Effect of hormone replacement therapy on the production of bone-resorbing cytokines by peripheral blood cells in postmenopausal women

We studied the effects of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) with estrogen on postmenopausal changes in the production of bone-resorbing cytokines interleukin 1 beta (IL-1beta) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha). Both cytokines were measured in the supernatants of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated whole-blood cells from 72 untreated and 44 HRT-treated women by ELISA. The levels of IL-1beta were significantly higher in women in their 40s and 50s and in postmenopausal women than in women in their teens, 20s and 30s, while the levels of TNFalpha did not show any changes related to age. Both levels in HRT-treated women were significantly lower than those in untreated women at almost every postmenopausal stage. In a prospective study, HRT induced significant declines in both levels. These results show that estrogen decreases the accelerated production of IL-1beta and reduces the production of TNFalpha in postmenopausal women at each postmenopausal stage, even in late-postmenopausal women.

Improvement in cognitive function after radical excision of an anterior skull base meningioma--a report of 2 cases

It has been well documented that memory difficulties in patients with anterior skull base meningioma may improve after tumour resection. However, there have been few reports on studies where precise testing of cognitive function has been conducted before and after surgery. Here we report 2 cases of anterior skull base meningioma where 2 tests of cognitive function, the Wechsler adult intelligence scale-revised (WAIS-R) and the Wechsler memory scale-revised (WMS-R), were performed by the patient before and after surgical treatment. After the operation there was a dramatic increase in the performance IQ as measured by the WAIS-R. In addition, the scores for both the "Attention/Concentration" and the "Delayed Recall" subsets of the WMS-R scale improved. There were differences between the 2 patients in the length of time required for functional recovery and this was thought to be due to the tumour size and the age of the patient. The use of these scales would enable physicians who are treating patients with anterior skull base meningioma to assess the recovery time that is likely to be needed before full return of cognitive function after surgery.

Image-guided transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary lesions using Mehrkoordinaten Manipulator (MKM) navigation system

Twenty-five patients with pituitary lesions were operated on by image-guided transsphenoidal surgery (TSS) using the Mehrkoordinaten Manipulator (MKM) navigation system. The cases included 21 cases of pituitary adenomas, 2 cases of craniopharyngioma and 2 cases of Rathke's cleft cyst. All operations were performed through the sublabial approach under an operative microscope. In some cases, an endoscope was used for the observation of the residual tumor and surrounding structures. The tumors and surrounding important structures such as the internal carotid arteries, the basilar artery, and the optic nerves were precisely localized, and mechanical error was less than 2 mm in almost all cases. In 3 early cases of pituitary adenoma, the patient's head was moved slightly during the insertion of the nasal speculum; in these cases, the resulting error was more than 2 mm. In evaluating the procedures, we determined that the most useful benefit of the MKM system compared with other systems is that the navigation information is not only displayed on the monitor, but also presented in the operative field under the microscope. Therefore, the surgeon can obtain the navigation information without removing his eyes from the operative field under the microscope. The most important drawback to the system is its bulky size.

Rise in plasma leptin levels after stimulation of hypothalamic cholinoceptive neurons by neostigmine in rats

To investigate the role of hypothalamic cholinergic neurons in the regulation of plasma leptin levels, we injected neostigmine, a cholinesterase inhibitor, or vehicle alone into the third cerebral ventricle in free moving male Wistar rats and then measured plasma leptin levels. The administration of neostigmine (5 x 10(-9) or 5 x 10(-8) mol) increased plasma leptin levels 3-6 h after stimulation in a dose-dependent manner, while intravenous injection of neostigmine (5 x 10(-8) mol) had no effect. Atropine (5 x 10(-8) mol) concomitantly injected with neostigmine (5 x 10(-8) mol) prevented neostigmine-induced increase in plasma leptin. The expression of leptin messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) in epididymal white adipose tissue was significantly increased at 4 and 6 h after neostigmine injection compared with that before the injection. Plasma levels of corticosterone were significantly increased at 30 min after stimulation with neostigmine and this increase was sustained for 6 h after stimulation. Furthermore, bilateral adrenalectomized rats showed no increase in plasma leptin levels after stimulation. In conclusion, stimulation of hypothalamic cholinoceptive neurons increased plasma leptin levels in rats by increasing leptin production in adipocytes. This increase may be due to an increase in glucocorticoids from the adrenal glands. These results suggest that plasma leptin levels can be regulated by hypothalamic cholinoceptive neurons.

Noninvolvement of hypertriglyceridemia and hyperleptinemia in blood pressure increases induced by dietary lard in rats

We investigated whether hypertriglyceridemia and hyperleptinemia are involved in the development of increases in blood pressure induced by dietary lard. Rats received either chow alone or chow in which 50% of the energy content was from substituted lard. Each group was divided into two groups according to whether the diet included bezafibrate or not. In another series of experiments, rats were fed either chow alone or chow in which 50% of the energy content was from substituted lard, safflower oil, or sucrose. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured every week during each 7-week feeding period. A steady-state plasma glucose method was used to determine insulin sensitivity after lard substitution with or without bezafibrate. After the 7-week feeding period, the plasma levels of glucose, immunoreactive insulin, triglyceride and leptin were measured. In rats fed with a high lard diet, SBP, plasma levels of immunoreactive insulin, triglyceride, leptin and steady-state plasma glucose concentrations significantly increased, compared with levels of these substances in controls. Bezafibrate treatment completely reversed these effects. In rats fed with a high safflower oil or a high sucrose diet, no significant change was seen in SBP and plasma immunoreactive insulin levels. However, the plasma triglyceride levels were increased by dietary lard or sucrose. Moreover, the plasma leptin level was also increased by dietary lard and safflower oil. Neither dietary hypertriglyceridemia nor hyperleptinemia were involved in the development of increases in blood pressure induced by dietary lard.

Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of B7.1 induces immunological anti-tumor effects in a murine brain tumor

The purpose of the present study was to determine if adenovirus-mediated transfection of a syngeneic mouse brain tumor with the gene encoding B7.1 enhances immunogenicity against tumor. Malignant astrocytoma cells were transfected with adenoviral vectors carrying the B7.1 gene (AdB7). Immunocytochemical analysis confirmed the expression of B7.1 in vitro and in vivo. To investigate the effects of B7.1 expression on tumorigenicity of the malignant astrocytoma, mice were implanted intracerebrally with B7.1-transfected glioma cells. There was no significant difference in proliferation between B7.1-transfected cells and controls in vitro. Nevertheless, mice implanted with B7. 1-transfected cells survived significantly longer than those in the control groups. Immunocytochemical analysis of the tumors showed that there was infiltration of a number of CD8+ T-cells and CD25+ activated T-cells in the brain implanted with B7.1-transfected glioma cells. The results showed the possibility that adenovirus-mediated B7.1 gene transfection to a brain tumor induced activation of CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocytes.

Calcified metastatic brain tumor--two case reports

A 29-year-old man and a 46-year-old woman presented with calcified brain metastasis from pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Both patients had a relatively benign clinical course and prolonged survival after total removal of the tumors. The male patient was still alive 2 years 3 months after surgical resection of the metastatic and primary tumors. The female patient had had brain metastasis 8 years after surgical resection of lung cancer, and survived for 3 years 3 months after removal of the brain metastasis. The MIB-1 indexes of the two cases were relatively low compared with other cases of brain metastases. Calcification and low MIB-1 index may indicate longer survival in patients with metastatic tumors if the primary tumor is controlled.

