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Winters M, Fuller D, Cloutier MS, Harris MA, Howard A, Kestens Y, Kirk S, Macpherson A, Moore S, Rothman L, Shareck M, Tomasone JR, Laberee K, Stephens ZP, Sones M, Ayton D, Batomen B, Bell S, Collins P, Diab E, Giles AR, Hagel BE, Harris MS, Harris P, Lachapelle U, Manaugh K, Mitra R, Muhajarine N, Myrdahl TM, Pettit CJ, Pike I, Skouteris H, Wachsmuth D, Whitehurst D, Beck B. Building CapaCITY/É for sustainable transportation: protocol for an implementation science research program in healthy cities. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e085850. [PMID: 38631827 PMCID: PMC11029507 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2024-085850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Improving sustainable transportation options will help cities tackle growing challenges related to population health, congestion, climate change and inequity. Interventions supporting active transportation face many practical and political hurdles. Implementation science aims to understand how interventions or policies arise, how they can be translated to new contexts or scales and who benefits. Sustainable transportation interventions are complex, and existing implementation science frameworks may not be suitable. To apply and adapt implementation science for healthy cities, we have launched our mixed-methods research programme, CapaCITY/É. We aim to understand how, why and for whom sustainable transportation interventions are successful and when they are not. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Across nine Canadian municipalities and the State of Victoria (Australia), our research will focus on two types of sustainable transportation interventions: all ages and abilities bicycle networks and motor vehicle speed management interventions. We will (1) document the implementation process and outcomes of both types of sustainable transportation interventions; (2) examine equity, health and mobility impacts of these interventions; (3) advance implementation science by developing a novel sustainable transportation implementation science framework and (4) develop tools for scaling up and scaling out sustainable transportation interventions. Training activities will develop interdisciplinary scholars and practitioners able to work at the nexus of academia and sustainable cities. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study received approval from the Simon Fraser University Office of Ethics Research (H22-03469). A Knowledge Mobilization Hub will coordinate dissemination of findings via a website; presentations to academic, community organisations and practitioner audiences; and through peer-reviewed articles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Winters
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Daniel Fuller
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, University of Saskatchewan College of Medicine, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Marie-Soleil Cloutier
- Centre Urbanisation Culture Société, Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - M Anne Harris
- School of Occupational and Public Health, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew Howard
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yan Kestens
- École de santé publique, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sara Kirk
- Healthy Populations Institute and Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Alison Macpherson
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah Moore
- School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Linda Rothman
- School of Occupational and Public Health, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martine Shareck
- Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Département des sciences de la santé communautaire, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Jennifer R Tomasone
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karen Laberee
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Meridith Sones
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Darshini Ayton
- Health and Social Care Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brice Batomen
- University of Toronto Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Scott Bell
- Department of Geography and Planning, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Patricia Collins
- Department of Geography and Planning, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ehab Diab
- Department of Geography and Planning, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Audrey R Giles
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brent E Hagel
- Departments of Pediatrics and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mike S Harris
- City Futures Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Patrick Harris
- Centre for Health Equity Training, Research and Evaluation, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ugo Lachapelle
- Département d'études urbaines et touristiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Kevin Manaugh
- Department of Geography and Bieler School of Environment, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Raktim Mitra
- School of Urban and Regional Planning, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nazeem Muhajarine
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, University of Saskatchewan College of Medicine, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Tiffany Muller Myrdahl
- Department of Gender, Sexuality, and Women's Studies and Urban Studies Program, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christopher J Pettit
- City Futures Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ian Pike
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Helen Skouteris
- Health and Social Care Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Wachsmuth
- School of Urban Planning, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - David Whitehurst
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ben Beck
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Branion-Calles M, Winters M, Rothman L, Harris MA. Risk Factors and Inequities in Transportation Injury and Mortality in the Canadian Census Health and Environment Cohorts (CanCHECs). Epidemiology 2024; 35:252-262. [PMID: 38290144 PMCID: PMC10836781 DOI: 10.1097/ede.0000000000001696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Road traffic injury contributes substantially to morbidity and mortality. Canada stands out among developed countries in not conducting a national household travel survey, leading to a dearth of national transportation mode data and risk calculations that have appropriate denominators. Since traffic injuries are specific to the mode of travel used, these risk calculations should consider travel mode. METHODS Census data on mode of commute is one of the few sources of these data for persons aged 15 and over. This study leveraged a national data linkage cohort, the Canadian Census Health and Environment Cohorts, that connects census sociodemographic and commute mode data with records of deaths and hospitalizations, enabling assessment of road traffic injury associations by indicators of mode of travel (commuter mode). We examined longitudinal (1996-2019) bicyclist, pedestrian, and motor vehicle occupant injury and fatality risk in the Canadian Census Health and Environment Cohorts by commuter mode and sociodemographic characteristics using Cox proportional hazards models within the working adult population. RESULTS We estimated positive associations between commute mode and same mode injury and fatality, particularly for bicycle commuters (hazard ratios for bicycling injury was 9.1 and for bicycling fatality was 11). Low-income populations and Indigenous people had increased injury risk across all modes. CONCLUSIONS This study shows inequities in transportation injury risk in Canada and underscores the importance of adjusting for mode of travel when examining differences between population groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Branion-Calles
- From the School of Occupational and Public Health, Faculty of Community Services, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Meghan Winters
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Linda Rothman
- From the School of Occupational and Public Health, Faculty of Community Services, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - M. Anne Harris
- From the School of Occupational and Public Health, Faculty of Community Services, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Kiani B, Thierry B, Apparicio P, Firth C, Fuller D, Winters M, Kestens Y. Associations between gentrification, census tract-level socioeconomic status, and cycling infrastructure expansions in Montreal, Canada. SSM Popul Health 2024; 25:101637. [PMID: 38426032 PMCID: PMC10901850 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2024.101637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Cycling infrastructure investments support active transportation, improve population health, and reduce health inequities. This study examines the relationship between changes in cycling infrastructure (2011-2016) and census tract (CT)-level measures of material deprivation, visible minorities, and gentrification in Montreal. Methods Our outcomes are the length of protected bike lanes, cyclist-only paths, multi-use paths, and on-street bike lanes in 2011, and change in total length of bike lanes between 2011 and 2016 at the CT level. Census data provided measures of the level of material deprivation and of the percentage of visible minorities in 2011, and if a CT gentrified between 2011 and 2016. Using a hurdle modeling approach, we explore associations among these CT-level socioeconomic measures, gentrification status, baseline cycling infrastructure (2011), and its changes (2011-2016). We further tested if these associations varied depending on the baseline level of existing infrastructure, to assess if areas with originally less resources benefited less or more. Results In 2011, CTs with higher level of material deprivation or greater percentages of visible minorities had less cycling infrastructure. Overall, between 2011 and 2016, cycling infrastructure increased from 7.0% to 10.9% of the road network, but the implementation of new cycling infrastructure in CTs with no pre-existing cycling infrastructure in 2011 was less likely to occur in CTs with a higher percentage of visible minorities. High-income CTs that were ineligible for gentrification between 2011 and 2016 benefited less from new cycling infrastructure implementations compared to low-income CTs that were not gentrified during the same period. Conclusion Montreal's municipal cycling infrastructure programs did not exacerbate socioeconomic disparities in cycling infrastructure from 2011 to 2016 in CTs with pre-existing infrastructure. However, it is crucial to prioritize the implementation of cycling infrastructure in CTs with high populations of visible minorities, particularly in CTs where no cycling infrastructure currently exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Kiani
- Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Benoit Thierry
- Centre de Recherche en Santé Publique, Université de Montréal, 7101, Avenue du Parc, Montréal, H3N 1X9, Canada
| | - Philippe Apparicio
- Department of Applied Geomatics, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500, boulevard de l'Université, Sherbrooke, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Caislin Firth
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Daniel Fuller
- University of Saskatchewan, 105 Administration Place, Saskatoon, S7N 5A2, Canada
| | - Meghan Winters
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Yan Kestens
- Centre de Recherche en Santé Publique, Université de Montréal, 7101, Avenue du Parc, Montréal, H3N 1X9, Canada
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Anagnostopoulos A, Barden M, Griffiths BE, Bedford C, Winters M, Li B, Coffey M, Psifidi A, Banos G, Oikonomou G. Association between a genetic index for digital dermatitis resistance and the presence of digital dermatitis, heel horn erosion and interdigital hyperplasia in Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00073-0. [PMID: 38331180 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Digital dermatitis (DD) is a polybacterial disease endemic to most UK dairy farms. It poses a major financial and welfare threat and is characterized by high incidence and recurrence rates. We aimed to investigate the association between the UK estimated breeding value for resistance to digital dermatitis, the Digital Dermatitis Index (DDI) and the frequency of DD, heel horn erosion (HHE), and interdigital hyperplasia (IH) in a population of Holstein dairy cows. We enrolled and genotyped 2,352 cows from 4 farms in a prospective cohort study. Foot lesion records were recorded by veterinary surgeons for each animal at 4 time points during a production cycle, starting at approximately 2 mo before calving and ending in late lactation. Importantly, these records were not used in the calculation of the DDI. Lesion records were matched to the animal's own DDI (n = 2,101) and their sire's DDI (n = 1,812). Digital Dermatitis Index values in our study population ranged from -1.41 to +1.2 and were transformed to represent distance from the mean expressed in standard deviations. The relationship between the DDI and the presence of DD was investigated using a logistic regression model, with farm, parity, and a farm-parity interaction fitted as covariates. A multivariable logistic regression model was fitted to evaluate the relationship between HHE and DDI with farm fitted as a covariate. Finally, a univariable logistic regression model with DDI as explanatory variable was used to investigate the relationship between IH and DDI. The odds ratio of an animal being affected by DD was 0.69 for one standard deviation (SD) increase in the animal's DDI (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.63-0.76). The odds of HHE and IH were 0.69 (95%CI = 0.62-0.76) and 0.58 (95%CI = 0.49-0.68) respectively for one SD increase in DDI. The adjusted probability of DD was 32% (95% CI = 27-36%) for cows with mean DDI value of 0 while it was 24% (95% CI = 20-29%) in cows with a DDI value of +1. Sire DDI breeding values were standardized in the same way and then binned into terciles creating an ordinal variable representing bulls of high, medium, and low genetic merit for DD resistance. The daughters of low genetic merit bulls were at 2.05 (95% CI = 1.60-2.64), 1.96 (95% CI = 1.53-2.50), and 2.85 (95% CI = 1.64-5.16) times greater odds of being affected by DD, HHE, and IH respectively compared with the daughters of high genetic merit bulls. The results of this study highlight the potential of digital dermatitis genetic indexes to aid herd management of DD, and suggest that breeding for resistance to DD, alongside environmental and management control practices, could reduce the prevalence of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Anagnostopoulos
- Department of Livestock and One Health, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Liverpool, CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
| | - M Barden
- Department of Livestock and One Health, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Liverpool, CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
| | - B E Griffiths
- Department of Livestock and One Health, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Liverpool, CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
| | - C Bedford
- Department of Livestock and One Health, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Liverpool, CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
| | - M Winters
- Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board, Stoneleigh Park, Kenilworth, United Kingdom
| | - B Li
- Animal & Veterinary Sciences, SRUC, Roslin Institute Building, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - M Coffey
- Animal & Veterinary Sciences, SRUC, Roslin Institute Building, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - A Psifidi
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
| | - G Banos
- Animal & Veterinary Sciences, SRUC, Roslin Institute Building, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - G Oikonomou
- Department of Livestock and One Health, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Liverpool, CH64 7TE, United Kingdom.
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Thierry B, Stanley K, Kestens Y, Winters M, Fuller D. Comparing Location Data From Smartphone and Dedicated Global Positioning System Devices: Implications for Epidemiologic Research. Am J Epidemiol 2024; 193:180-192. [PMID: 37646642 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwad176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we compared location data from a dedicated Global Positioning System (GPS) device with location data from smartphones. Data from the Interventions, Equity, and Action in Cities Team (INTERACT) Study, a study examining the impact of urban-form changes on health in 4 Canadian cities (Victoria, Vancouver, Saskatoon, and Montreal), were used. A total of 337 participants contributed data collected for about 6 months from the Ethica Data smartphone application (Ethica Data Inc., Toronto, Ontario, Canada) and the SenseDoc dedicated GPS (MobySens Technologies Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada) during the period 2017-2019. Participants recorded an average total of 14,781 Ethica locations (standard deviation, 19,353) and 197,167 SenseDoc locations (standard deviation, 111,868). Dynamic time warping and cross-correlation were used to examine the spatial and temporal similarity of GPS points. Four activity-space measures derived from the smartphone app and the dedicated GPS device were compared. Analysis showed that cross-correlations were above 0.8 at the 125-m resolution for the survey and day levels and increased as cell size increased. At the day or survey level, there were only small differences between the activity-space measures. Based on our findings, we recommend dedicated GPS devices for studies where the exposure and the outcome are both measured at high frequency and when the analysis will not be aggregate. When the exposure and outcome are measured or will be aggregated to the day level, the dedicated GPS device and the smartphone app provide similar results.
