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Blystone S, Nuixe M, Traoré AS, Cochard H, Picon-Cochard C, Pagés G. Towards portable MRI in the plant sciences. Plant Methods 2024; 20:31. [PMID: 38369530 PMCID: PMC10874549 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-024-01152-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Plant physiology and structure are constantly changing according to internal and external factors. The study of plant water dynamics can give information on these changes, as they are linked to numerous plant functions. Currently, most of the methods used to study plant water dynamics are either invasive, destructive, or not easily accessible. Portable magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a field undergoing rapid expansion and which presents substantial advantages in the plant sciences. MRI permits the non-invasive study of plant water content, flow, structure, stress response, and other physiological processes, as a multitude of information can be obtained using the method, and portable devices make it possible to take these measurements in situ, in a plant's natural environment. In this work, we review the use of such devices applied to plants in climate chambers, greenhouses or in their natural environments. We also compare the use of portable MRI to other methods to obtain the same information and outline its advantages and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannan Blystone
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UR QuaPA, 63122, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
- INRAE, PROBE research infrastructure, AgroResonance facility, 63122, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Magali Nuixe
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UR QuaPA, 63122, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
- INRAE, PROBE research infrastructure, AgroResonance facility, 63122, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UREP, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Amidou Sissou Traoré
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UR QuaPA, 63122, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
- INRAE, PROBE research infrastructure, AgroResonance facility, 63122, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Hervé Cochard
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Guilhem Pagés
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UR QuaPA, 63122, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France.
- INRAE, PROBE research infrastructure, AgroResonance facility, 63122, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France.
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Smith MD, Wilkins KD, Holdrege MC, Wilfahrt P, Collins SL, Knapp AK, Sala OE, Dukes JS, Phillips RP, Yahdjian L, Gherardi LA, Ohlert T, Beier C, Fraser LH, Jentsch A, Loik ME, Maestre FT, Power SA, Yu Q, Felton AJ, Munson SM, Luo Y, Abdoli H, Abedi M, Alados CL, Alberti J, Alon M, An H, Anacker B, Anderson M, Auge H, Bachle S, Bahalkeh K, Bahn M, Batbaatar A, Bauerle T, Beard KH, Behn K, Beil I, Biancari L, Blindow I, Bondaruk VF, Borer ET, Bork EW, Bruschetti CM, Byrne KM, Cahill Jr. JF, Calvo DA, Carbognani M, Cardoni A, Carlyle CN, Castillo-Garcia M, Chang SX, Chieppa J, Cianciaruso MV, Cohen O, Cordeiro AL, Cusack DF, Dahlke S, Daleo P, D'Antonio CM, Dietterich LH, S. Doherty T, Dubbert M, Ebeling A, Eisenhauer N, Fischer FM, Forte TGW, Gebauer T, Gozalo B, Greenville AC, Guidoni-Martins KG, Hannusch HJ, Vatsø Haugum S, Hautier Y, Hefting M, Henry HAL, Hoss D, Ingrisch J, Iribarne O, Isbell F, Johnson Y, Jordan S, Kelly EF, Kimmel K, Kreyling J, Kröel-Dulay G, Kröpfl A, Kübert A, Kulmatiski A, Lamb EG, Larsen KS, Larson J, Lawson J, Leder CV, Linstädter A, Liu J, Liu S, Lodge AG, Longo G, Loydi A, Luan J, Curtis Lubbe F, Macfarlane C, Mackie-Haas K, Malyshev AV, Maturano-Ruiz A, Merchant T, Metcalfe DB, Mori AS, Mudongo E, Newman GS, Nielsen UN, Nimmo D, Niu Y, Nobre P, O'Connor RC, Ogaya R, Oñatibia GR, Orbán I, Osborne B, Otfinowski R, Pärtel M, Penuelas J, Peri PL, Peter G, Petraglia A, Picon-Cochard C, Pillar VD, Piñeiro-Guerra JM, Ploughe LW, Plowes RM, Portales-Reyes C, Prober SM, Pueyo Y, Reed SC, Ritchie EG, Rodríguez DA, Rogers WE, Roscher C, Sánchez AM, Santos BA, Cecilia Scarfó M, Seabloom EW, Shi B, Souza L, Stampfli A, Standish RJ, Sternberg M, Sun W, Sünnemann M, Tedder M, Thorvaldsen P, Tian D, Tielbörger K, Valdecantos A, van den Brink L, Vandvik V, Vankoughnett MR, Guri Velle L, Wang C, Wang Y, Wardle GM, Werner C, Wei C, Wiehl G, Williams JL, Wolf AA, Zeiter M, Zhang F, Zhu J, Zong N, Zuo X. Extreme drought impacts have been underestimated in grasslands and shrublands globally. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2309881120. [PMID: 38190514 PMCID: PMC10823251 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2309881120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Climate change is increasing the frequency and severity of short-term (~1 y) drought events-the most common duration of drought-globally. Yet the impact of this intensification of drought on ecosystem functioning remains poorly resolved. This is due in part to the widely disparate approaches ecologists have employed to study drought, variation in the severity and duration of drought studied, and differences among ecosystems in vegetation, edaphic and climatic attributes that can mediate drought impacts. To overcome these problems and better identify the factors that modulate drought responses, we used a coordinated distributed experiment to quantify the impact of short-term drought on grassland and shrubland ecosystems. With a standardized approach, we imposed ~a single year of drought at 100 sites on six continents. Here we show that loss of a foundational ecosystem function-aboveground net primary production (ANPP)-was 60% greater at sites that experienced statistically extreme drought (1-in-100-y event) vs. those sites where drought was nominal (historically more common) in magnitude (35% vs. 21%, respectively). This reduction in a key carbon cycle process with a single year of extreme drought greatly exceeds previously reported losses for grasslands and shrublands. Our global experiment also revealed high variability in drought response but that relative reductions in ANPP were greater in drier ecosystems and those with fewer plant species. Overall, our results demonstrate with unprecedented rigor that the global impacts of projected increases in drought severity have been significantly underestimated and that drier and less diverse sites are likely to be most vulnerable to extreme drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda D. Smith
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO80523
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO80523
| | | | - Martin C. Holdrege
- Department of Wildland Resource and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT84322
| | - Peter Wilfahrt
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN55108
| | - Scott L. Collins
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM87131
| | - Alan K. Knapp
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO80523
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO80523
| | - Osvaldo E. Sala
- School of Life Sciences, Global Drylands Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ85281
| | - Jeffrey S. Dukes
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA94305
| | | | - Laura Yahdjian
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Faculty of Agronomy, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos AiresC1417DSE, Argentina
| | - Laureano A. Gherardi
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - Timothy Ohlert
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO80523
| | - Claus Beier
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C1958, Denmark
| | - Lauchlan H. Fraser
- Department of Natural Resource Science, Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, BCV2C 0C8, Canada
| | - Anke Jentsch
- Department of Disturbance Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth95447, Germany
| | - Michael E. Loik
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA95064
| | - Fernando T. Maestre
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidad de Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
- Instituto Multidisciplinar para el Estudio del Medio “Ramón Margalef”, Universidad de Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - Sally A. Power
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW2751, Australia
| | - Qiang Yu
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing100083, China
| | - Andrew J. Felton
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT59717
| | - Seth M. Munson
- U.S. Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, Flagstaff, AZ86001
| | - Yiqi Luo
- Soil and Crop Sciences Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853
| | - Hamed Abdoli
- Department of Range Management, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor46417-76489, Iran
| | - Mehdi Abedi
- Department of Range Management, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor46417-76489, Iran
| | - Concepción L. Alados
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Restauración, Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Zaragoza50059, Spain
| | - Juan Alberti
- Laboratorio de Ecología, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP)-Consejo Nacional de Investigación Ciencia y Técnica (CONICET), CC 1260 Correo Central, Mar del PlataB7600WAG, Argentina
| | - Moshe Alon
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv69978, Israel
| | - Hui An
- School of Ecology and Environment, Ningxia University, Yinchuan750021, China
| | - Brian Anacker
- City of Boulder Open Space and Mountain Parks, Boulder, CO80301
| | - Maggie Anderson
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN55108
| | - Harald Auge
- Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research–UFZ, Halle06120, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig04103, Germany
| | - Seton Bachle
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS66506
- LI-COR Biosciences, 4647 Superior Street, Lincoln, NE68505
| | - Khadijeh Bahalkeh
- Department of Range Management, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor46417-76489, Iran
| | - Michael Bahn
- Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck6020, Austria
| | - Amgaa Batbaatar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, ABT6G 2E9, Canada
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, ABT6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Taryn Bauerle
- Soil and Crop Sciences Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853
| | - Karen H. Beard
- Department of Wildland Resource and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT84322
| | - Kai Behn
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Department of Plant Nutrition, University of Bonn, Bonn53115, Germany
| | - Ilka Beil
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Department of Experimental Plant Ecology, University of Greifswald, GreifswaldD-17498, Germany
| | - Lucio Biancari
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Faculty of Agronomy, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos AiresC1417DSE, Argentina
| | - Irmgard Blindow
- Biological Station of Hiddensee, Department of Biology, University of Greifswald, KlosterD-18565, Germany
| | - Viviana Florencia Bondaruk
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Faculty of Agronomy, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos AiresC1417DSE, Argentina
| | - Elizabeth T. Borer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN55108
| | - Edward W. Bork
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, ABT6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Carlos Martin Bruschetti
- Laboratorio de Ecología, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP)-Consejo Nacional de Investigación Ciencia y Técnica (CONICET), CC 1260 Correo Central, Mar del PlataB7600WAG, Argentina
| | - Kerry M. Byrne
- Department of Environmental Science and Management, California State Polytechnic University, Humboldt, Arcata, CA95521
| | - James F. Cahill Jr.