Intracellular cytokine analysis of CD4-positive T cells predictive of sustained response to interferon therapy for patients with chronic hepatitis C

We investigated whether the measurement of serum interleukin 18 (IL-18) and intracellular cytokine analysis of peripheral blood CD4-positive T cells (ICA-CD4+ Tc) of chronic hepatitis C (CH-C) patients before and two weeks after interferon (IFN) administration are useful for predicting sustained response to IFN. Twenty-nine CH-C patients received IFN every day for two weeks and three times a week for 22 weeks. Patients were divided into two groups: responders, in whom serum HCV-RNA was undetectable at the end of the follow-up (week 48), and nonresponders, in whom any other patterns were seen. Before and two weeks after IFN administration, serum IL-18 and ICA-CD4+ Tc as described by Jung et al were measured. Serum IL-18 and the relative prevalence of IFN-gamma+ and IL-4+, IFN-gamma+ and IL-4 (Th-1), and IFN-gamma- and IL-4+ cells in the responders were significantly increased, but only the relative prevalence of Th-1 cells in the nonresponders was increased two weeks after IFN therapy. In conclusion, ICA-CD4+ Tc and the measurement of serum IL-18 might be useful for predicting IFN therapy by comparing the results between before and two weeks after IFN.

Evaluation of two sperm antigens, rSMP-B and YWK-II, as targets for immunocontraception

To determine whether sperm membrane components, rSMP-B and YWK-II, are suitable candidates as immunocontraceptives in humans, antifertility activities of the antibodies to the peptide fragments, rSMP-229 and rSMP-230 of rSMP-B and YAL-198 of YWK-II, were examined. In a previous report, anti-rSMP-230 antibody was shown to immobilise human sperm and to block human fertilisation, and the antigen (rSMP-230) to interact with antisperm antibodies found in sera of infertile women. Antibody to the second synthetic peptide, rSMP-229, corresponding to a different segment of rSMP-B, mimicked the biological activities of the anti-rSMP-230 antibody. Anti-YAL-198 antibody significantly, although weakly, inhibited human fertilisation. In the murine model, the anti-rSMP-B antibodies blocked in vitro fertilisation of mouse eggs but had no influence on embryo growth. Anti-YAL-198 antibody, however, arrested the growth of zygotes. In conclusion, rSMP-B, a human sperm protein, is a promising candidate in the development of an immunocontraceptive for human application. A second sperm protein, YWK-II, is effective as an antifertility immunogen in experimental animals.

Transient increase in the levels of T-helper 1 cytokines in postmenopausal women and the effects of hormone replacement therapy

The aim of this study was to determine, at least in part, T-cell function in postmenopausal women and the effects of hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Levels of T-helper 1 (Th1) cytokines (IL-2 and IFN-gamma) and T-helper 2 (Th2) cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) produced by phytohemagglutinin-stimulated whole blood cells from 72 untreated and 44 HRT-treated women were measured by ELISA. Thirteen of the 44 HRT-treated women were examined before and during HRT. The production of IL-2 increased gradually with advance of the postmenopausal period. The levels of IL-2 in women in the early (< or =10 years) and mid (>10 and <30 years) postmenopausal stages were significantly higher than those in women in their second, third and fourth decades. The level in women in the late (> or =30 years) postmenopausal stage, however, was significantly lower than those in women in the early and mid postmenopausal stages. The level of IFN-gamma was highest in women in the mid postmenopausal stage. On the other hand, the levels of Th2 cytokines did not change with age or after menopause until the mid postmenopausal period but were significantly lower in women in the late postmenopausal stage. IFN-gamma levels in women on HRT were significantly lower than those in untreated postmenopausal women at all postmenopausal stages. HRT induced a significant decrease in the production of IL-2 and IL-4. In conclusion, production of Th1 cytokines is augmented in women after menopause. HRT prevents this increase, thereby improving the aberration of Th1/Th2 balance that is implicated in an inadequate immune response and pathological conditions.

Increased CCR4 expression in active systemic lupus erythematosus

CC chemokine receptor (CCR)4 is selectively expressed on Th2-type T cells and has been shown to be responsible for Th2-dominant immune responses. In this study, we analyzed the expression of CCR4 in active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients by FACS analysis using anti-human CCR4 monoclonal antibody and determined the clinical relevance in this disease. Higher expression of CCR4 was found on peripheral blood CD4+ T lymphocytes of active SLE patients than was found with healthy controls and inactive SLE patients. The CCR4 expression significantly correlated with the SLE disease activity index (SLEDAI) scores. The expression was dramatically decreased after the corticosteroid therapy in parallel with a serum level of double-stranded DNA antibody and SLEDAI scores. Moreover, we found that serum levels of IL-10 were increased in active SLE patients and significantly correlated with the CCR4 expression. This study suggests that Th2 immune response is predominant in the active state of SLE, and CCR4 may have relevance in regard to the disease course in SLE patients.

A neutrophil elastase inhibitor (ONO-5046) reduces neurologic damage after spinal cord injury in rats

In view of a cytoprotective effect of elastase inhibitor on chemokine-mediated tissue injury, we examined the neuroprotective effect of ONO-5046, a specific inhibitor of neutrophil elastase, in rats with spinal cord injury. Standardized spinal cord compression markedly increased cytokine-induced neutrophil chemo-attractant (CINC)-1 mRNA and protein. Their increases correlated with neurologic severity of injured rats. Immunohistochemically, CINC-1 protein was detected sequentially in vascular endothelial cells at 4 h, in perivascular neutrophils at 8 h, and in neutrophils infiltrating into cord substance at 12 h. Pretreatment with ONO-5046 (50 mg/kg) markedly ameliorated motor disturbance in injured rats, and reduced CINC-1 protein and mRNA expression. ONO-5046 also significantly reduced the increase of neutrophil accumulation or infiltration estimated by myeloperoxidase activity, and the extent of vascular permeability by Evans blue extravasation in the injured cord segment in comparison to control animals receiving vehicle. These results suggest that CINC-1 contributed to inflammation in rat spinal cord injury and ONO-5046 attenuated neurologic damage partly by blocking CINC-1 production of the chemoattractant, preventing neutrophil activation and vascular endothelial cell injury.

Inhibition of lens epithelial cells by Fas-specific antibody activating Fas-Fas ligand system

PURPOSE

To detect cell specific apoptosis factors, Fas and Fas ligand, and the common intracellular apoptosis modulators, interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme (ICE)-like protease (caspase 1), Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and Bax in lens epithelial cells (LEC) of human cataracts. To study the effects of Fas-stimulating monoclonal antibody on inhibition of LEC proliferation.

METHODS

Reverse-transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to detect Fas, Fas ligand, caspase 1, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and Bax, after cDNA was synthesized from the total RNA isolated from human cataractous LEC obtained by capsulotomy during cataract surgery. Fas-stimulating monoclonal antibody was added at the concentrations of 10, 30, 100, 300 and 1000 ng/ml to the incubation medium of human cataractous LEC; and the specimens were incubated for 24 h at 37 degrees C with 5% CO(2) circulation and 100% humidity. The specimens were then stained with Hoechst 33342, and the number of apoptotic cells was counted.

RESULTS

Fas, caspase 1, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and Bax mRNA were detected by RT-PCR. Fas ligand mRNA was not detected by RT-PCR. At each concentration, Fas-stimulating monoclonal antibody significantly inhibited LEC proliferation.

CONCLUSIONS

Human cataractous LEC expressed mRNA of Fas and various modulators of apoptosis pathways. Fas-stimulating monoclonal antibody may have the potential to prevent posterior capsule opacification after cataract surgery by inhibiting LEC proliferation.

Interleukin 8 and vascular endothelial growth factor -- prognostic factors in human gastric carcinomas?

