia and control participants in plasma cortisol levels. The Proximal Deficit Syndrome method was used to identify individuals with deficit syndrome schizophrenia. Contrary to what had been hypothesized, participants with deficit syndrome schizophrenia had significantly lower plasma cortisol levels than both non-deficit syndrome participants and control participants. Participants with the deficit syndrome reported significantly less negative appraisals about illness (assessed by PBIQ) and lower levels of depression (assessed by BDI-II). Differences in cortisol levels continued to trend toward significance when levels of depression were controlled for. The patterns of illness-related appraisals and plasma cortisol levels raise the possibility that the deficit syndrome could be a form of adaptation syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ross G White
- Institute of Health and Well-being, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 0XH, UK.
| | - Paul Lysaker
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Andrew I Gumley
- Institute of Health and Well-being, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 0XH, UK
| | - Hamish McLeod
- Institute of Health and Well-being, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 0XH, UK
| | - Muriel McCleery
- Department of Psychiatry, The Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, Ireland
| | - Donnacha O'Neill
- Department of Psychiatry, The Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, Ireland
| | - Angus MacBeth
- Centre for Rural Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3FX, UK
| | - Catalina Giurgi-Oncu
- The Victor Babeș University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timișoara, 300041, Romania
| | - Ciaran C Mulholland
- Department of Psychiatry, The Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Background. Human dendritic cell-specific intracellular adhesion molecule-3 (ICAM3)-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN) is a mannose-binding lectin that initiates interaction between dendritic cells and resting T-lymphocytes. DC-SIGN is highly expressed in placental tissue on dendritic cells and Hofbauer cells, and it is suggested that HIV may become adsorbed to DC-SIGN on Hofbauer cells as part of the mechanism of mother-to-child HIV transmission. A possible mechanism of transfer of the virus from the Hofbauer cells to the fetus is the subsequent adsorption to DC-SIGN-related molecules (DC-SIGNRs), present on immediately adjacent capillary vascular endothelium. However, data on DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR expression in the placenta are few.Methods. Forty term placentas from HIV-positive mothers and 21 term placentas from HIV-negative mothers underwent immunohistochemistry staining for DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR expression. Five random sets of 10 villi were assessed, and the average number of positive cells were counted in each case. In addition, where possible, maternal and cord blood viral loads and maternal CD4+ counts were performed in the HIV-positive group only.Results. The median maternal CD4+ count was 377 cells/µl and 27% of participants had undetectable viral loads; the median detectable viral load was 3.72 log. Most (97%) of the cord bloods tested in infants from HIV-positive mothers had lower than detectable viral loads. HIV-positive cases had significantly greater expression of both DC-SIGNRs (median values in HIV-positive cases, 14.5 positive cells/10 villi (pc/10villi), compared with 11 pc/10villi in HIV-negative cases, p=0.020) and DC-SIGN (median value in HIV-positive cases, 26.5 pc/10villi, compared with 23 pc/10villi in HIV-negative cases, p=0.037). DC-SIGNR expression was also noted in Hofbauer cells and decidual macrophages in addition to endothelium (reported currently). There was no difference in expression of DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNRs in patients with or without chorioamnionitis, but there was an inverse relationship between DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR expression and maternal CD4+ counts in HIV-positive cases. Conclusion. Both DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR expression were higher in placentas from HIV-positive mothers compared with HIV-negative cases. These lectins may be potential new therapeutic targets for preventing vertical transmission of HIV.
Collapse
|
20
|
Gumley AI, MacBeth A, Reilly JD, O'Grady M, White RG, McLeod H, Schwannauer M, Power KG. Fear of recurrence: results of a randomized trial of relapse detection in schizophrenia. Br J Clin Psychol 2014; 54:49-62. [PMID: 25040487 DOI: 10.1111/bjc.12060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to develop and establish the reliability and validity of a measure of Fear of Recurrence, measuring cognitive appraisals of relapse rather than standard early signs of relapse. We also aimed to establish the sensitivity and specificity to relapse. METHOD Participants diagnosed with schizophrenia or a related disorder were randomized to one of two early signs monitoring conditions, using either the Early Signs Scale or the Fear of Recurrence Scale (FoRSe). Participants were followed up for 6-months or until relapse. RESULTS A total of 169 participants were randomized to Standard (n = 86) or FoRSe (n = 83) monitoring. We found good evidence supporting