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Sahin C, Melanson JR, Le Billan F, Magomedova L, Ferreira TAM, Oliveira AS, Pollock-Tahari E, Saikali MF, Cash SB, Woo M, Romeiro LAS, Cummins CL. A novel fatty acid mimetic with Pan-PPAR partial agonist activity inhibits diet-induced obesity and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. Mol Metab 2024:101958. [PMID: 38763495 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2024.101958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The prevalence of metabolic diseases is increasing globally at an alarming rate; thus, it is essential that effective, accessible, low-cost therapeutics are developed. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are transcription factors that tightly regulate glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism and are important drug targets for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia. We previously identified LDT409, a fatty acid-like compound derived from cashew nut shell liquid, as a novel pan-active PPARα/γ/δ compound. Herein, we aimed to assess the efficacy of LDT409 in vivo and investigate the molecular mechanisms governing the actions of the fatty acid mimetic LDT409 in diet-induced obese mice. METHODS C57Bl/6 mice (8-month-old) were fed a chow or high fat diet (HFD) for 4 weeks; mice thereafter received once daily intraperitoneal injections of vehicle, 10 mg/kg Rosiglitazone, 40 mg/kg WY14643, or 40 mg/kg LDT409 for 18 days while continuing the HFD. During treatments, body weight, food intake, glucose and insulin tolerance, energy expenditure, and intestinal lipid absorption were measured. On day 18 of treatment, tissues and plasma were collected for histological, molecular, and biochemical analysis. RESULTS We found that treatment with LDT409 was effective at reversing HFD-induced obesity and associated metabolic abnormalities in mice. LDT409 lowered food intake and hyperlipidemia, while improving insulin tolerance. Despite being a substrate of both PPARα and PPARγ, LDT409 was crucial for promoting hepatic fatty acid oxidation and reducing hepatic steatosis in HFD-fed mice. We also highlighted a role for LDT409 in white and brown adipocytes in vitro and in vivo where it decreased fat accumulation, increased lipolysis, induced browning of WAT, and upregulated thermogenic gene Ucp1. Remarkably, LDT409 reversed HFD-induced weight gain back to chow-fed control levels. We determined that the LDT409-induced weight-loss was associated with a combination of increased energy expenditure (detectable before weight loss was apparent), decreased food intake, increased systemic fat utilization, and increased fecal lipid excretion in HFD-fed mice. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, LDT409 represents a fatty acid mimetic that generates a uniquely favorable metabolic response for the treatment of multiple abnormalities including obesity, dyslipidemia, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, and diabetes. LDT409 is derived from a highly abundant natural product-based starting material and its development could be pursued as a therapeutic solution to the global metabolic health crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cigdem Sahin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Jenna-Rose Melanson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Florian Le Billan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Lilia Magomedova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Thais A M Ferreira
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF 71910-900, Brazil
| | - Andressa S Oliveira
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF 71910-900, Brazil
| | - Evan Pollock-Tahari
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Michael F Saikali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Sarah B Cash
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Minna Woo
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada; Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Luiz A S Romeiro
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF 71910-900, Brazil
| | - Carolyn L Cummins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada; Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada.
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Kamal M, Tokmakjian L, Knox J, Han D, Moshiri H, Magomedova L, Nguyen KCQ, Zheng H, Burns AR, Cooke B, Lacoste J, Yeo M, Hall DH, Cummins CL, Roy PJ. PGP-14 establishes a polar lipid permeability barrier within the C. elegans pharyngeal cuticle. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1011008. [PMID: 37930961 PMCID: PMC10653525 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The cuticles of ecdysozoan animals are barriers to material loss and xenobiotic insult. Key to this barrier is lipid content, the establishment of which is poorly understood. Here, we show that the p-glycoprotein PGP-14 functions coincidently with the sphingomyelin synthase SMS-5 to establish a polar lipid barrier within the pharyngeal cuticle of the nematode C. elegans. We show that PGP-14 and SMS-5 are coincidentally expressed in the epithelium that surrounds the anterior pharyngeal cuticle where PGP-14 localizes to the apical membrane. pgp-14 and sms-5 also peak in expression at the time of new cuticle synthesis. Loss of PGP-14 and SMS-5 dramatically reduces pharyngeal cuticle staining by Nile Red, a key marker of polar lipids, and coincidently alters the nematode's response to a wide-range of xenobiotics. We infer that PGP-14 exports polar lipids into the developing pharyngeal cuticle in an SMS-5-dependent manner to safeguard the nematode from environmental insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muntasir Kamal
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Levon Tokmakjian
- The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessica Knox
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Duhyun Han
- The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Houtan Moshiri
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lilia Magomedova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ken CQ Nguyen
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Hong Zheng
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew R. Burns
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brittany Cooke
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessica Lacoste
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - May Yeo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David H. Hall
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Carolyn L. Cummins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter J. Roy
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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3
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Le Billan F, Umogbai G, Cummins CL. Regulation of alternative splicing by steroid hormones. Endocrinology 2023:7179264. [PMID: 37226268 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqad081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Steroid hormone signaling pathways are critical for organismal development and act through binding to nuclear receptors driving transcriptional regulation. In this review, we summarize evidence for another - underrated - mechanism of action for steroid hormones: their ability to modulate the alternative splicing of pre-mRNA. Thirty years ago, pioneering studies used in vitro transfection of plasmids expressing alternative exons under the control of hormone responsive promoters in cell lines. These studies demonstrated that steroid hormone binding to their nuclear receptor impacted both gene transcription and alternative splicing outcomes. The advent of exon arrays and next generation sequencing has allowed researchers to observe the impact of steroid hormones at the whole transcriptome level. These studies demonstrate that steroid hormones regulate alternative splicing in a time-, gene-, and tissue-specific manner. We provide examples of the mechanisms by which steroid hormones regulate alternative splicing including 1) recruitment of dual function proteins that behave as coregulators and splicing factors, 2) transcriptional regulation of splicing factor levels, 3) the alternative splicing of splicing factors or transcription factors that feed-forward regulate steroid hormone signaling, and 4) regulation of elongation rate. Experiments performed in vivo and in cancer cell lines highlight that steroid hormone mediated alternative splicing occurs in both physiological and pathophysiologic states. Studying the impact of steroid hormones on alternative splicing is a fruitful avenue for research that should be exploited to discover new targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Le Billan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Gloria Umogbai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Carolyn L Cummins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
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Arif W, Mathur B, Saikali MF, Chembazhi UV, Toohill K, Song YJ, Hao Q, Karimi S, Blue SM, Yee BA, Van Nostrand EL, Bangru S, Guzman G, Yeo GW, Prasanth KV, Anakk S, Cummins CL, Kalsotra A. Splicing factor SRSF1 deficiency in the liver triggers NASH-like pathology and cell death. Nat Commun 2023; 14:551. [PMID: 36759613 PMCID: PMC9911759 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-35932-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of RNA processing contributes profoundly to tissue development and physiology. Here, we report that serine-arginine-rich splicing factor 1 (SRSF1) is essential for hepatocyte function and survival. Although SRSF1 is mainly known for its many roles in mRNA metabolism, it is also crucial for maintaining genome stability. We show that acute liver damage in the setting of targeted SRSF1 deletion in mice is associated with the excessive formation of deleterious RNA-DNA hybrids (R-loops), which induce DNA damage. Combining hepatocyte-specific transcriptome, proteome, and RNA binding analyses, we demonstrate that widespread genotoxic stress following SRSF1 depletion results in global inhibition of mRNA transcription and protein synthesis, leading to impaired metabolism and trafficking of lipids. Lipid accumulation in SRSF1-deficient hepatocytes is followed by necroptotic cell death, inflammation, and fibrosis, resulting in NASH-like liver pathology. Importantly, SRSF1-depleted human liver cancer cells recapitulate this pathogenesis, illustrating a conserved and fundamental role for SRSF1 in preserving genome integrity and tissue homeostasis. Thus, our study uncovers how the accumulation of detrimental R-loops impedes hepatocellular gene expression, triggering metabolic derangements and liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqar Arif
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Bhoomika Mathur
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Michael F Saikali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ullas V Chembazhi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Katelyn Toohill
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - You Jin Song
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Qinyu Hao
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Saman Karimi
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Cancer Center, University of Illinois Hospital and Health Science Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Steven M Blue
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Brian A Yee
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Eric L Van Nostrand
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sushant Bangru
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Cancer Center @ Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Grace Guzman
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Cancer Center, University of Illinois Hospital and Health Science Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gene W Yeo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kannanganattu V Prasanth
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Cancer Center @ Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Sayeepriyadarshini Anakk
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Cancer Center @ Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Carolyn L Cummins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Auinash Kalsotra
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Cancer Center @ Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Carl R. Woese Institute of Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
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5
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Abstract
Glucocorticoid hormones were discovered to have use as potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive therapeutics in the 1940s and their continued use and development have successfully revolutionized the management of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. However, long-term use of glucocorticoids is severely hampered by undesirable metabolic complications, including the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. These effects occur due to glucocorticoid receptor activation within multiple tissues, which results in inter-organ crosstalk that increases hepatic glucose production and inhibits peripheral glucose uptake. Despite the high prevalence of glucocorticoid-induced hyperglycaemia associated with their routine clinical use, treatment protocols for optimal management of the metabolic adverse effects are lacking or underutilized. The type, dose and potency of the glucocorticoid administered dictates the choice of hypoglycaemic intervention (non-insulin or insulin therapy) that should be provided to patients. The longstanding quest to identify dissociated glucocorticoid receptor agonists to separate the hyperglycaemic complications of glucocorticoids from their therapeutically beneficial anti-inflammatory effects is ongoing, with selective glucocorticoid receptor modulators in clinical testing. Promising areas of preclinical research include new mechanisms to disrupt glucocorticoid signalling in a tissue-selective manner and the identification of novel targets that can selectively dissociate the effects of glucocorticoids. These research arms share the ultimate goal of achieving the anti-inflammatory actions of glucocorticoids without the metabolic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Xu Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Carolyn L Cummins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Liu J, Sahin C, Ahmad S, Magomedova L, Zhang M, Jia Z, Metherel AH, Orellana A, Poda G, Bazinet RP, Attisano L, Cummins CL, Peng H, Krause HM. The omega-3 hydroxy fatty acid 7( S)-HDHA is a high-affinity PPARα ligand that regulates brain neuronal morphology. Sci Signal 2022; 15:eabo1857. [PMID: 35857636 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abo1857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) is emerging as an important target in the brain for the treatment or prevention of cognitive disorders. The identification of high-affinity ligands for brain PPARα may reveal the mechanisms underlying the synaptic effects of this receptor and facilitate drug development. Here, using an affinity purification-untargeted mass spectrometry (AP-UMS) approach, we identified an endogenous, selective PPARα ligand, 7(S)-hydroxy-docosahexaenoic acid [7(S)-HDHA]. Results from mass spectrometric detection of 7(S)-HDHA in mouse and rat brain tissues, time-resolved FRET analyses, and thermal shift assays collectively revealed that 7(S)-HDHA potently activated PPARα with an affinity greater than that of other ligands identified to date. We also found that 7(S)-HDHA activation of PPARα in cultured mouse cortical neurons stimulated neuronal growth and arborization, as well as the expression of genes associated with synaptic plasticity. The findings suggest that this DHA derivative supports and enhances neuronal synaptic capacity in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabao Liu
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Cigdem Sahin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Samar Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2
| | - Lilia Magomedova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Minhao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Zhengping Jia
- Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Adam H Metherel
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Arturo Orellana
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Gennady Poda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
- Drug Discovery, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Richard P Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Liliana Attisano
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2
| | - Carolyn L Cummins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Hui Peng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
- School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Henry M Krause
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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7
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Gathercole LL, Nikolaou N, Harris SE, Arvaniti A, Poolman TM, Hazlehurst JM, Kratschmar DV, Todorčević M, Moolla A, Dempster N, Pink RC, Saikali MF, Bentley L, Penning TM, Ohlsson C, Cummins CL, Poutanen M, Odermatt A, Cox RD, Tomlinson JW. AKR1D1 knockout mice develop a sex-dependent metabolic phenotype. J Endocrinol 2022; 253:97-113. [PMID: 35318963 PMCID: PMC9086936 DOI: 10.1530/joe-21-0280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Steroid 5β-reductase (AKR1D1) plays important role in hepatic bile acid synthesis and glucocorticoid clearance. Bile acids and glucocorticoids are potent metabolic regulators, but whether AKR1D1 controls metabolic phenotype in vivo is unknown. Akr1d1-/- mice were generated on a C57BL/6 background. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, metabolomic and transcriptomic approaches were used to determine effects on glucocorticoid and bile acid homeostasis. Metabolic phenotypes including body weight and composition, lipid homeostasis, glucose tolerance and insulin tolerance were evaluated. Molecular changes were assessed by RNA-Seq and Western blotting. Male Akr1d1-/- mice were challenged with a high fat diet (60% kcal from fat) for 20 weeks. Akr1d1-/- mice had a sex-specific metabolic phenotype. At 30 weeks of age, male, but not female, Akr1d1-/- mice were more insulin tolerant and had reduced lipid accumulation in the liver and adipose tissue yet had hypertriglyceridemia and increased intramuscular triacylglycerol. This phenotype was associated with sexually dimorphic changes in bile acid metabolism and composition but without overt effects on circulating glucocorticoid levels or glucocorticoid-regulated gene expression in the liver. Male Akr1d1-/- mice were not protected against diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. In conclusion, this study shows that AKR1D1 controls bile acid homeostasis in vivo and that altering its activity can affect insulin tolerance and lipid homeostasis in a sex-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Gathercole