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, ABT6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Dianela A. Calvo
- Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Centro de Estudios Ambientales desde la NorPatagonia (CEANPa), Sede Atlántica–CONICET, Viedma8500, Argentina
| | - Michele Carbognani
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, ParmaI-43124, Italy
| | - Augusto Cardoni
- Laboratorio de Ecología, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP)-Consejo Nacional de Investigación Ciencia y Técnica (CONICET), CC 1260 Correo Central, Mar del PlataB7600WAG, Argentina
| | - Cameron N. Carlyle
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, ABT6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Miguel Castillo-Garcia
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Restauración, Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Zaragoza50059, Spain
| | - Scott X. Chang
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, ABT6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Jeff Chieppa
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW2751, Australia
| | | | - Ofer Cohen
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv69978, Israel
| | - Amanda L. Cordeiro
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO80523
| | - Daniela F. Cusack
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO80523
| | - Sven Dahlke
- Biological Station of Hiddensee, Department of Biology, University of Greifswald, KlosterD-18565, Germany
| | - Pedro Daleo
- Laboratorio de Ecología, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP)-Consejo Nacional de Investigación Ciencia y Técnica (CONICET), CC 1260 Correo Central, Mar del PlataB7600WAG, Argentina
| | - Carla M. D'Antonio
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA93106
| | - Lee H. Dietterich
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO80523
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, MS39180
| | - Tim S. Doherty
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW2006, Australia
| | - Maren Dubbert
- Isotope Biogeochemistry and GasFluxes, Leibniz-Zentrum fürAgrarlandschaftsforschung (ZALF), Müncheberg15374, Germany
| | - Anne Ebeling
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena07743, Germany
| | - Nico Eisenhauer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig04103, Germany
| | - Felícia M. Fischer
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig04103, Germany
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Desertificación, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universitat Valencia (UV) - Generalitat Valenciana (GV),Valencia46113, Spain
| | - T'ai G. W. Forte
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, ParmaI-43124, Italy
| | - Tobias Gebauer
- Geobotany, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, FreiburgD-79104, Germany
| | - Beatriz Gozalo
- Instituto Multidisciplinar para el Estudio del Medio “Ramón Margalef”, Universidad de Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - Aaron C. Greenville
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW2006, Australia
| | | | - Heather J. Hannusch
- Department of Ecology and Conservation Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX77843
| | - Siri Vatsø Haugum
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen5007, Norway
| | - Yann Hautier
- Ecology and Biodiversity Group, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CH, Netherlands
| | - Mariet Hefting
- Ecology and Biodiversity Group, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CH, Netherlands
| | - Hugh A. L. Henry
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ONN6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Daniela Hoss
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig04103, Germany
- Department of Ecology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre91501-970, Brazil
| | - Johannes Ingrisch
- Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck6020, Austria
| | - Oscar Iribarne
- Laboratorio de Ecología, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP)-Consejo Nacional de Investigación Ciencia y Técnica (CONICET), CC 1260 Correo Central, Mar del PlataB7600WAG, Argentina
| | - Forest Isbell
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN55108
| | - Yari Johnson
- U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Sacramento, CA95814
| | - Samuel Jordan
- School of Life Sciences, Global Drylands Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ85281
| | - Eugene F. Kelly
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO80523
| | - Kaitlin Kimmel
- Global Water Security Center, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL35487
| | - Juergen Kreyling
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Department of Experimental Plant Ecology, University of Greifswald, GreifswaldD-17498, Germany
| | - György Kröel-Dulay
- Centre for Ecological Research, Institute of Ecology and Botany, Vácrátót2163, Hungary
| | - Alicia Kröpfl
- Departamento de Gestión Agropecuaria, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Centro Universitario Regional Zona Atlántica, Viedma85009, Argentina
| | - Angelika Kübert
- Ecosystem Physiology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Albert-Ludwig-University of Freiburg, Freiburg79110, Germany
| | - Andrew Kulmatiski
- Department of Wildland Resource and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT84322
| | - Eric G. Lamb
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SKS7N5A8, Canada
| | - Klaus Steenberg Larsen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C1958, Denmark
| | - Julie Larson
- Range and Meadow Forage Management Research, Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, US Department of Agriculture (USDA)-Agricultural Research Service, Burns, OR97720
| | - Jason Lawson
- Brackenridge Field Laboratory, University of Texas, Austin, TX78747
| | - Cintia V. Leder
- Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Centro de Estudios Ambientales desde la NorPatagonia (CEANPa), Sede Atlántica–CONICET, Viedma8500, Argentina
| | - Anja Linstädter
- Department of Biodiversity Research and Systematic Botany, University of Potsdam, Potsdam14469, Germany
| | - Jielin Liu
- Prataculture Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haerbin150086, China
| | - Shirong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing100091, China
| | - Alexandra G. Lodge
- Department of Ecology and Conservation Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX77843
| | - Grisel Longo
- Programa de Posgrado en Desarrollo y Medio Ambiente–Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Cidade Universitária, Castelo Branco, João Pessoa, PB58051-900, Brazil
| | - Alejandro Loydi
- Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida–CONICET, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur,Bahía Blanca8000FTN, Argentina
| | - Junwei Luan
- Institute of Resources and Environment, International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration and Beijing for Bamboo and Rattan Science and Technology, Beijing100102, China
| | | | - Craig Macfarlane
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Environment, Wembley, WA6913, Australia
| | - Kathleen Mackie-Haas
- School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, Bern University of Applied Sciences,Zollikofen3052, Switzerland
| | - Andrey V. Malyshev
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Department of Experimental Plant Ecology, University of Greifswald, GreifswaldD-17498, Germany
| | - Adrián Maturano-Ruiz
- Instituto Multidisciplinar para el Estudio del Medio “Ramón Margalef”, Universidad de Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - Thomas Merchant
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado,Boulder, CO80309
| | - Daniel B. Metcalfe
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, UmeåS-901 87, Sweden
| | - Akira S. Mori
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo,Meguro, Tokyo153-8904, Japan
- Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, Yokohama240-8501, Japan
| | - Edwin Mudongo
- Conservancy-Communities Living Among Wildlife Sustainably (CLAWS) Botswana, Seronga00000, Botswana
| | - Gregory S. Newman
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK73019
| | - Uffe N. Nielsen
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW2751, Australia
| | - Dale Nimmo
- Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Albury, NSW2640, Australia
| | - Yujie Niu
- Department of Disturbance Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth95447, Germany
| | - Paola Nobre
- Department of Ecology, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO74690-900, Brazil
| | - Rory C. O'Connor
- Range and Meadow Forage Management Research, Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, US Department of Agriculture (USDA)-Agricultural Research Service, Burns, OR97720
| | - Romà Ogaya
- Global Ecology Unit Center for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications (CREAF)-National Research Council (CSIC)-Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (UAB), National Research Council (CSIC), Bellaterra, Catalonia08194, Spain
- Center for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications (CREAF), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Catalonia08193, Spain
| | - Gastón R. Oñatibia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Faculty of Agronomy, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos AiresC1417DSE, Argentina
| | - Ildikó Orbán
- Centre for Ecological Research, Institute of Ecology and Botany, Vácrátót2163, Hungary
- Department of Biodiversity Research and Systematic Botany, University of Potsdam, Potsdam14469, Germany
| | - Brooke Osborne
- Department of Environment and Society, Utah State University, Moab, UT84532
| | - Rafael Otfinowski
- Department of Biology, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MBR3B 2E9, Canada
| | - Meelis Pärtel
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, TartuEE50409, Estonia
| | - Josep Penuelas
- Global Ecology Unit Center for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications (CREAF)-National Research Council (CSIC)-Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (UAB), National Research Council (CSIC), Bellaterra, Catalonia08194, Spain
- Center for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications (CREAF), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Catalonia08193, Spain
| | - Pablo L. Peri
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria–Universidad Nacional d ela Patagonia Austral–CONICET, Río Gallegos, Caleta OliviaZ9011, Argentina
| | - Guadalupe Peter
- Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Centro de Estudios Ambientales desde la NorPatagonia (CEANPa), Sede Atlántica–CONICET, Viedma8500, Argentina
| | - Alessandro Petraglia
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, ParmaI-43124, Italy
| | - Catherine Picon-Cochard
- Université Clermont Auvergne, National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and the Environment, VetAgro Sup, Research Unit for Grassland Ecosystems, Clermont-Ferrand63000, France
| | - Valério D. Pillar
- Department of Ecology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre91501-970, Brazil
| | - Juan Manuel Piñeiro-Guerra
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Faculty of Agronomy, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos AiresC1417DSE, Argentina