reliability and validity of the FoRSe. In addition, a cut-off point of ≥ 5 was associated with an optimal sensitivity in both Standard (n = 26:79%, 95% CI = 62-89) and FoRSe (n = 18:72%, 95% CI = 52-86) monitoring. However, this degree of sensitivity was associated with a lower specificity in Standard (n = 30:35%, 96% CI = 23-50) and FoRSe (n = 25:46%, 95% CI = 32-60). Finally, Fear of Relapse was a significant predictor of time to relapse [Exp(β) = 1.20, 95% CI = 1.01-1.42, p < .05]. CONCLUSION The study provides evidence that Fear of Recurrence may be an important clinical construct linked to increased risk of relapse and poorer emotional recovery in people diagnosed with schizophrenia. PRACTITIONER POINTS Monitoring Fear of Recurrence is as sensitive to relapse detection as monitoring early signs alone. Greater Fear of Relapse was associated with shorter duration to actual relapse. Fear of recurrence may be an important clinical feature linked to poorer emotional recovery and increased risk of relapse. Fear of Recurrence may be an important focus of psychological therapy to promote emotional recovery and prevention of relapse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew I Gumley
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Karakitsios I, Saliev T, McLeod H, Ahmad S, Eisma R, Melzer A. Response of Thiel-embalmed Human Liver and Kidney to MR-guided Focused Ultrasound Surgery. BIOMED ENG-BIOMED TE 2012. [DOI: 10.1515/bmt-2012-4380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
22
|
Cox BF, McLeod H, Rube M, Vinnicombe S, Holbrook AB, Eisma R, Saliev T, Karakitsios I, Melzer A. MR real-time tracking of hepatic motion during respiration in a Thiel Soft-fix cadaver. BIOMED ENG-BIOMED TE 2012. [DOI: 10.1515/bmt-2012-4399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
23
|
Irvin W, Carey L, Olajide O, Dees E, Raab R, Corso S, Chiu W, Walko C, Evans J, Weck K, McLeod H, Peppercorn J. Patients' Understanding of a CYP2D6 Tamoxifen Genotyping Study. Cancer Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.sabcs-09-6082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Pharmacogenomics is an emerging area for breast cancer research. Little is known about how well patients understand pharmacogenomics or the rationale for research in this area. The objective of this study was to analyze patient understanding of a clinical trial involving CYP2D6 genotyping to guide tamoxifen (T) therapy for breast cancer.Methods: We conducted a survey of understanding of pharmacogenomics and the purposes of a clinical trial among patients (pts) eligible for LCCC0801, a prospective Phase 2 study of CYP2D6 genotype-guided therapy for pts on tamoxifen for breast cancer. In this trial, we evaluated baseline endoxifen (E) levels and the impact of increased T dose to 40 mg/day among pts with any dysfunctional CYP2D6 alleles. The primary endpoint of change in E levels is not yet reported. All trial participants and those who declined participation were eligible for this survey. The research nurse administered 11 written questions at time of consent related to the purpose of this study and the nature of pharmacogenomic research. Pts had unlimited time to complete the survey written in a 5 point scale (strongly agree, agree, not sure, disagree, strongly disagree). For pts declining to enroll in the parent study, we offered an identical companion survey to which they could separately give consent.Results: Of 118 pts in the parent study, 117 completed the survey. Following informed consent, all respondents expressed confidence that they understood the purpose of the trial, 75% strongly agreed that they understood the purpose of the study. 98% of participants understood that this was a study of how different people respond to T, but 42% also incorrectly felt that this was a study of how different types of breast cancer respond to T, and 30% incorrectly felt that this study evaluated genetic risk for developing breast cancer. Though the consent form clearly stated that there may be no direct benefit to participants and that the purpose of the study was to help future pts, 68% reported that they would benefit directly, and only 22% felt the study was designed only to help future pts. When asked if the study involved genetics, 14% of pts disagreed, or were unsure. 45% of participants were uncomfortable or unsure with “having your doctor determine your T dose from the results of a genetic test.” Among a small sample of pts who declined trial participation but consented to the survey (13/30 decliners, 43%), compared to trial participants, fewer reported strong confidence in understanding the purpose of the trial (38% vs. 75%, p=0.0034), and a greater percentage identified an inaccurate purpose of the trial (69% vs. 42%, p = 0.043).Conclusions: After informed consent, a high percentage of participants in a pharmacogenomic clinical trial are able to correctly identify the primary purpose of the research, but a substantial minority hold false views about what the trial is designed to investigate. The majority of participants believe that they will directly benefit from trial participation, and few may understand that the primary purpose of the study is to improve care for future patients. Opportunities exist for improved understanding and communication of pharmacogenomic research and further evaluation of this area is needed.
Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 6082.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W. Irvin
- 1University of North Carolina, NC,
| | - L. Carey
- 1University of North Carolina, NC,
| | | | - E. Dees
- 1University of North Carolina, NC,
| | - R. Raab
- 3East Carolina University, NC,
| | - S. Corso
- 4Palmetto Hematology/Oncology, SC,
| | - W. Chiu
- 1University of North Carolina, NC,
| | - C. Walko
- 1University of North Carolina, NC,
| | - J. Evans
- 1University of North Carolina, NC,
| | - K. Weck
- 1University of North Carolina, NC,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Tan BR, Zehnbauer B, Picus J, Fournier C, James J, Brower A, McLeod H. UGT1A1 genotype-based dose modification of irinotecan regimens: Impact on hematologic toxicities. J Clin Oncol 2008. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.26.15_suppl.13500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
25
|
Walko CM, Patel N, Revollo J, Whitley J, Serody J, Gabriel D, Comeau T, McLeod H, Shea TC. Influence of glutathione S-transferase A1 genotype on intravenous busulfan pharmacokinetics. J Clin Oncol 2008. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.26.15_suppl.14635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
26
|
Lee S, Watson M, Xu X, Wong CI, Iau P, Sukri N, Lim SE, Chuah B, McLeod H, Goh BC. Use of tumor gene expression signatures and drug-induced changes to discriminate early response in human breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2007. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2007.25.18_suppl.2524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
2524 Background: To elucidate the genomics of tumor responses to different classes of chemotherapy, we analyzed breast cancer gene expression before and after in vivo treatment with adriamycin or docetaxel. Methods: Tumor biopsies were obtained before and 3 weeks after one chemotherapy cycle and tumor RNA amplified and hybridized on the Affymetrix HG-U133+2 array containing 33,000 genes. Results: Pre- and post-treatment tumors from 46 chemonaive patients with unresectable breast cancers were studied, of which 24 and 22 respectively received adriamycin and docetaxel in the first cycle, and 14 in each group had early response sensitive tumors (=25% shrinkage after 1 cycle). Comparison of our baseline gene signatures with drug-specific panels generated in vitro (Nevins, Nat Med 2006,12:1294) revealed 12 and 2 common genes (p<0.05) that predicted for adriamycin and docetaxel response respectively, with the 12 common adriamycin-response gene panel correctly predicting response in 76% of patients. Analysis of the relative change in tumor gene expression (ratio of post- and pre-treatment differential values to pre-treatment values) in our dataset revealed adriamycin to up- or down- regulate 209 transcripts (p<0.005) including genes that encode for nuclear protein, cell cycle regulation, aminopeptidases, and Ankyrin repeats, while docetaxel up- or down-regulated 469 transcripts (p<0.005) including genes that encode for extracellular matrix, transmembrane signaling, endocytosis, EGF-like calcium binding, tubulin and actin binding functions. Adriamycin and docetaxel concordantly up- or down-regulated 269 transcripts (p<0.01) that may be common response markers, including genes involved in cell cycle proliferation, mitosis, DNA damage, and carboxypeptidase activities. Adriamycin and docetaxel differentially induced 92 transcripts (p<0.01) that distinguished between the two drugs with 96% accuracy. 27 adriamycin- and 100 docetaxel-induced transcripts (p<0.005) predicted response to each drug with >90% accuracy. Conclusions: Drug-specific genomic changes can predict clinical response, and may yield insights to targets to overcome drug resistance. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. Lee
- National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Washington University, St Louis, MO; University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - M. Watson
- National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Washington University, St Louis, MO; University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - X. Xu
- National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Washington University, St Louis, MO; University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - C. I. Wong
- National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Washington University, St Louis, MO; University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - P. Iau
- National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Washington University, St Louis, MO; University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - N. Sukri
- National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Washington University, St Louis, MO; University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - S. E. Lim
- National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Washington University, St Louis, MO; University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - B. Chuah
- National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Washington University, St Louis, MO; University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - H. McLeod
- National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Washington University, St Louis, MO; University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - B. C. Goh
- National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Washington University, St Louis, MO; University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
|
28
|
Morton RF, Sloan JA, Grothey A, Sargent DJ, McLeod H, Green EM, Fuchs C, Ramanathan RK, Williamson SK, Goldberg RM. A comparison of simple single-item measures and the common toxicity criteria in detecting the onset of oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy in patients with colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 2005. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2005.23.16_suppl.8087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R. F. Morton
- Iowa Oncology Research Assoc CCOP, Des Moines, IA; Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN; Washington Univ Sch of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Dana-Farber Cancer Inst, Boston, MA; Univ of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA; Univ of Kansas Medcl Ctr, Kansas City, KS; Univ of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - J. A. Sloan
- Iowa Oncology Research Assoc CCOP, Des Moines, IA; Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN; Washington Univ Sch of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Dana-Farber Cancer Inst, Boston, MA; Univ of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA; Univ of Kansas Medcl Ctr, Kansas City, KS; Univ of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - A. Grothey
- Iowa Oncology Research Assoc CCOP, Des Moines, IA; Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN; Washington Univ Sch of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Dana-Farber Cancer Inst, Boston, MA; Univ of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA; Univ of Kansas Medcl Ctr, Kansas City, KS; Univ of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - D. J. Sargent