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Prince SA, Lang JJ, de Groh M, Badland H, Barnett A, Littlejohns LB, Brandon NC, Butler GP, Casu G, Cerin E, Colley RC, de Lannoy L, Demchenko I, Ellingwood HN, Evenson KR, Faulkner G, Fridman L, Friedenreich CM, Fuller DL, Fuselli P, Giangregorio LM, Gupta N, Hino AA, Hume C, Isernhagen B, Jalaludin B, Lakerveld J, Larouche R, Lemon SC, Loucaides CA, Maddock JE, McCormack GR, Mehta A, Milton K, Mota J, Ngo VD, Owen N, Oyeyemi AL, Palmeira AL, Rainham DG, Rhodes RE, Ridgers ND, Roosendaal I, Rosenberg DE, Schipperijn J, Slater SJ, Storey KE, Tremblay MS, Tully MA, Vanderloo LM, Veitch J, Vietinghoff C, Whiting S, Winters M, Yang L, Geneau R. Prioritizing a research agenda on built environments and physical activity: a twin panel Delphi consensus process with researchers and knowledge users. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2023; 20:144. [PMID: 38062460 PMCID: PMC10704660 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-023-01533-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The growth of urban dwelling populations globally has led to rapid increases of research and policy initiatives addressing associations between the built environment and physical activity (PA). Given this rapid proliferation, it is important to identify priority areas and research questions for moving the field forward. The objective of this study was to identify and compare research priorities on the built environment and PA among researchers and knowledge users (e.g., policy makers, practitioners). METHODS Between September 2022 and April 2023, a three-round, modified Delphi survey was conducted among two independent panels of international researchers (n = 38) and knowledge users (n = 23) to identify similarities and differences in perceived research priorities on the built environment and PA and generate twin 'top 10' lists of the most important research needs. RESULTS From a broad range of self-identified issues, both panels ranked in common the most pressing research priorities including stronger study designs such as natural experiments, research that examines inequalities and inequities, establishing the cost effectiveness of interventions, safety and injuries related to engagement in active transportation (AT), and considerations for climate change and climate adaptation. Additional priorities identified by researchers included: implementation science, research that incorporates Indigenous perspectives, land-use policies, built environments that support active aging, and participatory research. Additional priorities identified by knowledge users included: built environments and PA among people living with disabilities and a need for national data on trip chaining, multi-modal travel, and non-work or school-related AT. CONCLUSIONS Five common research priorities between the two groups emerged, including (1) to better understand causality, (2) interactions with the natural environment, (3) economic evaluations, (4) social disparities, and (5) preventable AT-related injuries. The findings may help set directions for future research, interdisciplinary and intersectoral collaborations, and funding opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Prince
- Centre for Surveillance and Applied Research, Public Health Agency of Canada, 785 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, K1A 0K9, Canada.
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
| | - Justin J Lang
- Centre for Surveillance and Applied Research, Public Health Agency of Canada, 785 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, K1A 0K9, Canada
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, City East Campus, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Margaret de Groh
- Centre for Surveillance and Applied Research, Public Health Agency of Canada, 785 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Hannah Badland
- Social and Global Studies Centre, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anthony Barnett
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lori Baugh Littlejohns
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Population and Public Health, BC Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Gregory P Butler
- Centre for Surveillance and Applied Research, Public Health Agency of Canada, 785 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Géna Casu
- Association pour la santé publique du Québec (ASPQ), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Ester Cerin
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Rachel C Colley
- Health Analysis Division, Statistics Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Iryna Demchenko
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Kelly R Evenson
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Guy Faulkner
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Liraz Fridman
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christine M Friedenreich
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Cancer Care Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Daniel L Fuller
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | | | - Lora M Giangregorio
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
- Schlegel-UW Research Institute for Aging, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Neeru Gupta
- Department of Sociology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Adriano A Hino
- Health Sciences Graduate Program, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Clare Hume
- School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Bin Jalaludin
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jeroen Lakerveld
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Health Behaviours and Chronic Diseases, Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Upstream Team, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Richard Larouche
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Stephenie C Lemon
- Prevention Research Center, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Jay E Maddock
- School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Gavin R McCormack
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- School of Planning, Architecture, and Landscape, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Aman Mehta
- Maroondah City Council, Victoria, Australia
| | - Karen Milton
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Jorge Mota
- Research Center in Physical Activity, health and Leisure (CIAFEL)-Faculty of Sports-University of Porto (FADEUP) and Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal
| | - Victor D Ngo
- Canadian Institute of Planners, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Neville Owen
- Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adewale L Oyeyemi
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Daniel G Rainham
- Healthy Populations Institute, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Ryan E Rhodes
- School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nicola D Ridgers
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, City East Campus, Adelaide, South Australia
| | | | - Dori E Rosenberg
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jasper Schipperijn
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Sandra J Slater
- Bachelor of Science in Public Health Program, School of Pharmacy, Concordia University Wisconsin, Mequon, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kate E Storey
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mark S Tremblay
- Outdoor Play Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark A Tully
- School of Medicine, Ulster University, Londonberry, United Kingdom
| | - Leigh M Vanderloo
- ParticipACTION, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- School of Occupational Therapy, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jenny Veitch
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Stephen Whiting
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Meghan Winters
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Linchuan Yang
- Department of Urban and Rural Planning, School of Architecture, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Robert Geneau
- Centre for Surveillance and Applied Research, Public Health Agency of Canada, 785 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, K1A 0K9, Canada
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Youngbloom AJ, Thierry B, Fuller D, Kestens Y, Winters M, Hirsch JA, Michael YL, Firth C. Gentrification, perceptions of neighborhood change, and mental health in Montréal, Québec. SSM Popul Health 2023; 22:101406. [PMID: 37114239 PMCID: PMC10127140 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2023.101406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
While census-defined measures of gentrification are often used in research on gentrification and health, surveys can be used to better understand how residents perceive neighborhood change, and the implications for mental health. Whether or not gentrification affects mental health may depend on the extent to which an individual perceives changes in their neighborhood. Using health and map-based survey data, collected from 2020 to 2021, from the Interventions, Research, and Action in Cities Team, we examined links between perceptions of neighborhood change, census-defined neighborhood gentrification at participant residential addresses, and mental health among 505 adults living in Montréal. After adjusting for age, gender, race, education, and duration at current residence, greater perceived affordability and more positive feelings about neighborhood changes were associated with better mental health, as measured by the mental health component of the short-form health survey. Residents who perceived more change to the social environment had lower mental health scores, after adjusting individual covariates. Census-defined gentrification was not significantly associated with mental health, and perceptions of neighborhood change did not significantly modify the effect of gentrification on mental health. Utilizing survey tools can help researchers understand the role that perceptions of neighborhood change play in the understanding how neighborhood change impacts mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy J. Youngbloom
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health, 3980 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Benoit Thierry
- Université de Montréal/Centre de Recherche Du CHUM, Pavillon S, 850 Rue St-Denis, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Daniel Fuller
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, University of Saskatchewan, Health Science Building, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E5, Canada
- Memorial University of Newfoundland, 230 Elizabeth Avenue, St. John's, Newfoundland, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Yan Kestens
- Université de Montréal/Centre de Recherche Du CHUM, Pavillon S, 850 Rue St-Denis, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Meghan Winters
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
- Corresponding author.
| | - Jana A. Hirsch
- Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, 3215 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Yvonne L. Michael
- Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, 3215 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Caislin Firth
- Center for Studies in Demography & Ecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Laberee K, Nelson T, Boss D, Ferster C, Hosford K, Fuller D, Cloutier MS, Winters M. WalkRollMap.org: Crowdsourcing barriers to mobility. Front Rehabil Sci 2023; 4:1023582. [PMID: 37009401 PMCID: PMC10057531 DOI: 10.3389/fresc.2023.1023582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Walking is a simple way to improve health through physical activity. Yet many people experience barriers to walking from a variety of physical, social, and psychological factors that impact their mobility. A challenge for managing and studying pedestrian environments is that barriers often occur at local scales (e.g., sidewalk features), yet such fine scale data on pedestrian facilities and experiences are often lacking or out of date. In response, our team developed WalkRollMap.org an online mapping tool that empowers communities by providing them with tools for crowdsourcing their own open data source. In this manuscript we highlight key functions of the tool, discuss initial approaches to community outreach, and share trends in reporting from the first nine months of operation. As of July 27, 2022, there have been 897 reports, of which 53% served to identify hazards, 34% missing amenities, and 14% incidents. The most frequently reported issues were related to sidewalks (15%), driver behavior (19%), and marked crosswalks (7%). The most common suggested amenities were sidewalks, marked crosswalks, connections (i.e., pathways between streets), and curb cuts. The most common types of incidents all included conflicts with vehicles. Data compiled through WalkRollMap.org offer unique potential for local and timely information on microscale barriers to mobility and are available for use by anyone as data are open and downloadable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Laberee
- Department of Geography, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Correspondence: Karen Laberee
| | - Trisalyn Nelson
- Spatial Pattern Analysis & Research Lab, Department of Geography, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Darren Boss
- Department of Geography, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Colin Ferster
- Cities, Health & Active Transportation Research Lab, Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Kate Hosford
- Cities, Health & Active Transportation Research Lab, Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Daniel Fuller
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Marie-Soleil Cloutier
- Laboratoire Piétons et Espace Urbain, Centre Urbanisation Culture Société, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Meghan Winters
- Cities, Health & Active Transportation Research Lab, Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
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Baumgartner J, Rodriguez J, Berkhout F, Doyle Y, Ezzati M, Owusu G, Quayyum Z, Solomon B, Winters M, Adamkiewicz G, Robinson BE. Synthesizing the links between secure housing tenure and health for more equitable cities. Wellcome Open Res 2023; 7:18. [PMID: 37654603 PMCID: PMC10466000 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17244.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Millions of households in rich and poor countries alike are at risk of being unwilfully displaced from their homes or the land on which they live (i.e., lack secure tenure), and the urban poor are most vulnerable. Improving housing tenure security may be an intervention to improve housing and environmental conditions and reduce urban health inequalities. Building on stakeholder workshops and a narrative review of the literature, we developed a conceptual model that infers the mechanisms through which more secure housing tenure can improve housing, environmental quality, and health. Empirical studies show that more secure urban housing tenure can boost economic mobility, improve housing and environmental conditions including reduced exposure to pollution, create safer and more resourced communities, and improve physical and mental health. These links are shared across tenure renters and owners and different economic settings. Broader support is needed for context-appropriate policies and actions to improve tenure security as a catalyst for cultivating healthier homes and neighbourhoods and reducing urban health inequalities in cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Baumgartner
- Institute for Health and Social Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Judith Rodriguez
- Graduate School of Design, Harvard University, Cambridge, USA
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - Frans Berkhout
- Department of Geography, Faculty of Social Science & Public Policy, King’s College London, London, UK
| | | | - Majid Ezzati
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Regional Institute for Population Studies, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - George Owusu
- Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- Centre for Urban Management Studies, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Zahidul Quayyum
- James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Bethlehem Solomon
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Meghan Winters
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Gary Adamkiewicz
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - Brian E. Robinson
- Department of Geography, Faculty of Social Science & Public Policy, King’s College London, London, UK