- Laboratório de Ecologia Aplicada e Conservação, Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Cidade Universitária, Castelo Branco, João Pessoa, PB58051-900, Brazil
| | - Laura W. Ploughe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN47907
| | - Robert M. Plowes
- Brackenridge Field Laboratory, University of Texas, Austin, TX78747
| | | | - Suzanne M. Prober
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Environment, Wembley, WA6913, Australia
| | - Yolanda Pueyo
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Restauración, Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Zaragoza50059, Spain
| | - Sasha C. Reed
- U.S. Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, Moab, UT84532
| | - Euan G. Ritchie
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC3125, Australia
| | - Dana Aylén Rodríguez
- Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida–CONICET, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur,Bahía Blanca8000FTN, Argentina
| | - William E. Rogers
- Department of Ecology and Conservation Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX77843
| | - Christiane Roscher
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig04103, Germany
- Department of Physiological Diversity, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research–UFZ, Leipzig04318, Germany
| | - Ana M. Sánchez
- Department of Biology and Geology, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid28032, Spain
| | - Bráulio A. Santos
- Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Cidade Universitária, Castelo Branco, João Pessoa, PB58051-900, Brazil
| | - María Cecilia Scarfó
- Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida–CONICET, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur,Bahía Blanca8000FTN, Argentina
| | - Eric W. Seabloom
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN55108
| | - Baoku Shi
- Institute of Grassland Science, Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Songnen Grassland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Northeast Normal University, Changchun130024, China
| | - Lara Souza
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK73019
- Oklahoma Biological Survey, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK73019
| | - Andreas Stampfli
- School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, Bern University of Applied Sciences,Zollikofen3052, Switzerland
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern3013, Switzerland
- Oeschger Center for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern3012, Switzerland
| | - Rachel J. Standish
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern3013, Switzerland
- Environmental and Conservation Sciences, Murdoch University,Murdoch, WA6150, Australia
| | - Marcelo Sternberg
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv69978, Israel
| | - Wei Sun
- Institute of Grassland Science, Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Songnen Grassland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Northeast Normal University, Changchun130024, China
| | - Marie Sünnemann
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig04103, Germany
| | - Michelle Tedder
- School of Life Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg3201, South Africa
| | - Pål Thorvaldsen
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Department of Landscape and Biodiversity, Tjøtta8860, Norway
| | - Dashuan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
| | - Katja Tielbörger
- Plant Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen72076, Germany
| | - Alejandro Valdecantos
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidad de Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
- Instituto Multidisciplinar para el Estudio del Medio “Ramón Margalef”, Universidad de Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - Liesbeth van den Brink
- Plant Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen72076, Germany
| | - Vigdis Vandvik
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen5007, Norway
| | - Mathew R. Vankoughnett
- Nova Scotia Community College, Annapolis Valley Campus, Applied Research, Middleton,NSB0S 1P0, Canada
| | | | - Changhui Wang
- College of Grassland Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong030801, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Institute of Resources and Environment, International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration and Beijing for Bamboo and Rattan Science and Technology, Beijing100102, China
| | - Glenda M. Wardle
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW2006, Australia
| | - Christiane Werner
- Ecosystem Physiology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Albert-Ludwig-University of Freiburg, Freiburg79110, Germany
| | - Cunzheng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100093, China
| | - Georg Wiehl
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Environment, Wembley, WA6913, Australia
| | - Jennifer L. Williams
- Department of Geography and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BCV6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Amelia A. Wolf
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX78712
| | - Michaela Zeiter
- School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, Bern University of Applied Sciences,Zollikofen3052, Switzerland
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern3013, Switzerland
- Oeschger Center for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern3012, Switzerland
| | - Fawei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai810008, China
| | - Juntao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
| | - Ning Zong
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
| | - Xiaoan Zuo
- Urat Desert-grassland Research Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Science, Lanzhou730000, China
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3
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Freschet GT, Roumet C, Comas LH, Weemstra M, Bengough AG, Rewald B, Bardgett RD, De Deyn GB, Johnson D, Klimešová J, Lukac M, McCormack ML, Meier IC, Pagès L, Poorter H, Prieto I, Wurzburger N, Zadworny M, Bagniewska-Zadworna A, Blancaflor EB, Brunner I, Gessler A, Hobbie SE, Iversen CM, Mommer L, Picon-Cochard C, Postma JA, Rose L, Ryser P, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Soudzilovskaia NA, Sun T, Valverde-Barrantes OJ, Weigelt A, York LM, Stokes A. Root traits as drivers of plant and ecosystem functioning: current understanding, pitfalls and future research needs. New Phytol 2021; 232:1123-1158. [PMID: 33159479 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The effects of plants on the biosphere, atmosphere and geosphere are key determinants of terrestrial ecosystem functioning. However, despite substantial progress made regarding plant belowground components, we are still only beginning to explore the complex relationships between root traits and functions. Drawing on the literature in plant physiology, ecophysiology, ecology, agronomy and soil science, we reviewed 24 aspects of plant and ecosystem functioning and their relationships with a number of root system traits, including aspects of architecture, physiology, morphology, anatomy, chemistry, biomechanics and biotic interactions. Based on this assessment, we critically evaluated the current strengths and gaps in our knowledge, and identify future research challenges in the field of root ecology. Most importantly, we found that belowground traits with the broadest importance in plant and ecosystem functioning are not those most commonly measured. Also, the estimation of trait relative importance for functioning requires us to consider a more comprehensive range of functionally relevant traits from a diverse range of species, across environments and over time series. We also advocate that establishing causal hierarchical links among root traits will provide a hypothesis-based framework to identify the most parsimonious sets of traits with the strongest links on functions, and to link genotypes to plant and ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire T Freschet
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, CNRS, 2 route du CNRS, Moulis, 09200, France
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, 34293, France
| | - Catherine Roumet
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, 34293, France
| | - Louise H Comas
- USDA-ARS Water Management and Systems Research Unit, 2150 Centre Avenue, Bldg D, Suite 320, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
| | - Monique Weemstra
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, 34293, France
| | - A Glyn Bengough
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
- School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK
| | - Boris Rewald
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Richard D Bardgett
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Gerlinde B De Deyn
- Soil Biology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, 6700 AA, the Netherlands
| | - David Johnson
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Jitka Klimešová
- Department of Functional Ecology, Institute of Botany CAS, Dukelska 135, Trebon, 37901, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Lukac
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6EU, UK
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, 165 00, Czech Republic
| | - M Luke McCormack
- Center for Tree Science, Morton Arboretum, 4100 Illinois Rt. 53, Lisle, IL, 60532, USA
| | - Ina C Meier
- Plant Ecology, University of Goettingen, Untere Karspüle 2, Göttingen, 37073, Germany
- Functional Forest Ecology, University of Hamburg, Haidkrugsweg 1, Barsbüttel, 22885, Germany
| | - Loïc Pagès
- UR 1115 PSH, Centre PACA, site Agroparc, INRAE, Avignon Cedex 9, 84914, France
| | - Hendrik Poorter
- Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, D-52425, Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Iván Prieto
- Departamento de Conservación de Suelos y Agua, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC), Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Nina Wurzburger
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, 140 E. Green Street, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Marcin Zadworny
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, Kórnik, 62-035, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Bagniewska-Zadworna
- Department of General Botany, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, Poznań, 61-614, Poland
| | - Elison B Blancaflor
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Ivano Brunner
- Forest Soils and Biogeochemistry, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstr. 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstr. 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Sarah E Hobbie
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Colleen M Iversen
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Liesje Mommer
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, PO box 47, Wageningen, 6700 AA, the Netherlands
| | | | - Johannes A Postma
- Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, D-52425, Germany
| | - Laura Rose
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, CNRS, 2 route du CNRS, Moulis, 09200, France
| | - Peter Ryser
- Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON, P3E 2C6, Canada