- Iowa Oncology Research Assoc CCOP, Des Moines, IA; Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN; Washington Univ Sch of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Dana-Farber Cancer Inst, Boston, MA; Univ of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA; Univ of Kansas Medcl Ctr, Kansas City, KS; Univ of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - H. McLeod
- Iowa Oncology Research Assoc CCOP, Des Moines, IA; Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN; Washington Univ Sch of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Dana-Farber Cancer Inst, Boston, MA; Univ of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA; Univ of Kansas Medcl Ctr, Kansas City, KS; Univ of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - E. M. Green
- Iowa Oncology Research Assoc CCOP, Des Moines, IA; Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN; Washington Univ Sch of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Dana-Farber Cancer Inst, Boston, MA; Univ of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA; Univ of Kansas Medcl Ctr, Kansas City, KS; Univ of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - C. Fuchs
- Iowa Oncology Research Assoc CCOP, Des Moines, IA; Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN; Washington Univ Sch of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Dana-Farber Cancer Inst, Boston, MA; Univ of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA; Univ of Kansas Medcl Ctr, Kansas City, KS; Univ of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - R. K. Ramanathan
- Iowa Oncology Research Assoc CCOP, Des Moines, IA; Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN; Washington Univ Sch of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Dana-Farber Cancer Inst, Boston, MA; Univ of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA; Univ of Kansas Medcl Ctr, Kansas City, KS; Univ of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - S. K. Williamson
- Iowa Oncology Research Assoc CCOP, Des Moines, IA; Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN; Washington Univ Sch of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Dana-Farber Cancer Inst, Boston, MA; Univ of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA; Univ of Kansas Medcl Ctr, Kansas City, KS; Univ of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - R. M. Goldberg
- Iowa Oncology Research Assoc CCOP, Des Moines, IA; Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN; Washington Univ Sch of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Dana-Farber Cancer Inst, Boston, MA; Univ of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA; Univ of Kansas Medcl Ctr, Kansas City, KS; Univ of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Lee SC, Tan P, Watson M, Yip TT, Iau P, Norita S, Tham LS, Lee HS, McLeod H, Goh BC. Tumor genomics and proteomics and drug pharmacokinetics in predicting chemotherapy response in breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2005. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2005.23.16_suppl.3009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S. C. Lee
- National Univ Hosp, Singapore, Singapore; National Cancer Ctr, Singapore, Singapore; Washington Univ Sch of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Ciphergen Biosystems, Inc., Fremont, CA; National Univ of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - P. Tan
- National Univ Hosp, Singapore, Singapore; National Cancer Ctr, Singapore, Singapore; Washington Univ Sch of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Ciphergen Biosystems, Inc., Fremont, CA; National Univ of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - M. Watson
- National Univ Hosp, Singapore, Singapore; National Cancer Ctr, Singapore, Singapore; Washington Univ Sch of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Ciphergen Biosystems, Inc., Fremont, CA; National Univ of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - T. T. Yip
- National Univ Hosp, Singapore, Singapore; National Cancer Ctr, Singapore, Singapore; Washington Univ Sch of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Ciphergen Biosystems, Inc., Fremont, CA; National Univ of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - P. Iau
- National Univ Hosp, Singapore, Singapore; National Cancer Ctr, Singapore, Singapore; Washington Univ Sch of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Ciphergen Biosystems, Inc., Fremont, CA; National Univ of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - S. Norita
- National Univ Hosp, Singapore, Singapore; National Cancer Ctr, Singapore, Singapore; Washington Univ Sch of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Ciphergen Biosystems, Inc., Fremont, CA; National Univ of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - L. S. Tham
- National Univ Hosp, Singapore, Singapore; National Cancer Ctr, Singapore, Singapore; Washington Univ Sch of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Ciphergen Biosystems, Inc., Fremont, CA; National Univ of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - H. S. Lee
- National Univ Hosp, Singapore, Singapore; National Cancer Ctr, Singapore, Singapore; Washington Univ Sch of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Ciphergen Biosystems, Inc., Fremont, CA; National Univ of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - H. McLeod
- National Univ Hosp, Singapore, Singapore; National Cancer Ctr, Singapore, Singapore; Washington Univ Sch of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Ciphergen Biosystems, Inc., Fremont, CA; National Univ of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - B. C. Goh
- National Univ Hosp, Singapore, Singapore; National Cancer Ctr, Singapore, Singapore; Washington Univ Sch of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Ciphergen Biosystems, Inc., Fremont, CA; National Univ of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Read WL, Toles L, Romvari E, Adkins D, McLeod H, Govindan R. Phase II study of irinotecan and carboplatin in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): Updated results of an ongoing study. J Clin Oncol 2004. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2004.22.90140.7364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- W. L. Read
- University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA; Washington University, Saint Louis, MO
| | - L. Toles
- University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA; Washington University, Saint Louis, MO
| | - E. Romvari
- University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA; Washington University, Saint Louis, MO
| | - D. Adkins
- University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA; Washington University, Saint Louis, MO
| | - H. McLeod
- University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA; Washington University, Saint Louis, MO
| | - R. Govindan
- University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA; Washington University, Saint Louis, MO
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Sloan JA, McLeod H, Sargent D, Zhao X, Fuchs C, Ramanathan R, Williamson S, Findlay B, Morton R, Goldberg RM. Preliminary evidence of relationship between genetic markers and oncology patient quality of life (QOL). J Clin Oncol 2004. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2004.22.90140.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. A. Sloan