- Department of Geography, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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Winters M, Beairsto J, Ferster C, Labaree K, Manaugh K, Nelson T. The Canadian Bikeway Comfort and Safety metrics (Can-BICS): National measures of the bicycling environment for use in research and policy. Health Rep 2022; 33:3-13. [PMID: 36287574 DOI: 10.25318/82-003-x202201000001-eng] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lack of consistent measures of the cycling environment across communities hampers cycling research and policy action. Our goal was to develop the first national dataset in Canada for metrics of the cycling environment at the dissemination area (DA) level - the Canadian Bikeway Comfort and Safety (Can-BICS) metrics. DATA AND METHODS The Can-BICS metrics are area-level metrics based on the quantity of cycling infrastructure within a 1 km buffer of the population-weighted centroid of DAs. The base data are a national cycling network dataset derived from OpenStreetMap (OSM) (extracted January 25, 2022) and classified by high-, medium- and low-comfort facilities. A Can-BICS continuous metric (sum of cycling infrastructure per square kilometre weighted by comfort class) and Can-BICS categorical metric were derived and mapped for all 56,589 DAs in Canada. The Can-BICS metrics were correlated with other national datasets (2016 Canadian Active Living Environments [Can-ALE] and 2016 Census journey-to-work data) to test for associations between Can-BICS and related measures. Additionally, city staff were engaged to provide feedback on metrics during the development phase. RESULTS One-third (34%) of neighbourhoods in Canada have no cycling infrastructure. According to the categorical measure, 5% of all DAs were assigned as the highest category of Can-BICS (corresponding to 6% of the population) and were nearly all within metro areas. The Can-BICS continuous metric had low correlation with bike-to-work rates (R = 0.29) and was more strongly correlated with sustainable-transportation-to-work rates (R = 0.56) and the Can-ALE metrics (R=0.62). These correlations were variable across cities. INTERPRETATION The Can-BICS metrics provide national research- and practice-ready measures of cycling infrastructure. The metrics complement existing measures of walking and transit environments (Can-ALE), collectively providing a cohesive set of active living measures. The datasets and code are publicly available, facilitating updates as new infrastructure is built.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Winters
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia
| | - Jeneva Beairsto
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia
| | - Colin Ferster
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia
| | - Karen Labaree
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia
| | - Kevin Manaugh
- Department of Geography, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec
| | - Trisalyn Nelson
- Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara
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11
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Fischer J, Nelson T, Winters M. Riding through the pandemic: Using Strava data to monitor the impacts of COVID-19 on spatial patterns of bicycling. Transp Res Interdiscip Perspect 2022; 15:100667. [PMID: 35990311 PMCID: PMC9376336 DOI: 10.1016/j.trip.2022.100667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 prompted a bike boom and cities around the world responded to increased demand for space to ride with street reallocations. Evaluating these interventions has been limited by a lack of spatially-temporally continuous ridership data. Our paper aims to address this gap using crowdsourced data on bicycle ridership. We evaluate changes in spatial patterns of bicycling during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic (Apr - Oct 2020) in Vancouver, Canada using Strava data and a local indicator of spatial autocorrelation. We map statistically significant change in ridership and reference clusters of change to a high-resolution base map. Amongst streets where bicycling increased, we measured the proportion of increase occurring on pre-existing bicycle facilities or street reallocations compared to streets without. In all our analyses, we evaluate patterns across subsets of Strava data representing recreation, commuting, and ridership generated by women and older adults (55 + ). We found consistent and unique patterns by trip purpose and demographics: samples generated by women and older adults showed increases near green and blue spaces and on street reallocations that increased access to parks, and these patterns were also mirrored in the recreation sample. Commute ridership highlighted distinct patterns of increase around the hospital district. Across all subsets most increases occurred on bicycle facilities (pre-existing or provisional), with a strong preference for high-comfort facilities. We demonstrate that changes in spatial patterns of bicycle ridership can be monitored using Strava data, and that nuanced patterns can be identified using trip and demographic labels in the data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaimy Fischer
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Trisalyn Nelson
- Department of Geography, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, Ellison Hall, Isla Vista, CA 93117, USA
| | - Meghan Winters
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby V5A 1S6, Canada
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12
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Firth CL, Kestens Y, Winters M, Stanley K, Bell S, Thierry B, Phillips K, Poirier-Stephens Z, Fuller D. Using combined Global Position System and accelerometer data points to examine how built environments and gentrification are associated with physical activity in four Canadian cities. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2022; 19:78. [PMID: 35799198 PMCID: PMC9261044 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-022-01306-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Built and social environments are associated with physical activity. Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and accelerometer data can capture how people move through their environments and provide promising tools to better understand associations between environmental characteristics and physical activity. The purpose of this study is to examine the associations between GPS-derived exposure to built environment and gentrification characteristics and accelerometer-measured physical activity in a sample of adults across four cities. Methods We used wave 1 data from the Interventions, Research, and Action in Cities Team, a cohort of adults living in the Canadian cities of Victoria, Vancouver, Saskatoon, and Montreal. A subsample of participants wore a SenseDoc device for 10 days during May 2017–January 2019 to record GPS and accelerometry data. Two physical activity outcomes were derived from SenseDoc data: time spent in light, moderate, and vigorous physical activity; and time spent in moderate or vigorous physical activity. Using corresponding GPS coordinates, we summarized physical activity outcomes by dissemination area—a Canadian census geography that represents areas where 400 to 700 people live- and joined to built (active living space, proximity to amenities, and urban compactness) and gentrification measures. We examined the associations between environmental measures and physical activity outcomes using multi-level negative binomial regression models that were stratified by city and adjusted for covariates (weekday/weekend), home dissemination area, precipitation, temperature) and participant-level characteristics obtained from a survey (age, gender, income, race). Results We found that adults spent more time being physically active near their homes, and in environments that were more walkable and near parks and less time in urban compact areas, regardless of where participants lived. Our analysis also highlighted how proximity to different amenities was linked to physical activity across different cities. Conclusions Our study provides insights into how built environment and gentrification characteristics are associated with the amount of time adults spend being physically active in four Canadian cities. These findings enhance our understanding of the influence that environments have on physical activity over time and space, and can support policies to increase physical activity. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12966-022-01306-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caislin L Firth
- University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA, 98195, United States
| | - Yan Kestens
- Université de Montréal/Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Pavillon S, 850 rue St-Denis, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Meghan Winters
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Kevin Stanley
- University of Saskatchewan, 105 Administration Place, Saskatoon, S7N 5A2, Canada
| | - Scott Bell
- University of Saskatchewan, 105 Administration Place, Saskatoon, S7N 5A2, Canada
| | - Benoit Thierry
- University of Saskatchewan, 105 Administration Place, Saskatoon, S7N 5A2, Canada
| | - Kole Phillips
- University of Saskatchewan, 105 Administration Place, Saskatoon, S7N 5A2, Canada
| | - Zoé Poirier-Stephens
- Université de Montréal/Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Pavillon S, 850 rue St-Denis, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Daniel Fuller
- University of Saskatchewan, 105 Administration Place, Saskatoon, S7N 5A2, Canada. .,Memorial University of Newfoundland, 230 Elizabeth Avenue, St. John's Newfoundland, A1C 5S7, Canada.
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13
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Ottoni CA, Winters M, Sims-Gould J. "We see each other from a distance": Neighbourhood social relationships during the COVID-19 pandemic matter for older adults' social connectedness. Health Place 2022; 76:102844. [PMID: 35714459 PMCID: PMC9174337 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2022.102844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Introduction We extend previous research to illustrate how individual, interpersonal and neighbourhood factors in a high-density urban setting in Vancouver, Canada, shape social connectedness experiences of community-dwelling older adults during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods We conducted 31 semi-structured interviews and collected objective measures of loneliness and social connectedness (surveys). Results Three dimensions of the neighbourhood environment influenced social connectedness: (i) interactions with neighbours, (ii) involvement with neighbourhood-based organizations, and (ii) outdoor pedestrian spaces. Seventy-one percent of participants felt a strong sense of belonging to their local community, while 39% were classified as high or extremely lonely. Summary Many participants leveraged pre-existing social ties to maintain connections during the pandemic. However, volunteer outreach was vital for more isolated older adults. Although many participants felt lonely and isolated at times, the relative ease and accessibility with which they could connect with others in their neighbourhood environment, may have helped mitigate persistent loneliness. Conclusion Strategies that foster social connectedness over the longer term, need to prioritize the needs of older adults who face multiple barriers to equitable social participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callista A Ottoni
- Center for Hip Health and Mobility, 7F-2635 Laurel Street, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada; Department of Family Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 317-2194 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Meghan Winters
- Center for Hip Health and Mobility, 7F-2635 Laurel Street, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada; Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Blusson Hall Rm 11522, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Joanie Sims-Gould
- Center for Hip Health and Mobility, 7F-2635 Laurel Street, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada; Department of Family Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 317-2194 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
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14
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Hosford K, Beairsto J, Winters M. Is the 15-minute city within reach? Evaluating walking and cycling accessibility to grocery stores in Vancouver. Transp Res Interdiscip Perspect 2022; 14:100602. [PMID: 37981961 PMCID: PMC7615315 DOI: 10.1016/j.trip.2022.100602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Leaders around the world have embraced the idea of a "15-minute city". This urban planning concept proposes a city where residents can meet their essential needs within a short walking or cycling trip from their home. Local access to grocery stores is a necessary component for cities to achieve the 15-minute city. This study aims to evaluate local accessibility to grocery stores by walking and cycling in the City of Vancouver. We used a cu-mulative opportunity measure to count the number of grocery stores available within a 15-minute walk and cycle from people's homes. To evaluate accessibility from the perspective of younger and older travellers, we considered different travel speeds. Our results show there is good accessibility to grocery stores when cycling, with less than 1% of the city's population not having a grocery store within a 15-minute cycle. When assuming a walking speed of an older pedestrian, around one-fifth of the population did not have access to a grocery store in their local area. The neighbourhoods that did not have a store within a 15-minute walk had higher proportions of children, older adults, and visible minorities, and lower rates of employment and post-secondary education attainment. In seeking to improve accessibility via walking and cycling, cities should prioritize grocery store locations and investments in pedestrian and cycling infrastructure to underserved neighbourhoods and populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Hosford
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A1S6, Canada
| | - Jeneva Beairsto
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A1S6, Canada
| | - Meghan Winters
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A1S6, Canada
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15
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Tobin M, Hajna S, Orychock K, Ross N, DeVries M, Villeneuve PJ, Frank LD, McCormack GR, Wasfi R, Steinmetz-Wood M, Gilliland J, Booth GL, Winters M, Kestens Y, Manaugh K, Rainham D, Gauvin L, Widener MJ, Muhajarine N, Luan H, Fuller D. Rethinking walkability and developing a conceptual definition of active living environments to guide research and practice. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:450. [PMID: 35255841 PMCID: PMC8900439 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-12747-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Walkability is a popular term used to describe aspects of the built and social environment that have important population-level impacts on physical activity, energy balance, and health. Although the term is widely used by researchers, practitioners, and the general public, and multiple operational definitions and walkability measurement tools exist, there are is no agreed-upon conceptual definition of walkability. Method To address this gap, researchers from Memorial University of Newfoundland hosted “The Future of Walkability Measures Workshop” in association with researchers from the Canadian Urban Environmental Health Research Consortium (CANUE) in November 2017. During the workshop, trainees, researchers, and practitioners worked together in small groups to iteratively develop and reach consensus about a conceptual definition and name for walkability. The objective of this paper was to discuss and propose a conceptual definition of walkability and related concepts. Results In discussions during the workshop, it became clear that the term walkability leads to a narrow conception of the environmental features associated with health as it inherently focuses on walking. As a result, we suggest that the term Active Living Environments, as has been previously proposed in the literature, are more appropriate. We define Active Living Environments (ALEs) as the emergent natural, built, and social properties of neighbourhoods that promote physical activity and health and allow for equitable access to health-enhancing resources. Conclusions We believe that this broader conceptualization allows for a more comprehensive understanding of how built, natural, and social environments can contribute to improved health for all members of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Tobin
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Samantha Hajna
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kassia Orychock
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Nancy Ross
- Department of Geography, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Megan DeVries
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Paul J Villeneuve
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Lawrence D Frank
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Gavin R McCormack
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Rania Wasfi
- Department of Geography, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Jason Gilliland
- Department of Geography, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Gillian L Booth
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Meghan Winters
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yan Kestens
- École de Santé Publique de L'Université de Montréal (ESPUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Kevin Manaugh
- Department of Geography, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Daniel Rainham
- School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Lise Gauvin
- École de Santé Publique de L'Université de Montréal (ESPUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de L'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Michael J Widener
- Department of Geography and Planning, University of Toronto - St. George, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nazeem Muhajarine
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Hui Luan
- Department of Geography, College of Arts and Science, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Daniel Fuller
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, A1C 5S7, Canada.