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Nikolaos Nikolaou
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Shelley E Harris
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Anastasia Arvaniti
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Toryn M Poolman
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Jonathan M Hazlehurst
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Denise V Kratschmar
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marijana Todorčević
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Ahmad Moolla
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Niall Dempster
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Ryan C Pink
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Michael F Saikali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Liz Bentley
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Harwell, Oxford, UK
| | - Trevor M Penning
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carolyn L Cummins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matti Poutanen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roger D Cox
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Harwell, Oxford, UK
| | - Jeremy W Tomlinson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Correspondence should be addressed to J W Tomlinson:
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8
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Dotan I, Yang J, Ikeda J, Roth Z, Pollock-Tahiri E, Desai H, Sivasubramaniyam T, Rehal S, Rapps J, Li YZ, Le H, Farber G, Alchami E, Xiao C, Karim S, Gronda M, Saikali MF, Tirosh A, Wagner KU, Genest J, Schimmer AD, Gupta V, Minden MD, Cummins CL, Lewis GF, Robbins C, Jongstra-Bilen J, Cybulsky M, Woo M. Macrophage Jak2 deficiency accelerates atherosclerosis through defects in cholesterol efflux. Commun Biol 2022; 5:132. [PMID: 35169231 PMCID: PMC8847578 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03078-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory condition in which macrophages play a major role. Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) is a pivotal molecule in inflammatory and metabolic signaling, and Jak2V617F activating mutation has recently been implicated with enhancing clonal hematopoiesis and atherosclerosis. To determine the essential in vivo role of macrophage (M)-Jak2 in atherosclerosis, we generate atherosclerosis-prone ApoE-null mice deficient in M-Jak2. Contrary to our expectation, these mice exhibit increased plaque burden with no differences in macrophage proliferation, recruitment or bone marrow clonal expansion. Notably, M-Jak2-deficient bone marrow derived macrophages show a significant defect in cholesterol efflux. Pharmacologic JAK2 inhibition with ruxolitinib also leads to defects in cholesterol efflux and accelerates atherosclerosis. Liver X receptor agonist abolishes the efflux defect and attenuates the accelerated atherosclerosis that occurs with M-Jak2 deficiency. Macrophages of individuals with the Jak2V617F mutation show increased efflux which is normalized when treated with a JAK2 inhibitor. Together, M-Jak2-deficiency leads to accelerated atherosclerosis primarily through defects in cholesterol efflux from macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idit Dotan
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Endocrinology, Beilinson Campus, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Jiaqi Yang
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jiro Ikeda
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ziv Roth
- Program in Cell Biology, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Evan Pollock-Tahiri
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Harsh Desai
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Sonia Rehal
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Josh Rapps
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yu Zhe Li
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Helen Le
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Gedaliah Farber
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Edouard Alchami
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Changting Xiao
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Saraf Karim
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Marcela Gronda
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael F Saikali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Amit Tirosh
- Endocrine Cancer Genomics Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Kay-Uwe Wagner
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine and Tumor Biology Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Jacques Genest
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Aaron D Schimmer
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Vikas Gupta
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mark D Minden
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Carolyn L Cummins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Gary F Lewis
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Clinton Robbins
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jenny Jongstra-Bilen
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Myron Cybulsky
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Minna Woo
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada. .,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. .,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University Health Network and Sinai Health System, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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9
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Sahin C, Magomedova L, Ferreira TAM, Liu J, Tiefenbach J, Alves PS, Queiroz FJG, Oliveira ASD, Bhattacharyya M, Grouleff J, Nogueira PCN, Silveira ER, Moreira DC, Leite JRSDA, Brand GD, Uehling D, Poda G, Krause H, Cummins CL, Romeiro LAS. Phenolic Lipids Derived from Cashew Nut Shell Liquid to Treat Metabolic Diseases. J Med Chem 2022; 65:1961-1978. [PMID: 35089724 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic diseases are increasing at staggering rates globally. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARα/γ/δ) are fatty acid sensors that help mitigate imbalances between energy uptake and utilization. Herein, we report compounds derived from phenolic lipids present in cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL), an abundant waste byproduct, in an effort to create effective, accessible, and sustainable drugs. Derivatives of anacardic acid and cardanol were tested for PPAR activity in HEK293 cell co-transfection assays, primary hepatocytes, and 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In vivo studies using PPAR-expressing zebrafish embryos identified CNSL derivatives with varying tissue-specific activities. LDT409 (23) is an analogue of cardanol with partial agonist activity for PPARα and PPARγ. Pharmacokinetic profiling showed that 23 is orally bioavailable with a half-life of 4 h in mice. CNSL derivatives represent a sustainable source of selective PPAR modulators with balanced intermediate affinities (EC50 ∼ 100 nM to 10 μM) that provide distinct and favorable gene activation profiles for the treatment of diabetes and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cigdem Sahin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Lilia Magomedova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Thais A M Ferreira
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF 71910-900, Brazil
| | - Jiabao Liu
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Jens Tiefenbach
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Priscilla S Alves
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF 71910-900, Brazil
| | - Fellipe J G Queiroz
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF 71910-900, Brazil
| | - Andressa S de Oliveira
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF 71910-900, Brazil
| | - Mousumi Bhattacharyya
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Julie Grouleff
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Patrícia C N Nogueira
- CENAUREMN, Federal University of Ceará, Campus do Pici, Fortaleza, CE 60020-181, Brazil
| | - Edilberto R Silveira
- CENAUREMN, Federal University of Ceará, Campus do Pici, Fortaleza, CE 60020-181, Brazil
| | - Daniel C Moreira
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF 71910-900, Brazil
| | | | - Guilherme D Brand
- Chemistry Institute, University of Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil
| | - David Uehling
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Gennady Poda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada.,Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Henry Krause
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Carolyn L Cummins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Luiz A S Romeiro
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF 71910-900, Brazil
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10
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Pereira S, Moore J, Li JX, Yu WQ, Ghanim H, Vlavcheski F, Joseph YD, Dandona P, Volchuk A, Cummins CL, Tsiani E, Giacca A. 4-Phenylbutyric acid improves free fatty acid-induced hepatic insulin resistance in vivo. Endocr Connect 2021; 10:861-872. [PMID: 34319253 PMCID: PMC8346193 DOI: 10.1530/ec-21-0248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Plasma free fatty acids (FFAs) are elevated in obesity and can induce insulin resistance via endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. However, it is unknown whether hepatic insulin resistance caused by the elevation of plasma FFAs is alleviated by chemical chaperones. Rats received one of the following i.v. treatments for 48 h: saline, intralipid plus heparin (IH), IH plus the chemical chaperone 4-phenylbutyric acid (PBA), or PBA alone and a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp was performed during the last 2 h. PBA co-infusion normalized IH-induced peripheral insulin resistance, similar to our previous findings with an antioxidant and an IκBα kinase β (IKKβ) inhibitor. Different from our previous results with the antioxidant and IKKβ inhibitor, PBA also improved IH-induced hepatic insulin resistance in parallel with activation of Akt. Unexpectedly, IH did not induce markers of ER stress in the liver, but PBA prevented IH-induced elevation of phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor-2α protein in adipose tissue. PBA tended to decrease circulating fetuin-A and significantly increased circulating fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) without affecting markers of activation of hepatic protein kinase C-δ or p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase that we have previously involved in hepatic insulin resistance in this model. In conclusion: (i) PBA prevented hepatic insulin resistance caused by prolonged plasma FFA elevation without affecting hepatic ER stress markers; (ii) the PBA effect is likely due to increased FGF21 and/or decreased fetuin-A, which directly signal to upregulate Akt activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Pereira
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessy Moore
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jia-Xu Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wen Qin Yu
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Husam Ghanim
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, State University of New York at Buffalo, Kaleida Health, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Filip Vlavcheski
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Paresh Dandona
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, State University of New York at Buffalo, Kaleida Health, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Allen Volchuk
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carolyn L Cummins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Evangelia Tsiani
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adria Giacca
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Correspondence should be addressed to A Giacca:
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11
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Abstract
Excessive exposure to glucocorticoids (GCs), either from endogenous overproduction of cortisol, or exogenous pharmacological GC treatment, potentiates the development of diabetes and obesity in a fat depot-specific manner. Undesirable metabolic side effects resulting from the activation of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) remain a key limitation to the long-term therapeutic use of GCs as immunosuppressants. GC treatment disrupts the thermogenic function of brown adipose tissue (BAT) and enhances futile cycling within white adipose tissue (WAT). Mice lacking the liver X receptors (LXRs) were previously shown to have smaller AT depots with enhanced BAT activity compared to wildtype (WT) mice. We previously demonstrated that LXRβ is required to mediate the side effects of GCs in the liver but not the beneficial anti-inflammatory effects of GCs. The discovery of this GC/LXRβ cross-talk led to the hypothesis that LXRβ antagonism may be therapeutically beneficial to prevent GC-induced dysfunction in AT. To test this idea, LXRα-/- mice were treated for 5 days with vehicle, 5 mg/kg dexamethasone (Dex, a synthetic GC agonist), and/or 40 mg/kg GSK2033 (GSK, non-selective LXR antagonist). As expected, Dex-treated mice showed significant accumulation of lipids in BAT and were unable to maintain their body temperature when exposed to cold, yet GSK was able to protect against these effects. Dex increased body fat mass and caused adipocyte enlargement in WAT which was not observed in mice co-treated with GSK. At the transcriptional level, GSK attenuated Dex-mediated downregulation of thermogenic genes in BAT, and upregulation of lipogenic genes in WAT. Similar beneficial changes were confirmed in WT mice. The protection afforded by GSK against Dex-induced fat accumulation was confirmed to be cell-autonomous from studies in adipose-specific LXRβ-/- mice (AdβKO). Dex-dependent increases in lipolysis in gonadal WAT and plasma free fatty acids (FFA) were also attenuated by GSK co-treatment. With GSK co-treatment, Dex-induced liver steatosis was diminished suggesting that LXRβ antagonism attenuated FFA shuttling to the liver. The lipolytic and lipotoxic effects of Dex in AT and liver were largely abrogated in AdβKO along with improved systemic insulin sensitivity. Overall, our data suggest that LXRβ antagonism prevents disruption of BAT and WAT (and indirectly liver) function caused by GC treatment in an in vivo model, highlighting the potential role of LXRβ antagonists in combating the negative effects of excessive GC exposure on the development of diabetes and obesity. The identification of this novel mechanism of interrupting GC adipose tissue action suggests therapeutic targeting of LXRβ with an antagonist could improve the health of patients currently taking GCs to control inflammation but suffer the detrimental side effects of drug treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xu Li
- UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO, Toronto, ON, Canada
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12
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Saikali MF, Cummins CL. Quantifying the Protein Levels of All Nuclear Hormone Receptors by Mass Spectrometry. J Endocr Soc 2021. [PMCID: PMC8090244 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvab048.1660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear Receptors (NRs) are a family of ligand-activated transcription factors that control the expression of genes involved in a wide range of physiological processes. An atlas detailing the expression of all NRs at the mRNA level was completed in 2006 using quantitative PCR [Bookout et al. Cell 2006]. The comparative measurement of NRs at the protein level, however, has been hindered by the poor quality of commercially available antibodies, as well as the absence of a high throughput method for quantitation. To address this need, we are developing a mass spectrometry-based targeted proteomic assay to quantify the absolute amounts of NR protein in a panel of mouse tissues. NRs were overexpressed in HEK293 cells by transient transfection and protein was isolated. The cell lysates were digested with a combination of trypsin and Lys-C following the Multi-Enzyme Digestion Filter Aided Sample Preparation protocol. The peptides were desalted using an in-house made C18 tip, separated on an EASY-Spray C18 column (75 um x 50 cm, 3Å), and analyzed on a Thermo QExactive HF in Top20 data-dependent acquisition mode. Protein identifications were made using MaxQuant software, and the identifications were mined for members of the NR family. The NR peptides detected were searched against an in silico generated list of optimal NR peptides (filtered for uniqueness, length, absence of post translational modifications, and conservation between human and mouse). The matching peptides were validated by parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) and purchased as synthetic isotopes with a heavy terminal arginine or lysine. Peptide linearity, and lower limits of detection (LLOD) were estimated by spiking digests from a C57Bl/6 mouse liver lysate with increasing amounts of the labeled peptides and analyzing by PRM. Peptides that displayed non-linear behavior were excluded for quantitation. The LLOD were between 100 amol and 1.5 fmol on column. A test panel of tissues (cerebrum, hippocampus, cerebellum, liver, spleen, brown/white adipose, and kidney) showed that we could detect endogenous expression of NRs. To date, we have purchased and validated peptides for 44 of the 49 receptors. We used this assay to quantify the changes in NR protein expression in mouse livers in response to 16 hours of fasting. We found significant changes in the nuclear expression of CAR (3.1-fold increase), RXRβ (1.8-fold increase), SHP (3.9-fold decrease) and RARβ (2.0-fold decrease) in the fasted vs. fed state. Increased CAR activity with fasting was further supported by label-free quantitative proteomics on the same lysates which revealed 210 differentially expressed proteins (2-fold change, p<0.05), with 61 (29%) identified as known CAR target genes. Once complete, this assay will provide researchers with a robust quantitative tool to investigate changes in NR protein expression that will be widely applicable to endocrine research.