Gastric carcinoma cells express potent angiogenic factors including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). We previously reported that interleukin-8 (IL-8) acts as an angiogenic factor for human gastric carcinomas. More recently, we found that IL-8 upregulates matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression and increases invasive activity of gastric carcinoma cells. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the expression of IL-8 and VEGF correlates with clinicopathological parameters in human gastric carcinomas. IL-8 and VEGF expression levels were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 56 gastric carcinomas and the surrounding normal mucosa. Macroscopic and histopathological tumour findings, presence of metastasis and prognosis were obtained from the patient records and endoscopic, surgical and pathological reports. IL-8 protein levels were higher in most neoplasms than in the corresponding normal mucosal tissue. In contrast, VEGF expression in the tumours was similar to that in normal mucosa. The IL-8 level in the neoplasms correlated significantly with the depth of invasion, venous invasion and lymphatic invasion. VEGF expression in the tumours correlated well with the depth of invasion and lymph node metastasis. No correlation between IL-8 and VEGF expression in the tumours was observed. The survival rates of patients with tumours displaying high IL-8 and VEGF expression levels were significantly lower (P<0.05) than those of patients with tumours displaying low IL-8 and VEGF expression. The results suggest that IL-8 and VEGF may be independent and important prognostic factors in human gastric carcinomas.

Autoantibodies to IL-1 alpha in sera from rapidly progressive idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

To clarify the clinical significance of autoantibodies to interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha autoantibodies) in rapidly progressive idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), we measured the level of IL-1 alpha autoantibodies in serum of 11 patients on the first hospital day, when patients were admitted due to severe symptoms, and on the 21st hospital day. IL-1 alpha autoantibodies in serum were measured using radioimmunoassay, and the limitation of this assay for IL-1 alpha autoantibodies was 5 ng/ml. These antibodies were detected in 5 of 11 patients on the first hospital day. On the 21st hospital day, these antibodies were detected in all patients, and its level was increased compared with that on the first hospital day. IL-1 alpha autoantibodies that appeared in patients corresponded to that of IgG. The half life of exogenous autoantibodies was investigated following administration of autoantibody rich plasma obtained from healthy blood donors to 6 control patients (CP) and 6 progressive IPF patients. These autoantibody levels in their serum were less than 5 ng/ml before administration. Serum was obtained at the indicated time after administration of IL-1 alpha autoantibodies and the level of these autoantibodies in serum was measured, then the half life was calculated. Half life of exogenous IL-1 alpha autoantibodies in progressive IPF patients was significantly shorter than that in CP (71.3 +/- 31.8 hr vs 352.0 +/- 98.3 hr, p < 0.01). These findings suggested that IL-1 alpha autoantibodies were generated in response to the inflammatory process of rapidly progressive IPF and may act as a regulatory factor for IL-1 alpha.

Postmenopausal changes in production of type 1 and type 2 cytokines and the effects of hormone replacement therapy

OBJECTIVE

An appropriate defense against infective agents or malignant cells is attributed to the exquisitely balanced T helper 1 type (cellular) and T helper 2 type (humoral) immune reactions. We investigated the effect of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on postmenopausal changes in the production of interferon (IFN)-gamma and interleukin (IL)-10, a type 1 and a type 2 cytokine, respectively.

DESIGN

Both cytokines were measured by ELISA in the supernatant of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated whole blood cells from 72 untreated and 44 HRT-treated women. Thirteen women were examined before and during HRT.

RESULTS

The production of IFN-gamma in women in their 40s and in postmenopausal women was significantly higher compared with that of younger women. However, IFN-gamma fell to the lowest level in the late postmenopausal stage, whereas the production of IL-10 increased gradually with age and in parallel with the postmenopausal period. Thus, in women in the mid-and late postmenopausal period, excessive production of type 2 cytokine (IL-10) compared with type 1 cytokine (IFN-gamma) occurred. The IFN-gamma levels of women on HRT were significantly lower than those of untreated women in the early and mid-postmenopausal stages, and IL-10 levels of women on HRT were significantly lower than those of untreated women in the mid-and late postmenopausal stages. HRT induced a significant decrease in the production of IL-10 and tended to lower the level of IFN-gamma.

CONCLUSIONS

Production of IL-10 is augmented in postmenopausal women. HRT probably prevents postmenopausal women from an aberration of the immune system by improving the balance of type 1 and type 2 immune reactions.

Concentration of granulocyte elastase in seminal plasma is not associated with sperm motility

Although elastase could affect sperm motility in vitro, secretory leukocytes protease inhibitor (SLPI) prevents sperm from being attacked by elastase. The authors investigated the correlations of elastase level with sperm motility and SLPI level in vivo. Semen samples (n = 116) were collected and centrifuged after semen analysis. Elastase and SLPI levels were determined by an enzyme immunosorbent assay. Samples were classified by elastase levels into low (<250 ng/mL), moderate (250-1,000 ng/mL), and high elastase groups (> or =1,000 ng/mL). Elastase levels (range, 2.8-23,974.4 ng/mL) were not associated with sperm motility. The median SLPI level in the high elastase group was 15,900 ng/mL (range, 2.860-46,900 ng/mL). However, there was no significant correlation between elastase and SLPI levels in seminal plasma. Since SLPI forms a 1:1 complex with elastase, these results suggest that seminal plasma has a sufficient amount of SLPI to protect spermatozoa from elastase.

Immunosuppressive sesquiterpene alkaloids from Tripterygium wilfordii

Nine new sesquiterpene pyridine alkaloids [wilfornines A (1), B (2), C (3), D (4), E (5), F (8), and G (9); wilfordinines I (6) and J (7)] and six known compounds (10-15) were isolated from a clinically used extract (T(II)) of Tripterygium wilfordii. The structures of 1-9 were elucidated by spectroscopic and chemical methods. The inhibitory effects on cytokine production of 1-3 and several related compounds were evaluated. Compounds 10 and 14 showed significant inhibitory effects on cytokine production.

Specific cytotoxicity of antibody to YAL-198, a sperm antigen peptide, to murine zygote

Active immunization with the peptide segments rSMP-230 and YAL-198, corresponding to the hydrophilic extracellular domain of two human sperm antigens (rSMP-B and YWK-II, respectively), reduced fertility in female rats by different mechanisms. The anti-rSMP-230 antibody interferes with human and murine fertilization, and the anti-YAL-198 antibody blocks the development of mouse embryos. The authors examined in vitro at which stage the antibodies to rSMP-230 and YAL-198 were cytotoxic to murine embryos up to morula/blastocyst stage. Anti-rSMP-230 antibody was not cytotoxic to any stages. On the other hand, the anti-YAL-198 antibody arrested the growth of embryos at the 2-cell stage but not at more advanced developmental stages. When the anti-YAL-198 antibody was used, spotty staining was observed only on the surfaces of embryos that had arrested at the 2-cell stage. Unstained embryos, however, continued to develop normally. In contrast, the anti-rSMP-230 antibody stained murine sperm but failed to stain murine ova and embryos. The present results suggest that the human sperm components rSMP-B and YWK-II play important roles in sperm-egg interaction and early development of the embryo, respectively.