| | | | - Nadejda A Soudzilovskaia
- Environmental Biology Department, Institute of Environmental Sciences, CML, Leiden University, Leiden, 2333 CC, the Netherlands
| | - Tao Sun
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Oscar J Valverde-Barrantes
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Alexandra Weigelt
- Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity, Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 21-23, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Larry M York
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Alexia Stokes
- INRA, AMAP, CIRAD, IRD, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, 34000, France
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4
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Freschet GT, Pagès L, Iversen CM, Comas LH, Rewald B, Roumet C, Klimešová J, Zadworny M, Poorter H, Postma JA, Adams TS, Bagniewska-Zadworna A, Bengough AG, Blancaflor EB, Brunner I, Cornelissen JHC, Garnier E, Gessler A, Hobbie SE, Meier IC, Mommer L, Picon-Cochard C, Rose L, Ryser P, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Soudzilovskaia NA, Stokes A, Sun T, Valverde-Barrantes OJ, Weemstra M, Weigelt A, Wurzburger N, York LM, Batterman SA, Gomes de Moraes M, Janeček Š, Lambers H, Salmon V, Tharayil N, McCormack ML. A starting guide to root ecology: strengthening ecological concepts and standardising root classification, sampling, processing and trait measurements. New Phytol 2021. [PMID: 34608637 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17572.hal-03379708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In the context of a recent massive increase in research on plant root functions and their impact on the environment, root ecologists currently face many important challenges to keep on generating cutting-edge, meaningful and integrated knowledge. Consideration of the below-ground components in plant and ecosystem studies has been consistently called for in recent decades, but methodology is disparate and sometimes inappropriate. This handbook, based on the collective effort of a large team of experts, will improve trait comparisons across studies and integration of information across databases by providing standardised methods and controlled vocabularies. It is meant to be used not only as starting point by students and scientists who desire working on below-ground ecosystems, but also by experts for consolidating and broadening their views on multiple aspects of root ecology. Beyond the classical compilation of measurement protocols, we have synthesised recommendations from the literature to provide key background knowledge useful for: (1) defining below-ground plant entities and giving keys for their meaningful dissection, classification and naming beyond the classical fine-root vs coarse-root approach; (2) considering the specificity of root research to produce sound laboratory and field data; (3) describing typical, but overlooked steps for studying roots (e.g. root handling, cleaning and storage); and (4) gathering metadata necessary for the interpretation of results and their reuse. Most importantly, all root traits have been introduced with some degree of ecological context that will be a foundation for understanding their ecological meaning, their typical use and uncertainties, and some methodological and conceptual perspectives for future research. Considering all of this, we urge readers not to solely extract protocol recommendations for trait measurements from this work, but to take a moment to read and reflect on the extensive information contained in this broader guide to root ecology, including sections I-VII and the many introductions to each section and root trait description. Finally, it is critical to understand that a major aim of this guide is to help break down barriers between the many subdisciplines of root ecology and ecophysiology, broaden researchers' views on the multiple aspects of root study and create favourable conditions for the inception of comprehensive experiments on the role of roots in plant and ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire T Freschet
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, 1919 route de Mende, Montpellier, 34293, France
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, CNRS, 2 route du CNRS, 09200, Moulis, France
| | - Loïc Pagès
- UR 1115 PSH, Centre PACA, site Agroparc, INRAE, 84914, Avignon cedex 9, France
| | - Colleen M Iversen
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Louise H Comas
- USDA-ARS Water Management Research Unit, 2150 Centre Avenue, Bldg D, Suite 320, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
| | - Boris Rewald
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Catherine Roumet
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, 1919 route de Mende, Montpellier, 34293, France
| | - Jitka Klimešová
- Department of Functional Ecology, Institute of Botany CAS, Dukelska 135, 37901, Trebon, Czech Republic
| | - Marcin Zadworny
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035, Kórnik, Poland
| | - Hendrik Poorter
- Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Johannes A Postma
- Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Thomas S Adams
- Department of Plant Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Agnieszka Bagniewska-Zadworna
- Department of General Botany, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - A Glyn Bengough
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee,, DD2 5DA, UK
- School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee,, DD1 4HN, UK
| | - Elison B Blancaflor
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Ivano Brunner
- Forest Soils and Biogeochemistry, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstr. 111, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Johannes H C Cornelissen
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, the Netherlands
| | - Eric Garnier
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, 1919 route de Mende, Montpellier, 34293, France
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstr. 111, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sarah E Hobbie
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Ina C Meier
- Functional Forest Ecology, University of Hamburg, Haidkrugsweg 1, 22885, Barsbütel, Germany
| | - Liesje Mommer
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Laura Rose
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, CNRS, 2 route du CNRS, 09200, Moulis, France
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Peter Ryser
- Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON, P3E 2C6, Canada
| | | | - Nadejda A Soudzilovskaia
- Environmental Biology Department, Institute of Environmental Sciences, CML, Leiden University, Leiden, 2300 RA, the Netherlands
| | - Alexia Stokes
- INRAE, AMAP, CIRAD, IRD, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, 34000, France
| | - Tao Sun
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Oscar J Valverde-Barrantes
- International Center for Tropical Botany, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Monique Weemstra
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, 1919 route de Mende, Montpellier, 34293, France
| | - Alexandra Weigelt
- Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity, Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 21-23, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Nina Wurzburger
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, 140 E. Green Street, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Larry M York
- Biosciences Division and Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Sarah A Batterman
- School of Geography and Priestley International Centre for Climate, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY, 12545, USA
| | - Moemy Gomes de Moraes
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, 19, 74690-900, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Štěpán Janeček
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley (Perth), WA 6009, Australia
| | - Hans Lambers
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley (Perth), WA, Australia
| | - Verity Salmon
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Nishanth Tharayil
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - M Luke McCormack
- Center for Tree Science, Morton Arboretum, 4100 Illinois Rt. 53, Lisle, IL, 60532, USA
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5
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Nuixe M, Traoré AS, Blystone S, Bonny JM, Falcimagne R, Pagès G, Picon-Cochard C. Circadian Variation of Root Water Status in Three Herbaceous Species Assessed by Portable NMR. Plants (Basel) 2021; 10:782. [PMID: 33923406 PMCID: PMC8073897 DOI: 10.3390/plants10040782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Roots are at the core of plant water dynamics. Nonetheless, root morphology and functioning are not easily assessable without destructive approaches. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), and particularly low-field NMR (LF-NMR), is an interesting noninvasive method to study water in plants, as measurements can be performed outdoors and independent of sample size. However, as far as we know, there are no reported studies dealing with the water dynamics in plant roots using LF-NMR. Thus, the aim of this study is to assess the feasibility of using LF-NMR to characterize root water status and water dynamics non-invasively. To achieve this goal, a proof-of-concept study was designed using well-controlled environmental conditions. NMR and ecophysiological measurements were performed continuously over one week on three herbaceous species grown in rhizotrons. The NMR parameters measured were either the total signal or the transverse relaxation time T2. We observed circadian variations of the total NMR signal in roots and in soil and of the root slow relaxing T2 value. These results were consistent with ecophysiological measurements, especially with the variation of fluxes between daytime and nighttime. This study assessed the feasibility of using LF-NMR to evaluate root water status in herbaceous species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Nuixe
- INRAE, UR QuaPA, F-63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France; (M.N.); (S.B.); (J.-M.B.); (G.P.)
- INRAE, ISC AgroResonance, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UREP, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
| | - Amidou Sissou Traoré
- INRAE, UR QuaPA, F-63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France; (M.N.); (S.B.); (J.-M.B.); (G.P.)
- INRAE, ISC AgroResonance, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Shannan Blystone
- INRAE, UR QuaPA, F-63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France; (M.N.); (S.B.); (J.-M.B.); (G.P.)
- INRAE, ISC AgroResonance, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UREP, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
| | - Jean-Marie Bonny
- INRAE, UR QuaPA, F-63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France; (M.N.); (S.B.); (J.-M.B.); (G.P.)
- INRAE, ISC AgroResonance, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Robert Falcimagne
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UREP, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
| | - Guilhem Pagès
- INRAE, UR QuaPA, F-63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France; (M.N.); (S.B.); (J.-M.B.); (G.P.)