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13
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Amini MA, Ahmed T, Liu FCF, Abbasi AZ, Soeandy CD, Zhang RX, Prashad P, Cummins CL, Rauth AM, Henderson JT, Wu XY. Exploring the transformability of polymer-lipid hybrid nanoparticles and nanomaterial-biology interplay to facilitate tumor penetration, cellular uptake and intracellular targeting of anticancer drugs. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2021; 18:991-1004. [PMID: 33703991 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2021.1902984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Successful delivery of anticancer drugs to intracellular targets requires different properties of the nanocarrier to overcome multiple transport barriers. However, few nanocarrier systems, to date, possess such properties, despite knowledge about the biological fate of inorganic and polymeric nanocarriers in relation to their fixed size, shape and surface properties. Herein, a polymer-lipid hybrid nanoparticle (PLN) system is described with size and shape transformability and its mechanisms of cellular uptake and intracellular trafficking are studied. METHODS Pharmaceutical lipids were screened for use in transformable PLN. Mechanisms of cellular uptake and the role of fatty acid-binding proteins in intracellular trafficking of PLN were investigated in breast cancer cells. Intra-tumoral penetration and retention of doxorubicin (DOX) were evaluated by confocal microscopy. RESULTS The lead PLNs showed time-dependent size reduction and shape change from spherical to spiky shape. This transformability of PLNs and lipid trafficking pathways facilitated intracellular transport of DOX-loaded PLN (DOX-PLN) into mitochondria and nuclei. DOX-PLN significantly increased DOX penetration and retention over free DOX or non-transformable liposomal DOX particles at 4 h post-intravenous administration. CONCLUSION Transformability of PLN and lipid-biology interplay can be exploited to design new nanocarriers for effective drug delivery to tumor cells and intracellular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali Amini
- Advanced Pharmaceutics & Drug Delivery Laboratory, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Taksim Ahmed
- Advanced Pharmaceutics & Drug Delivery Laboratory, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fuh-Ching Franky Liu
- Advanced Pharmaceutics & Drug Delivery Laboratory, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Azhar Z Abbasi
- Advanced Pharmaceutics & Drug Delivery Laboratory, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chesarahmia Dojo Soeandy
- Advanced Pharmaceutics & Drug Delivery Laboratory, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rui Xue Zhang
- Advanced Pharmaceutics & Drug Delivery Laboratory, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Preethy Prashad
- Advanced Pharmaceutics & Drug Delivery Laboratory, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carolyn L Cummins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew M Rauth
- Departments of Medical Biophysics and Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeffrey T Henderson
- Advanced Pharmaceutics & Drug Delivery Laboratory, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiao Yu Wu
- Advanced Pharmaceutics & Drug Delivery Laboratory, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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14
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Rasheed A, Shawky SA, Tsai R, Jung RG, Simard T, Saikali MF, Hibbert B, Rayner KJ, Cummins CL. The secretome of liver X receptor agonist-treated early outgrowth cells decreases atherosclerosis in Ldlr-/- mice. Stem Cells Transl Med 2020; 10:479-491. [PMID: 33231376 PMCID: PMC7900590 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.19-0390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) promote the maintenance of the endothelium by secreting vasoreparative factors. A population of EPCs known as early outgrowth cells (EOCs) is being investigated as novel cell‐based therapies for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. We previously demonstrated that the absence of liver X receptors (LXRs) is detrimental to the formation and function of EOCs under hypercholesterolemic conditions. Here, we investigate whether LXR activation in EOCs is beneficial for the treatment of atherosclerosis. EOCs were differentiated from the bone marrow of wild‐type (WT) and LXR‐knockout (Lxrαβ−/−) mice in the presence of vehicle or LXR agonist (GW3965). WT EOCs treated with GW3965 throughout differentiation showed reduced mRNA expression of endothelial lineage markers (Cd144, Vegfr2) compared with WT vehicle and Lxrαβ−/− EOCs. GW3965‐treated EOCs produced secreted factors that reduced monocyte adhesion to activated endothelial cells in culture. When injected into atherosclerosis‐prone Ldlr−/− mice, GW3965‐treated EOCs, or their corresponding conditioned media (CM) were both able to reduce aortic sinus plaque burden compared with controls. Furthermore, when human EOCs (obtained from patients with established CAD) were treated with GW3965 and the CM applied to endothelial cells, monocyte adhesion was decreased, indicating that our results in mice could be translated to patients. Ex vivo LXR agonist treatment of EOCs therefore produces a secretome that decreases early atherosclerosis in Ldlr−/− mice, and additionally, CM from human EOCs significantly inhibits monocyte to endothelial adhesion. Thus, active factor(s) within the GW3965‐treated EOC secretome may have the potential to be useful for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil Rasheed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah A Shawky
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ricky Tsai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard G Jung
- Capital Research Group, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Trevor Simard
- Capital Research Group, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael F Saikali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Benjamin Hibbert
- Capital Research Group, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katey J Rayner
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carolyn L Cummins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,The Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Lin L, Metherel AH, Di Miceli M, Liu Z, Sahin C, Fioramonti X, Cummins CL, Layé S, Bazinet RP. Tetracosahexaenoylethanolamide, a novel N-acylethanolamide, is elevated in ischemia and increases neuronal output. J Lipid Res 2020; 61:1480-1490. [PMID: 32826272 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.ra120001024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) are endogenous lipid-signaling molecules derived from fatty acids that regulate numerous biological functions, including in the brain. Interestingly, NAEs are elevated in the absence of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and following CO2-induced ischemia/hypercapnia, suggesting a neuroprotective response. Tetracosahexaenoic acid (THA) is a product and precursor to DHA; however, the NAE product, tetracosahexaenoylethanolamide (THEA), has never been reported. Presently, THEA was chemically synthesized as an authentic standard to confirm THEA presence in biological tissues. Whole brains were collected and analyzed for unesterified THA, total THA, and THEA in wild-type and FAAH-KO mice that were euthanized by either head-focused microwave fixation, CO2 + microwave, or CO2 only. PPAR activity by transient transfection assay and ex vivo neuronal output in medium spiny neurons (MSNs) of the nucleus accumbens by patch clamp electrophysiology were determined following THEA exposure. THEA in the wild-type mice was nearly doubled (P < 0.05) following ischemia/hypercapnia (CO2 euthanization) and up to 12 times higher (P < 0.001) in the FAAH-KO compared with wild-type. THEA did not increase (P > 0.05) transcriptional activity of PPARs relative to control, but 100 nM of THEA increased (P < 0.001) neuronal output in MSNs of the nucleus accumbens. Here were identify a novel NAE, THEA, in the brain that is elevated upon ischemia/hypercapnia and by KO of the FAAH enzyme. While THEA did not activate PPAR, it augmented the excitability of MSNs in the nucleus accumbens. Overall, our results suggest that THEA is a novel NAE that is produced in the brain upon ischemia/hypercapnia and regulates neuronal excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lin
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adam H Metherel
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mathieu Di Miceli
- Université de Bordeaux, INRA, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France
| | - Zhen Liu
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cigdem Sahin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xavier Fioramonti
- Université de Bordeaux, INRA, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France
| | - Carolyn L Cummins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sophie Layé
- Université de Bordeaux, INRA, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France
| | - Richard P Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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16
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Abualsunun WA, Sahin C, Cummins CL, Piquette-Miller M. Essential role of STAT-3 dependent NF-κB activation on IL-6-mediated downregulation of hepatic transporters. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 143:105151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.105151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Omeragic A, Saikali MF, Currier S, Volsky DJ, Cummins CL, Bendayan R. Selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma modulator, INT131 exhibits anti-inflammatory effects in an EcoHIV mouse model. FASEB J 2019; 34:1996-2010. [PMID: 31907999 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901874r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite the use of antiretroviral therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection, cognitive impairments, that is, HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders remain prevalent potentially due to persistent viral replication, production of viral proteins, associated brain inflammation or in certain instances, antiretroviral neurotoxicity. Cellular targets in the brain include microglia which in response to infection release inflammatory markers and viral proteins. Evidence suggests that PPARγ agonists exert anti-inflammatory properties in neurological disorders. However, these agonists namely, thiazolidinediones have limited use in the clinic due to reported adverse side effects. INT131 is a novel non-thiazolidinedione compound that belongs to a new class of drugs known as selective PPARγ modulators. INT131 is considered to have a safer profile; however, its neuroprotective role in vivo is not known.The goal of this study was to examine the effect of INT131 in the context of EcoHIV-induced inflammation in vitro, in primary cultures of mouse glial cells and in vivo, in a mouse model of EcoHIV-associated brain inflammation, as well as characterize its pharmacokinetic properties and brain penetration. In primary cultures of glial cells and in the in vivo mouse model, EcoHIV exposure resulted in a significant elevation of inflammatory markers such as TNFα, IL-1β, CCL3, and C3 which were attenuated with INT131 treatment. Pharmacokinetic analyses revealed that INT131 penetrates into the brain with a brain to blood partition ratio Kp value of 8.5%. Overall, this is the first report to demonstrate that INT131 could be a potential candidate for the treatment of HIV-1-associated brain inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amila Omeragic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael F Saikali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sydney Currier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David J Volsky
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carolyn L Cummins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Reina Bendayan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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18
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Magomedova L, Tiefenbach J, Zilberman E, Le Billan F, Voisin V, Saikali M, Boivin V, Robitaille M, Gueroussov S, Irimia M, Ray D, Patel R, Xu C, Jeyasuria P, Bader GD, Hughes TR, Morris QD, Scott MS, Krause H, Angers S, Blencowe BJ, Cummins CL. ARGLU1 is a transcriptional coactivator and splicing regulator important for stress hormone signaling and development. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:2856-2870. [PMID: 30698747 PMCID: PMC6451108 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress hormones bind and activate the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in many tissues including the brain. We identified arginine and glutamate rich 1 (ARGLU1) in a screen for new modulators of glucocorticoid signaling in the CNS. Biochemical studies show that the glutamate rich C-terminus of ARGLU1 coactivates multiple nuclear receptors including the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and the arginine rich N-terminus interacts with splicing factors and binds to RNA. RNA-seq of neural cells depleted of ARGLU1 revealed significant changes in the expression and alternative splicing of distinct genes involved in neurogenesis. Loss of ARGLU1 is embryonic lethal in mice, and knockdown in zebrafish causes neurodevelopmental and heart defects. Treatment with dexamethasone, a GR activator, also induces changes in the pattern of alternatively spliced genes, many of which were lost when ARGLU1 was absent. Importantly, the genes found to be alternatively spliced in response to glucocorticoid treatment were distinct from those under transcriptional control by GR, suggesting an additional mechanism of glucocorticoid action is present in neural cells. Our results thus show that ARGLU1 is a novel factor for embryonic development that modulates basal transcription and alternative splicing in neural cells with consequences for glucocorticoid signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia Magomedova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Jens Tiefenbach