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA; University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS; National Cancer Institute of Canada, St. Catherines, ON, Canada; Iowa Oncology Research Associate CCOP, Des Moines, IA; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - H. McLeod
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA; University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS; National Cancer Institute of Canada, St. Catherines, ON, Canada; Iowa Oncology Research Associate CCOP, Des Moines, IA; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - D. Sargent
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA; University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS; National Cancer Institute of Canada, St. Catherines, ON, Canada; Iowa Oncology Research Associate CCOP, Des Moines, IA; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - X. Zhao
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA; University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS; National Cancer Institute of Canada, St. Catherines, ON, Canada; Iowa Oncology Research Associate CCOP, Des Moines, IA; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - C. Fuchs
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA; University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS; National Cancer Institute of Canada, St. Catherines, ON, Canada; Iowa Oncology Research Associate CCOP, Des Moines, IA; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - R. Ramanathan
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA; University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS; National Cancer Institute of Canada, St. Catherines, ON, Canada; Iowa Oncology Research Associate CCOP, Des Moines, IA; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - S. Williamson
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA; University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS; National Cancer Institute of Canada, St. Catherines, ON, Canada; Iowa Oncology Research Associate CCOP, Des Moines, IA; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - B. Findlay
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA; University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS; National Cancer Institute of Canada, St. Catherines, ON, Canada; Iowa Oncology Research Associate CCOP, Des Moines, IA; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - R. Morton
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA; University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS; National Cancer Institute of Canada, St. Catherines, ON, Canada; Iowa Oncology Research Associate CCOP, Des Moines, IA; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - R. M. Goldberg
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA; University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS; National Cancer Institute of Canada, St. Catherines, ON, Canada; Iowa Oncology Research Associate CCOP, Des Moines, IA; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Govindan R, Fineberg N, McLeod H, Kesler K, Hanna N, Stoner C, Vinson J, Mantravadi R, Einhorn L. A phase II study of cisplatin, 5 fluorouracil (5-FU), radiation (RT) and celecoxib in patients with resectable esophageal cancer (EC): Updated results from the Hoosier Oncology Group (HOG) study. J Clin Oncol 2004. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2004.22.90140.4052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R. Govindan
- Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Indiana University, Indiana, IN; Hoosier Oncology Group, Indiana, IN; Rad Onc Associate PC, Fort Wayne, IN
| | - N. Fineberg
- Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Indiana University, Indiana, IN; Hoosier Oncology Group, Indiana, IN; Rad Onc Associate PC, Fort Wayne, IN
| | - H. McLeod
- Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Indiana University, Indiana, IN; Hoosier Oncology Group, Indiana, IN; Rad Onc Associate PC, Fort Wayne, IN
| | - K. Kesler
- Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Indiana University, Indiana, IN; Hoosier Oncology Group, Indiana, IN; Rad Onc Associate PC, Fort Wayne, IN
| | - N. Hanna
- Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Indiana University, Indiana, IN; Hoosier Oncology Group, Indiana, IN; Rad Onc Associate PC, Fort Wayne, IN
| | - C. Stoner
- Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Indiana University, Indiana, IN; Hoosier Oncology Group, Indiana, IN; Rad Onc Associate PC, Fort Wayne, IN
| | - J. Vinson
- Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Indiana University, Indiana, IN; Hoosier Oncology Group, Indiana, IN; Rad Onc Associate PC, Fort Wayne, IN
| | - R. Mantravadi
- Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Indiana University, Indiana, IN; Hoosier Oncology Group, Indiana, IN; Rad Onc Associate PC, Fort Wayne, IN
| | - L. Einhorn
- Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Indiana University, Indiana, IN; Hoosier Oncology Group, Indiana, IN; Rad Onc Associate PC, Fort Wayne, IN
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Kolesar JM, Breunig A, Miller J, Stephenson P, McLeod H, Marsh S, Keller S, Johnson D, Schiller JH. CYP3A5*3 and CYP3A4*1B polymorphisms are associated and more frequent in NSCLC tumors than in normal volunteers. J Clin Oncol 2004. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2004.22.90140.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. M. Kolesar
- University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI; Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - A. Breunig
- University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI; Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - J. Miller
- University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI; Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - P. Stephenson
- University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI; Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - H. McLeod
- University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI; Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - S. Marsh
- University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI; Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - S. Keller
- University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI; Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - D. Johnson
- University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI; Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - J. H. Schiller
- University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI; Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
|
35
|
Govindan R, Behnken D, Read W, McLeod H. Wound healing is not impaired by the epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib. Ann Oncol 2003; 14:1330-1. [PMID: 12881402 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdg352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
|
36
|