In vitro inhibitory effects of Daphne oleoides ssp. oleoides on inflammatory cytokines and activity-guided isolation of active constituents

Aerial parts of Daphne oleoides Schreber ssp. oleoides (Thymelaeaceae) are used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and lumbago in Turkish folk medicine. In order to evaluate folkloric utilization, in vitro inhibitory effects of the ethyl acetate extract and fractions obtained from this extract on interleukin 1 (IL-1alpha, IL-1beta) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) biosynthesis were studied. Through chemical isolation techniques and activity-guided fractionation process, seventeen compounds were isolated and their structures were elucidated (numbered 1-17). Diterpenoids genkwadaphnin (3) and 1,2-dehydrodaphnetoxin (6) and a coumarin derivative daphnetin (9) showed potent inhibitory activity and were found to be the main active ingredients. Furthermore, gnidilatin (4), gnidilatin-20 palmitate (5), genkwadaphnin-20-palmitate (7) and gnidicin-20-palmitate (8), having diterpenoid structure, and eudesmine (12), wikstromol (13) and matairesinol (14), having lignan structure, were determined to possess moderate inhibitory activity and may have a contributory role in the effect of the remedy.

Interleukin-6 production in lung tissue after transthoracic esophagectomy

BACKGROUND

The mechanisms of the reported high increase in interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels after esophagectomy are unclear. We investigated the influence of an intrathoracic procedure, esophagectomy, on IL-6 production in lung tissue.

STUDY DESIGN

Fourteen paired lung tissue samples were obtained from patients before and after they underwent transthoracic esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. IL-6 levels in the lung were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and IL-6 mRNA expression was determined with real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Immunohistochemical staining was used to localize IL-6, and circulating levels were also measured.

RESULTS

IL-6 protein and mRNA were significantly increased in lung tissue after this intrathoracic procedure (p < 0.05). Peak levels of plasma IL-6 after surgery were correlated with IL-6 levels in lung tissues obtained after the procedure (p < 0.05). Immunohistochemical staining revealed IL-6 production from alveolar and bronchial epithelial cells but not from alveolar macrophages.

CONCLUSIONS

Transthoracic esophagectomy causes an increase in IL-6 production from airway epithelial cells, secondary to increased expression of IL-6 mRNA. Local response of lung tissue may be one source of increased serum IL-6 after this procedure.

Adipocyte-derived plasma protein, adiponectin, suppresses lipid accumulation and class A scavenger receptor expression in human monocyte-derived macrophages

BACKGROUND

Excessive lipid accumulation in macrophages plays an important role in the development of atherosclerosis. Recently, we discovered an adipocyte-specific plasma protein, adiponectin, that is decreased in patients with coronary artery disease. We previously demonstrated that adiponectin acts as a modulator for proinflammatory stimuli and inhibits monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells. The present study investigated the effects of adiponectin on lipid accumulation in human monocyte-derived macrophages.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Human monocytes were differentiated into macrophages by incubation in human type AB serum for 7 days, and the effects of adiponectin were investigated at different time intervals. Treatment with physiological concentrations of adiponectin reduced intracellular cholesteryl ester content, as determined using the enzymatic, fluorometric method. The adiponectin-treated macrophages contained fewer lipid droplets stained by oil red O. Adiponectin suppressed the expression of the class A macrophage scavenger receptor (MSR) at both mRNA and protein levels by Northern and immunoblot analyses, respectively, without affecting the expression of CD36, which was quantified by flow cytometry. Adiponectin reduced the class A MSR promoter activity, as measured by luciferase reporter assay. Adiponectin treatment dose-dependently decreased class A MSR ligand binding and uptake activities. The mRNA level of lipoprotein lipase as a marker of macrophage differentiation was decreased by adiponectin treatment, but that of apolipoprotein E was not altered. Adiponectin was detected around macrophages in the human injured aorta by immunohistochemistry.

CONCLUSIONS

The adipocyte-derived plasma protein adiponectin suppressed macrophage-to-foam cell transformation, suggesting that adiponectin may act as a modulator for macrophage-to-foam cell transformation.

Interferon-gamma-inducing activity of interleukin-18 in the joint with rheumatoid arthritis

OBJECTIVE

To examine the levels of interleukin-18 (IL-18) bioactivity within the rheumatoid arthritis (RA) joint, and the differential effects of IL-12 and IL-18 on interferon-gamma (IFNgamma) production by T cell infiltrates.

METHODS

Expression of IL-18 protein and messenger RNA (mRNA) was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, respectively. The biologic activity of IL-18 was detected on the basis of IFNgamma secretion from IL-18-responding human myelomonocytic KG-1 cells. To determine the extent of inhibitory activity on binding of IL-18 to its receptor, a [125I]-IL-18 binding inhibition assay was performed, using a Chinese hamster ovary cell line transfected with a murine IL-18 receptor.

RESULTS

The amount of IL-18 protein detected in both the serum and synovial fluid of RA patients was markedly larger than that detected in the serum and synovial fluid ofosteoarthritis (OA) patients, and serum IL-18 levels correlated with the levels of serum C-reactive protein. IFNgamma production by KG-1 cells was more strongly stimulated in synovial fluid samples from RA patients than in samples from OA patients, and this activity was largely diminished in the presence of anti-IL-18 antibody. In contrast, the activity of IL-18 binding inhibition in the serum and synovial fluid of RA patients was not significantly elevated compared with that in OA patients. RA synovial tissues showed increased expression of IL-18 mRNA and increased IL-18 protein synthesis compared with that in OA tissues. Purified CD14+ macrophages, but not activated fibroblast cell lines, from RA synovium were able to release mature IL-18, although both cell types expressed its transcripts. IL-18 alone showed a negligible effect on IFNgamma production by RA synovial tissue cells, in contrast to IL-12, which was directly stimulatory. However, IL-12-induced IFNgamma production was synergistically enhanced by IL-18, and yet was >50% reduced by neutralization of endogenous IL-18 with anti-IL-18 antibody.

CONCLUSION

These results indicate that IL-18, produced predominantly by tissue macrophages, primarily potentiates IL-12-induced IFNgamma production by T cell infiltrates in RA synovium. Detection of significant IL-18 bioactivity in the joints, despite the presence of IL-18 binding inhibitors, supports an integral role of this cytokine in perpetuating the IFNgamma-dominant T cell cytokine response in RA.

Postmenopausal changes in serum cytokine levels and hormone replacement therapy

OBJECTIVE

Our purpose was to investigate the effect of hormone replacement therapy on the postmenopausal changes in serum cytokine levels.

STUDY DESIGN

Fifteen cytokines were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 97 untreated and hormone replacement-treated women. Thirteen women were examined before and during hormone replacement therapy.

RESULTS

Serum concentrations of macrophage colony-stimulating factor were significantly (P < .05) lower during the early postmenopausal period (< or = 10 years) than the values in premenopause and the elevated levels in the late postmenopausal period (< or = 30 years). A significant increase in tumor necrosis factor alpha and a decline in transforming growth factor beta1 were found in late postmenopausal women. Serum levels of macrophage colony-stimulating factor in women receiving hormone replacement therapy were significantly higher than those in untreated postmenopausal women. Furthermore, hormone replacement therapy induced a significant (P < .01) increase in serum levels of macrophage colony-stimulating factor, whereas serum levels of other cytokines were not affected.

CONCLUSION

It is well documented that macrophage colony-stimulating factor lowers serum cholesterol concentrations and prevents atherosclerosis. Inducing the production of macrophage colony-stimulating factor is a possible additional mechanism of hormone replacement therapy in mediating the antiatherogenic effect.

B cell subsets in postmenopausal women and the effect of hormone replacement therapy

OBJECTIVES

In elderly subjects the capacity for antibody production is depressed. This immunosenescence state of humoral immunity is associated with the occurrence of autoimmune disorders involving CD5+ B (B-1) cells. Since estrogen is capable of stimulating the production of autoantibodies, this sex steroid hormone may be a contributing cause of the higher incidence of autoimmune diseases in women. In the present study, B cell subsets in women during the postmenopausal period was determined. The effect of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on B cell subsets was examined to establish whether the administration of gonadal hormones influence humoral immunity in postmenopausal women.