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16
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Francoeur C, Landis WP, Winters M, Naim MY, Donoghue A, Dominick CL, Huh JW, MacDonald JM, Lang SS, Yuan I, Berg RA, Nadkarni VM, Kilbaugh TJ, Sutton RM, Kirschen MP, Morgan RW, Topjian AA. Near-infrared spectroscopy during cardiopulmonary resuscitation for pediatric cardiac arrest: a prospective, observational study. Resuscitation 2022; 174:35-41. [PMID: 35314211 PMCID: PMC9724995 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2022.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
AIM Cerebral oxygenation (rSO2) is not routinely measured during pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). We aimed to determine whether higher intra-arrest rSO2 was associated with return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) and survival to hospital discharge. METHODS Prospective, single-center observational study of cerebral oximetry using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) during pediatric cardiac arrest from 2016 to 2020. Eligible patients had ≥30 s of rSO2 data recorded during CPR. We compared median rSO2 and percentage of rSO2 measurements above a priori thresholds for the entire event and the final five minutes of the CPR event between patients with and without ROSC and survival to discharge. RESULTS Twenty-one patients with 23 CPR events were analyzed. ROSC was achieved in 17/23 (73.9%) events and five/21 (23.8%) patients survived to discharge. The median rSO2 was higher for events with ROSC vs. no ROSC for the overall event (62% [56%, 70%] vs. 45% [35%, 51%], p = 0.025) and for the final 5 minutes of the event (66% [55%, 72%] vs. 43% [35%, 44%], p = 0.01). Patients with ROSC had a higher percentage of measurements above 50% during the final five minutes of CPR (100% [100%, 100%] vs. 0% [0%, 29%], p = 0.01). There was no association between rSO2 and survival to discharge. CONCLUSIONS Higher cerebral rSO2 during CPR for pediatric cardiac arrest was associated with higher rates of ROSC but not with survival to discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Francoeur
- Department of Pediatrics, CHU de Québec - Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, Canada.
| | - W P Landis
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - M Winters
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - M Y Naim
- The Cardiac Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - A Donoghue
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - C L Dominick
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J W Huh
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J M MacDonald
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, OH, USA
| | - S S Lang
- Division of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - I Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - R A Berg
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - V M Nadkarni
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - T J Kilbaugh
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - R M Sutton
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - M P Kirschen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - R W Morgan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - A A Topjian
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Rothman L, Schwartz N, Cloutier MS, Winters M, Macarthur C, Hagel BE, Macpherson AK, El Amiri N, Fuselli P, Howard AW. Child pedestrian and cyclist injuries, and the built and social environment across Canadian cities: the Child Active Transportation Safety and the Environment Study (CHASE). Inj Prev 2022; 28:311-317. [PMID: 35058306 PMCID: PMC9340017 DOI: 10.1136/injuryprev-2021-044459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Traffic injury is a leading and preventable cause of child death and disability, with child pedestrians and cyclists particularly vulnerable. Examining built environment correlates of child pedestrian and cyclist motor vehicle collisions (PCMVC) in different settings is needed to promote an evidence-based approach to road safety. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study across multiple urban/suburban environments in Canada (Calgary, Toronto, Montreal, Laval, Peel Region). All public elementary schools were included (n=1030). We examined the role of land use/social environments, road environments and traffic safety interventions on the rates of child PCMVC within 1000 m of schools. Multivariable negative binomial regression was conducted for all cities and by individual city. In a subset of schools (n=389), we examined associations when controlling for active school transportation (AST). Results Mean PCMVC rate per school ranged from 0.13 collisions/year in Peel to 0.35 in Montreal. Child PCMVC were correlated with land use, social and road environments and traffic safety interventions. In fully adjusted models, social and land use features remained the most important correlates. New immigrant population had the largest positive association with child PCMVC (incidence rate ratio (IRR): 1.26, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.50), while old housing (pre-1960) density was most protective (IRR: 0.83, 95% CI 0.77 to 0.90). AST was associated with PCMVC, but it had no effect on the relationships between PCMVC and other social/environmental correlates. Conclusion The built environment and social factors influence rates of child PCMVC. Opportunities to reduce child PCMVC exist through modifications to city design and road environments and implementing traffic safety interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Rothman
- School of Occupational and Public Health, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Naomi Schwartz
- School of Occupational and Public Health, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marie-Soleil Cloutier
- Centre Urbanisation Culture Société, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Meghan Winters
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Colin Macarthur
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brent E Hagel
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alison K Macpherson
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nisrine El Amiri
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Andrew William Howard
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Orthopaedic Surgery, Child Health and Evaluative Sciences, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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18
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Baumgartner J, Rodriguez J, Berkhout F, Doyle Y, Ezzati M, Owuso G, Quayyum Z, Solomon B, Winters M, Adamkiewicz G, Robinson BE. Synthesizing the links between secure housing tenure and health for more equitable cities. Wellcome Open Res 2022. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17244.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Millions of households in rich and poor countries alike are at risk of being unwilfully displaced from their homes or the land on which they live (i.e., lack secure tenure), and the urban poor are most vulnerable. Improving housing tenure security may be an intervention to improve housing and environmental conditions and reduce urban health inequalities. Building on stakeholder workshops and a narrative review of the literature, we developed a conceptual model that infers the mechanisms through which more secure housing tenure can improve housing, environmental quality, and health. Empirical studies show that more secure urban housing tenure can boost economic mobility, improve housing and environmental conditions including reduced exposure to pollution, create safer and more resourced communities, and improve physical and mental health. These links are shared across tenure renters and owners and different economic settings. Broader support is needed for context-appropriate policies and actions to improve tenure security as a catalyst for cultivating healthier homes and neighbourhoods and reducing urban health inequalities in cities.
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19
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Wasfi R, Poirier Stephens Z, Sones M, Laberee K, Pugh C, Fuller D, Winters M, Kestens Y. Recruiting Participants for Population Health Intervention Research: Effectiveness and Costs of Recruitment Methods for a Cohort Study. J Med Internet Res 2021; 23:e21142. [PMID: 34587586 PMCID: PMC8663714 DOI: 10.2196/21142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Public health research studies often rely on population-based participation and draw on various recruitment methods to establish samples. Increasingly, researchers are turning to web-based recruitment tools. However, few studies detail traditional and web-based recruitment efforts in terms of costs and potential biases. Objective This study aims to report on and evaluate the cost-effectiveness, time effectiveness, and sociodemographic representation of diverse recruitment methods used to enroll participants in 3 cities of the Interventions, Research, and Action in Cities Team (INTERACT) study, a cohort study conducted in Canadian cities. Methods Over 2017 and 2018 in Vancouver, Saskatoon, and Montreal, the INTERACT study used the following recruitment methods: mailed letters, social media (including sponsored Facebook advertisements), news media, partner communications, snowball recruitment, in-person recruitment, and posters. Participation in the study involved answering web-based questionnaires (at minimum), activating a smartphone app to share sensor data, and wearing a device for mobility and physical activity monitoring. We describe sociodemographic characteristics by the recruitment method and analyze performance indicators, including cost, completion rate, and time effectiveness. Effectiveness included calculating cost per completer (ie, a participant who completed at least one questionnaire), the completion rate of a health questionnaire, and the delay between completion of eligibility and health questionnaires. Cost included producing materials (ie, printing costs), transmitting recruitment messages (ie, mailing list rental, postage, and sponsored Facebook posts charges), and staff time. In Montreal, the largest INTERACT sample, we modeled the number of daily recruits through generalized linear models accounting for the distributed lagged effects of recruitment campaigns. Results Overall, 1791 participants were recruited from 3 cities and completed at least one questionnaire: 318 in Vancouver, 315 in Saskatoon, and 1158 in Montreal. In all cities, most participants chose to participate fully (questionnaires, apps, and devices). The costs associated with a completed participant varied across recruitment methods and by city. Facebook advertisements generated the most recruits (n=687), at a cost of CAD $15.04 (US $11.57; including staff time) per completer. Mailed letters were the costliest, at CAD $108.30 (US $83.3) per completer but served to reach older participants. All methods resulted in a gender imbalance, with women participating more, specifically with social media. Partner newsletters resulted in the participation of younger adults and were cost-efficient (CAD $5.16 [US $3.97] per completer). A generalized linear model for daily Montreal recruitment identified 2-day lag effects on most recruitment methods, except for the snowball campaign (4 days), letters (15 days), and reminder cards (5 days). Conclusions This study presents comprehensive data on the costs, effectiveness, and bias of population recruitment in a cohort study in 3 Canadian cities. More comprehensive documentation and reporting of recruitment efforts across studies are needed to improve our capacity to conduct inclusive intervention research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Wasfi
- Centre for Surveillance and Applied Research, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHUM, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,École de Santé Publique, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Meridith Sones
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Karen Laberee
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Caitlin Pugh
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Daniel Fuller
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, NL, Canada
| | - Meghan Winters
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Yan Kestens
- Centre de recherche du CHUM, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,École de Santé Publique, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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20
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Winters M, Zanotto M, Butler G. The Canadian Bikeway Comfort and Safety (Can-BICS) Classification System: A common naming convention for cycling infrastructure. Health Promot Chronic Dis Prev Can 2021; 41:267-271. [PMID: 32909939 DOI: 10.24095/hpcdp.40.9.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
There is no standard naming convention for cycling infrastructure across cities. Our aim was to develop a common nomenclature for cycling infrastructure in Canada, relevant to the context of public health practice. We drew on transportation engineering design guides and public health guidance to develop a bicycle facility classification system: the Canadian Bikeway Comfort and Safety (Can-BICS) classification system, a three-tiered classification scheme that groups five bicycle facilities based on safety performance and user comfort. Adopting consistent nomenclature as per the Can-BICS system will support regional and national surveillance efforts in public health, planning and sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Winters
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Moreno Zanotto
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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21
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Hosford K, Firth C, Brauer M, Winters M. The effects of road pricing on transportation and health equity: A scoping review. Transp Rev 2021; 41:766-787. [PMID: 37974632 PMCID: PMC7615312 DOI: 10.1080/01441647.2021.1898488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Road pricing is increasingly considered as an option to support transportation infrastructure costs, manage demand, and reduce emissions. However, the extent to which implementation of such approaches may impact transportation and health equity is unclear. In this scoping review, we examine the differential transportation and health effects of road pricing policies across population groups and geographic region. We conducted a systematic database search of Transport Research International Documentation, GEOBASE, Scopus, and Ovid Medline, supplemented by bibliographic review and internet searches. Fifteen studies were included in the review. The studies evaluated area and cordon road pricing systems in Singapore, London, Stockholm, Milan, and Gothenburg, and had a median follow-up period of 12 months. Outcomes evaluated include car commuting, mode shift to public transit, accessibility to destinations, affordability, welfare, social interactions, air pollution, traffic injuries and deaths, acute asthma attacks, and life expectancy. While more studies across diverse urban contexts and policy settings will be needed to strengthen the evidence base, the existing evidence suggests road pricing has mostly net positive effects related to a reduction in car trips, air pollution, asthma attacks, and road traffic collisions, and increases in life expectancy. Frequency and ease of social interactions were found to be negatively impacted, with fewer visits to family and friends. The population groups that generally fared better across transportation and health outcomes were those with higher incomes, men, and people between the ages of 35-55. Across space, there are benefits for both the areas inside and outside the cordon boundary, but to a greater degree for the area inside. Overall, the evidence base is limited by a narrow set of health-related outcomes and a lack of longer-term studies. We did not come across any studies assessing distributional effects of noise pollution, mode shifts to walking or cycling, or other morbidities in the general population that are not listed above. In addition, there are few evaluations that include non-work trips, therefore potentially missing effects for unemployed populations or women who are more likely to make non-work trips. We find that the limited body of evidence on area and cordon pricing policies suggests these policies are beneficial for a number of transportation and health outcomes, particularly for populations inside the cordon area, but that there may be some degree of inequities in the distribution of the benefits and burdens.