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Emma Zilberman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Florian Le Billan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Veronique Voisin
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Michael Saikali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Vincent Boivin
- Département de biochimie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1E 4K8, Canada
| | - Melanie Robitaille
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Serge Gueroussov
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Manuel Irimia
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Debashish Ray
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Rucha Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - ChangJiang Xu
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Pancharatnam Jeyasuria
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University Perinatal Initiative, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Gary D Bader
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Timothy R Hughes
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Quaid D Morris
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Michelle S Scott
- Département de biochimie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1E 4K8, Canada
| | - Henry Krause
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Stephane Angers
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry,University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Benjamin J Blencowe
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Carolyn L Cummins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
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19
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Kamal M, Moshiri H, Magomedova L, Han D, Nguyen KCQ, Yeo M, Knox J, Bagg R, Won AM, Szlapa K, Yip CM, Cummins CL, Hall DH, Roy PJ. The marginal cells of the Caenorhabditis elegans pharynx scavenge cholesterol and other hydrophobic small molecules. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3938. [PMID: 31477732 PMCID: PMC6718421 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11908-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is a bacterivore filter feeder. Through the contraction of the worm’s pharynx, a bacterial suspension is sucked into the pharynx’s lumen. Excess liquid is then shunted out of the buccal cavity through ancillary channels made by surrounding marginal cells. We find that many worm-bioactive small molecules (a.k.a. wactives) accumulate inside of the marginal cells as crystals or globular spheres. Through screens for mutants that resist the lethality associated with one crystallizing wactive we identify a presumptive sphingomyelin-synthesis pathway that is necessary for crystal and sphere accumulation. We find that expression of sphingomyelin synthase 5 (SMS-5) in the marginal cells is not only sufficient for wactive accumulation but is also important for absorbing exogenous cholesterol, without which C. elegans cannot develop. We conclude that sphingomyelin-rich marginal cells act as a sink to scavenge important nutrients from filtered liquid that might otherwise be shunted back into the environment. The C. elegans nematode worm is a filter-feeder and requires dietary sources of cholesterol. Here, the authors show that the C. elegans pharynx works as a filter to scavenge hydrophobic small molecules from its surrounding liquid environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muntasir Kamal
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.,The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Houtan Moshiri
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.,The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Lilia Magomedova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Duhyun Han
- The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Ken C Q Nguyen
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, 10461, USA
| | - May Yeo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.,The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Jessica Knox
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.,The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Rachel Bagg
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.,The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Amy M Won
- The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada.,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Karolina Szlapa
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.,The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Christopher M Yip
- The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada.,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Carolyn L Cummins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - David H Hall
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Peter J Roy
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada. .,The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada. .,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
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20
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Omeragic A, Kara-Yacoubian N, Kelschenbach J, Sahin C, Cummins CL, Volsky DJ, Bendayan R. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-gamma agonists exhibit anti-inflammatory and antiviral effects in an EcoHIV mouse model. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9428. [PMID: 31263138 PMCID: PMC6603270 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45878-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The widespread use of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has resulted in significantly reduced deaths from HIV-1 associated complications and opportunistic infections. However, it is estimated that up to 50% of HIV-1 infected individuals still develop HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). With no treatment currently available for patients, there is a critical need to identify therapeutic approaches that can treat this disorder. Evidence suggests that targeting Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-gamma (PPARγ) can be anti-inflammatory in neurological disorders. Here we show that treatment with PPARγ agonists (rosiglitazone or pioglitazone) in primary cultures of mouse glial cells reversed EcoHIV-induced inflammatory genes (TNFα, IL-1β, CCL2, CCL3, CXCL10) and indicator of oxidative stress (iNOS). Furthermore, in vivo, mice administered with EcoHIV through intracranial injection resulted in upregulation of inflammatory genes (TNFα, IL-1β, IFNγ, CCL2, CCL3, CXCL10) and oxidative stress marker (iNOS) in the brain which was reversed through intraperitoneal administration of PPARγ agonists (rosiglitazone or pioglitazone). Finally, we demonstrated that treatment with these compounds in vivo reduced EcoHIV p24 protein burden in the brain. Our results suggest that treatment with PPARγ agonists are anti-inflammatory and antiviral in an in vivo model of EcoHIV infection. These drugs hold promise as potential candidates for HAND treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amila Omeragic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nareg Kara-Yacoubian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer Kelschenbach
- Department of Medicine - Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, USA
| | - Cigdem Sahin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carolyn L Cummins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David J Volsky
- Department of Medicine - Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, USA
| | - Reina Bendayan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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21
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Glantschnig C, Koenen M, Gil‐Lozano M, Karbiener M, Pickrahn I, Williams‐Dautovich J, Patel R, Cummins CL, Giroud M, Hartleben G, Vogl E, Blüher M, Tuckermann J, Uhlenhaut H, Herzig S, Scheideler M. A miR‐29a‐driven negative feedback loop regulates peripheral glucocorticoid receptor signaling. FASEB J 2019; 33:5924-5941. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801385rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Glantschnig
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC)Helmholtz Center Munich Neuherberg Germany
- Joint Heidelberg‐IDC, Inner Medicine 1Heidelberg University Hospital Heidelberg Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) Neuherberg Germany
| | - Mascha Koenen
- Institute of Comparative Molecular EndocrinologyUlm University Ulm Germany
| | - Manuel Gil‐Lozano
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC)Helmholtz Center Munich Neuherberg Germany
- Joint Heidelberg‐IDC, Inner Medicine 1Heidelberg University Hospital Heidelberg Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) Neuherberg Germany
| | - Michael Karbiener
- Division of Phoniatrics, Speech, and SwallowingDepartment of OtorhinolaryngologyUniversity HospitalMedical University of Graz Graz Austria
| | - Ines Pickrahn
- Department of Legal MedicineUniversity of Salzburg Salzburg Austria
| | | | - Rucha Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Carolyn L. Cummins
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Maude Giroud
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC)Helmholtz Center Munich Neuherberg Germany
- Joint Heidelberg‐IDC, Inner Medicine 1Heidelberg University Hospital Heidelberg Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) Neuherberg Germany
| | - Götz Hartleben
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC)Helmholtz Center Munich Neuherberg Germany
- Joint Heidelberg‐IDC, Inner Medicine 1Heidelberg University Hospital Heidelberg Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) Neuherberg Germany
| | - Elena Vogl
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC)Helmholtz Center Munich Neuherberg Germany
- Joint Heidelberg‐IDC, Inner Medicine 1Heidelberg University Hospital Heidelberg Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) Neuherberg Germany
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Clinic for Endocrinology and NephrologyMedical Research Center Leipzig Germany
| | - Jan Tuckermann
- Institute of Comparative Molecular EndocrinologyUlm University Ulm Germany
| | - Henriette Uhlenhaut
- Research Group Molecular EndocrinologyHelmholtz Center Munich Neuherberg Germany
| | - Stephan Herzig
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC)Helmholtz Center Munich Neuherberg Germany
- Joint Heidelberg‐IDC, Inner Medicine 1Heidelberg University Hospital Heidelberg Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) Neuherberg Germany
- School of MedicineTechnical University Munich Munich Germany
| | - Marcel Scheideler
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC)Helmholtz Center Munich Neuherberg Germany
- Joint Heidelberg‐IDC, Inner Medicine 1Heidelberg University Hospital Heidelberg Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) Neuherberg Germany
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22
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Mohan H, Brandt SL, Kim JH, Wong F, Lai M, Prentice KJ, Al Rijjal D, Magomedova L, Batchuluun B, Burdett E, Bhattacharjee A, Cummins CL, Belsham DD, Cox B, Liu Y, Wheeler MB. 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropanoic acid (CMPF) prevents high fat diet-induced insulin resistance via maintenance of hepatic lipid homeostasis. Diabetes Obes Metab 2019; 21:61-72. [PMID: 30062833 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM Omega-3 fatty acid ethyl ester supplements, available by prescription, are common in the treatment of dyslipidaemia in humans. Recent studies show that 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropanoic acid (CMPF), a metabolite formed from fish oil supplementation, was able to prevent and reverse high fat diet (HFD)-induced fatty liver in mice. In the present study, we investigated the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for CMPF's hepatic lipid-lowering effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS CD1 male mice were i.p. injected with CMPF (dosage, 6 mg/kg) for 7 days, followed by 5 weeks of a 60% HFD to induce a fatty liver phenotype. Metabolic parameters, liver morphology, lipid content, protein expression and microarray analysis were assessed. We also utilized primary hepatocytes, an in vitro model, to further investigate the direct effects of CMPF on hepatic lipid utilization and biosynthesis. RESULTS CMPF-treated mice display enhanced hepatic lipid clearance while hepatic lipid storage is prevented, thereby protecting against liver lipid accumulation and development of HFD-induced hepatic insulin resistance. Mechanistically, as CMPF enters the liver, it acts as an allosteric acetyl-coA carboxylase (ACC) inhibitor, which directly induces both fatty acid oxidation and hepatic production of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). A feed-back loop is initiated by CMPF, which exists between ACC inhibition, fatty acid oxidation and production of FGF21. As a consequence, an adaptive decrease in Insig2/SREBP-1c/FAS protein expression results in priming of the liver to prevent a HFD-induced fatty liver phenotype. CONCLUSION CMPF is a potential driver of hepatic lipid metabolism, preventing diet-induced hepatic lipid deposition and insulin resistance in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haneesha Mohan
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sydney L Brandt
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ja Hyun Kim
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Frances Wong
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mi Lai
- Department of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kacey J Prentice
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Dana Al Rijjal
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Lilia Magomedova
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Elena Burdett
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Carolyn L Cummins
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Denise D Belsham