METHODS

Forty six untreated pre- and postmenopausal women and 39 women on HRT were studied. The proportion of B-1 (CD5+) and conventional CD5- B (B-2) lymphocytes was determined by two-color flow cytometry. Serum autoantibodies to a nuclear antigen and to interleukin (IL)-1alpha were measured by immunofluorescence and by radioimmunoassay, respectively. Thirteen women were examined prospectively before and during HRT.

RESULTS

In late postmenopausal women (> or = 30 years postmenopausal period), the proportion of B-2 cells was significantly reduced (p<0.01) compared to those of premenopausal and perimenopausal women. HRT induced a significant (p<0.01) increase in the percentage of B-2 cells, while that of B-1 cells remained unchanged. HRT did not affect autoantibody production.

CONCLUSION

HRT may retard the progress of immunosenescence by increasing the production of B-2 cells. Moreover, HRT appears not to increase the risk of autoimmune diseases developing in postmenopausal women.

Successful immunogene therapy using colon cancer cells (colon 26) transfected with plasmid vector containing mature interleukin-18 cDNA and the Igkappa leader sequence

IL-18 is a novel cytokine that induces interferon (IFN)-gamma secretion and plays an important role in antitumor immunity. In the present study, we constructed plasmid vectors encoding the murine mature IL-18 cDNA linked with the Igkappa leader sequence and the pro-IL-18 cDNA to estimate the efficacy of the mature IL- 18 vector and to evaluate IL-18--producing tumor cells as a tumor vaccine. Colon 26 cells were transfected with the abovementioned vectors or with vector alone (mock). Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis showed increased expression of murine IL-18 cDNA in both mature IL-18 and pro-IL-18 transfectants in comparison to that in mock transfected cells. The ability of the culture supernatants of mature IL-18 transfectants to induce IFN-gamma secretion was extremely high (40-140 pg/10(6) cells) in comparison to that of pro-IL-18 transfectants (4-18 pg/10(6) cells). When injected into syngeneic BALB/c mice, the growth of mature IL-18 transfectants, but not pro-IL-18 transfectants, was significantly less than that in mock transfected cells ( P< .01, by ANOVA and analysis of covariance). In addition, injection of colon 26 or Meth-A cells into mice immunized with a mature IL-18 transfectant revealed acquired immunity. Depletion of natural killer cells did not affect the growth of transfectants. However, the growth inhibitory effects were partially abrogated following treatment with anti-CD4+ and anti-CD8+ antibodies. These data suggest that the rejection of mature IL-18/colon 26 cells was mediated through T-cell activation. Gene therapy using mature IL-18 transfectants containing a plasmid vector and the Igkappa leader sequence may be a useful tumor vaccine.

Cytokine response to human liver ischemia-reperfusion injury during hepatectomy: marker of injury or surgical stress?

BACKGROUND/AIMS

The aim of this study was to evaluate the inflammatory or antiinflammatory cytokine response to ischemia-reperfusion during hepatectomy and to find a useful marker of injury or surgical stress during hepatic ischemia-reperfusion.

METHODOLOGY

In 9 patients with liver disease who underwent hepatectomy using the Pringle maneuver, serum cytokines, including alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, and hyaluronic acid, were measured just prior to vascular occlusion; 5, 10 and 15 min after initial clamping; and 3 min after initial declamping.

RESULTS

The mean concentrations of aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase did not significantly differ before and after ischemia-reperfusion during hepatectomy. However, mean concentrations of hyaluronic acid after ischemia-reperfusion were significantly (P < 0.03) higher than before clamping. Although there were no significant differences in the mean concentrations of IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and TNF-alpha among, before and after ischemia-reperfusion, the mean concentrations of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor after ischemia-reperfusion and macrophage colony-stimulating factor after reperfusion were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than before clamping.

CONCLUSIONS

Although hepatic parenchymal cell function was maintained after ischemia-reperfusion during hepatectomy, sinusoidal endothelial cell dysfunction was found. Release of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and macrophage colony-stimulating factor after ischemia-reperfusion were also found. These cytokines and hyaluronic acid may be useful indicators in the early phase of human ischemia-reperfusion injury during hepatectomy.

Increased incidence of autoantibodies to interleukin-1a in rheumatoid arthritis with interstitial lung disease

OBJECTIVE

To clarify the clinical significance of autoantibodies (auto-Ab) to interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with interstitial lung disease (ILD), we examined the IL-1alpha auto-Ab level in serum of patients with RA with/without ILD.

METHODOLOGY

We investigated the level of IL-1alpha auto-Ab in serum of 70 patients with RA with/without ILD and 40 control patients (CP). Levels of IL-1alpha auto-Ab were measured by radioimmunoassay, and serum was regarded as IL-1alpha auto-Ab positive at an auto-Ab level of more than 5 ng/mL.

RESULTS

Interleukin-1alpha auto-Ab was detected in the serum of 30 out of 70 RA patients (42.9%), and six out of 40 CP (15%) (P < 0.05). Interleukin-1alpha auto-Ab were detected in the serum of 18 out of 32 patients with RA with ILD (56.2%) and 12 out of 38 patients with RA without ILD (31.5%). The positive rate of these autoantibodies in RA with ILD was significantly higher than that in RA without ILD (P < 0.05). Although C-reactive protein, immunoglobulin G, rheumatoid factor and rheumatoid arthritis particle agglutination levels in serum from patients with RA with ILD were not significantly different between the IL-1alpha auto-Ab-positive and -negative groups, the lactate dehydrogenase level (LDH) and AaDO, in the IL-1alpha auto-Ab-positive group were significantly higher than those in the negative group (LDH: P < 0.001, AaDO2: P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

These results suggest that IL-1alpha auto-Ab are generated in response to the immunoinflammatory process of ILD in RA, and these autoantibodies may neutralize and regulate the IL-1alpha activity.

Interleukin-1beta level in gingival crevicular fluid of patients with active periodontitis

Previous studies revealed that interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) was detectable in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of patients with periodontitis, and the level was increased in level in gingival tissue extracts of active periodontal disease sites (defined as attachment loss > or = 2.5 mm over the preceding 2 months) compared to inactive sites or healthy sites. The present study evaluated the relationship of IL-1beta level in GCF and periodontal disease status. GCF was collected with Periopaper strips from 34 disease-active and 45 disease-inactive teeth in 11 untreated periodontitis patients and from 60 teeth in 15 healthy control subjects. Disease activity was defined as attachment loss of > or = 2.5 mm in at least one site of a tooth as determined by sequential probing. The absorbed GCF volume was determined using a Periotron 6000 and the crevicular IL-1beta level was determined using IL-1beta monoclonal antibody (Otsuka Pharmaceutical, Japan). IL-1beta was below the detection level of the assay (6 pg/ml) in the healthy control group but was detected in most teeth of the periodontitis group. However, disease-active teeth had higher IL-1beta level (Mann-Whitney U-test, p < 0.05) than disease-inactive teeth (mean total IL-1beta of 5.89 +/- 7.88 pg/tooth and 1.72 +/- 2.28 pg/tooth; mean concentration of 1.6 +/- 2.5 ng/ml and 0.6 +/- 0.83 ng/ml, respectively). The level of IL-1beta showed no correlation with probing depth, but had significant correlation (p < 0.05) with the extent of attachment loss. This study suggests that the level of IL-1beta in GCF may have a predictive value for determining active and inactive periodontal status.