- INRAE, ISC AgroResonance, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
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Volaire F, Morvan-Bertrand A, Prud’homme MP, Benot ML, Augusti A, Zwicke M, Roy J, Landais D, Picon-Cochard C. The resilience of perennial grasses under two climate scenarios is correlated with carbohydrate metabolism in meristems. J Exp Bot 2020; 71:370-385. [PMID: 31557303 PMCID: PMC6913708 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Extreme climatic events (ECEs) such as droughts and heat waves affect ecosystem functioning and species turnover. This study investigated the effect of elevated CO2 on species' resilience to ECEs. Monoliths of intact soil and their plant communities from an upland grassland were exposed to 2050 climate scenarios with or without an ECE under ambient (390 ppm) or elevated (520 ppm) CO2. Ecophysiological traits of two perennial grasses (Dactylis glomerata and Holcus lanatus) were measured before, during, and after ECE. At similar soil water content, leaf elongation was greater under elevated CO2 for both species. The resilience of D. glomerata increased under enhanced CO2 (+60%) whereas H. lanatus mostly died during ECE. D. glomerata accumulated 30% more fructans, which were more highly polymerized, and 4-fold less sucrose than H. lanatus. The fructan concentration in leaf meristems was significantly increased under elevated CO2. Their relative abundance changed during the ECE, resulting in a more polymerized assemblage in H. lanatus and a more depolymerized assemblage in D. glomerata. The ratio of low degree of polymerization fructans to sucrose in leaf meristems was the best predictor of resilience across species. This study underlines the role of carbohydrate metabolism and the species-dependent effect of elevated CO2 on the resilience of grasses to ECE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marie-Lise Benot
- UCA, INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR 874, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- INRA and Université de Bordeaux, UMR 1202 BIOGECO33610, Cestas, France
| | - Angela Augusti
- UCA, INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR 874, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CNR-Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems, Porano (TR), Italy
| | - Marine Zwicke
- UCA, INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR 874, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jacques Roy
- CNRS, UPS 3248, Ecotron Européen de Montpellier, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
| | - Damien Landais
- CNRS, UPS 3248, Ecotron Européen de Montpellier, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
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Volaire F, Lens F, Cochard H, Xu H, Chacon-Doria L, Bristiel P, Balachowski J, Rowe N, Violle C, Picon-Cochard C. Embolism and mechanical resistances play a key role in dehydration tolerance of a perennial grass Dactylis glomerata L. Annals of Botany 2018; 122:325-336. [PMID: 29788033 PMCID: PMC6070121 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims More intense droughts under climate change threaten species resilience. Hydraulic strategies determine drought survival in woody plants but have been hardly studied in herbaceous species. We explored the intraspecific variability of hydraulic and morphological traits as indicators of dehydration tolerance in a perennial grass, cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata), which has a large biogeographical distribution in Europe. Methods Twelve populations of cocksfoot originating from Mediterranean, Temperate and Northern European areas were grown in a controlled environment in pots. Dehydration tolerance, leaf and stem anatomical traits and xylem pressure associated with 88 or 50 % loss of xylem conductance (P88, P50) were measured. Key Results Across the 12 populations of cocksfoot, P50 ranged from -3.06 to - 6.36 MPa, while P88 ranged from -5.06 to -11.6 MPa. This large intraspecific variability of embolism thresholds corresponded with the biogeographical distribution and some key traits of the populations. In particular, P88 was correlated with dehydration tolerance (r = -0.79). The dehydration-sensitive Temperate populations exhibited the highest P88 (-6.1 MPa). The most dehydration-tolerant Mediterranean populations had the greatest leaf dry matter content and leaf fracture toughness, and the lowest P88 (-10.4 MPa). The Northern populations displayed intermediate trait values, potentially attributable to frost resistance. The thickness of metaxylem vessel walls in stems was highly correlated with P50 (r = -0.92), but no trade-off with stem lignification was observed. The relevance of the linkage between hydraulic and stomatal traits is discussed for drought survival in perennial grasses. Conclusions Compared with woody species, the large intraspecific variability in dehydration tolerance and embolism resistance within cocksfoot has consequences for its sensitivity to climate change. To better understand adaptive strategies of herbaceous species to increasing drought and frost requires further exploration of the role of hydraulic and mechanical traits using a larger inter- and intraspecific range of species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Volaire
- INRA, USC 1338, UMR 5175, Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul Valéry, EPHE, 1919 route de Mende, Montpellier, France
| | - Frederic Lens
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hervé Cochard
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, INRA, PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Hueng Xu
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Pauline Bristiel
- UMR 5175, Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul Valéry, EPHE, 1919 route de Mende, Montpellier, France
| | - Jennifer Balachowski
- UMR 5175, Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul Valéry, EPHE, 1919 route de Mende, Montpellier, France
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Nick Rowe
- Université de Montpellier, UMR-MAP, Montpellier, France
- CNRS 5120, UMR AMAP, Montpellier, France
| | - Cyrille Violle
- UMR 5175, Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul Valéry, EPHE, 1919 route de Mende, Montpellier, France
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8
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Fontaine S, Stahl C, Klumpp K, Picon-Cochard C, Grise MM, Dezécache C, Ponchant L, Freycon V, Blanc L, Bonal D, Burban B, Soussana JF, Blanfort V, Alvarez G. Response to Editor to the comment by Schipper & Smith to our paper entitled "Continuous soil carbon storage of old permanent pastures in Amazonia". Glob Chang Biol 2018; 24:e732-e733. [PMID: 29266561 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Katja Klumpp
- INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR 874, Clermont Ferrand, France
| | | | - Marcia M Grise
- Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, EMBRAPA, Belém Pará, Brazil
| | | | - Lise Ponchant
- INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR 874, Clermont Ferrand, France
| | | | - Lilian Blanc
- CIRAD, UR 105 « Forêts et sociétés », Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Gaël Alvarez
- INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR 874, Clermont Ferrand, France
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9
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Kreyling J, Dengler J, Walter J, Velev N, Ugurlu E, Sopotlieva D, Ransijn J, Picon-Cochard C, Nijs I, Hernandez P, Güler B, von Gillhaussen P, De Boeck HJ, Bloor JM, Berwaers S, Beierkuhnlein C, Arfin Khan MA, Apostolova I, Altan Y, Zeiter M, Wellstein C, Sternberg M, Stampfli A, Campetella G, Bartha S, Bahn M, Jentsch A. Species richness effects on grassland recovery from drought depend on community productivity in a multisite experiment. Ecol Lett 2017; 20:1405-1413. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juergen Kreyling
- Experimental Plant Ecology; Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University Greifswald; D-17487 Greifswald Germany
| | - Jürgen Dengler
- Plant Ecology; BayCEER; University of Bayreuth; 95440 Bayreuth Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv); 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Julia Walter
- Landscape Ecology; University of Hohenheim; 70599 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Nikolay Velev
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research; Bulgarian Academy of Sciences; 1113 Sofia Bulgaria
| | - Emin Ugurlu
- Forest Engineering; Faculty of Forestry; Bursa Technical University; 152 Evler Str., No:2/10 16330 Yildirim Bursa Turkey
| | - Desislava Sopotlieva
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research; Bulgarian Academy of Sciences; 1113 Sofia Bulgaria
| | - Johannes Ransijn
- Disturbance Ecology; BayCEER; University of Bayreuth; 95440 Bayreuth Germany
| | | | - Ivan Nijs
- Plants and Ecosystems; Department of Biology; University of Antwerp; 2610 Wilrijk Belgium
| | - Pauline Hernandez
- Grassland Ecosystem Research; UMR0874 INRA; VetAgroSup; 63000 Clermont-Ferrand France
| | - Behlül Güler
- Department of Biology; Faculty of Science & Letters; Manisa Celal Bayar University; Prof. Dr. Şehit İlhan Varank Campus 45040 Yunusemre Manisa Turkey
| | | | - Hans J. De Boeck
- Plants and Ecosystems; Department of Biology; University of Antwerp; 2610 Wilrijk Belgium
| | - Juliette M.G. Bloor
- Grassland Ecosystem Research; UMR0874 INRA; VetAgroSup; 63000 Clermont-Ferrand France
| | - Sigi Berwaers
- Plants and Ecosystems; Department of Biology; University of Antwerp; 2610 Wilrijk Belgium
| | | | - Mohammed A.S. Arfin Khan
- Disturbance Ecology; BayCEER; University of Bayreuth; 95440 Bayreuth Germany
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Science; Shahjalal University of Science and Technology; Sylhet 3114 Bangladesh
| | - Iva Apostolova
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research; Bulgarian Academy of Sciences; 1113 Sofia Bulgaria
| | - Yasin Altan
- Department of Biology; Faculty of Science & Letters; Manisa Celal Bayar University; Prof. Dr. Şehit İlhan Varank Campus 45040 Yunusemre Manisa Turkey
| | - Michaela Zeiter