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Brian Cox
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael B Wheeler
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
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23
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Abstract
Oxidative derivatives of cholesterol such as 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol, 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol, 25-hydroxycholesterol, and (25S),26-hydroxycholesterol are endogenous ligands for the liver X receptors (LXRα and LXRβ). The LXRs are nuclear hormone receptors known as "intracellular cholesterol sensors" because of their ability to bind to and be activated by oxysterols at circulating concentrations. Oxysterols are expressed in a tissue-specific manner and are generally at least 104 to 106-fold less abundant than cholesterol. Thus, the extraction and measurement of oxysterols from plasma and tissues are facilitated by the removal of bulk sterols by solid phase extraction prior to quantitative analysis by mass spectrometry. In this chapter we describe step by step methods for extracting and quantitating oxysterols from biological samples using electrospray ionization LC/MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia Magomedova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Carolyn L Cummins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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24
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Tiefenbach J, Magomedova L, Liu J, Reunov AA, Tsai R, Eappen NS, Jockusch RA, Nislow C, Cummins CL, Krause HM. Idebenone and coenzyme Q 10 are novel PPARα/γ ligands, with potential for treatment of fatty liver diseases. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:11/9/dmm034801. [PMID: 30171034 PMCID: PMC6177011 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.034801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Current peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-targeted drugs, such as the PPARγ-directed diabetes drug rosiglitazone, are associated with undesirable side effects due to robust agonist activity in non-target tissues. To find new PPAR ligands with fewer toxic effects, we generated transgenic zebrafish that can be screened in high throughput for new tissue-selective PPAR partial agonists. A structural analog of coenzyme Q10 (idebenone) that elicits spatially restricted partial agonist activity for both PPARα and PPARγ was identified. Coenzyme Q10 was also found to bind and activate both PPARs in a similar fashion, suggesting an endogenous role in relaying the states of mitochondria, peroxisomes and cellular redox to the two receptors. Testing idebenone in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes revealed the ability to reverse fatty liver development. These findings indicate new mechanisms of action for both PPARα and PPARγ, and new potential treatment options for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and steatosis. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary: A zebrafish screen identifies a novel PPARα/γ ligand, idebenone, with potential for treatment of fatty liver diseases, as seen by testing it in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Tiefenbach
- University of Toronto, Donnelly Ctr., 160 College St, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada .,InDanio Bioscience Inc., 160 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Lilia Magomedova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, 144 College St, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Jiabao Liu
- University of Toronto, Donnelly Ctr., 160 College St, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Arkadiy A Reunov
- InDanio Bioscience Inc., 160 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Ricky Tsai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, 144 College St, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Neena S Eappen
- Department of Chemistry, 80 St George St, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H4, Canada
| | - Rebecca A Jockusch
- Department of Chemistry, 80 St George St, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H4, Canada
| | - Corey Nislow
- The University of British Columbia, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Carolyn L Cummins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, 144 College St, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Henry M Krause
- University of Toronto, Donnelly Ctr., 160 College St, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada .,InDanio Bioscience Inc., 160 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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25
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Bukuroshi P, Saitoh H, Magomedova L, Cummins CL, Chow EC, Li AP, Pang KS. Strategies and limitations associated with in vitro characterization of vitamin D receptor activators. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 155:547-561. [PMID: 30028992 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In vitro cell-based assays are common screening tools used for the identification of new VDR ligands. For 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3] and 1α-hydroxyvitamin D3 [1α(OH)D3], protein expressions of CYP2R1 and CYP27B1, respectively, that form the active 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] ligand were detected in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells expressing the GAL4-hVDR, the human brain microvessel endothelial (hCMEC/D3) and adenocarcinoma colonic (Caco-2) cells. The impact of bioactivation enzymes was shown upon the addition of ketoconazole (10 μM KTZ), a pan-CYP inhibitor, which reduced the apparent potency of 25(OH)D3 and increased the EC50 from 272 to 608 nM in HEK293 cells. EIA assays verified that 1,25(OH)2D3 was formed and contributed to VDR activity independently of its precursors. In hCMEC/D3 cells where enzyme protein levels were lowest, changes in MDR1/P-gp expression with KTZ were minimal. In Caco-2 cells, the induction of TRPV6 (calcium channel), CYP24A1, CYP3A4, OATP1A2 and MDR1 mRNA expression was 1,25(OH)2D3 > 1α(OH)D3 > 25(OH)D3, with the magnitude of change being blunted by KTZ. Upon inclusion of KTZ in the cell-based assays, high transcriptional activities were observed for synthetic VDR activators from Teijin Pharma. Cyclopentanone derivatives: TPD-003, TPD-005, TPD-006, TPD-008 and TPD-009 (EC50s 0.06 to 67 nM, unchanged with KTZ) were found more potent over straight chain and lactone derivatives (antagonists). Most TPD compounds activated OATP1A2, CYP24A1, CYP3A4, and MDR1 (28-67%) and TRPV6 transcriptionally in Caco-2 cells. The results identified that cell-based assays with added KTZ could accurately identify new VDR activators, although these may be hypercalcemic with strong TRPV6 inducing properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Bukuroshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hiroshi Saitoh
- Teijin Pharma Inc., 3-2, Asahigaoka 4-chome, Hino, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan
| | - Lilia Magomedova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carolyn L Cummins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Edwin C Chow
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Albert P Li
- In Vitro ADMET Laboratories, Columbia, MD 21045, USA
| | - K Sandy Pang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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26
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Glantschnig C, Koenen M, Gil Lozano M, Karbiener M, Cummins CL, Blüher M, Tuckermann J, Herzig S, Scheideler M. A miR-29a-driven negative feedback loop regulates the glucocorticoid receptor in health and disease. DIABETOL STOFFWECHS 2018. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1657801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Glantschnig
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC), Neuherberg, Germany
- Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - M Koenen
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, Ulm, Germany
| | - M Gil Lozano
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC), Neuherberg, Germany
- Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - M Karbiener
- Medical University of Graz, Division of Phoniatrics, Speech and Swallowing, Graz, Austria
| | - CL Cummins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - M Blüher
- Clinic for Enocrinology and Nephrology, Medical Research Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - J Tuckermann
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, Ulm, Germany
| | - S Herzig
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC), & Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair Molecular Metabolic Control, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - M Scheideler
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC), Neuherberg, Germany
- Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
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27
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Rasheed A, Tsai R, Cummins CL. Loss of the Liver X Receptors Disrupts the Balance of Hematopoietic Populations, With Detrimental Effects on Endothelial Progenitor Cells. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7:JAHA.117.007787. [PMID: 29739800 PMCID: PMC6015321 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.007787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background The liver X receptors (LXRs; α/β) are nuclear receptors known to regulate cholesterol homeostasis and the production of select hematopoietic populations. The objective of this study was to determine the importance of LXRs and a high‐fat high‐cholesterol diet on global hematopoiesis, with special emphasis on endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), a vasoreparative cell type that is derived from bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells. Methods and Results Wild‐type and LXR double‐knockout (Lxrαβ−/−) mice were fed a Western diet (WD) to increase plasma cholesterol levels. In WD‐fed Lxrαβ−/− mice, flow cytometry and complete blood cell counts revealed that hematopoietic stem cells, a myeloid progenitor, and mature circulating myeloid cells were increased; EPC numbers were significantly decreased. Hematopoietic stem cells from WD‐fed Lxrαβ−/− mice showed increased cholesterol content, along with increased myeloid colony formation compared with chow‐fed mice. In contrast, EPCs from WD‐fed Lxrαβ−/− mice also demonstrated increased cellular cholesterol content that was associated with greater expression of the endothelial lineage markers Cd144 and Vegfr2, suggesting accelerated differentiation of the EPCs. Treatment of human umbilical vein endothelial cells with conditioned medium collected from these EPCs increased THP‐1 monocyte adhesion. Increased monocyte adhesion to conditioned medium–treated endothelial cells was recapitulated with conditioned medium from Lxrαβ−/−EPCs treated with cholesterol ex vivo, suggesting cholesterol is the main component of the WD inducing EPC dysfunction. Conclusions LXRs are crucial for maintaining the balance of hematopoietic cells in a hypercholesterolemic environment and for mitigating the negative effects of cholesterol on EPC differentiation/secretome changes that promote monocyte‐endothelial adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil Rasheed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ricky Tsai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carolyn L Cummins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada .,Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,The Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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28
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Rasheed A, Tsai R, Rayner KJ, Cummins CL. Abstract 623: Activating Liver X Receptors Alters Endothelial Progenitor Cell Differentiation and Enhances the Release of Factors that Reduce Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1161/atvb.38.suppl_1.623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The liver x receptors (LXRα/β) are nuclear receptors that are highly expressed in macrophages and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). EPCs are bone marrow (BM) derived cells that facilitate endothelial repair through the secretion of factors. The importance of LXRs in preventing atherosclerosis has been attributed to promoting cholesterol efflux from macrophages. However, a role for EPCs in the LXR response has not been explored. We hypothesized that LXR activation in EPCs contributes to their anti-atherogenic effects by preventing endothelial activation during atherogenesis. In the
Lxr
-/- mice, circulating EPCs were decreased by 27% compared to WT, while myeloid populations were increased. Isolated hematopoietic stem cells treated with LXR agonist (1μM GW3965)
ex vivo
showed a 36% increase in the number of EPC colonies formed, while myeloid colonies were decreased by 25%. GW3965 treatment during EPC differentiation resulted in a 76% decrease in endothelial lineage marker (
Cd144
and
Vegfr2
) expression. To investigate endothelial cell activation, activated human umbilical vein endothelial cells were incubated with the conditioned media (CM) from GW3965-treated WT EPCs, which reduced THP-1 monocyte adhesion by 36% compared to the CM from vehicle treatment. To determine the effects of the EPC-derived CM
in vivo
,
Ldlr
-/- mice were injected with concentrated CM bi-weekly over an 8-week period, which decreased aortic sinus lesion area by 52% compared to the media control injections. Taken together, the loss of LXRs perturbed hematopoietic balance
in vivo
, while the activation of LXRs were associated with enhanced
ex vivo
EPC formation. Furthermore, LXR activation altered EPC differentiation and secretome resulting in decreased
in vitro
endothelial-monocyte adhesion. When administered to atherosclerotic-prone mice, these secreted factors reduced lesion formation in the aortic sinus. These data suggest that LXRs reduce the development of atherosclerosis in part through the release of EPC-derived factors that can reduce endothelial activation.