Gender-related difference in relationship between insulin resistance and serum leptin level in Japanese type 2 diabetic and non-diabetic subjects

It remains controversial whether or not a correlation exists between serum leptin levels and insulin resistance, and, if such a correlation does exist, whether it is independent of adiposity. To investigate the possible existence of an independent correlation, we have assessed serum leptin levels and insulin resistance in Japanese diabetic and non-diabetic subjects by means of Homeostatic Model Assessment (HOMA-R). Sixty-four Japanese patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) (33 men and 31 women) and 53 sex-, age-, and body mass index (BMI)-matched non-diabetic adults (29 men and 24 women) were enrolled. The fasting plasma level of glucose (FPG) and the fasting serum levels of immunoreactive insulin (FIRI) and leptin were determined. Multiple linear regression analysis demonstrated that, in both male diabetic and male non-diabetic subjects, HOMA-R and BMI were independently correlated with serum leptin levels. In females, BMI, but not HOMA-R, was correlated to the serum levels of leptin in both groups. There was no statistically significant difference in the partial regression coefficients between male diabetic and male non-diabetic subjects. These results suggest that the correlation of HOMA-R to the serum levels of leptin in females is dependent on BMI. In males, the relationship between serum leptin levels and the insulin resistance was not affected by the extent of glucose intolerance.

Adiponectin, an adipocyte-derived plasma protein, inhibits endothelial NF-kappaB signaling through a cAMP-dependent pathway

BACKGROUND

Among the many adipocyte-derived endocrine factors, we found an adipocyte-derived plasma protein, adiponectin, that was decreased in obesity. We recently demonstrated that adiponectin inhibited tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced expression of endothelial adhesion molecules and that plasma adiponectin level was reduced in patients with coronary artery disease (CIRCULATION: 1999;100:2473-2476). However, the intracellular signal by which adiponectin suppressed adhesion molecule expression was not elucidated. The present study investigated the mechanism of modulation for endothelial function by adiponectin.

METHODS AND RESULTS

The interaction between adiponectin and human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) was estimated by cell ELISA using biotinylated adiponectin. HAECs were preincubated for 18 hours with 50 microg/mL of adiponectin, then exposed to TNF-alpha (10 U/mL) or vehicle for the times indicated. NF-kappaB-DNA binding activity was determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assays. TNF-alpha-inducible phosphorylation signals were detected by immunoblotting. Adiponectin specifically bound to HAECs in a saturable manner and inhibited TNF-alpha-induced mRNA expression of monocyte adhesion molecules without affecting the interaction between TNF-alpha and its receptors. Adiponectin suppressed TNF-alpha-induced IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation and subsequent NF-kappaB activation without affecting other TNF-alpha-mediated phosphorylation signals, including Jun N-terminal kinase, p38 kinase, and Akt kinase. This inhibitory effect of adiponectin is accompanied by cAMP accumulation and is blocked by either adenylate cyclase inhibitor or protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor.

CONCLUSIONS

These observations raise the possibility that adiponectin, which is naturally present in the blood stream, modulates the inflammatory response of endothelial cells through cross talk between cAMP-PKA and NF-kappaB signaling pathways.

Increased urinary excretion of macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) in patients with IgA nephropathy: tonsil stimulation enhances urinary M-CSF excretion

Upper respiratory tract infection including chronic tonsillitis is considered to be involved in the onset and/or the progression of IgA nephropathy. It is well known that deterioration of urinary findings occurs after episodes of upper respiratory tract infection in patients with IgA nephropathy. We previously showed that the expression of macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) is increased in the glomeruli of patients with IgA nephropathy and correlated with glomerular mesangial proliferation, suggesting that M-CSF plays an important role in the progression of IgA nephropathy. In the present study, we measured the serum and urinary concentrations of M-CSF in patients with IgA nephropathy associated with chronic tonsillitis. Furthermore, we evaluated the effects of the local provocation test of tonsils (mechanical tonsil stimulation) on the serum and urinary concentrations of M-CSF in the following three groups: (1) IgA nephropathy with severe mesangial proliferation, (2) IgA nephropathy with mild mesangial proliferation, and (3) patients with chronic tonsillitis without renal disease. The serum and urinary levels of M-CSF in the groups with severe and mild IgA nephropathy were significantly higher than those in the chronic tonsillitis group. The urinary M-CSF level but not the serum M-CSF level was positively correlated with the degrees of mesangial proliferation and glomerular M-CSF expression in the renal biopsy specimens. The urinary M-CSF concentration was significantly increased after tonsillitis stimulation in both mild and severe IgA nephropathy groups. Enhanced urinary excretion of M-CSF prolonged for 7 days after tonsil stimulation in the severe IgA nephropathy group; in contrast, the urinay M-CSF level was increased for only 2 days after tonsil stimulation in the mild IgA nephropathy group. The urinary M-CSF level was not changed in the chronic tonsillitis group after tonsil stimulation. The serum concentrations of M-CSF were not changed after tonsil stimulation in these three groups. Our present results suggest that tonsil stimulation contributes to the progression of IgA nephropathy via enhancement of glomerular production of M-CSF. The urinary excretion of M-CSF may be a useful predictor to evaluate the relevance of chronic tonsillitis to the disease and the indication of tonsillectomy in patients with IgA nephropathy.

Allergen-induced mRNA expression of IL-5, but not of IL-4 and IFN-gamma, in peripheral blood mononuclear cells is a key feature of clinical manifestation of seasonal allergic rhinitis

OBJECTIVES

To investigate the allergen-induced messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of interleukin (IL) 4, IL-5 and interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from individuals sensitized by Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) pollens, and to elucidate the clinical role of IL-4, IL-5, and IFN-gamma in the allergen sensitization and clinical manifestation of allergic disorders.

DESIGN

This study included 30 patients sensitized to the pollen and 14 nonatopic healthy volunteers. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (1.0 x 10(6) cells/mL) of each individual were cultured at 37 degrees C for 24 hours in the presence of 10 microg/mL of Cry j 1, a major allergen of the pollens. Total cellular RNA was extracted from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and IL-4, IL-5, and IFN-gamma mRNA expression was determined with a reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction.

RESULTS

From the results of a survey of symptom diary cards and interviews regarding nasal symptoms during the pollen season in 1998, we found that 20 patients (symptomatic group), but not 10 patients (asymptomatic group), had typical symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Interleukin 4 mRNA was not expressed in the nonatopic subjects but was expressed in 9 asymptomatic patients and in 17 symptomatic patients. Interleukin 5 mRNA was exclusively expressed in the symptomatic patients. Interferon gamma mRNA expression did not differ significantly among the nonatopic subjects, asymptomatic patients, and symptomatic patients.

CONCLUSIONS

This study has clearly highlighted an interesting and new concept that IL-4 is implicated in allergen sensitization but not in clinical manifestation, and that IL-5 may not be a feature of atopy in itself but seems to be a hallmark of clinical manifestation of ongoing atopic diseases.

Effects of SSM (specific substance maruyama) on HBe antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B -clinical efficacy and modulation of cytokines

Twenty-three patients with HBe antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B were treated with capitalite first letters Maruyama (SSM). HBe antigen turned negative in 15 patients. The levels of various cytokines in pre- and post-treatment frozen serum samples from six patients whose HBe antigen turned negative and from five whose HBe antigen did not were examined. Reduction of serum interleukin (IL) -10 level to below 20 pg/ml was observed after SSM treatment in four of the six patients whose HBe antigen turned negative. SSM was found to stimulate the production of interferon (IFN) -gamma in peripheral blood cells from two healthy volunteers. This stimulatory effect was confirmed in 12 out of 24 healthy volunteers. SSM augmented the production of IFN-gamma in eight out of 10 patients with chronic hepatitis B and nine of 10 with hepatitis C. These results demonstrate for the first time that SSM stimulates the production of IFN-gamma in human peripheral blood cells and also suggest that treatment of HBe antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B patients with SSM leads to the clearance of HBe antigen and normalization of serum aspartate aminotransferase levels through inhibition of IL-10 and stimulation of IFN-gamma.