ØVretveit J, Bate P, Cleary P, Cretin S, Gustafson D, McInnes K, McLeod H, Molfenter T, Plsek P, Robert G, Shortell S, Wilson T. Quality collaboratives: lessons from research. Qual Saf Health Care 2002; 11:345-51. [PMID: 12468695 PMCID: PMC1757995 DOI: 10.1136/qhc.11.4.345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Quality improvement collaboratives are increasingly being used in many countries to achieve rapid improvements in health care. However, there is little independent evidence that they are more cost effective than other methods, and little knowledge about how they could be made more effective. A number of systematic evaluations are being performed by researchers in North America, the UK, and Sweden. This paper presents the shared ideas from two meetings of these researchers. The evidence to date is that some collaboratives have stimulated improvements in patient care and organisational performance, but there are significant differences between collaboratives and teams. The researchers agreed on the possible reasons why some were less successful than others, and identified 10 challenges which organisers and teams need to address to achieve improvement. In the absence of more conclusive evidence, these guidelines are likely to be useful for collaborative organisers, teams and their managers and may also contribute to further research into collaboratives and the spread of innovations in health care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J ØVretveit
- The Nordic School of Public Health, Goteborg, Sweden The Health Services Management Centre, Birmingham University, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Reif S, Jetter A, Fuhr U, McLeod H, Kingreen D, Siegert W, Jaehde U. Population pharmacokinetics of etoposide. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2002; 40:578-9. [PMID: 12503821 DOI: 10.5414/cpp40578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S Reif
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Bissett D, Ahmed F, McLeod H, Cassidy J. Oral fluoropyrimidines in the treatment of colorectal cancer. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2001; 12:240-5. [PMID: 11005692 DOI: 10.1053/clon.2000.9164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Bissett
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Grampian University Hospitals and University of Aberdeen, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Bissett D, Ahmed F, McLeod H, Cassidy J. Oral Fluoropyrimidines in the Treatment of Colorectal Cancer. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/s001740070046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
40
|
Caponigro F, Avallone A, McLeod H, Cartenì G, De Vita F, Casaretti R, Morsman J, Blackie R, Budillon A, De Lucia L, Gravina A, Catalano G, Comella P, Comella G. Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of tomudex combined with 5-fluorouracil plus levofolinic acid in advanced head and neck cancer and colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res 1999; 5:3948-55. [PMID: 10632324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
In vitro studies have shown a schedule-dependent synergism between Tomudex and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Incubation of different types of head and neck and colorectal cancer cells with levofolinic acid (LFA) plus 5-FU for 4 or 24 h, after 24-h incubation with Tomudex, produces a clear synergism. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the tolerability and activity of a combination of Tomudex, LFA, and 5-FU in advanced head and neck and colorectal cancer. Furthermore, the potential for 5-FU pharmacomodulation by Tomudex was also evaluated through an intrapatient assessment of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) activity and 5-FU AUC with and without pretreatment with Tomudex. Eligible patients were treated with Tomudex at the starting dose of 1.5 mg/m2 on day 1, LFA at a fixed dose of 250 mg/m2 on day 2, immediately followed by bolus 5-FU at the starting dose of 600 mg/m2. Tomudex and 5-FU doses were alternately escalated. Courses were repeated every 2 weeks. In the second course, LFA and 5-FU were administered on day 1 and Tomudex on day 2; further treatment was given according to the sequence used in the first course. Plasma 5-FU concentrations were analyzed on courses 1 and 2 using a high-performance liquid chromatography assay with UV detection. DPD activity was measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells on courses 1 and 2 using incubation of cytosol with [14C]FU and quantitation of metabolite formation. Fifty-eight patients were enrolled in the study. Dose escalation was stopped at step 8, because of the occurrence of dose-limiting toxicity in two of three patients. The dose level immediately before (3 mg/m2 Tomudex, 1050 mg/m2 5-FU) was selected for further evaluation. Tomudex and 5-FU mean dose intensities actually delivered at the seventh step were 1.32 and 462 mg/m2/week, respectively. Six of 40 patients with metastatic colorectal cancer obtained an objective response (15%; 95% confidence interval, 6-30%). In particular, three complete responses and three partial responses were observed. Six of 17 patients with locally advanced or metastatic head and neck cancer obtained an objective response (1 complete response + 5 partial responses; 35%; 95% confidence interval, 14-62%). Median duration of response in colorectal cancer patients was 12 months. 5-FU AUC was not significantly different between the two courses (median intrapatient difference, 9.3%; P = 0.28). DPD activity in course 1 was significantly higher than course 2 (P = 0.041) in the 16 patients in which values were evaluable. The combination of Tomudex, LFA, and 5-FU is well tolerated and active in colorectal and head and neck cancer. The Tomudex mean dose intensity actually delivered is higher than usually achieved in monotherapy. The absence of a clear pharmacokinetic interaction suggests that the synergism of Tomudex and 5-FU might occur at the cellular level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Caponigro
- Divisione Oncologia Medica A, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Napoli, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Goodwin N, Mays N, McLeod H, Malbon G, Raftery J. Evaluation of total purchasing pilots in England and Scotland and implications for primary care groups in England: personal interviews and analysis of routine data. The Total Purchasing National Evaluation Team. BMJ 1998; 317:256-9. [PMID: 9677217 PMCID: PMC28618 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.317.7153.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the reported achievements of the 52 first wave total purchasing pilot schemes in 1996-7 and the factors associated with these; and to consider the implications of these findings for the development of the proposed primary care groups. DESIGN Face to face interviews with lead general practitioners, project managers, and health authority representatives responsible for each pilot; and analysis of hospital episode statistics. SETTING England and Scotland for evaluation of pilots; England only for consideration of implications for primary care groups. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The ability of total purchasers to achieve their own objectives and their ability specifically to achieve objectives in the service areas beyond fundholding included in total purchasing. RESULTS The level of achievement between pilots varied widely. Achievement was more likely to be reported in primary than in secondary care. Reported achievements in reducing length of stay and emergency admissions were corroborated by analysis of hospital episode statistics. Single practice and small multipractice pilots were more likely than large multipractice projects to report achieving their objectives. Achievements were also associated with higher direct management costs per head and the ability to undertake independent contracting. Large multipractice pilots required considerable organisational development before progress could be made. CONCLUSION The ability to create effective commissioning organisations the size of the proposed primary care groups should not be underestimated. To be effective commissioners, these care groups will need to invest heavily in their organisational development and in the short term are likely to need an additional development budget rather than the reduction in spending on NHS management that is planned by the government.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Goodwin