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22
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Firth CL, Baquero B, Berney R, Hoerster KD, Mooney SJ, Winters M. Not quite a block party: COVID-19 street reallocation programs in Seattle, WA and Vancouver, BC. SSM Popul Health 2021; 14:100769. [PMID: 33748391 PMCID: PMC7966863 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed mobility inequities within cities. In response, cities are rapidly implementing street reallocation initiatives. These interventions provide space for walking and cycling, however, other mobility needs (e.g., essential workers, deliveries) may be impeded by these reallocation decisions. Informed by mobility justice frameworks, we examined socio-spatial differences in access to street reallocations in Seattle, Washington and Vancouver, British Columbia. In both cities, more interventions occurred in areas where people of color, particularly Black and Indigenous people, lived. In Seattle, more interventions occurred in areas where people with disabilities, on food stamps, and children lived. In Vancouver, more interventions occurred in areas where recent immigrants lived, or where people used public transit or cycled to work. Street reallocations could be opportunities for cities to redress inequities in mobility and access to public spaces. Going forward, it is imperative to monitor how cities use data and welcome communities to redesign these temporary spaces to be corridors for their own mobility. COVID-19 street reallocations are slow corridors, which impedes some mobility needs. Marginalized people, less likely to work from home, could be negatively impacted. Interventions occurred where people of colour live in Seattle, WA and Vancouver, BC. Mobility justice addresses barriers to mobility, for individuals and communities. Cities need to fund community-led street reallocations for their own mobility needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caislin L Firth
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, B.C, V5A 1S6, USA
| | - Barbara Baquero
- Department of Health Services, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Rachel Berney
- Department of Urban Design and Planning, University of Washington, 410 Gould Hall, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Katherine D Hoerster
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Stephen J Mooney
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.,Harborview Injury Prevention & Research Center, University of Washington, 401 Broadway, Seattle, WA, 98122, USA
| | - Meghan Winters
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, B.C, V5A 1S6, USA
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23
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Fischer J, Winters M. COVID-19 street reallocation in mid-sized Canadian cities: socio-spatial equity patterns. Can J Public Health 2021; 112:376-390. [PMID: 33650060 PMCID: PMC7920640 DOI: 10.17269/s41997-020-00467-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Intervention Street reallocation interventions in three Canadian mid-sized cities: Victoria (British Columbia), Kelowna (British Columbia), and Halifax (Nova Scotia) related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Research question What street reallocation interventions were implemented, and what were the socio-spatial equity patterns? Methods We collected data on street reallocations (interventions that expand street space for active transportation or physical distancing) from April 1 to August 15, 2020 from websites and media. For each city, we summarized length of street reallocations (km) and described implementation strategies and communications. We assessed socio-spatial patterning of interventions by comparing differences in where interventions were implemented by area-level mobility, accessibility, and socio-demographic characteristics. Results Two themes motivated street reallocations: supporting mobility, recreation, and physical distancing in populous areas, and bolstering COVID-19 recovery for businesses. The scale of responses ranged across cities, from Halifax adding an additional 20% distance to their bicycle network to Kelowna closing only one main street section. Interventions were located in downtown cores, areas with high population density, higher use of active transportation, and close proximity to essential destinations. With respect to socio-demographics, interventions tended to be implemented in areas with fewer children and areas with fewer visible minority populations. In Victoria, the interventions were in areas with lower income populations and higher proportions of Indigenous people. Conclusion In this early response phase, some cities acted swiftly even in the context of massive uncertainties. As cities move toward recovery and resilience, they should leverage early learnings as they act to create more permanent solutions that support safe and equitable mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaimy Fischer
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - Meghan Winters
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
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Firth CL, Stephens ZP, Cantinotti M, Fuller D, Kestens Y, Winters M. Successes and failures of built environment interventions: Using concept mapping to assess stakeholder perspectives in four Canadian cities. Soc Sci Med 2020; 268:113383. [PMID: 32980679 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Healthy communities can be supported through built environment interventions that redesign cities for improved health outcomes. Understanding the context of these interventions is critical for assessing how an intervention impacts population health; such context is often poorly documented. This study uses concept mapping to capture stakeholders' perspectives on the factors that influence the success and failure of built environment interventions across cities. METHODS The INTErventions, Research, and Action in Cities Team (INTERACT) research program undertook concept mapping exercises related to interventions in four Canadian cities: public bike share program (Vancouver); a cycling network (Victoria); a bus rapid transit program (Saskatoon); and interventions related to the Montreal Sustainability Plan (Montreal). Concept mapping synthesised stakeholder perceptions and Go zones were used to prioritise factors based on importance and feasibility. Resulting themes were integrated into implementation science frameworks. RESULTS Across four cities, 95 stakeholders participated. An average of 38 factors were identified in each city, resulting in 5 emerging clusters in Victoria and Montreal and 6 clusters in Vancouver and Saskatoon. Clusters covered domains of economic and political context, intervention planning, equity considerations, user experience, and stakeholder engagement. Common across all cities was the importance of stakeholder engagement. Concerns for citizen safety were prominent in Victoria, Vancouver, and Saskatoon. Interventions in Saskatoon and Vancouver were related to programs, and reliability of service and ease of use emerged. Go zones highlighted 2-5 items in each city, which can inform priority actions. CONCLUSION Our study provides stakeholders' collective thinking on the contextual factors that influence the success and failure of built environment interventions. Organising context within an implementation science framework can provide a common language to synthesise stakeholder perspectives across settings. Go zone items can inform city-specific priority actions to support a common vision around implementing built environment interventions in pursuit of designing equitable and healthy cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caislin L Firth
- Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - Zoé Poirier Stephens
- Université de Montréal/Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Pavillon S, 850 Rue St-Denis, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada.
| | - Michael Cantinotti
- Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 Boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, G8Z 4M3, Canada.
| | - Daniel Fuller
- Memorial University of Newfoundland, 230 Elizabeth Avenue, St. John's Newfoundland, A1C 5S7, Canada.
| | - Yan Kestens
- Université de Montréal/Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Pavillon S, 850 Rue St-Denis, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada.
| | - Meghan Winters
- Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada.
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25
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Fischer J, Nelson T, Laberee K, Winters M. What does crowdsourced data tell us about bicycling injury? A case study in a mid-sized Canadian city. Accid Anal Prev 2020; 145:105695. [PMID: 32739628 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2020.105695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
With only ∼20 % of bicycling crashes captured in official databases, studies on bicycling safety can be limited. New datasets on bicycling incidents are available via crowdsourcing applications, with opportunity for analyses that characterize reporting patterns. Our goal was to characterize patterns of injury in crowdsourced bicycle incident reports from BikeMaps.org. We extracted 281 incidents reported on the BikeMaps.org global mapping platform and analyzed 21 explanatory variables representing personal, trip, route, and crash characteristics. We used a balanced random forest classifier to classify three outcomes: (i) collisions resulting in injury requiring medical treatment; (ii) collisions resulting in injury but the bicyclist did not seek medical treatment; and (iii) collisions that did not result in injury. Results indicate the ranked importance and direction of relationship for explanatory variables. By knowing conditions that are most associated with injury we can target interventions to reduce future risk. The most important reporting pattern overall was the type of object the bicyclist collided with. Increased probability of injury requiring medical treatment was associated with collisions with animals, train tracks, transient hazards, and left-turning motor vehicles. Falls, right hooks, and doorings were associated with incidents where the bicyclist was injured but did not seek medical treatment, and conflicts with pedestrians and passing motor vehicles were associated with minor collisions with no injuries. In Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, bicycling safety would be improved by additional infrastructure to support safe left turns and around train tracks. Our findings support previous research using hospital admissions data that demonstrate how non-motor vehicle crashes can lead to bicyclist injury and that route characteristics and conditions are factors in bicycling collisions. Crowdsourced data have potential to fill gaps in official data such as insurance, police, and hospital reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaimy Fischer
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - Trisalyn Nelson
- School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Arizona State University, Tempe, 85281, USA.
| | - Karen Laberee
- Department of Geography, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada.
| | - Meghan Winters
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, V5A 1S6, Canada.
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Branion-Calles M, Götschi T, Nelson T, Anaya-Boig E, Avila-Palencia I, Castro A, Cole-Hunter T, de Nazelle A, Dons E, Gaupp-Berghausen M, Gerike R, Int Panis L, Kahlmeier S, Nieuwenhuijsen M, Rojas-Rueda D, Winters M. Cyclist crash rates and risk factors in a prospective cohort in seven European cities. Accid Anal Prev 2020; 141:105540. [PMID: 32304868 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2020.105540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Increased cycling uptake can improve population health, but barriers include real and perceived risks. Crash risk factors are important to understand in order to improve safety and increase cycling uptake. Many studies of cycling crash risk are based on combining diverse sources of crash and exposure data, such as police databases (crashes) and travel surveys (exposure), based on shared geography and time. When conflating crash and exposure data from different sources, the risk factors that can be quantified are only those variables common to both datasets, which tend to be limited to geography (e.g. countries, provinces, municipalities) and a few general road user characteristics (e.g. gender and age strata). The Physical Activity through Sustainable Transport Approaches (PASTA) project was a prospective cohort study that collected both crash and exposure data from seven European cities (Antwerp, Barcelona, London, Örebro, Rome, Vienna and Zürich). The goal of this research was to use data from the PASTA project to quantify exposure-adjusted crash rates and model adjusted crash risk factors, including detailed sociodemographic characteristics, attitudes about transportation, neighbourhood built environment features and location by city. We used negative binomial regression to model the influence of risk factors independent of exposure. Of the 4,180 cyclists, 10.2 % reported 535 crashes. We found that overall crash rates were 6.7 times higher in London, the city with the highest crash rate, relative to Örebro, the city with the lowest rate. Differences in overall crash rates between cities are driven largely by crashes that did not require medical treatment and that involved motor-vehicles. In a parsimonious crash risk model, we found higher crash risks for less frequent cyclists, men, those who perceive cycling to not be well regarded in their neighbourhood, and those who live in areas of very high building density. Longitudinal collection of crash and exposure data can provide important insights into individual differences in crash risk. Substantial differences in crash risks between cities, neighbourhoods and population groups suggest there is great potential for improvement in cycling safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Branion-Calles
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver, Canada.
| | - Thomas Götschi
- School of Planning, Public Policy and Management, College of Design, University of Oregon, Eugene, USA
| | - Trisalyn Nelson
- School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
| | - Esther Anaya-Boig
- Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ione Avila-Palencia
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Urban Health Collaborative, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Alberto Castro
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tom Cole-Hunter
- Centre for Air Pollution, Energy, and Health Research (CAR), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia; Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Audrey de Nazelle
- Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Evi Dons
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium; Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Mailin Gaupp-Berghausen
- Department of Spatial, Landscape, and Infrastructure Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Regine Gerike
- Institute of Transport Planning and Road Traffic, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Luc Int Panis
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium; Transportation Research Institute (IMOB), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Sonja Kahlmeier
- Department of Health, Swiss Distance University of Applied Science FFHS, Regensdorf/Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mark Nieuwenhuijsen
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - David Rojas-Rueda
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA
| | - Meghan Winters
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver, Canada
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Firth CL, Fuller D, Wasfi R, Kestens Y, Winters M. Causally speaking: Challenges in measuring gentrification for population health research in the United States and Canada. Health Place 2020; 63:102350. [PMID: 32543436 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2020.102350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The planet is rapidly urbanizing, the need for actionable evidence to guide the design of cities that help (not hinder) our health has never felt more urgent. One essential component of healthy city design is improving neighborhood conditions in previously disinvested areas. To ensure equitable city design, policy makers, city planners, health practitioners, and researchers are interested in understanding the complex relationship between urban change, gentrification, and population health. Yet, the causal link between gentrification and health outcomes remain unclear. Without clear and consistent gentrification measures, researchers struggle to identify populations who are exposed to gentrification, and to compare health outcomes between exposed and unexposed populations. To move the science forward, this paper summarizes the challenges related to gentrification measurement in the United States and Canada when aspiring to conduct studies to analyze causal relationships between gentrification and health. The paper concludes with a series of recommendations for studies aimed at examining both causes and consequences of gentrification and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caislin L Firth
- Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - Daniel Fuller
- Memorial University of Newfoundland, 230 Elizabeth Avenue, St. John's Newfoundland, A1C 5S7, Canada.
| | - Rania Wasfi
- Université de Montréal/Centre de recherche du CHUM, Pavillon S, 850 rue St-Denis, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada.
| | - Yan Kestens
- Université de Montréal/Centre de recherche du CHUM, Pavillon S, 850 rue St-Denis, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada.
| | - Meghan Winters
- Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada.