Thyroid hormones influence serum leptin levels in patients with Graves' disease during suppression of beta-adrenergic receptors

Leptin is a protein product of the ob gene, mainly produced by adipocytes. Leptin is thought to play an important role in the homeostasis of body weight by suppressing appetite and increasing energy consumption. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible effect of thyroid hormone on the regulation of the leptin system during suppression of beta-adrenergic receptors in Graves' patients. We studied 15 adult female patients with Graves' disease. Thyroid function, serum levels of leptin, and percent body fat (%BF) were examined at four different clinical conditions during therapy (A, untreated; B, beta-adrenergic antagonist only [A, B; hyperthyroid], C, beta-adrenergic antagonist and antithyroid drug; D, antithyroid drug only [C, D; euthyroid]). The use of beta-adrenergic antagonist significantly reduced heart rate in spite of hyperthyroid state, indicating sufficient suppression of beta-adrenergic receptors. During treatment with beta-adrenergic antagonist, leptin percentage of body fat (%BF) ratio significantly decreased in euthyroid state compared to that in hyperthyroid state (from 38.7 +/- 21.3 to 18.1 +/- 19.3, p = 0.003). Moreover, there was a significantly positive correlation between delta leptin/%BF and delta free thyroxine (FT4) (r = 0.51, p = 0.008). Under a euthyroid state induced by antithyroid drug treatment, leptin/%BF did not change in spite of withdrawal of beta-adrenergic antagonist. Our data indicate that thyroid hormones could increase serum leptin level during suppression of beta-adrenergic receptors in Graves' patients. Our data also suggest that the beta-adrenergic action of thyroid hormones might be partly mediated by regulation of leptin.

Regulation of disease-progression genes in human gastric carcinoma cells by interleukin 8

The expression of interleukin 8 (IL-8) by human gastric carcinomas directly correlates with tumor vascularity and disease progression. To determine whether IL-8 can act in an autocrine manner to regulate the expression of other disease-progression genes, we examined the expression of IL-8 receptors IL-8RA (CXCR1) and IL-8RB (CXCR2) in six different human gastric carcinoma cell lines and 38 surgical specimens of human gastric carcinomas. All of the gastric carcinoma cell lines expressed mRNA and protein for IL-8RA and IL-8RB protein. In all surgical specimens, the majority of the tumor cells and small vessel endothelial cells stained positive for IL-8RA and IL-8RB protein. In vitro treatment of human gastric cancer MKN-1 cells with exogenous IL-8 enhanced the expression of epidermal growth factor receptor, type IV collagenase (metalloproteinase-9), vascular endothelial growth factor, and IL-8 mRNA. In contrast, treatment with exogenous IL-8 decreased expression of E-cadherin mRNA. IL-8 treatment increased invasive capacity of MKN-1 cells, which was associated with activity of metalloproteinase-9. Collectively, these results demonstrate that human gastric carcinoma cells express receptors for IL-8 and that IL-8 may play a role in the progressive growth of human gastric carcinoma by autocrine/paracrine mechanisms.

Effect of grepafloxacin on cytokine production in vitro

The effect of a new quinolone antibacterial agent, grepafloxacin, on the production of cytokines was investigated using lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human peripheral blood cells. Grepafloxacin 1-30 mg/L inhibited the production of interleukin 1alpha (IL-1alpha) and IL-1beta, and the expression of IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), IL-6 and IL-8 mRNA. These results suggest that the inhibitory effect of grepafloxacin is exerted, in part, at the gene transcription level.

Expression of interferon alpha/beta receptor in human hepatocellular carcinoma

Interferon-alpha (IFNalpha) plays a crucial role in the antiproliferation and immunoregulatory activity through the specific cell surface receptor, interferon-alpha/beta receptor (IFNalpha/betaR). We examined the immunohistochemical expression of IFNalpha/betaR in 91 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), HCV-related chronic hepatitis (n=38) and cirrhosis (n=53), dysplastic nodules (n=5), and normal liver (n=9). The level of IFNalpha/betaR increased in chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis compared with normal liver. All the dysplastic nodules showed moderate or high expression. In HCCs, 26% (24/91) of patients showed high IFNalpha/betaR expression while the remaining 38% (35/91) showed moderate, and 35% (32/91) no or faint expression. Clinicopathological survey demonstrated a significant correlation between IFNalpha/betaR expression and differentiation of carcinoma (P=0.0008) although there was no correlation between IFNalpha/betaR expression in HCC and survival or disease-free survival. Thus, IFNalpha/betaR was expressed not only in chronic hepatitis or liver cirrhosis but in HCC and its expression was significantly correlated with tissue differentiation of carcinoma.

Plasma concentrations of a novel, adipose-specific protein, adiponectin, in type 2 diabetic patients

Adiponectin is a novel, adipose-specific protein abundantly present in the circulation, and it has antiatherogenic properties. We analyzed the plasma adiponectin concentrations in age- and body mass index (BMI)-matched nondiabetic and type 2 diabetic subjects with and without coronary artery disease (CAD). Plasma levels of adiponectin in the diabetic subjects without CAD were lower than those in nondiabetic subjects (6.6+/-0.4 versus 7.9+/-0.5 microg/mL in men, 7.6+/-0.7 versus 11.7+/-1.0 microg/mL in women; P<0.001). The plasma adiponectin concentrations of diabetic patients with CAD were lower than those of diabetic patients without CAD (4.0+/-0.4 versus 6.6+/-0.4 microg/mL, P<0.001 in men; 6.3+/-0.8 versus 7.6+/-0. 7 microg/mL in women). In contrast, plasma levels of leptin did not differ between diabetic patients with and without CAD. The presence of microangiopathy did not affect the plasma adiponectin levels in diabetic patients. Significant, univariate, inverse correlations were observed between adiponectin levels and fasting plasma insulin (r=-0.18, P<0.01) and glucose (r=-0.26, P<0.001) levels. In multivariate analysis, plasma insulin did not independently affect the plasma adiponectin levels. BMI, serum triglyceride concentration, and the presence of diabetes or CAD remained significantly related to plasma adiponectin concentrations. Weight reduction significantly elevated plasma adiponectin levels in the diabetic subjects as well as the nondiabetic subjects. These results suggest that the decreased plasma adiponectin concentrations in diabetes may be an indicator of macroangiopathy.

Triterpenoids from Tripterygium wilfordii

The extract (T(II)) of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook f. afforded four triterpenoids: wilforic acid D (3beta,24-epoxy-2alpha-hydroxy-24R*-ethoxy-29-friedelanoic acid); (E) 3beta,24-epoxy-2-oxo-3alpha-hydroxy-29-friedelanoic acid; (F) 2beta-hydroxy-3-oxo-friedelan-29-oic acid; 29-hydroxy-3-oxo-olean-12-en-28-oic acid and 17 known triterpenoids. Their structures were established on the basis of spectroscopic studies. In a bioactivity analysis, only the known dulcioic acid compound showed a significant inhibitory effect on cytokine production.