- Policy and Development Directorate, King's Fund, London W1M 0AN.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
A JAVA application, The Oncologists Workbench, which allows oncologists to estimate the influence of new cancer treatment schedules is being developed. The requirement for a rational approach to the design of chemotherapeutic regimens is well established [1]. Our prototype allows oncologists using the World Wide Web (WWW) to graphically construct treatment regimens while considering various toxic side effects. A simulation engine makes predictions of tumour growth based on previous clinical knowledge of response to treatment. The oncologist can then examine the predicted tumour response information with a specially constructed interactive viewer. These interlinked tools allow oncologists to develop and predict the effectiveness of novel chemotherapeutic regimens. This work is part of an ongoing collaboration between oncologists, mathematicians and computer scientists to provide tools for improving cancer chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Boyle
- School of Computer and Mathematical Sciences, The Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
Bile duct ligation in the pig results in ulceration of the pars oesophagea (oesophagogastric junction) within 48 h with 100% reproducibility. This work describes novel observations made during development of such ulcers using an endoscope introduced at intervals postoperatively via a Thomas gastric cannula. Macroscopic and histological changes were recorded and compared with quantitative and qualitative changes in crude mucus scrapings and purified mucins. Crude mucus scrapings of the cardiac gland region had a higher protein content in the ulcerated states than in the normals. After bile duct ligation, the (degraded) mucin glycopeptide/total protein ratio was higher in partially purified mucus from pre-ulcerated and ulcerated stomachs as compared with normal samples. The quantity of purified mucin was less in samples from ulcerated stomachs, and the N-acetylgalactosamine and fucose contents were also decreased. It is possible that these changes resulted in the failure of the mucus barrier and the development of oesophagogastric junction ulceration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A S Mall
- Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town Medical School, Republic of South Africa
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Bolitho DG, Engelbrecht GH, Lotz Z, Tyler M, McLeod H, Hickman R. Regeneration after in situ flushing of partially hepatectomised rat livers. S AFR J SURG 1995; 33:78-81. [PMID: 8545730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The effect of various components of the transplant procedure upon the regenerative process in reduced liver grafts is not known. In this study, partially hepatectomised rat liver remnants were flushed with 5 ml of either Ringer's lactate, Euro Collins solution or University of Wisconsin solution at 4 degrees C and then 5 ml Ringer's lactate at 4 degrees C. After partial hepatectomy alone, the peak increase in thymidine kinase was measured at 24 hours (36,021 +/- 8,060 disintegrations per minute per milligram protein; the mitotic index was 25 +/- 7). In all the groups in which the remnant was flushed, peak thymidine kinase and mitotic index were measured at 48 hours. The pattern of ornithine decarboxylase activity was disorganised in all groups. Flushing of the liver remnant therefore delays the regenerative response by 24 hours. In large animals, including humans, regeneration appears to commence within the first 5 days after resection. A comparable delay doubling this time might coincide with the onset of rejection and further compromise liver function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D G Bolitho
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Bendahan J, Tyler M, Lotz Z, McLeod H, Engelbrecht GH, Kahn D, Hickman R. The effect of administration of FK506 on delayed regeneration in flushed partially hepatectomized livers. Transplantation 1994; 57:655-8. [PMID: 7511255 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199403150-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
It has been shown previously that liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in rats is delayed if the liver is subjected to either concurrent ischaemia, flushing with cold solution, or grafting. We have shown recently that treatment with CsA preoperatively overcomes the suppressive effect of flushing and returns the regenerative response to a normal time scale. The present study was designed to investigate whether administration of FK506 would also return the observed delayed regenerative response to normal. Long-Evans rats weighing 250-350 g were subjected to standard 68% partial hepatectomy. Group 1 had no further treatment; in group 2, the liver remnant was flushed with 10 ml cold (4 degrees C) Ringers lactate solution, and in group 3, FK506 (1 mg/kg/day) was administered by intramuscular injection for 3 days before the partial hepatectomy and flushing as in group 2; a final dose was given after completion of the procedures. Animals were killed in sets of 6 per group at 4, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hr after surgery and blood samples were taken for measurement of plasma aspartate amino-transferase. Liver biopsies were analyzed for measurement of thymidine kinase and ornithine decarboxylase activity and for counting of mitotic figures. While the highest recorded thymidine kinase activity occurred in group 1 at 24 hr, this was delayed to 48 hr in both group 2 and 3 and counts remained high up to 96 hr in group 3. Mitotic indices were only significantly elevated (compared with group 1 at 96 hr), while ornithine decarboxylase activity did not correlate with these changes being significantly lower than in groups 2 and 3 at 4 hr and in group 3 also at 24 hr. Plasma aspartate aminotransferase was also significantly higher in group 3. It is concluded that the administration of FK506 preoperatively to rats subjected to partial hepatectomy and flushing did not restore the delayed regenerative response to normal but enhanced the response (as measured by thymidine kinase but not by mitotic indices) which commenced at 48 hr and was still present at 96 hr.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Bendahan
- Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Mahlati G, Kahn D, Tyler M, Lotz Z, McLeod H, Hickman R. The regenerative response in intact young livers grafted into different sized recipient pigs. J Hepatol 1994; 20:309-10. [PMID: 8006413 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8278(05)80077-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
47
|