- School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences; Bern University of Applied Sciences; CH-3052 Zollikofen Switzerland
- Institute of Plant Sciences; University of Bern; CH-3013 Bern Switzerland
| | - Camilla Wellstein
- Faculty of Science and Technology; Free University of Bozen; I-39100 Bozen Italy
| | - Marcelo Sternberg
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security; Faculty of Life Sciences; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv 69978 Israel
| | - Andreas Stampfli
- School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences; Bern University of Applied Sciences; CH-3052 Zollikofen Switzerland
| | - Giandiego Campetella
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine; Plant Diversity and Ecosystems Management unit; University of Camerino; Camerino Italy
| | - Sándor Bartha
- Institute of Ecology and Botany; MTA Centre for Ecological Research; H-2163 Vácrátót Hungary
- School of Plant Biology; The University of Western Australia; 35 Stirling Highway Crawley WE 6009 Australia
| | - Michael Bahn
- Institute of Ecology; University of Innsbruck; A-6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Anke Jentsch
- Disturbance Ecology; BayCEER; University of Bayreuth; 95440 Bayreuth Germany
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10
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Stahl C, Fontaine S, Klumpp K, Picon-Cochard C, Grise MM, Dezécache C, Ponchant L, Freycon V, Blanc L, Bonal D, Burban B, Soussana JF, Blanfort V. Continuous soil carbon storage of old permanent pastures in Amazonia. Glob Chang Biol 2017; 23:3382-3392. [PMID: 27966250 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Amazonian forests continuously accumulate carbon (C) in biomass and in soil, representing a carbon sink of 0.42-0.65 GtC yr-1 . In recent decades, more than 15% of Amazonian forests have been converted into pastures, resulting in net C emissions (~200 tC ha-1 ) due to biomass burning and litter mineralization in the first years after deforestation. However, little is known about the capacity of tropical pastures to restore a C sink. Our study shows in French Amazonia that the C storage observed in native forest can be partly restored in old (≥24 year) tropical pastures managed with a low stocking rate (±1 LSU ha-1 ) and without the use of fire since their establishment. A unique combination of a large chronosequence study and eddy covariance measurements showed that pastures stored between -1.27 ± 0.37 and -5.31 ± 2.08 tC ha-1 yr-1 while the nearby native forest stored -3.31 ± 0.44 tC ha-1 yr-1 . This carbon is mainly sequestered in the humus of deep soil layers (20-100 cm), whereas no C storage was observed in the 0- to 20-cm layer. C storage in C4 tropical pasture is associated with the installation and development of C3 species, which increase either the input of N to the ecosystem or the C:N ratio of soil organic matter. Efforts to curb deforestation remain an obvious priority to preserve forest C stocks and biodiversity. However, our results show that if sustainable management is applied in tropical pastures coming from deforestation (avoiding fires and overgrazing, using a grazing rotation plan and a mixture of C3 and C4 species), they can ensure a continuous C storage, thereby adding to the current C sink of Amazonian forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Stahl
- CIRAD, UMR Selmet, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398, Montpellier, France
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, 2610, Belgium
- INRA, UMR 0745 Ecofog, Campus Agronomique, 97379, Kourou, France
| | - Sébastien Fontaine
- INRA, UR 874, Grassland Ecosystem Research Team, 63100, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Katja Klumpp
- INRA, UR 874, Grassland Ecosystem Research Team, 63100, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Marcia Mascarenhas Grise
- Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, EMBRAPA, Tv. Enéas Pinheiro s/n, Belém Pará, Brazil
| | - Camille Dezécache
- CIRAD, UMR Selmet, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398, Montpellier, France
| | - Lise Ponchant
- CIRAD, UMR Selmet, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398, Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Freycon
- CIRAD, UR 105 'Forêts et sociétés', 34398, Montpellier, France
| | - Lilian Blanc
- Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, EMBRAPA, Tv. Enéas Pinheiro s/n, Belém Pará, Brazil
- CIRAD, UR 105 'Forêts et sociétés', 34398, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Benoit Burban
- INRA, UMR 0745 Ecofog, Campus Agronomique, 97379, Kourou, France
| | | | - Vincent Blanfort
- CIRAD, UMR Selmet, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398, Montpellier, France
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11
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Kipling RP, Virkajärvi P, Breitsameter L, Curnel Y, De Swaef T, Gustavsson AM, Hennart S, Höglind M, Järvenranta K, Minet J, Nendel C, Persson T, Picon-Cochard C, Rolinski S, Sandars DL, Scollan ND, Sebek L, Seddaiu G, Topp CFE, Twardy S, Van Middelkoop J, Wu L, Bellocchi G. Key challenges and priorities for modelling European grasslands under climate change. Sci Total Environ 2016; 566-567:851-864. [PMID: 27259038 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Grassland-based ruminant production systems are integral to sustainable food production in Europe, converting plant materials indigestible to humans into nutritious food, while providing a range of environmental and cultural benefits. Climate change poses significant challenges for such systems, their productivity and the wider benefits they supply. In this context, grassland models have an important role in predicting and understanding the impacts of climate change on grassland systems, and assessing the efficacy of potential adaptation and mitigation strategies. In order to identify the key challenges for European grassland modelling under climate change, modellers and researchers from across Europe were consulted via workshop and questionnaire. Participants identified fifteen challenges and considered the current state of modelling and priorities for future research in relation to each. A review of literature was undertaken to corroborate and enrich the information provided during the horizon scanning activities. Challenges were in four categories relating to: 1) the direct and indirect effects of climate change on the sward 2) climate change effects on grassland systems outputs 3) mediation of climate change impacts by site, system and management and 4) cross-cutting methodological issues. While research priorities differed between challenges, an underlying theme was the need for accessible, shared inventories of models, approaches and data, as a resource for stakeholders and to stimulate new research. Developing grassland models to effectively support efforts to tackle climate change impacts, while increasing productivity and enhancing ecosystem services, will require engagement with stakeholders and policy-makers, as well as modellers and experimental researchers across many disciplines. The challenges and priorities identified are intended to be a resource 1) for grassland modellers and experimental researchers, to stimulate the development of new research directions and collaborative opportunities, and 2) for policy-makers involved in shaping the research agenda for European grassland modelling under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Kipling
- IBERS, Aberystwyth University, 1st Floor, Stapledon Building, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth Ceredigion, SY23 3EE, UK.
| | - Perttu Virkajärvi
- Green Technology, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Halolantie 31 A, 71750 Maaninka, Finland.
| | - Laura Breitsameter
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Gartenbauliche Produktionssysteme, Systemmodellierung Gemüsebau, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Yannick Curnel
- Farming Systems, Territories and Information Technologies Unit, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W), 9 rue de Liroux, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Tom De Swaef
- ILVO, Plant Sciences Unit, Caritasstraat 39, 9090 Melle, Belgium.
| | - Anne-Maj Gustavsson
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Department of Agricultural Research for Northern, Umeå, SE 901 83, Sweden.
| | - Sylvain Hennart
- Farming Systems, Territories and Information Technologies Unit, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W), 9 rue de Liroux, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Mats Höglind
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Po. Box 115, NO -1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Kirsi Järvenranta
- Green Technology, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Halolantie 31 A, 71750 Maaninka, Finland
| | - Julien Minet
- Arlon Campus Environnement, University of Liège, Avenue de Longwy 185, 6700 Arlon, Belgium.
| | - Claas Nendel
- Institute of Landscape Systems Analysis, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalder Straße 84, 15374, Müncheberg, Germany.
| | - Tomas Persson
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Po. Box 115, NO -1431 Ås, Norway.
| | | | - Susanne Rolinski
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Telegraphenberg A31, 14473 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Daniel L Sandars
- Cranfield University, School of Energy, Environment, and Agri-food, College Road, Cranfield, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Nigel D Scollan
- IBERS, Aberystwyth University, 1st Floor, Stapledon Building, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth Ceredigion, SY23 3EE, UK
| | - Leon Sebek
- Wageningen UR Livestock Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Giovanna Seddaiu
- NRD, Desertification Research Centre; Dept. of Agriculture, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | | | - Stanislaw Twardy
- Institute of Technology and Life Sciences at Falenty, Malopolska Research Centre in Krakow, 31-450 Krakow, ul. Ulanow 21B, Poland.
| | | | - Lianhai Wu
- Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, Okehampton EX20 2SB, UK.