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Franke T, Sims-Gould J, Chaudhury H, Winters M, McKay H. Re-framing mobility in older adults: an adapted comprehensive conceptual framework. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health 2020; 12:336-349. [DOI: 10.1080/2159676x.2019.1575269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 07/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thea Franke
- Center for Hip Health and Mobility, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Joanie Sims-Gould
- Center for Hip Health and Mobility, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Habib Chaudhury
- Department of Gerontology, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Meghan Winters
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Heather McKay
- Center for Hip Health and Mobility, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Hasanain F, Winters M. The effect of gamma irradiation process interruption on microbial resistance of G. stearothermophilus. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2019.108563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Hosford K, Winters M, Gauvin L, Camden A, Dubé AS, Friedman SM, Fuller D. Evaluating the impact of implementing public bicycle share programs on cycling: the International Bikeshare Impacts on Cycling and Collisions Study (IBICCS). Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2019; 16:107. [PMID: 31747949 PMCID: PMC6868775 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-019-0871-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite rapid expansion of public bicycle share programs (PBSP), there are limited evaluations of the population-level impacts of these programs on cycling, leaving uncertainty as to whether these programs lead to net health gains at a population level or attract those that already cycle and are sufficiently physically active. Our objective was to determine whether the implementation of PBSPs increased population-level cycling in cities across the US and Canada. Methods We conducted repeat cross-sectional surveys with 23,901 residents in cities with newly implemented PBSPs (Chicago, New York), existing PBSPs (Boston, Montreal, Toronto) and no PBSPs (Detroit, Philadelphia, Vancouver) at three time points (Fall 2012, 2013, 2014). We used a triple difference in differences analysis to assess whether there were increases in cycling over time amongst those living in closer proximity (< 500 m) to bicycle share docking stations in cities with newly implemented and existing PBSPs, relative to those in cities with no PBSPs. Results Living in closer proximity to bicycle share predicted increases in cycling over time for those living in cities with newly implemented PBSPs at 2-year follow-up. No change was seen over time for those living in closer proximity to bicycle share in cities with existing PBSPs relative to those in cities with no PBSP. Conclusion These findings indicate that PBSPs are associated with increases in population-level cycling for those who live near to a docking station in the second year of program implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Hosford
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada. .,Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, 2635 Laurel Street, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada.
| | - Meghan Winters
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada.,Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, 2635 Laurel Street, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Lise Gauvin
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, 900, rue Saint-Denis, Pavillon R, Montréal, Quebec, H2X 0A9, Canada.,École de santé publique de l'Université de Montréal, 7101, Avenue du Parc, Montréal, Québec, H3N 1X9, Canada
| | - Andi Camden
- Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 3M7, Canada
| | - Anne-Sophie Dubé
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, 900, rue Saint-Denis, Pavillon R, Montréal, Quebec, H2X 0A9, Canada.,École de santé publique de l'Université de Montréal, 7101, Avenue du Parc, Montréal, Québec, H3N 1X9, Canada
| | - Steven Marc Friedman
- Family & Community Medicine, University of Toronto, 500 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1V7, Canada
| | - Daniel Fuller
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Physical Education Building, St. John's, Newfoundland, A1C 5S7, Canada.,Department of Community Health and Humanities, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, A1B 3V6, Canada
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31
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Hirsch JA, Stratton-Rayner J, Winters M, Stehlin J, Hosford K, Mooney SJ. Roadmap for free-floating bikeshare research and practice in North America. Transp Rev 2019; 39:706-732. [PMID: 32981990 PMCID: PMC7518518 DOI: 10.1080/01441647.2019.1649318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The deployment of smartphone-operated, non-station-based bicycle fleets ("dockless" or "free-floating" bikeshare) represents a new generation of bikesharing. Users locate bikes in these free-floating systems using Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and lock bikes in place at their destinations. In this paper, we review current free-floating bikesharing systems in North America and discuss priorities for future research and practice. Since launching in 2017, free-floating bikeshare has expanded rapidly to encompass 200+ systems operating 40,000+ bikes within 150+ cities. In contrast with previous systems, free-floating systems operate almost exclusively using commercial "for-profit" models, amidst concerns of financial sustainability. Governance for these systems is in early stages and can include operating fees, fleet size caps, safety requirements, parking restrictions, data sharing, and equity obligations. We identify research and practice gaps within the themes of usage, equity, sharing resources, business model, and context. While some existing bikesharing literature translates to free-floating systems, novel topics arise due to the ubiquity, fluidity, and business models of these new systems. Systems have numerous obstacles to overcome for long-term sustainability, including barriers common to station-based systems: limited supportive infrastructure, equity, theft or vandalism, and funding. Other unique obstacles arise in free-floating bikeshare around parking, sidewalk right of ways, varied bicycle types, and data sharing. This review offers background in and critical reflection on the rapidly evolving free-floating bikeshare landscape, including priorities for future research and practice. If concerns can be overcome, free-floating bikeshare may provide unprecedented opportunities to bypass congested streets, encourage physical activity, and support urban sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana A. Hirsch
- Urban Health Collaborative and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, USA
| | | | - Meghan Winters
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - John Stehlin
- Sustainable Consumption Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Kate Hosford
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - Stephen J. Mooney
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Winters M, Panayotides D, Bayrak M, Rémont G, Viejo CG, Liu D, Le B, Liu Y, Luo J, Zhang P, Howell K. Defined co-cultures of yeast and bacteria modify the aroma, crumb and sensory properties of bread. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 127:778-793. [PMID: 31211891 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Yeast and bacterial communities inhabit a sourdough starter to make artisanal bread. This study shows whether the interactions of micro-organisms derived from Australian sourdough starters provide some of the positive flavour, and aroma properties to bread by using defined sourdough cultures as the sole leaven in bread production. METHODS AND RESULTS An investigation of Australian sourdough starters found that they contained Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Kazachstania exigua yeasts. When these yeasts were inoculated alone to ferment wheat flour in an extended fermentation, the bread had a heterogeneous crumb structure, a deeper colour and a distinctive chemical aroma profile than those made with commercial baker's yeast. When bread was made combining these yeasts individually and in combinations with lactic acid bacteria also isolated from these sourdough starters, including Lactobacillus plantarum, L. brevis, L. rossiae, L. casei, the bread aroma profiles and crumb structure were more distinctive, with compounds associated with sour aromas produced, and preferred by sensory panels. CONCLUSIONS The use of defined mixed cultures as the leaven in bread making, by exploiting the microbial diversity of artisanal Australian starters, can produce bread with distinctive and attractive aromas. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Understanding and identifying the community ecosystems found in sourdough cultures and using them as the sole leaven in bread production provide novel insights into microbial interactions and how they affect food quality by removing the effects of commercial yeast strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Winters
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic, Australia
| | - D Panayotides
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic, Australia
| | - M Bayrak
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic, Australia
| | - G Rémont
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic, Australia.,AgroParisTech, Paris, France
| | - C G Viejo
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic, Australia
| | - D Liu
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic, Australia
| | - B Le
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic, Australia
| | - Y Liu
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic, Australia
| | - J Luo
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic, Australia
| | - P Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic, Australia
| | - K Howell
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic, Australia
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Sersli S, Rothman L, Winters M. Getting at Mode Share: Comparing 3 Methods of Travel Mode Measurement for School Travel Research. J Sch Health 2019; 89:365-372. [PMID: 30883743 DOI: 10.1111/josh.12743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mode share is an important metric for active school travel programs. Common methods for measuring mode share include Hands Up surveys and family surveys, but these require teacher and parental involvement. We used these methods as part of an evaluation of a school-based bicycle training program, and added a novel observational count approach. This paper compares mode share results across the 3 methods. METHODS We collected data over 2015-2017 at 16 elementary schools. Our outcome of interest was mode share (walk, drive, and bicycle). RESULTS We found variations in travel mode estimates between methods and across schools. Overall most school journeys were made by walking (55.7% by observational counts, 46.3% by Hands Up surveys, and 51.5% by family surveys) or car (42.5%, 51.4%, and 46.2%, respectively), and a small proportion by bicycle (1.8%, 2.3%, and 2.2%, respectively). At individual schools, Hands Up and family survey results were similar; there was less agreement between these and observational counts. CONCLUSION School travel practitioners face pragmatic choices in data collection. Observational counts are a nonintrusive method suited for school-wide travel patterns. Hands up and family surveys may be more appropriate for assessing differences between classrooms, ages, or family characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Sersli
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
- Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, 678-D, 2635 Laurel Street, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Linda Rothman
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Meghan Winters
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
- Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, 7/F, 2635 Laurel Street, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
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Rupp R, Hurley D, Grayson S, Li J, Nolan K, McFetridge RD, Hartzel J, Abeygunawardana C, Winters M, Pujar H, Benner P, Musey L. A dose ranging study of 2 different formulations of 15-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV15) in healthy infants. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2019; 15:549-559. [PMID: 30689507 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1568159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two new formulations of an investigational 15-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV15-A and PCV15-B) were developed using 2 different protein-polysaccharide conjugation processes and evaluated in separate phase I/II studies (NCT02037984 [V114-004] and NCT02531373 [V114-005]) to assess optimal concentrations of pneumococcal polysaccharide (PnPs) and Aluminum Phosphate Adjuvant. METHODS Various lots of PCV15-A and PCV15-B containing different concentrations of PnPs and/or adjuvant were compared to PCV13 in young adults and infants. Adults received single dose and infants received 4 doses at 2, 4, 6, and 12-15 months of age. Adverse events (AEs) were collected after each dose. Serotype-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations and opsonophagocytic activity (OPA) were measured prior and 30 days postvaccination in adults, at 1 month postdose 3 (PD3), pre-dose4, and postdose 4 (PD4) in infants. RESULTS Safety profiles were comparable across vaccination groups. At PD3, serotype-specific IgG GMCs were generally lower for either PCV15 formulation than PCV13 for most shared serotypes. PCV15 consistently elicited higher antibody responses to the 2 serotypes unique to the vaccine (22F and 33F) and serotype 3 for which PCV13 was shown to be ineffective. Except for serotypes 6A and 6B, no dose-response effect was observed with increasing concentrations of PnPs and/or adjuvant. CONCLUSION PCV15 is safe and induces IgG and OPA responses to all 15 serotypes in the vaccine. No significant differences in antibody responses were observed with increases in PnPs and/or Aluminum Phosphate Adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rupp
- a University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , TX , USA
| | - D Hurley
- b Wasatch Pediatrics, Cottonwood Office , Murray , UT , USA
| | - S Grayson
- c Merck & Co., Inc ., Kenilworth , NJ , USA
| | - J Li
- c Merck & Co., Inc ., Kenilworth , NJ , USA
| | - K Nolan
- c Merck & Co., Inc ., Kenilworth , NJ , USA
| | | | - J Hartzel
- c Merck & Co., Inc ., Kenilworth , NJ , USA
| | | | - M Winters
- c Merck & Co., Inc ., Kenilworth , NJ , USA
| | - H Pujar
- c Merck & Co., Inc ., Kenilworth , NJ , USA
| | - P Benner
- c Merck & Co., Inc ., Kenilworth , NJ , USA
| | - L Musey
- c Merck & Co., Inc ., Kenilworth , NJ , USA