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29
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Han H, Braunschweig U, Gonatopoulos-Pournatzis T, Weatheritt RJ, Hirsch CL, Ha KCH, Radovani E, Nabeel-Shah S, Sterne-Weiler T, Wang J, O'Hanlon D, Pan Q, Ray D, Zheng H, Vizeacoumar F, Datti A, Magomedova L, Cummins CL, Hughes TR, Greenblatt JF, Wrana JL, Moffat J, Blencowe BJ. Multilayered Control of Alternative Splicing Regulatory Networks by Transcription Factors. Mol Cell 2017; 65:539-553.e7. [PMID: 28157508 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Networks of coordinated alternative splicing (AS) events play critical roles in development and disease. However, a comprehensive knowledge of the factors that regulate these networks is lacking. We describe a high-throughput system for systematically linking trans-acting factors to endogenous RNA regulatory events. Using this system, we identify hundreds of factors associated with diverse regulatory layers that positively or negatively control AS events linked to cell fate. Remarkably, more than one-third of the regulators are transcription factors. Further analyses of the zinc finger protein Zfp871 and BTB/POZ domain transcription factor Nacc1, which regulate neural and stem cell AS programs, respectively, reveal roles in controlling the expression of specific splicing regulators. Surprisingly, these proteins also appear to regulate target AS programs via binding RNA. Our results thus uncover a large "missing cache" of splicing regulators among annotated transcription factors, some of which dually regulate AS through direct and indirect mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Han
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | | | | | - Robert J Weatheritt
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada; MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Calley L Hirsch
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Kevin C H Ha
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Ernest Radovani
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Syed Nabeel-Shah
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | | | - Juli Wang
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Dave O'Hanlon
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Qun Pan
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Debashish Ray
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Hong Zheng
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Frederick Vizeacoumar
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Alessandro Datti
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Lilia Magomedova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Carolyn L Cummins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Timothy R Hughes
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jack F Greenblatt
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jeffrey L Wrana
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Jason Moffat
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Benjamin J Blencowe
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
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30
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Jongstra-Bilen J, Zhang CX, Wisnicki T, Li MK, White-Alfred S, Ilaalagan R, Ferri DM, Deonarain A, Wan MH, Hyduk SJ, Cummins CL, Cybulsky MI. Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Loading of Macrophages Downregulates TLR-Induced Proinflammatory Responses in a Gene-Specific and Temporal Manner through Transcriptional Control. J Immunol 2017; 199:2149-2157. [PMID: 28784845 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is a key risk factor for atherosclerosis and leads to the uptake of native and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) by macrophages (Mϕs) and foam cell formation. Inflammatory processes accompany Mϕ foam cell formation in the artery wall, yet the relationship between Mϕ lipid loading and their response to inflammatory stimuli remains elusive. We investigated proinflammatory gene expression in thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal Mϕs, bone marrow-derived Mϕs and dendritic cells, and RAW264.7 cells. Loading with oxLDL did not induce peritoneal Mϕ apoptosis or modulate basal-level expression of proinflammatory genes. Upon stimulation of TLR4, the rapid induction of IFN-β was inhibited in cells loaded with oxLDL, whereas the induction of other proinflammatory genes by TLR4 (LPS), TLR3 (polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid), TLR2 (Pam3CSK4), and TLR9 (CpG) remained comparable within the first 2 h. Subsequently, the expression of a subset of proinflammatory genes (e.g., IL-1β, IL-6, CCL5) was reduced in oxLDL-loaded cells at the level of transcription. This phenomenon was partially dependent on NF erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) but not on nuclear liver X receptors α and β (LXRα,β), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), and activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3). LPS-induced NF-κB reporter activity and intracellular signaling by NF-κB and MAPK pathways were comparable in oxLDL-loaded Mϕs, yet the binding of p65/RelA (the prototypic NF-κB family member) was reduced at IL-6 and CCL5 promoters. This study revealed that oxLDL loading of Mϕs negatively regulates transcription at late stages of TLR-induced proinflammatory gene expression and implicates epigenetic mechanisms such as histone deacetylase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Jongstra-Bilen
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada; .,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and
| | - Cindy X Zhang
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and
| | - Timothy Wisnicki
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and
| | - Mengyi K Li
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Samantha White-Alfred
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Ragave Ilaalagan
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Dario M Ferri
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and
| | - Ashley Deonarain
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and
| | - Mark H Wan
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Sharon J Hyduk
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Carolyn L Cummins
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Myron I Cybulsky
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and
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31
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Williams-Dautovich J, Yogendirarajah K, Dela Cruz A, Patel R, Tsai R, Morgan SA, Mitchell J, Grynpas MD, Cummins CL. The CRH-Transgenic Cushingoid Mouse Is a Model of Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis. JBMR Plus 2017; 1:46-57. [PMID: 30283880 PMCID: PMC6124163 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) have unparalleled anti‐inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties, which accounts for their widespread prescription and use. Unfortunately, a limitation to GC therapy is a wide range of negative side effects including Cushing's syndrome, a disease characterized by metabolic abnormalities including muscle wasting and osteoporosis. GC‐induced osteoporosis occurs in 30% to 50% of patients on GC therapy and thus, represents an important area of study. Herein, we characterize the molecular and physiologic effects of GC‐induced osteoporosis using the Cushing's mouse model, the corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) transgenic mouse (CRH‐Tg). The humeri, femurs, and tibias from wild‐type (WT) and CRH‐Tg male mice, aged 13 to 14 weeks old were subjected to multiple bone tests including, micro–computed tomography (μCT), static and dynamic histomorphometry, strength testing, and gene expression analyses. The CRH‐Tg mice had a 38% decrease in cortical bone area, a 35% decrease in cortical thickness, a 16% decrease in trabecular thickness, a sixfold increase in bone adiposity, a 27% reduction in osteoid width, a 75% increase in bone‐resorbing osteoclast number/bone surface, a 34% decrease in bone formation rate, and a 40% decrease in bone strength compared to WT mice. At the gene expression level, CRH‐Tg bone showed significantly increased osteoclast markers and decreased osteoblast markers, whereas CRH‐Tg muscle had increased muscle atrophy gene markers compared to WT mice. Overall, the CRH‐Tg mouse model aged to 14 weeks recapitulated many features of osteoporosis in Cushing's syndrome and thus, represents a useful model to study GC‐induced osteoporosis and interventions that target the effects of GCs on the skeleton. © 2017 The Authors. JBMR Plus is published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ariana Dela Cruz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Rucha Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Ricky Tsai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Stuart A Morgan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Jane Mitchell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Marc D Grynpas
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute Mount Sinai Hospital Toronto Ontario Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Carolyn L Cummins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Xu Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Carolyn L Cummins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
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33
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Patel R, Magomedova L, Tsai R, Angers S, Orellana A, Cummins CL. Separating the Anti-Inflammatory and Diabetogenic Effects of Glucocorticoids Through LXRβ Antagonism. Endocrinology 2017; 158:1034-1047. [PMID: 28324010 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic glucocorticoids (GCs), including dexamethasone (DEX), are powerful anti-inflammatory drugs. Long-term use of GCs, however, can result in metabolic side effects such as hyperglycemia, hepatosteatosis, and insulin resistance. The GC receptor (GR) and liver X receptors (LXRα and LXRβ) regulate overlapping genes involved in gluconeogenesis and inflammation. We have previously shown that Lxrβ-/- mice are resistant to the diabetogenic effects of DEX but still sensitive to its immunosuppressive actions. To determine whether this finding could be exploited for therapeutic intervention, we treated mice with GSK2033, a pan-LXR antagonist, alone or combined with DEX. GSK2033 suppressed GC-induced gluconeogenic gene expression without affecting immune-responsive GR target genes. The suppressive effect of GSK2033 on DEX-induced gluconeogenic genes was specific to LXRβ, was liver cell autonomous, and occurred in a target gene-specific manner. Compared with DEX treatment alone, the coadministration of GSK2033 with DEX decreased the recruitment of GR and its accessory factors MED1 and C/EBPβ to the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase promoter. However, GSK2033 had no effect on DEX-mediated suppression of inflammatory genes expressed in the liver or in mouse primary macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharides. In conclusion, our study provides evidence that the gluconeogenic and immunosuppressive actions of GR activation can be mechanistically dissociated by pharmacological antagonism of LXRβ. Treatment with an LXRβ antagonist could allow the safer use of existing GC drugs in patients requiring chronic dosing of anti-inflammatory agents for the treatment of diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rucha Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Lilia Magomedova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Ricky Tsai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Stéphane Angers
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Arturo Orellana
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Carolyn L Cummins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
- Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
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34
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Zeng K, Tian L, Patel R, Shao W, Song Z, Liu L, Manuel J, Ma X, McGilvray I, Cummins CL, Weng J, Jin T. Diet Polyphenol Curcumin Stimulates Hepatic Fgf21 Production and Restores Its Sensitivity in High-Fat-Diet-Fed Male Mice. Endocrinology 2017; 158:277-292. [PMID: 27967217 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We found previously that short-term curcumin gavage stimulated mouse hepatic fibroblast growth factor 21 (Fgf21) expression. Here we conducted mechanistic exploration and investigated the potential pathophysiological relevance on this regulation. Fgf21 stimulation was observed at messenger RNA and protein levels in mice with daily curcumin gavage for 4 or 8 days and in primary hepatocytes with curcumin treatment. Using peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) agonist and antagonist, along with luciferase reporter and chromatin immune-precipitation approaches, we determined that curcumin stimulates Fgf21 transcription in a mechanism involving PPARα activation. High-fat diet (HFD) feeding also increased mouse hepatic and serum Fgf21 levels, whereas dietary curcumin intervention attenuated these increases. We found that HFD feeding reduced hepatic expression levels of genes that encode FGFR1 and βKlotho, PGC1α, and the targets of the PPARα-PGC1α axis, whereas concomitant curcumin intervention restored or partially restored their expression levels. Importantly, hepatocytes from HFD-fed mice showed a loss of response to FGF21 treatment on Erk phosphorylation and the expression of Egr1 and cFos; this response was restored in hepatocytes from HFD-fed mice with curcumin intervention. This investigation expanded our mechanistic understanding of the metabolic beneficial effects of dietary curcumin intervention involving the regulation of Fgf21 production and the attenuation of HFD-induced Fgf21 resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kejing Zeng
- 600 Tianhe Rd, Tianhe District, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yet-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
- Toronto General Research Institutes, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lili Tian
- Toronto General Research Institutes, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rucha Patel
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Weijuan Shao
- Toronto General Research Institutes, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zhuolun Song
- Toronto General Research Institutes, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ling Liu
- Toronto General Research Institutes, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Justin Manuel
- Transplant Core Laboratory, Multi-organ transplantation, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xuezhong Ma
- Transplant Core Laboratory, Multi-organ transplantation, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ian McGilvray
- Transplant Core Laboratory, Multi-organ transplantation, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carolyn L Cummins
- Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Tianru Jin
- Toronto General Research Institutes, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Bashiri A, Nesan D, Tavallaee G, Sue-Chue-Lam I, Chien K, Maguire GF, Naples M, Zhang J, Magomedova L, Adeli K, Cummins CL, Ng DS. Cellular cholesterol accumulation modulates high fat high sucrose (HFHS) diet-induced ER stress and hepatic inflammasome activation in the development of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:594-605. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Huroy S, Kanawaty A, Magomedova L, Cummins CL, George SR, van der Kooy D, Henderson JT. EphB2 reverse signaling regulates learned opiate tolerance via hippocampal function. Behav Brain Res 2016; 300:85-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
In response to stress, the central nervous system initiates a signaling cascade, which leads to the production of glucocorticoids (GCs). GCs act through the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) to coordinate the appropriate cellular response with the primary goal of mobilizing the storage forms of carbon precursors to generate a continuous glucose supply for the brain. Although GCs are critical for maintaining energy homeostasis, excessive GC stimulation leads to a number of undesirable side effects, including hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, fatty liver, obesity, and muscle wasting leading to severe metabolic dysfunction. Summarized below are the diverse metabolic roles of glucocorticoids in energy homeostasis and dysregulation, focusing specifically on glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia Magomedova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Carolyn L Cummins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada.