Engelbrecht GH, McLeod H, Tyler M, Lotz Z, Jaskiewicz K, Hickman R. Does liver transplantation in the rat cause a regenerative response. The effect of arterialisation of the graft. HPB Surg 1994; 7:211-7. [PMID: 8155587 PMCID: PMC2423698 DOI: 10.1155/1994/96762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the pattern of early regenerative response to orthotopic intact liver transplantation in the rat and to investigate whether the response differed in grafts with or without revascularisation of the arterial bed. Outbred male Long Evans (LE-LE allogeneic, non rejector) rats weighing 300-350g were subjected to orthotopic intact liver allograft using a "sleeve" anastomosis for the hepatic artery. Total warm ischaemia ranged from 19 to 34 minutes and no storage was employed. Comparison was made with a group of control rats which were subjected to 25 minutes total inflow occlusion and regeneration was measured with tissue thymidine kinase (TK) and mitotic figures. Samples were taken at 1, 2, 4, 7, 10 and 20 days post-operatively. Plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AAT) and light microscopy were used to evaluate hepatocyte necrosis. There was a brief sharp increase in TK and AAT in the first 24 hours after sham operation but no appearance of mitotic figures. A similar but more prolonged increase in TK occurred in the arterialized transplant group with the highest levels recorded on day 4. The level remained significantly elevated above pre-operative until 10 days and declined within 20 days. Mitotic figures appeared at 2 days, reached significance at 7 and 10 days and had disappeared by 20 days. The pattern of changes was accentuated in animals in which the artery was not reanastomosed and the increases in TK and AAT were still significant at 20 days. Whilst similar degrees of peri-portal cellular infiltrate occurred in both groups of rats, bile duct proliferation was most obvious in non-arterialized animals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G H Engelbrecht
- Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Pienaar BH, Wilson G, Newman E, Fourie J, McLeod H, Bracher M, Lotz Z, Hickman R. Effect of flushing of the liver graft upon plasma calcium and magnesium concentrations. Dig Dis Sci 1993; 38:2189-94. [PMID: 8261819 DOI: 10.1007/bf01299894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies of total and ionized calcium in the plasma of liver transplant recipients have been conducted in patients with preexisting liver disease or who received blood transfusion. The intraoperative decline in plasma total and ionized calcium has been attributed to the effects of liver disease and/or the citrate in transfused blood. The present study was conducted in normal porcine recipients of liver stored either with EuroCollins or University of Wisconsin (UW) solution for 6 hr, compared with livers flushed with Ringer's lactate without storage. No blood transfusion was given. Mean total plasma calcium levels declined significantly after storage with UW solution to a nadir approximately 65-70% of preoperative levels. This decline persisted for two to five days. Mean levels of plasma ionized calcium declined lowest after flushing with UW solution but only to 82% of preoperative (NS). There was an increase in plasma total magnesium in the recipients of livers flushed with EuroCollins or UW solutions, which resolved within 30 min and which was probably related to magnesium content of the flushing solution. It is concluded that while the changes in plasma total and ionized calcium are moderate and of little clinical significance, they could be aggravated under clinical conditions by massive blood transfusion. Changes in plasma magnesium seemed to be directly attributable to the magnesium content of flushing solutions but the same relationship did not exist for changes in plasma calcium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B H Pienaar
- Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Bolitho G, Engelbrecht G, Lotz Z, Tyler M, McLeod H, Jaskiewicz K, Hickman R. Liver regeneration after hepatic ischemia and reduced liver autotransplantation in the rat. Hepatology 1993; 17:273-9. [PMID: 8428725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Current knowledge of liver regeneration after reduced liver transplantation is limited. Warm ischemia is one component of the reduced liver transplantation procedure that could have an impact on the regenerative response. To study this effect, we performed partial hepatectomy on male Long-Evans rats, with animals divided into four groups: group 1 underwent partial hepatectomy only; group 2 underwent partial hepatectomy and 40 min of ischemia; group 3 underwent partial hepatectomy, 40 min of ischemia and portocaval shunt surgery; and group 4 underwent partial hepatectomy and orthotopic autograft surgery. Group 5 consisted of sham-operated animals. Animals were killed 4, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hr after surgery. Thymidine kinase activity, mitotic index, a liver mass index and ornithine decarboxylase levels were used as parameters of liver regeneration. Aspartate transaminase was recorded. Maximal thymidine kinase and mitotic index were observed in group 1 animals at 24 hr. In groups 2, 3 and 4 maximal thymidine kinase activity and mitotic activity were observed 24 hr later at 48 hr. The magnitude of the peak response in these groups appeared to correlate with the duration of portal venous occlusion, with greatest increases occurring in those groups where portal stasis was most prolonged. The increase in liver mass for these groups was also delayed with respect to group 1 animals. The anticipated peak in ornithine decarboxylase levels was seen at 4 hr in group 1. The ornithine decarboxylase response in the other groups was disorganized, with delay of the recorded peaks.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Bolitho
- Medical Research Council Liver Centre, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Rodman JH, Relling MV, Stewart CF, Synold TW, McLeod H, Kearns C, Stute N, Crom WR, Evans WE. Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of anticancer drugs in children. Semin Oncol 1993; 20:18-29. [PMID: 8475406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacokinetic variability in children with cancer is substantial and confounds drawing conclusions regarding optimal therapy based only on dose-response relationships. Careful pharmacokinetic studies performed during drug development in conjunction with an assessment of patient characteristics, such as age, renal and hepatic function, and concomitant therapy, is essential for defining those factors that may alter drug disposition. By integrating pharmacokinetic studies with measures of efficacy and toxicity, a pharmacodynamic framework can be established for guiding therapy to minimize differences in systemic exposure among subpopulations of patients (eg, impaired renal function and neonates). In selected instances when pharmacokinetic variability cannot be predicted by patient covariates, the potential for individualizing dosages based on patient-specific pharmacokinetic parameters is now a clinically feasible option. The need for and benefits of incorporating such strategies into routine therapy represents an exciting area for further clinical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J H Rodman
- Pharmaceutical Department, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|