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12
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Lens F, Picon-Cochard C, Delmas CEL, Signarbieux C, Buttler A, Cochard H, Jansen S, Chauvin T, Doria LC, Del Arco M, Delzon S. Herbaceous Angiosperms Are Not More Vulnerable to Drought-Induced Embolism Than Angiosperm Trees. Plant Physiol 2016; 172:661-667. [PMID: 27268961 PMCID: PMC5047094 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The water transport pipeline in herbs is assumed to be more vulnerable to drought than in trees due to the formation of frequent embolisms (gas bubbles), which could be removed by the occurrence of root pressure, especially in grasses. Here, we studied hydraulic failure in herbaceous angiosperms by measuring the pressure inducing 50% loss of hydraulic conductance (P50) in stems of 26 species, mainly European grasses (Poaceae). Our measurements show a large range in P50 from -0.5 to -7.5 MPa, which overlaps with 94% of the woody angiosperm species in a worldwide, published data set and which strongly correlates with an aridity index. Moreover, the P50 values obtained were substantially more negative than the midday water potentials for five grass species monitored throughout the entire growing season, suggesting that embolism formation and repair are not routine and mainly occur under water deficits. These results show that both herbs and trees share the ability to withstand very negative water potentials without considerable embolism formation in their xylem conduits during drought stress. In addition, structure-function trade-offs in grass stems reveal that more resistant species are more lignified, which was confirmed for herbaceous and closely related woody species of the daisy group (Asteraceae). Our findings could imply that herbs with more lignified stems will become more abundant in future grasslands under more frequent and severe droughts, potentially resulting in lower forage digestibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Lens
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden University, 2300RA Leiden, The Netherlands (F.L., L.C.D.); INRA UR874 Grassland Ecosystem Research, F-63039 Clermont-Ferrand cedex 2, France (C.P.-C.); UMR SAVE, INRA, BSA, Université de Bordeaux, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (C.E.L.D.); School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Ecological Systems Laboratory (ECOS), Station 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland (C.S., A.B.); Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Site Lausanne, Station 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland (C.S., A.B.); PIAF, INRA, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France (H.C., T.C.); Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, D-89081 Ulm, Germany (S.J.); AGPF, INRA Orléans, 45166 Olivet cedex, France (T.C.); Department of Plant Biology (Botany), La Laguna University, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain (M.d.A.); and BIOGECO INRA, Université de Bordeaux, 33610 Cestas, France (S.D.)
| | - Catherine Picon-Cochard
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden University, 2300RA Leiden, The Netherlands (F.L., L.C.D.); INRA UR874 Grassland Ecosystem Research, F-63039 Clermont-Ferrand cedex 2, France (C.P.-C.); UMR SAVE, INRA, BSA, Université de Bordeaux, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (C.E.L.D.); School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Ecological Systems Laboratory (ECOS), Station 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland (C.S., A.B.); Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Site Lausanne, Station 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland (C.S., A.B.); PIAF, INRA, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France (H.C., T.C.); Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, D-89081 Ulm, Germany (S.J.); AGPF, INRA Orléans, 45166 Olivet cedex, France (T.C.); Department of Plant Biology (Botany), La Laguna University, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain (M.d.A.); and BIOGECO INRA, Université de Bordeaux, 33610 Cestas, France (S.D.)
| | - Chloé E L Delmas
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden University, 2300RA Leiden, The Netherlands (F.L., L.C.D.); INRA UR874 Grassland Ecosystem Research, F-63039 Clermont-Ferrand cedex 2, France (C.P.-C.); UMR SAVE, INRA, BSA, Université de Bordeaux, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (C.E.L.D.); School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Ecological Systems Laboratory (ECOS), Station 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland (C.S., A.B.); Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Site Lausanne, Station 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland (C.S., A.B.); PIAF, INRA, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France (H.C., T.C.); Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, D-89081 Ulm, Germany (S.J.); AGPF, INRA Orléans, 45166 Olivet cedex, France (T.C.); Department of Plant Biology (Botany), La Laguna University, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain (M.d.A.); and BIOGECO INRA, Université de Bordeaux, 33610 Cestas, France (S.D.)
| | - Constant Signarbieux
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden University, 2300RA Leiden, The Netherlands (F.L., L.C.D.); INRA UR874 Grassland Ecosystem Research, F-63039 Clermont-Ferrand cedex 2, France (C.P.-C.); UMR SAVE, INRA, BSA, Université de Bordeaux, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (C.E.L.D.); School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Ecological Systems Laboratory (ECOS), Station 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland (C.S., A.B.); Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Site Lausanne, Station 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland (C.S., A.B.); PIAF, INRA, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France (H.C., T.C.); Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, D-89081 Ulm, Germany (S.J.); AGPF, INRA Orléans, 45166 Olivet cedex, France (T.C.); Department of Plant Biology (Botany), La Laguna University, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain (M.d.A.); and BIOGECO INRA, Université de Bordeaux, 33610 Cestas, France (S.D.)
| | - Alexandre Buttler
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden University, 2300RA Leiden, The Netherlands (F.L., L.C.D.); INRA UR874 Grassland Ecosystem Research, F-63039 Clermont-Ferrand cedex 2, France (C.P.-C.); UMR SAVE, INRA, BSA, Université de Bordeaux, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (C.E.L.D.); School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Ecological Systems Laboratory (ECOS), Station 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland (C.S., A.B.); Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Site Lausanne, Station 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland (C.S., A.B.); PIAF, INRA, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France (H.C., T.C.); Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, D-89081 Ulm, Germany (S.J.); AGPF, INRA Orléans, 45166 Olivet cedex, France (T.C.); Department of Plant Biology (Botany), La Laguna University, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain (M.d.A.); and BIOGECO INRA, Université de Bordeaux, 33610 Cestas, France (S.D.)
| | - Hervé Cochard
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden University, 2300RA Leiden, The Netherlands (F.L., L.C.D.); INRA UR874 Grassland Ecosystem Research, F-63039 Clermont-Ferrand cedex 2, France (C.P.-C.); UMR SAVE, INRA, BSA, Université de Bordeaux, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (C.E.L.D.); School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Ecological Systems Laboratory (ECOS), Station 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland (C.S., A.B.); Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Site Lausanne, Station 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland (C.S., A.B.); PIAF, INRA, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France (H.C., T.C.); Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, D-89081 Ulm, Germany (S.J.); AGPF, INRA Orléans, 45166 Olivet cedex, France (T.C.); Department of Plant Biology (Botany), La Laguna University, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain (M.d.A.); and BIOGECO INRA, Université de Bordeaux, 33610 Cestas, France (S.D.)
| | - Steven Jansen
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden University, 2300RA Leiden, The Netherlands (F.L., L.C.D.); INRA UR874 Grassland Ecosystem Research, F-63039 Clermont-Ferrand cedex 2, France (C.P.-C.); UMR SAVE, INRA, BSA, Université de Bordeaux, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (C.E.L.D.); School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Ecological Systems Laboratory (ECOS), Station 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland (C.S., A.B.); Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Site Lausanne, Station 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland (C.S., A.B.); PIAF, INRA, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France (H.C., T.C.); Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, D-89081 Ulm, Germany (S.J.); AGPF, INRA Orléans, 45166 Olivet cedex, France (T.C.); Department of Plant Biology (Botany), La Laguna University, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain (M.d.A.); and BIOGECO INRA, Université de Bordeaux, 33610 Cestas, France (S.D.)
| | - Thibaud Chauvin
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden University, 2300RA Leiden, The Netherlands (F.L., L.C.D.); INRA UR874 Grassland Ecosystem Research, F-63039 Clermont-Ferrand cedex 2, France (C.P.-C.); UMR SAVE, INRA, BSA, Université de Bordeaux, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (C.E.L.D.); School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Ecological Systems Laboratory (ECOS), Station 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland (C.S., A.B.); Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Site Lausanne, Station 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland (C.S., A.B.); PIAF, INRA, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France (H.C., T.C.); Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, D-89081 Ulm, Germany (S.J.); AGPF, INRA Orléans, 45166 Olivet cedex, France (T.C.); Department of Plant Biology (Botany), La Laguna University, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain (M.d.A.); and BIOGECO INRA, Université de Bordeaux, 33610 Cestas, France (S.D.)
| | - Larissa Chacon Doria
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden University, 2300RA Leiden, The Netherlands (F.L., L.C.D.); INRA UR874 Grassland Ecosystem Research, F-63039 Clermont-Ferrand cedex 2, France (C.P.-C.); UMR SAVE, INRA, BSA, Université de Bordeaux, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (C.E.L.D.); School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Ecological Systems Laboratory (ECOS), Station 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland (C.S., A.B.); Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Site Lausanne, Station 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland (C.S., A.B.); PIAF, INRA, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France (H.C., T.C.); Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, D-89081 Ulm, Germany (S.J.); AGPF, INRA Orléans, 45166 Olivet cedex, France (T.C.); Department of Plant Biology (Botany), La Laguna University, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain (M.d.A.); and BIOGECO INRA, Université de Bordeaux, 33610 Cestas, France (S.D.)
| | - Marcelino Del Arco
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden University, 2300RA Leiden, The Netherlands (F.L., L.C.D.); INRA UR874 Grassland Ecosystem Research, F-63039 Clermont-Ferrand cedex 2, France (C.P.-C.); UMR SAVE, INRA, BSA, Université de Bordeaux, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (C.E.L.D.); School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Ecological Systems Laboratory (ECOS), Station 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland (C.S., A.B.); Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Site Lausanne, Station 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland (C.S., A.B.); PIAF, INRA, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France (H.C., T.C.); Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, D-89081 Ulm, Germany (S.J.); AGPF, INRA Orléans, 45166 Olivet cedex, France (T.C.); Department of Plant Biology (Botany), La Laguna University, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain (M.d.A.); and BIOGECO INRA, Université de Bordeaux, 33610 Cestas, France (S.D.)
| | - Sylvain Delzon
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden University, 2300RA Leiden, The Netherlands (F.L., L.C.D.); INRA UR874 Grassland Ecosystem Research, F-63039 Clermont-Ferrand cedex 2, France (C.P.-C.); UMR SAVE, INRA, BSA, Université de Bordeaux, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (C.E.L.D.); School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Ecological Systems Laboratory (ECOS), Station 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland (C.S., A.B.); Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Site Lausanne, Station 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland (C.S., A.B.); PIAF, INRA, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France (H.C., T.C.); Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, D-89081 Ulm, Germany (S.J.); AGPF, INRA Orléans, 45166 Olivet cedex, France (T.C.); Department of Plant Biology (Botany), La Laguna University, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain (M.d.A.); and BIOGECO INRA, Université de Bordeaux, 33610 Cestas, France (S.D.)