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Kestens Y, Winters M, Fuller D, Bell S, Berscheid J, Brondeel R, Cantinotti M, Datta G, Gauvin L, Gough M, Laberee K, Lewis P, Lord S, Luan H(H, McKay H, Morency C, Muhajarine N, Nelson T, Ottoni C, Stephens ZP, Pugh C, Rancourt G, Shareck M, Sims-Gould J, Sones M, Stanley K, Thierry B, Thigpen C, Wasfi R. INTERACT: A comprehensive approach to assess urban form interventions through natural experiments. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:51. [PMID: 30630441 PMCID: PMC6327503 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-6339-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urban form interventions can result in positive and negative impacts on physical activity, social participation, and well-being, and inequities in these outcomes. Natural experiment studies can advance our understanding of causal effects and processes related to urban form interventions. The INTErventions, Research, and Action in Cities Team (INTERACT) is a pan-Canadian collaboration of interdisciplinary scientists, urban planners, and public health decision makers advancing research on the design of healthy and sustainable cities for all. Our objectives are to use natural experiment studies to deliver timely evidence about how urban form interventions influence health, and to develop methods and tools to facilitate such studies going forward. METHODS INTERACT will evaluate natural experiments in four Canadian cities: the Arbutus Greenway in Vancouver, British Columbia; the All Ages and Abilities Cycling Network in Victoria, BC; a new Bus Rapid Transit system in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan; and components of the Sustainable Development Plan 2016-2020 in Montreal, Quebec, a plan that includes urban form changes initiated by the city and approximately 230 partnering organizations. We will recruit a cohort of between 300 and 3000 adult participants, age 18 or older, in each city and collect data at three time points. Participants will complete health and activity space surveys and provide sensor-based location and physical activity data. We will conduct qualitative interviews with a subsample of participants in each city. Our analysis methods will combine machine learning methods for detecting transportation mode use and physical activity, use temporal Geographic Information Systems to quantify changes to urban intervention exposure, and apply analytic methods for natural experiment studies including interrupted time series analysis. DISCUSSION INTERACT aims to advance the evidence base on population health intervention research and address challenges related to big data, knowledge mobilization and engagement, ethics, and causality. We will collect ~ 100 TB of sensor data from participants over 5 years. We will address these challenges using interdisciplinary partnerships, training of highly qualified personnel, and modern methodologies for using sensor-based data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Kestens
- École de Santé Publique de l’Université de Montréal / Centre de recherche du CHUM, Pavillon S, Tour St–Antoine – 850 St–Denis – S03–280 –, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9 Canada
| | - Meghan Winters
- Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Daniel Fuller
- Memorial University of Newfoundland, 230 Elizabeth Avenue, St. John’s, NF A1C 5S7 Canada
| | - Scott Bell
- University of Saskatchewan, 105 Administration Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A2 Canada
| | - Janelle Berscheid
- University of Saskatchewan, 105 Administration Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A2 Canada
| | - Ruben Brondeel
- École de Santé Publique de l’Université de Montréal / Centre de recherche du CHUM, Pavillon S, Tour St–Antoine – 850 St–Denis – S03–280 –, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9 Canada
| | - Michael Cantinotti
- Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 Boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7 Canada
| | - Geetanjali Datta
- École de Santé Publique de l’Université de Montréal / Centre de recherche du CHUM, Pavillon S, Tour St–Antoine – 850 St–Denis – S03–280 –, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9 Canada
| | - Lise Gauvin
- École de Santé Publique de l’Université de Montréal / Centre de recherche du CHUM, Pavillon S, Tour St–Antoine – 850 St–Denis – S03–280 –, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9 Canada
| | - Margot Gough
- University of Saskatchewan, 105 Administration Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A2 Canada
| | - Karen Laberee
- Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Paul Lewis
- École de Santé Publique de l’Université de Montréal / Centre de recherche du CHUM, Pavillon S, Tour St–Antoine – 850 St–Denis – S03–280 –, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9 Canada
| | - Sébastien Lord
- École de Santé Publique de l’Université de Montréal / Centre de recherche du CHUM, Pavillon S, Tour St–Antoine – 850 St–Denis – S03–280 –, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9 Canada
| | - Hui ( Henry) Luan
- Memorial University of Newfoundland, 230 Elizabeth Avenue, St. John’s, NF A1C 5S7 Canada
| | - Heather McKay
- University of British Columbia, 2329 West Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Catherine Morency
- Polytechnique Montréal, 2900 Edouard Montpetit Blvd, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4 Canada
| | - Nazeem Muhajarine
- University of Saskatchewan, 105 Administration Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A2 Canada
| | - Trisalyn Nelson
- Arizona State University, PO Box 875302, Tempe, AZ 85287-5302 USA
| | - Callista Ottoni
- Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 Boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7 Canada
| | - Zoe Poirier Stephens
- École de Santé Publique de l’Université de Montréal / Centre de recherche du CHUM, Pavillon S, Tour St–Antoine – 850 St–Denis – S03–280 –, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9 Canada
| | - Caitlin Pugh
- Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Gabrielle Rancourt
- École de Santé Publique de l’Université de Montréal / Centre de recherche du CHUM, Pavillon S, Tour St–Antoine – 850 St–Denis – S03–280 –, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9 Canada
| | - Martin Shareck
- University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1P8 Canada
| | - Joanie Sims-Gould
- Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 Boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7 Canada
| | - Meridith Sones
- Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Kevin Stanley
- University of Saskatchewan, 105 Administration Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A2 Canada
| | - Benoit Thierry
- École de Santé Publique de l’Université de Montréal / Centre de recherche du CHUM, Pavillon S, Tour St–Antoine – 850 St–Denis – S03–280 –, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9 Canada
| | - Calvin Thigpen
- Polytechnique Montréal, 2900 Edouard Montpetit Blvd, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4 Canada
| | - Rania Wasfi
- École de Santé Publique de l’Université de Montréal / Centre de recherche du CHUM, Pavillon S, Tour St–Antoine – 850 St–Denis – S03–280 –, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9 Canada
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Pagalan L, Bickford C, Weikum W, Lanphear B, Brauer M, Lanphear N, Hanley GE, Oberlander TF, Winters M. Association of Prenatal Exposure to Air Pollution With Autism Spectrum Disorder. JAMA Pediatr 2019; 173:86-92. [PMID: 30452514 PMCID: PMC6583438 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.3101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The etiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is poorly understood, but prior studies suggest associations with airborne pollutants. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between prenatal exposures to airborne pollutants and ASD in a large population-based cohort. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This population-based cohort encompassed nearly all births in Metro Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, from 2004 through 2009, with follow-up through 2014. Children were diagnosed with ASD using a standardized assessment with the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised and Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule. Monthly mean exposures to particulate matter with a diameter less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5), nitric oxide (NO), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) at the maternal residence during pregnancy were estimated with temporally adjusted, high-resolution land use regression models. The association between prenatal air pollution exposures and the odds of developing ASD was evaluated using logistic regression adjusted for child sex, birth month, birth year, maternal age, maternal birthplace, and neighborhood-level urbanicity and income band. Data analysis occurred from June 2016 to May 2018. EXPOSURES Mean monthly concentrations of ambient PM2.5, NO, and NO2 at the maternal residence during pregnancy, calculated retrospectively using temporally adjusted, high-resolution land use regression models. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Autism spectrum disorder diagnoses based on standardized assessment of the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised and Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule. The hypothesis being tested was formulated during data collection. RESULTS In a cohort of 132 256 births, 1307 children (1.0%) were diagnosed with ASD by the age of 5 years. The final sample size for the PM2.5-adjusted model was 129 439 children, and for NO and NO2, it was 129 436 children; of these, 1276 (1.0%) were diagnosed with ASD. Adjusted odds ratios for ASD per interquartile range (IQR) were not significant for exposure to PM2.5 during pregnancy (1.04 [95% CI, 0.98-1.10] per 1.5 μg/m3 increase [IQR] in PM2.5) or NO2 (1.06 [95% CI, 0.99-1.12] per 4.8 ppb [IQR] increase in NO2) but the odds ratio was significant for NO (1.07 [95% CI, 1.01-1.13] per 10.7 ppb [IQR] increase in NO). Odds ratios for male children were 1.04 (95% CI, 0.98-1.10) for PM2.5; 1.09 (95% CI, 1.02-1.15) for NO; and 1.07 (95% CI, 1.00-1.13) for NO2. For female children, they were for 1.03 (95% CI, 0.90-1.18) for PM2.5; 0.98 (95% CI, 0.83-1.13) for NO; and 1.00 (95% CI, 0.86-1.16) for NO2. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In a population-based birth cohort, we detected an association between exposure to NO and ASD but no significant association with PM2.5 and NO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lief Pagalan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,Centre of Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Celeste Bickford
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Whitney Weikum
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,Sunny Hill Health Centre for Children, BC Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bruce Lanphear
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael Brauer
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nancy Lanphear
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,Sunny Hill Health Centre for Children, BC Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gillian E. Hanley
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tim F. Oberlander
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,Sunny Hill Health Centre for Children, BC Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Meghan Winters
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,Centre of Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Mooney SJ, Hosford K, Howe B, Yan A, Winters M, Bassok A, Hirsch JA. Freedom from the Station: Spatial Equity in Access to Dockless Bike Share. J Transp Geogr 2019; 74:91-96. [PMID: 31548761 PMCID: PMC6756758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bike sharing systems have potential to substantially boost active transportation levels (and consequent physical and mental health) in urban populations. We explored equity of spatial access in a novel 'dockless' bike share system that does not that constrain bike pickup and drop-off locations to docking stations. METHODS Starting in July 2017, Seattle, Washington piloted a dockless bike share system that made 10,000 bikes available. We merged data on resident sociodemographic and economic characteristics from the American Community Survey about 93 defined neighborhoods with data about bike locations, bike idle time, and which neighborhoods operators rebalanced bikes to. We used mapping and descriptive statistics to compare access between neighborhoods along sociodemographic and economic lines. RESULTS With many bikes available, no neighborhood was consistently excluded from access. However, the average availability ranged from 3 bikes per day to 341 per day. Neighborhoods with more bikes had more college-educated residents (median 75% college-educated vs. 65%) and local community resources (median opportunity index score of 24 vs. 19), and higher incomes (median 83,202 vs. 71,296). Rebalancing destinations were strongly correlated with neighborhood demand (r=0.61). CONCLUSIONS The overall scale of the dockless system ensured there was baseline access throughout Seattle. We observed modest inequities in access along sociodemographic lines, similar to prior findings in studies of docked bike share systems. Dockless bike share systems hold promise for offering equitable spatial access to bike sharing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Mooney
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Kate Hosford
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC
- Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Bill Howe
- The Information School, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - An Yan
- The Information School, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Meghan Winters
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC
| | - Alon Bassok
- Washington State Transportation Center, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Jana A Hirsch
- Urban Health Collaborative, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA
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Hosford K, Lear SA, Fuller D, Teschke K, Therrien S, Winters M. Who is in the near market for bicycle sharing? Identifying current, potential, and unlikely users of a public bicycle share program in Vancouver, Canada. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:1326. [PMID: 30497439 PMCID: PMC6267823 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-6246-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Public bicycle share programs in many cities are used by a small segment of the population. To better understand the market for public bicycle share, this study examined the socio-demographic and transportation characteristics of current, potential, and unlikely users of a public bicycle share program and identified specific motivators and deterrents to public bicycle share use. Methods We used cross-sectional data from a 2017 Vancouver public bicycle share (Mobi by Shaw Go) member survey (n = 1272) and a 2017 population-based survey of Vancouver residents (n = 792). We categorized non-users from the population survey as either potential or unlikely users based on their stated interest in using public bicycle share within the next year. We used descriptive statistics to compare the demographic and transportation characteristics of current users to non-users, and multiple logistic regression to compare the profiles of potential and unlikely users. Results Public bicycle share users in Vancouver tended to be male, employed, and have higher educations and incomes as compared to non-users, and were more likely to use active modes of transportation. The vast majority of non-users (74%) thought the public bicycle share program was a good idea for Vancouver. Of the non-users, 23% were identified as potential users. Potential users tended to be younger, have lower incomes, and were more likely to use public transit for their main mode of transportation, as compared to current and unlikely users. The most common motivators among potential users related to health benefits, not owning a bicycle, and stations near their home or destination. The deterrents among unlikely users were a preference for riding their own bicycle, perceived inconvenience compared to other modes, bad weather, and traffic. Cost was a deterrent to one-fifth of unlikely users, notable given they tended to have lower incomes than current users. Conclusion Findings can help inform targeted marketing and outreach to increase public bicycle share uptake in the population. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12889-018-6246-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Hosford
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A1S6, Canada. .,Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, 2635 Laurel Street, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada.