Macrophage infiltration correlates with tumor stage and angiogenesis in human malignant melanoma: possible involvement of TNFalpha and IL-1alpha

We examined whether macrophage infiltration is associated with angiogenesis in cutaneous melanoma. The numbers of macrophages and microvessels increased significantly with increasing depth of tumor and with tumor angiogenesis. Macrophage infiltration thus appeared to provide a useful diagnostic marker for the progression of cutaneous melanoma. We further examined whether human melanoma cells produce angiogenic factors in response to macrophage-derived cytokines, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) and interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1alpha). Treatment of melanoma cells with TNFalpha and IL-1alpha in vitro enhanced the production of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) to a lesser degree, in human melanoma cells. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated human monocytes enhanced production of IL-8, VEGF, TNF alpha, as well as IL-1alpha, but not bFGF. Co-culture of human monocytes and human melanoma cells was also found to significantly enhance production of IL-8 and VEGF in the absence and presence of LPS, compared with either monocytes or melanoma cells alone. The production of IL-8 and VEGF from co-cultured melanoma cells and LPS-activated monocytes was blocked when anti-TNF-alpha antibody or anti-IL-1alpha antibody was co-administrated. This is direct evidence that production of the potent angiogenic factors IL-8 and VEGF from melanoma cells is up-regulated through TNFalpha and/or IL-1alpha secreted by activated monocytes/macrophages, influencing both tumor growth and angiogenesis in melanomas.

Humoral immune responses to adenovirus vectors in the brain

We have investigated the humoral immune response to E1-deleted adenovirus vectors encoding the lacZ gene introduced into the brains of mice. Injection of these non-replicating vectors into the brain induced systemic antibody production to adenovirus vectors in dose dependent manner. Apparent antibody production to beta-galactosidase, the product of the lacZ gene, was detected later than anti-adenovirus antibody. Neutralizing antibody was not detected. This study demonstrates that E1-deleted adenovirus vectors injected into the brain trigger humoral immune responses to the adenovirus and its gene products, but they are not sufficient to block the infection of cells by adenovirus upon repeat injection.

Long-term outcome of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty and coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with end-stage renal disease

This study was conducted to investigate therapeutic methods for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) by retrospectively analyzing in-hospital outcome and long-term outcome in patients who underwent either percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Ninety-two patients underwent PTCA and 47 underwent CABG, and the initial success rates were 87% and 85%, respectively. As major in-hospital complications, in the PTCA group 1 died (1%), 2 required emergency CABG (2%), and 2 had Q-wave myocardial infarction (2%); in the CABG group, 7 died (15%) and 3 had Q-wave myocardial infarction (6%). As for the long-term outcome, although there were no differences in the incidence of death or the incidence of cardiac death between the 2 groups, the cumulative proportion of patients free of death, myocardial infarction, CABG and repeat PTCA was lower in the PTCA group, which was mainly due to a higher incidence of repeat PTCA in that group. The incidence of cardiac death was low for both groups among the patients attaining complete revascularization. Twenty-three percent of the patients required cross-over implementation of PTCA and CABG. In conclusion, it is necessary to aim for complete revascularization using both treatments for a better prognosis in patients with ESRD.

Decreased food intake and body weight in pancreatic polypeptide-overexpressing mice

BACKGROUND & AIMS

Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) is a 36-amino acid hormone produced by F cells within the pancreatic islets and the exocrine pancreas. The definitive function of PP in mammalian physiology remains to be determined. This study examined the effects of chronic overexpression of PP through the development of PP transgenic mice.

METHODS

PP transgenic mice were created by using mouse PP complementary DNA under the control of the cytomegalovirus immediate early enhancer-chicken beta-actin hybrid promoter (pCAGGS expression vector).

RESULTS

A unique line of transgenic mice was created that overexpresses PP in the pancreatic islets with low levels of expression in other tissues including the brain. Plasma PP concentrations were more than 20 times higher than those of control littermates. However, PP overproduction led to postnatal lethality in half of the pups because of markedly decreased milk intake. The remaining PP transgenic mice gained less weight with specifically reduced food intake and fat mass compared with controls, a result that was more evident in male than in female mice. The transgenic mice exhibited a reduced rate of gastric emptying of a solid meal but had normal oxygen consumption and fasting leptin levels. Immunoneutralization with anti-PP antiserum reversed the phenotypic changes of transgenic animals.

CONCLUSIONS

PP could be involved in feeding and body weight regulation partly through regulation of gastric emptying.

Characterization of immunoglobulin binding factor in sputum from patients with chronic airway diseases

OBJECTIVE

Immunoglobulin binding factor (IgBF) is known to bind immunoglobulin, to interact with anti-Fc gamma-III antibodies and to be present in the lower respiratory tract of normal healthy subjects. In this study, in order to clarify the role of IgBF in respiratory diseases, we investigated whether IgBF exists in the airway of patients with chronic airway diseases.

METHODOLOGY

IgBF was measured in the sputum of 28 normal subjects and 59 patients with chronic airway diseases including 37 cases of chronic bronchitis, 18 bronchiectasis, and four diffuse panbronchiolitis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

RESULTS

Immunoglobulin binding factor concentration in the sputum of patients with chronic airway diseases (purulent sputum, 50.2 +/- 8.2 microg/mL; mucoid sputum, 88.6 +/- 12.8 microg/mL) was higher than that in induced sputum of normal subjects (6.3 +/- 5.5 microg/mL; P < 0.001). Immunoglobulin binding factor level in mucoid sputum was significantly higher than that in purulent sputum (P < 0.05). A significant inverse correlation was shown between the IgBF level and the elastase activity in sputum, and the concentration of IgBF purified from seminal plasma was decreased by treatment with neutrophil elastase, indicating that IgBF might be degraded by elastase. In the gel filtration chromatography of both types of sputum, IgBF was eluted in a region corresponding to a molecular weight of 27 kDa as a single peak. Western blot analysis with a monoclonal antibody to IgBF indicated that IgBF in both types of sputum had a molecular weight of 27 kDa under non-reducing conditions and of 16 kDa under reducing conditions.

CONCLUSION

These results demonstrate that a high level of IgBF is present in the respiratory tract of patients with chronic airway diseases and may be related to the pathogenesis of these diseases.

Serum levels of soluble interferon Alfa/Beta receptor as an inhibitory factor of interferon in the patients with chronic hepatitis C

Human serum contains a soluble form of interferon alfa/beta (sIFN alpha/beta) receptors, the functional and clinical significance of which has not been investigated in patients with chronic hepatitis C. In the present study, serum levels of sIFN alpha/beta receptor were assessed in 81 patients with chronic hepatitis C and correlated with the effectiveness of IFN therapy in these patients. Serum levels of sIFN alpha/beta receptor were significantly higher in patients with chronic hepatitis C than in healthy control patients (P <.0001). In these patients, serum levels of sIFN alpha/beta receptor were correlated with those of alanine transaminase (ALT) (P <.05), (2'-5')serum oligo(A) synthetase (2-5AS) (P <.0001), and pathological stages of liver fibrosis (P <.01). In 55 patients with chronic hepatitis C who underwent IFN therapy, there was an inverse correlation between the pretherapeutic serum levels of sIFN alpha/beta receptor and the rate of increase in serum levels of 2-5AS after the start of IFN (P <.01). Pretherapeutic serum levels of sIFN alpha/beta receptor were significantly lower in patients who showed sustained response to IFN therapy compared with those who did not respond to the therapy (P <.05). Multivariate analysis showed that low levels of serum sIFN alpha/beta receptor (</=4.0 ng/mL) (P <.05) and serological hepatitis C virus genotype II (P <.05) were independent variables contributing to sustained response to IFN therapy. Thus, pretherapeutic serum levels of sIFN alpha/beta receptor were correlated with the effectiveness of IFN therapy, suggesting that sIFN alpha/beta receptor suppresses the effectiveness of IFN therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C.