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Ahmed S, Bott D, Gomez A, Tamblyn L, Rasheed A, Cho T, MacPherson L, Sugamori KS, Yang Y, Grant DM, Cummins CL, Matthews J. Loss of the Mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase, Tiparp, Increases Sensitivity to Dioxin-induced Steatohepatitis and Lethality. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:16824-40. [PMID: 25975270 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.660100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) mediates the toxic effects of the environmental contaminant dioxin (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin; TCDD). Dioxin causes a range of toxic responses, including hepatic damage, steatohepatitis, and a lethal wasting syndrome; however, the mechanisms are still unknown. Here, we show that the loss of TCDD-inducible poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (Tiparp), an ADP-ribosyltransferase and AHR repressor, increases sensitivity to dioxin-induced toxicity, steatohepatitis, and lethality. Tiparp(-/-) mice given a single injection of 100 μg/kg dioxin did not survive beyond day 5; all Tiparp(+/+) mice survived the 30-day treatment. Dioxin-treated Tiparp(-/-) mice exhibited increased liver steatosis and hepatotoxicity. Tiparp ADP-ribosylated AHR but not its dimerization partner, the AHR nuclear translocator, and the repressive effects of TIPARP on AHR were reversed by the macrodomain containing mono-ADP-ribosylase MACROD1 but not MACROD2. These results reveal previously unidentified roles for Tiparp, MacroD1, and ADP-ribosylation in AHR-mediated steatohepatitis and lethality in response to dioxin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Debbie Bott
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology
| | - Alvin Gomez
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology
| | | | - Adil Rasheed
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Tiffany Cho
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology
| | | | | | - Yang Yang
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology
| | - Denis M Grant
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Carolyn L Cummins
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
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Rasheed A, Cummins CL. Abstract 327: Liver X Receptors (LXR) Modulate the Negative Effects on Endothelial Progenitors Cells after Feeding a High Cholesterol Diet. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1161/atvb.35.suppl_1.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The liver X receptors (LXRα/β) belong to the nuclear receptor superfamily of ligand activated transcription factors. LXRs are endogenously activated by oxysterols; and one of their primary functions is to facilitate cholesterol efflux out of cells, such as macrophages, via the ABCA1 & ABCG1 transporters. Bone marrow (BM) transplant studies have shown that LXRs are important for preventing the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. Loss of LXRs in the monocyte/macrophage population of the BM was thought to be the primary mediator of the increased atherosclerosis in these studies. However, the BM is comprised of a variety of cell types that are differentiated from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Like numerous other vascular complications, endothelial defects are central to the pathogenesis of the early stages of atherosclerosis. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), derived from HSCs in the BM, contribute to vascular health primarily through the secretion of factors that maintain and repair the endothelium of the damaged vasculature. We hypothesized that LXRs also modulate the negative effects of cholesterol on EPCs, in addition to its effects in macrophages. To study the effects of dietary cholesterol on EPCs and the roles of LXRs in modulating these effects, WT and LXRα/β-/- mice were fed a high-fat/high-cholesterol (HF/HC) diet starting at 8-9 weeks of age for a total of 12 weeks. Complete blood counts showed that in the LXRα/β-/- but not the WT mice fed the HF/HC diet, there was a significant expansion of select myeloid populations (neutrophils, monocytes, platelets). Furthermore, EPCs derived from the HF/HC fed LXRα/β-/- mice had a higher expression of the endothelial markers CD144 and VEGFR2 compared to WT mice and LXRα/β-/- mice on chow diet, suggesting enhanced differentiation to a more endothelial-like cell in the absence of LXRs. Notably, the paracrine reparative actions of EPCs have been shown in populations of cells with low expression of endothelial markers. Taken together, these results suggest that LXRs modulate the effects of HF/HC diet on the differentiation of EPCs to endothelial cells and thus, may provide another cell type within the BM that would benefit from LXR activation in modulating vascular disease.[[Unable to Display Character:  ]]
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil Rasheed
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Univ of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Gilbert RE, Thai K, Advani SL, Cummins CL, Kepecs DM, Schroer SA, Woo M, Zhang Y. SIRT1 activation ameliorates hyperglycaemia by inducing a torpor-like state in an obese mouse model of type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2015; 58:819-27. [PMID: 25563725 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-014-3485-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Nutrient overabundance and diminished physical activity underlie the epidemic of obesity and its consequences of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. These same phenomena, obesity and insulin resistance, are also observed in mammals as they ready themselves for the nutrient deprivation of winter, yet their plasma glucose does not rise. Given the role of silent information regulator 2 (Sir2) and its mammalian orthologue, Sirt1, in survival and life extension during energy deprivation, we hypothesised that enhancing its activity may reduce the insensible energy loss engendered by hyperglycaemia and glycosuria. METHODS At 8 weeks of age, db/db and db/m mice were randomised to receive the SIRT1 activator SRT3025 milled in chow (3.18 g/kg) or regular chow and followed for a further 12 weeks. RESULTS When compared with vehicle, SIRT1 activation greatly improved glycaemic control, augmented plasma insulin concentrations, increased pancreatic islet beta cell mass and elevated hepatic expression of the beta cell growth factor, betatrophin in db/db mice. Despite the dramatic reduction in hyperglycaemia, db/db mice displayed worsening insulin resistance, diminished physical activity and further weight gain. These findings along with reduced food intake and reduction in body temperature resembled torpor and hibernation. By contrast, SIRT1 activation conferred only minimal changes in non-diabetic db/m mice. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION While reducing hyperglycaemia and promoting beta cell expansion, enhancing the activity of SIRT1 facilitates a phenotypic change in a db/db mouse model of diabetes to one that more closely resembles the physiological state of torpor or hibernation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Gilbert
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St Michael's Hospital, 61 Queen Street East, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5C 2T2,
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Patel R, Bookout AL, Magomedova L, Owen BM, Consiglio GP, Shimizu M, Zhang Y, Mangelsdorf DJ, Kliewer SA, Cummins CL. Glucocorticoids regulate the metabolic hormone FGF21 in a feed-forward loop. Mol Endocrinol 2014; 29:213-23. [PMID: 25495872 DOI: 10.1210/me.2014-1259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hormones such as fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and glucocorticoids (GCs) play crucial roles in coordinating the adaptive starvation response. Here we examine the interplay between these hormones. It was previously shown that FGF21 induces corticosterone levels in mice by acting on the brain. We now show that this induces the expression of genes required for GC synthesis in the adrenal gland. FGF21 also increases corticosterone secretion from the adrenal in response to ACTH. We further show that the relationship between FGF21 and GCs is bidirectional. GCs induce Fgf21 expression in the liver by acting on the GC receptor (GR). The GR binds in a ligand-dependent manner to a noncanonical GR response element located approximately 4.4 kb upstream of the Fgf21 transcription start site. The GR cooperates with the nuclear fatty acid receptor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α, to stimulate Fgf21 transcription. GR and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α ligands have additive effects on Fgf21 expression both in vivo and in primary cultures of mouse hepatocytes. We conclude that FGF21 and GCs regulate each other's production in a feed-forward loop and suggest that this provides a mechanism for bypassing negative feedback on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to allow sustained gluconeogenesis during starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rucha Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (R.P., L.M., G.P.C., C.L.C.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3M2; Department of Pharmacology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (A.L.B., B.M.O., M.S., Y.Z., D.J.M.), and Department of Molecular Biology (S.A.K.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390; and Banting and Best Diabetes Centre (C.L.C.), Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C4
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Lee AY, St Onge RP, Proctor MJ, Wallace IM, Nile AH, Spagnuolo PA, Jitkova Y, Gronda M, Wu Y, Kim MK, Cheung-Ong K, Torres NP, Spear ED, Han MKL, Schlecht U, Suresh S, Duby G, Heisler LE, Surendra A, Fung E, Urbanus ML, Gebbia M, Lissina E, Miranda M, Chiang JH, Aparicio AM, Zeghouf M, Davis RW, Cherfils J, Boutry M, Kaiser CA, Cummins CL, Trimble WS, Brown GW, Schimmer AD, Bankaitis VA, Nislow C, Bader GD, Giaever G. Mapping the cellular response to small molecules using chemogenomic fitness signatures. Science 2014; 344:208-11. [PMID: 24723613 DOI: 10.1126/science.1250217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide characterization of the in vivo cellular response to perturbation is fundamental to understanding how cells survive stress. Identifying the proteins and pathways perturbed by small molecules affects biology and medicine by revealing the mechanisms of drug action. We used a yeast chemogenomics platform that quantifies the requirement for each gene for resistance to a compound in vivo to profile 3250 small molecules in a systematic and unbiased manner. We identified 317 compounds that specifically perturb the function of 121 genes and characterized the mechanism of specific compounds. Global analysis revealed that the cellular response to small molecules is limited and described by a network of 45 major chemogenomic signatures. Our results provide a resource for the discovery of functional interactions among genes, chemicals, and biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Y Lee
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
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Patel R, Williams-Dautovich J, Cummins CL. Minireview: new molecular mediators of glucocorticoid receptor activity in metabolic tissues. Mol Endocrinol 2014; 28:999-1011. [PMID: 24766141 DOI: 10.1210/me.2014-1062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) was one of the first nuclear hormone receptors cloned and represents one of the most effective drug targets available today for the treatment of severe inflammation. The physiologic consequences of endogenous or exogenous glucocorticoid excess are well established and include hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, fatty liver, obesity, and muscle wasting. However, at the molecular and tissue-specific level, there are still many unknown protein mediators of glucocorticoid response and thus, much remains to be uncovered that will help determine whether activation of the GR can be tailored to improve therapeutic efficacy while minimizing unwanted side effects. This review summarizes recent discoveries of tissue-selective modulators of glucocorticoid signaling that are important in mediating the unwanted side effects of therapeutic glucocorticoid use, emphasizing the downstream molecular effects of GR activation in the liver, adipose tissue, muscle, and pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rucha Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (R.P., J.W-D., C.L.C.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3M2, Canada; and Banting and Best Diabetes Centre (C.L.C.), Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4 Canada
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Chow ECY, Magomedova L, Quach HP, Patel R, Durk MR, Fan J, Maeng HJ, Irondi K, Anakk S, Moore DD, Cummins CL, Pang KS. Vitamin D receptor activation down-regulates the small heterodimer partner and increases CYP7A1 to lower cholesterol. Gastroenterology 2014; 146:1048-59. [PMID: 24365583 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Little is known about the effects of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) on hepatic activity of human cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) and cholesterol metabolism. We studied these processes in mice in vivo and mouse and human hepatocytes. METHODS Farnesoid X receptor (Fxr)(-/-), small heterodimer partner (Shp)(-/-), and C57BL/6 (wild-type control) mice were fed normal or Western diets for 3 weeks and were then given intraperitoneal injections of vehicle (corn oil) or 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25[OH]2D3; 4 doses, 2.5 μg/kg, every other day). Plasma and tissue samples were collected and levels of Vdr, Shp, Cyp7a1, Cyp24a1, and rodent fibroblast growth factor (Fgf) 15 expression, as well as levels of cholesterol, were measured. We studied the regulation of Shp by Vdr using reporter and mobility shift assays in transfected human embryonic kidney 293 cells, quantitative polymerase chain reaction with mouse tissues and mouse and human hepatocytes, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays with mouse liver. RESULTS We first confirmed the presence of Vdr mRNA and protein expression in livers of mice. In mice fed normal diets and given injections of 1,25(OH)2D3, liver and plasma concentrations of 1,25(OH)2D3 increased and decreased in unison. Changes in hepatic Cyp7a1 messenger RNA (mRNA) correlated with those of Cyp24a1 (a Vdr target gene) and inversely with Shp mRNA, but not ileal Fgf15 mRNA. Similarly, incubation with 1,25(OH)2D3 increased levels of Cyp24a1/CYP24A1 and Cyp7a1/CYP7A1 mRNA in mouse and human hepatocytes, and reduced levels of Shp mRNA in mouse hepatocytes. In Fxr(-/-) and wild-type mice with hypercholesterolemia, injection of 1,25(OH)2D3 consistently reduced levels of plasma and liver cholesterol and Shp mRNA, and increased hepatic Cyp7a1 mRNA and protein; these changes were not observed in Shp(-/-) mice given 1,25(OH)2D3 and fed Western diets. Truncation of the human small heterodimer partner (SHP) promoter and deletion analyses revealed VDR-dependent inhibition of SHP, and mobility shift assays showed direct binding of VDR to enhancer regions of SHP. In addition, chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis of livers from mice showed that injection of 1,25(OH)2D3 increased recruitment of Vdr and rodent retinoid X receptor to the Shp promoter. CONCLUSIONS Activation of the VDR represses hepatic SHP to increase levels of mouse and human CYP7A1 and reduce cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin C Y Chow
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lilia Magomedova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Holly P Quach