| | - Scott A Lear
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A1S6, Canada.,Division of Cardiology, Providence Health Care, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Daniel Fuller
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Physical Education Building, St. John's, Newfoundland, A1C 5S7, Canada.,Department of Community Health and Humanities, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Kay Teschke
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, 2206 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Suzanne Therrien
- Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, 2635 Laurel Street, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Meghan Winters
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A1S6, Canada.,Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, 2635 Laurel Street, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada
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Hirsch JA, DeVries DN, Brauer M, Frank LD, Winters M. Corrigendum to "Impact of new rapid transit on physical activity: A meta-analysis" Preventive Medicine Reports 10 (2018) 184-190. Prev Med Rep 2018; 11:312-313. [PMID: 30210997 PMCID: PMC6129964 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jana A. Hirsch
- Urban Health Collaborative and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadephia, PA, USA
| | - Danielle N. DeVries
- Urban Studies Program, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, CAN
| | - Michael Brauer
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, CAN
| | - Lawrence D. Frank
- Health and Community Design Lab, Schools of Population and Public Health and Community and Regional Planning, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, CAN
| | - Meghan Winters
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, CAN
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Sones M, Fuller D, Kestens Y, Winters M. If we build it, who will come? The case for attention to equity in healthy community design. Br J Sports Med 2018; 53:467-468. [PMID: 30154208 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2018-099667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meridith Sones
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Daniel Fuller
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Saint John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Yan Kestens
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Université de Montréal; Centre de recherche du CHUM, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Meghan Winters
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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Winters M, Torkelson A, Booth R, Mailand C, Hoareau Y, Tucker S, Wasser S. Isolation of DNA from small amounts of elephant ivory: Sampling the cementum with total demineralization extraction. Forensic Sci Int 2018; 288:131-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Hirsch JA, DeVries DN, Brauer M, Frank LD, Winters M. Impact of new rapid transit on physical activity: A meta-analysis. Prev Med Rep 2018; 10:184-190. [PMID: 29868365 PMCID: PMC5984234 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
New rapid transit investments have been motivated by environmental, economic, and health benefits. Given transit's potential to increase active travel, recent research leverages transit changes for natural experiment studies to examine physical activity outcomes. We aimed to quantify the association size, critically examine existing literature, and make recommendations for future studies to advance research and policies on active travel, transportation, and physical activity. Studies of physical activity impacts following transit interventions were systematically reviewed using seven health and transport databases (May-July 2017). Two investigators extracted data on sample size, intervention, pre- and post-intervention physical activity, and relevant measurement information. Inconsistency of results and estimated overall mean physical activity change post-intervention were assessed. Forest plots were created from physical activity change in each study using a general variance-based random effects model. Of 18 peer-reviewed articles examining health behaviors, 15 addressed physical activity and five were natural experiment studies with pre- and post- intervention measurements. Studies varied by intervention, duration, outcome measurement, sampling location, and spatial method. Q (201) and I2 (98%) indicated high study heterogeneity. Among these five studies, after transit interventions, total physical activity decreased (combined mean - 80.4 min/week, 95% CI - 157.9, -2.9), but transport-related physical activity increased (mean 6.7 min/week, 95% CI - 10.1, 23.5). Following new transit infrastructure, total physical activity may decline but transport-related physical activity may increase. Positive transit benefits were location, sociodemographic, or activity-specific. Future studies should address context, ensure adequate follow-up, utilize controls, and consider non-residential environments or participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana A. Hirsch
- Urban Health Collaborative and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadephia, PA, USA
| | - Danielle N. DeVries
- Urban Studies Program, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Michael Brauer
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Lawrence D. Frank
- Health and Community Design Lab, Schools of Population and Public Health and Community and Regional Planning, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Meghan Winters
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
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Moawad G, Winters M, Khalil EA, Young H, Tyan P. 83: Safety and efficiency of robot-assisted transabdominal cerclage in the prevention of preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2017.12.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Boss D, Nelson T, Winters M. Monitoring city wide patterns of cycling safety. Accid Anal Prev 2018; 111:101-108. [PMID: 29195128 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Many cities are making significant financial investments in cycling infrastructure with the aim of making cycling safer for riders of all ages and abilities. Methods for evaluating cycling safety tend to summarize average change for a city or emphasize change on a single road segment. Few spatially explicit approaches are available to evaluate how patterns of safety change throughout a city due to cycling infrastructure investments or other changes. Our goal is to demonstrate a method for monitoring changes in the spatial-temporal distribution of cycling incidents across a city. Using cycling incident data provided by the Insurance Corporation of British Columbia, we first compare planar versus network constrained kernel density estimation for visualizing incident intensity across the street network of Vancouver, Canada. Second, we apply a change detection algorithm explicitly designed for detecting statistically significant change in kernel density estimates. The utility of network kernel density change detection is demonstrated through the comparison of cycling incident densities following the construction of two cycle tracks in the downtown core of Vancouver. The methods developed and demonstrated for this study provide city planners, transportation engineers and researchers a means of monitoring city-wide change in the intensity of cycling incidents following enhancements to cycling infrastructure or other significant changes to the transportation network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren Boss
- University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada.
| | - Trisalyn Nelson
- Arizona State University, 975 S. Myrtle Avenue, Tempe, AZ, 85287, United States.
| | - Meghan Winters
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada.
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Winters M, Branion-Calles M, Therrien S, Fuller D, Gauvin L, Whitehurst DGT, Nelson T. Impacts of Bicycle Infrastructure in Mid-Sized Cities (IBIMS): protocol for a natural experiment study in three Canadian cities. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e019130. [PMID: 29358440 PMCID: PMC5781157 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bicycling is promoted as a transportation and population health strategy globally. Yet bicycling has low uptake in North America (1%-2% of trips) compared with European bicycling cities (15%-40% of trips) and shows marked sex and age trends. Safety concerns due to collisions with motor vehicles are primary barriers.To attract the broader population to bicycling, many cities are making investments in bicycle infrastructure. These interventions hold promise for improving population health given the potential for increased physical activity and improved safety, but such outcomes have been largely unstudied. In 2016, the City of Victoria, Canada, committed to build a connected network of infrastructure that separates bicycles from motor vehicles, designed to attract people of 'all ages and abilities' to bicycling.This natural experiment study examines the impacts of the City of Victoria's investment in a bicycle network on active travel and safety outcomes. The specific objectives are to (1) estimate changes in active travel, perceived safety and bicycle safety incidents; (2) analyse spatial inequities in access to bicycle infrastructure and safety incidents; and (3) assess health-related economic benefits. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The study is in three Canadian cities (intervention: Victoria; comparison: Kelowna, Halifax). We will administer population-based surveys in 2016, 2018 and 2021 (1000 people/city). The primary outcome is the proportion of people reporting bicycling. Secondary outcomes are perceived safety and bicycle safety incidents. Spatial analyses will compare the distribution of bicycle infrastructure and bicycle safety incidents across neighbourhoods and across time. We will also calculate the economic benefits of bicycling using WHO's Health Economic Assessment Tool. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study received approval from the Simon Fraser University Office of Research Ethics (study no. 2016s0401). Findings will be disseminated via a website, presentations to stakeholders, at academic conferences and through peer-reviewed journal articles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Winters
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael Branion-Calles
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Suzanne Therrien
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Daniel Fuller
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University, St John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
- Department of Community Health and Humanities, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Lise Gauvin
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRHCUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de médecine sociale et préventive, École de santé publique de l’Université de Montréal (ESPUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - David G T Whitehurst
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Evaluation, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Trisalyn Nelson
- School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
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Franke T, Winters M, McKay H, Chaudhury H, Sims-Gould J. A grounded visualization approach to explore sociospatial and temporal complexities of older adults' mobility. Soc Sci Med 2017; 193:59-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Pugh C, Hirsch J, Voss C, Sims-Gould J, Lear S, McKay H, Winters M. CHANGES IN PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AMONG OLDER ADULTS AFTER A NEW GREENWAY DEVELOPMENT IN VANCOUVER, BC. Innov Aging 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/geroni/igx004.5160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C. Pugh
- Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,
- Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,
| | - J. Hirsch
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,
| | - C. Voss
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,
| | - J. Sims-Gould
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,
- Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,
| | - S. Lear
- Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,
| | - H.A. McKay
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,
- Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,
| | - M. Winters
- Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,
- Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,
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Franke T, Sims-Gould J, Winters M, Chaudhury H, McKay H. “IT MAKES YOUR LIFE WORTHWHILE, IT GIVES YOU A PURPOSE IN LIVING”: MEANINGFUL MOBILITY EXPERIENCES. Innov Aging 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/geroni/igx004.5159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T. Franke
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,
- Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,
| | - J. Sims-Gould
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,
- Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,
| | - M. Winters
- Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,
| | - H. Chaudhury
- Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - H.A. McKay
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,
- Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,
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Jestico B, Nelson TA, Potter J, Winters M. Multiuse trail intersection safety analysis: A crowdsourced data perspective. Accid Anal Prev 2017; 103:65-71. [PMID: 28384490 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2017.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Real and perceived concerns about cycling safety are a barrier to increased ridership in many cities. Many people prefer to bike on facilities separated from motor vehicles, such as multiuse trails. However, due to underreporting, cities lack data on bike collisions, especially along greenways and multiuse paths. We used a crowdsourced cycling incident dataset (2005-2016) from BikeMaps.org for the Capital Regional District (CRD), BC, Canada. Our goal was to identify design characteristics associated with unsafe intersections between multiuse trails and roads. 92.8% of mapped incidents occurred between 2014 and 2016. We extracted both collision and near miss incidents at intersections from BikeMaps.org. We conducted site observations at 32 intersections where a major multiuse trail intersected with roads. We compared attributes of reported incidents at multiuse trail-road intersections to those at road-road intersections. We then used negative binomial regression to model the relationship between the number of incidents and the infrastructure characteristics at multiuse trail-road intersections. We found a higher proportion of collisions (38%, or 17/45 total reports) at multiuse trail-road intersections compared to road-road intersections (23%, or 62/268 total reports). A higher proportion of incidents resulted in an injury at multiuse trail-road intersections compared to road-road intersections (33% versus 15%). Cycling volumes, vehicle volumes, and trail sight distance were all associated with incident frequency at multiuse trail-road intersections. Supplementing traditional crash records with crowdsourced cycling incident data provides valuable evidence on cycling safety at intersections between multiuse trails and roads, and more generally, when conflicts occur between diverse transportation modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Jestico
- University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada.
| | - Trisalyn A Nelson
- Arizona State University, 975 S. Myrtle Ave., Tempe, AZ, 85287, United States.
| | - Jason Potter
- Bunt & Associates, 535-645 Fort Street, Victoria, BC, V8W 1G2, Canada.
| | - Meghan Winters
- Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada.
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Hirsch JA, Winters M, Sims-Gould J, Clarke PJ, Ste-Marie N, Ashe M, McKay HA. Developing a comprehensive measure of mobility: mobility over varied environments scale (MOVES). BMC Public Health 2017; 17:513. [PMID: 28545433 PMCID: PMC5445376 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4450-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background While recent work emphasizes the multi-dimensionality of mobility, no current measure incorporates multiple domains of mobility. Using existing conceptual frameworks we identified four domains of mobility (physical, cognitive, social, transportation) to create a “Mobility Over Varied Environments Scale” (MOVES). We then assessed expected patterns of MOVES in the Canadian population. Methods An expert panel identified survey items within each MOVES domain from the Canadian Community Health Survey- Healthy Aging Cycle (2008–2009) for 28,555 (weighted population n = 12,805,067) adults (≥45 years). We refined MOVES using principal components analysis and Cronbach’s alpha and weighted items so each domain was 10 points. Expected mobility trends, as assessed by average MOVES, were examined by sociodemographic and health factors, and by province, using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Results MOVES ranged from 0 to 40, where 0 represents individuals who are immobile and 40 those who are fully mobile. Mean MOVES was 29.58 (95% confidence interval (CI) 29.49, 29.67) (10th percentile: 24.17 (95% CI 23.96, 24.38), 90th percentile: 34.70 (CI 34.55, 34.85)). MOVES scores were lower for older, female, and non-white Canadians with worse health and lower socioeconomic status. MOVES was also lower for those who live in less urban areas. Conclusions MOVES is a holistic measure of mobility for characterizing older adult mobility across populations. Future work should examine individual or neighborhood predictors of MOVES and its relationship to broader health outcomes. MOVES holds utility for research, surveillance, evaluation, and interventions around the broad factors influencing mobility in older adults. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4450-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana A Hirsch
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, Columbia, SC, USA.,Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Robert H.N. Ho Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 5th Floor, 2635 Laurel St, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Meghan Winters
- Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Robert H.N. Ho Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 5th Floor, 2635 Laurel St, Vancouver, BC, Canada. .,Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, Canada.
| | - Joanie Sims-Gould
- Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Robert H.N. Ho Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 5th Floor, 2635 Laurel St, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Family Practice, University of British Columbia, 3rd Floor David Strangway Building, 5950 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Philippa J Clarke
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, 4667 SPH I, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, P.O. Box 1248, 426 Thompson St, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nathalie Ste-Marie
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Boulevard Décarie, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Maureen Ashe
- Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Robert H.N. Ho Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 5th Floor, 2635 Laurel St, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Family Practice, University of British Columbia, 3rd Floor David Strangway Building, 5950 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Heather A McKay
- Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Robert H.N. Ho Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 5th Floor, 2635 Laurel St, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Family Practice, University of British Columbia, 3rd Floor David Strangway Building, 5950 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, 3114 - 910 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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