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rucha Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew R Durk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jianghong Fan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Han-Joo Maeng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kamdi Irondi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - David D Moore
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Carolyn L Cummins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - K Sandy Pang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Patel M, Wang XX, Magomedova L, John R, Rasheed A, Santamaria H, Wang W, Tsai R, Qiu L, Orellana A, Advani A, Levi M, Cummins CL. Liver X receptors preserve renal glomerular integrity under normoglycaemia and in diabetes in mice. Diabetologia 2014; 57:435-46. [PMID: 24201575 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-013-3095-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Liver X receptors (LXRs) α and β are nuclear hormone receptors that are widely expressed in the kidney. They promote cholesterol efflux from cells and inhibit inflammatory responses by regulating gene transcription. Here, we hypothesised (1) that LXR deficiency would promote renal decline in a mouse model of diabetes by accelerating intraglomerular cholesterol accumulation and, conversely, (2) that LXR agonism would attenuate renal decline in diabetes. METHODS Diabetes was induced with streptozotocin (STZ) and maintained for 14 weeks in Lxrα/β (+/+) (Lxrα, also known as Nr1h3; Lxrβ, also known as Nr1h2) and Lxrα/β (-/-) mice. In addition, STZ-injected DBA/2J mice were treated with vehicle or the LXR agonist N,N-dimethyl-hydroxycholenamide (DMHCA) (80 mg/kg daily) for 10 weeks. To determine the role of cholesterol in diabetic nephropathy (DN), mice were placed on a Western diet after hyperglycaemia developed. RESULTS Even in the absence of diabetes, Lxrα/β (-/-) mice exhibited a tenfold increase in the albumin:creatinine ratio and a 40-fold increase in glomerular lipid accumulation compared with Lxrα/β (+/+) mice. When challenged with diabetes, Lxrα/β (-/-) mice showed accelerated mesangial matrix expansion and glomerular lipid accumulation, with upregulation of inflammatory and oxidative stress markers. In the DN-sensitive STZ DBA/2J mouse model, DMHCA treatment significantly decreased albumin and nephrin excretion (by 50% each), glomerular lipids and plasma triacylglycerol (by 70%) and cholesterol (by 48%); it also decreased kidney inflammatory and oxidative stress markers compared with vehicle-treated mice. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These data support the idea that LXR plays an important role in the normal and diabetic kidney, while showing that LXR, through its inhibitory effect on inflammation and cholesterol accumulation in glomeruli, could also be a novel therapeutic target for DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Patel
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College St, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada
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Hazra S, Rasheed A, Bhatwadekar A, Wang X, Shaw LC, Patel M, Caballero S, Magomedova L, Solis N, Yan Y, Wang W, Thinschmidt JS, Verma A, Li Q, Levi M, Cummins CL, Grant MB. Liver X receptor modulates diabetic retinopathy outcome in a mouse model of streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Diabetes 2012; 61:3270-9. [PMID: 22891211 PMCID: PMC3501845 DOI: 10.2337/db11-1596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), critical for mediating vascular repair, are dysfunctional in a hyperglycemic and/or hypercholesterolemic environment. Their dysfunction contributes to the progression of diabetic macro- and microvascular complications. Activation of "cholesterol-sensing" nuclear receptors, the liver X receptors (LXRα/LXRβ), protects against atherosclerosis by transcriptional regulation of genes important in promoting cholesterol efflux and inhibiting inflammation. We hypothesized that LXR activation with a synthetic ligand would correct diabetes-induced EPC dysfunction and improve diabetic retinopathy. Studies were performed in streptozotocin (STZ)-injected DBA/2J mice fed a high-fat Western diet (DBA/STZ/WD) and treated with the LXR agonist GW3965 and in LXRα(-/-), LXRβ(-/-), and LXRα/β(-/-) mice. Retinas were evaluated for number of acellular capillaries and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoreactivity. Bone marrow EPCs were analyzed for migratory function and gene expression. Compared with vehicle-treated DBA/STZ/WD mice, GW3965 treated mice showed fewer acellular capillaries and reduced GFAP expression. These mice also exhibited enhanced EPC migration and restoration of inflammatory and oxidative stress genes toward nondiabetic levels. LXRα(-/-), LXRβ(-/-), and LXRα/β(-/-) mice developed acellular capillaries and EPC dysfunction similar to the DBA/STZ/WD mice. These studies support a key role for LXR in retinal and bone marrow progenitor dysfunction associated with type 1 diabetes. LXR agonists may represent promising pharmacologic targets for correcting retinopathy and EPC dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sugata Hazra
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Adil Rasheed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ashay Bhatwadekar
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Xiaoxin Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Lynn C. Shaw
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Monika Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sergio Caballero
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Lilia Magomedova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nathaniel Solis
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Yuanqing Yan
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Weidong Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | - Amrisha Verma
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Qiuhong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Moshe Levi
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Carolyn L. Cummins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Corresponding author: Maria B. Grant, , or Carolyn L. Cummins,
| | - Maria B. Grant
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Corresponding author: Maria B. Grant, , or Carolyn L. Cummins,
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Hager L, Li L, Pun H, Liu L, Hossain MA, Maguire GF, Naples M, Baker C, Magomedova L, Tam J, Adeli K, Cummins CL, Connelly PW, Ng DS. Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency protects against cholesterol-induced hepatic endoplasmic reticulum stress in mice. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:20755-68. [PMID: 22500017 PMCID: PMC3370258 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.340919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) knock-out mice, particularly in the LDL receptor knock-out background, are hypersensitive to insulin and resistant to high fat diet-induced insulin resistance (IR) and obesity. We demonstrated that chow-fed Ldlr-/-xLcat+/+ mice have elevated hepatic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which promotes IR, compared with wild-type controls, and this effect is normalized in Ldlr-/-xLcat-/- mice. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that hepatic ER cholesterol metabolism differentially regulates ER stress using these models. We observed that the Ldlr-/-xLcat+/+ mice accumulate excess hepatic total and ER cholesterol primarily attributed to increased reuptake of biliary cholesterol as we observed reduced biliary cholesterol in conjunction with decreased hepatic Abcg5/g8 mRNA, increased Npc1l1 mRNA, and decreased Hmgr mRNA and nuclear SREBP2 protein. Intestinal NPC1L1 protein was induced. Expression of these genes was reversed in the Ldlr-/-xLcat-/- mice, accounting for the normalization of total and ER cholesterol and ER stress. Upon feeding a 2% high cholesterol diet (HCD), Ldlr-/-xLcat-/- mice accumulated a similar amount of total hepatic cholesterol compared with the Ldlr-/-xLcat+/+ mice, but the hepatic ER cholesterol levels remained low in conjunction with being protected from HCD-induced ER stress and IR. Hepatic ER stress correlates strongly with hepatic ER free cholesterol but poorly with hepatic tissue free cholesterol. The unexpectedly low ER cholesterol seen in HCD-fed Ldlr-/-xLcat-/- mice was attributable to a coordinated marked up-regulation of ACAT2 and suppressed SREBP2 processing. Thus, factors influencing the accumulation of ER cholesterol may be important for the development of hepatic insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Hager
- From the Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Department of Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto M5B 1W8, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and
| | - Lixin Li
- From the Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Department of Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Henry Pun
- From the Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Department of Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Lu Liu
- From the Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Department of Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Mohammad A. Hossain
- From the Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Department of Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Graham F. Maguire
- From the Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Department of Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Mark Naples
- Division of Biochemistry, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto M5G 1X8, Canada, and
| | - Chris Baker
- Division of Biochemistry, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto M5G 1X8, Canada, and
| | - Lilia Magomedova
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Jonathan Tam
- From the Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Department of Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Khosrow Adeli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada
- Division of Biochemistry, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto M5G 1X8, Canada, and
| | | | - Philip W. Connelly
- From the Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Department of Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto M5B 1W8, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Dominic S. Ng
- From the Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Department of Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto M5B 1W8, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada
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48
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Wollam J, Magner DB, Magomedova L, Rass E, Shen Y, Rottiers V, Habermann B, Cummins CL, Antebi A. A novel 3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase that regulates reproductive development and longevity. PLoS Biol 2012; 10:e1001305. [PMID: 22505847 PMCID: PMC3323522 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Endogenous small molecule metabolites that regulate animal longevity are emerging as a novel means to influence health and life span. In C. elegans, bile acid-like steroids called the dafachronic acids (DAs) regulate developmental timing and longevity through the conserved nuclear hormone receptor DAF-12, a homolog of mammalian sterol-regulated receptors LXR and FXR. Using metabolic genetics, mass spectrometry, and biochemical approaches, we identify new activities in DA biosynthesis and characterize an evolutionarily conserved short chain dehydrogenase, DHS-16, as a novel 3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Through regulation of DA production, DHS-16 controls DAF-12 activity governing longevity in response to signals from the gonad. Our elucidation of C. elegans bile acid biosynthetic pathways reveals the possibility of novel ligands as well as striking biochemical conservation to other animals, which could illuminate new targets for manipulating longevity in metazoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Wollam
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Interdepartmental Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Lilia Magomedova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elisabeth Rass
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yidong Shen
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - Veerle Rottiers
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | | | - Carolyn L. Cummins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adam Antebi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Interdepartmental Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- * E-mail:
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49
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Wallace IM, Urbanus ML, Luciani GM, Burns AR, Han MKL, Wang H, Arora K, Heisler LE, Proctor M, St Onge RP, Roemer T, Roy PJ, Cummins CL, Bader GD, Nislow C, Giaever G. Compound prioritization methods increase rates of chemical probe discovery in model organisms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 18:1273-83. [PMID: 22035796 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2011.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Preselection of compounds that are more likely to induce a phenotype can increase the efficiency and reduce the costs for model organism screening. To identify such molecules, we screened ~81,000 compounds in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and identified ~7500 that inhibit cell growth. Screening these growth-inhibitory molecules across a diverse panel of model organisms resulted in an increased phenotypic hit-rate. These data were used to build a model to predict compounds that inhibit yeast growth. Empirical and in silico application of the model enriched the discovery of bioactive compounds in diverse model organisms. To demonstrate the potential of these molecules as lead chemical probes, we used chemogenomic profiling in yeast and identified specific inhibitors of lanosterol synthase and of stearoyl-CoA 9-desaturase. As community resources, the ~7500 growth-inhibitory molecules have been made commercially available and the computational model and filter used are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain M Wallace
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
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50
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Wollam J, Magomedova L, Magner DB, Shen Y, Rottiers V, Motola DL, Mangelsdorf DJ, Cummins CL, Antebi A. The Rieske oxygenase DAF-36 functions as a cholesterol 7-desaturase in steroidogenic pathways governing longevity. Aging Cell 2011; 10:879-84. [PMID: 21749634 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2011.00733.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids are cholesterol-derived signaling molecules that regulate mammalian metabolism through sterol-sensing nuclear receptor transcription factors. In C. elegans, bile acid-like steroids called dafachronic acids (DAs) control developmental timing and longevity by activating the nuclear receptor DAF-12. However, little is known about the biosynthesis of these molecules. Here, we show that the DAF-36/Rieske oxygenase works at the first committed step, converting cholesterol to 7-dehydrocholesterol. Its elucidation as a cholesterol 7-desaturase provides crucial biochemical evidence that such oxygenases are key steroidogenic enzymes. By controlling DA production, DAF-36 regulates DAF-12 activities for reproductive development and longevity and may illuminate related pathways in metazoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Wollam
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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