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Roy J, Picon-Cochard C, Augusti A, Benot ML, Thiery L, Darsonville O, Landais D, Piel C, Defossez M, Devidal S, Escape C, Ravel O, Fromin N, Volaire F, Milcu A, Bahn M, Soussana JF. Elevated CO2 maintains grassland net carbon uptake under a future heat and drought extreme. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:6224-9. [PMID: 27185934 PMCID: PMC4896684 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1524527113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extreme climatic events (ECEs) such as droughts and heat waves are predicted to increase in intensity and frequency and impact the terrestrial carbon balance. However, we lack direct experimental evidence of how the net carbon uptake of ecosystems is affected by ECEs under future elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations (eCO2). Taking advantage of an advanced controlled environment facility for ecosystem research (Ecotron), we simulated eCO2 and extreme cooccurring heat and drought events as projected for the 2050s and analyzed their effects on the ecosystem-level carbon and water fluxes in a C3 grassland. Our results indicate that eCO2 not only slows down the decline of ecosystem carbon uptake during the ECE but also enhances its recovery after the ECE, as mediated by increases of root growth and plant nitrogen uptake induced by the ECE. These findings indicate that, in the predicted near future climate, eCO2 could mitigate the effects of extreme droughts and heat waves on ecosystem net carbon uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Roy
- Ecotron Européen de Montpellier, Unité Propre de Service 3248, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Campus Baillarguet, F-34980 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France;
| | - Catherine Picon-Cochard
- Grassland Ecosystem Research, Unité de Recherche 874, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), F-63039 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Angela Augusti
- Grassland Ecosystem Research, Unité de Recherche 874, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), F-63039 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Institute of Agroenvironmental and Forest Biology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 2-05010 Porano (TR), Italy
| | - Marie-Lise Benot
- Grassland Ecosystem Research, Unité de Recherche 874, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), F-63039 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, F-33615 Pessac, France
| | - Lionel Thiery
- Grassland Ecosystem Research, Unité de Recherche 874, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), F-63039 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Olivier Darsonville
- Grassland Ecosystem Research, Unité de Recherche 874, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), F-63039 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Damien Landais
- Ecotron Européen de Montpellier, Unité Propre de Service 3248, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Campus Baillarguet, F-34980 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
| | - Clément Piel
- Ecotron Européen de Montpellier, Unité Propre de Service 3248, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Campus Baillarguet, F-34980 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
| | - Marc Defossez
- Ecotron Européen de Montpellier, Unité Propre de Service 3248, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Campus Baillarguet, F-34980 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
| | - Sébastien Devidal
- Ecotron Européen de Montpellier, Unité Propre de Service 3248, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Campus Baillarguet, F-34980 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
| | - Christophe Escape
- Ecotron Européen de Montpellier, Unité Propre de Service 3248, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Campus Baillarguet, F-34980 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
| | - Olivier Ravel
- Ecotron Européen de Montpellier, Unité Propre de Service 3248, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Campus Baillarguet, F-34980 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
| | - Nathalie Fromin
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5175, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul Valéry, École Pratique des Hautes Études, F-34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Florence Volaire
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5175, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul Valéry, École Pratique des Hautes Études, F-34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; Unité Sous Contrat 1338, INRA, Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive F-34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Alexandru Milcu
- Ecotron Européen de Montpellier, Unité Propre de Service 3248, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Campus Baillarguet, F-34980 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France; Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5175, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul Valéry, École Pratique des Hautes Études, F-34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Michael Bahn
- Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jean-François Soussana
- Grassland Ecosystem Research, Unité de Recherche 874, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), F-63039 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Roumet C, Birouste M, Picon-Cochard C, Ghestem M, Osman N, Vrignon-Brenas S, Cao KF, Stokes A. Root structure-function relationships in 74 species: evidence of a root economics spectrum related to carbon economy. New Phytol 2016; 210:815-26. [PMID: 26765311 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Although fine roots are important components of the global carbon cycle, there is limited understanding of root structure-function relationships among species. We determined whether root respiration rate and decomposability, two key processes driving carbon cycling but always studied separately, varied with root morphological and chemical traits, in a coordinated way that would demonstrate the existence of a root economics spectrum (RES). Twelve traits were measured on fine roots (diameter ≤ 2 mm) of 74 species (31 graminoids and 43 herbaceous and dwarf shrub eudicots) collected in three biomes. The findings of this study support the existence of a RES representing an axis of trait variation in which root respiration was positively correlated to nitrogen concentration and specific root length and negatively correlated to the root dry matter content, lignin : nitrogen ratio and the remaining mass after decomposition. This pattern of traits was highly consistent within graminoids but less consistent within eudicots, as a result of an uncoupling between decomposability and morphology, and of heterogeneity of individual roots of eudicots within the fine-root pool. The positive relationship found between root respiration and decomposability is essential for a better understanding of vegetation-soil feedbacks and for improving terrestrial biosphere models predicting the consequences of plant community changes for carbon cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Roumet
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul Valéry Montpellier - EPHE, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Marine Birouste
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul Valéry Montpellier - EPHE, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Catherine Picon-Cochard
- INRA, UR 874, UREP, Grassland Ecosystem Research, 5 Chemin de Beaulieu, 63039, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Murielle Ghestem
- INRA, UMR AMAP, Boulevard de la Lironde, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Normaniza Osman
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sylvain Vrignon-Brenas
- INRA, UR 874, UREP, Grassland Ecosystem Research, 5 Chemin de Beaulieu, 63039, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Kun-Fang Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, and College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China
| | - Alexia Stokes
- INRA, UMR AMAP, Boulevard de la Lironde, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Hernandez P, Picon-Cochard C. Presence of Trifolium repens Promotes Complementarity of Water Use and N Facilitation in Diverse Grass Mixtures. Front Plant Sci 2016; 7:538. [PMID: 27200015 PMCID: PMC4845251 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Legume species promote productivity and increase the digestibility of herbage in grasslands. Considerable experimental data also indicate that communities with legumes produce more above-ground biomass than is expected from monocultures. While it has been attributed to N facilitation, evidence to identify the mechanisms involved is still lacking and the role of complementarity in soil water acquisition by vertical root differentiation remains unclear. We used a 20-months mesocosm experiment to investigate the effects of species richness (single species, two- and five-species mixtures) and functional diversity (presence of the legume Trifolium repens) on a set of traits related to light, N and water use and measured at community level. We found a positive effect of Trifolium presence and abundance on biomass production and complementarity effects in the two-species mixtures from the second year. In addition the community traits related to water and N acquisition and use (leaf area, N, water-use efficiency, and deep root growth) were higher in the presence of Trifolium. With a multiple regression approach, we showed that the traits related to water acquisition and use were with N the main determinants of biomass production and complementarity effects in diverse mixtures. At shallow soil layers, lower root mass of Trifolium and higher soil moisture should increase soil water availability for the associated grass species. Conversely at deep soil layer, higher root growth and lower soil moisture mirror soil resource use increase of mixtures. Altogether, these results highlight N facilitation but almost soil vertical differentiation and thus complementarity for water acquisition and use in mixtures with Trifolium. Contrary to grass-Trifolium mixtures, no significant over-yielding was measured for grass mixtures even those having complementary traits (short and shallow vs. tall and deep). Thus, vertical complementarity for soil resources uptake in mixtures was not only dependant on the inherent root system architecture but also on root plasticity. We also observed a time-dependence for positive complementarity effects due to the slow development of Trifolium in mixtures, possibly induced by competition with grasses. Overall, our data underlined that soil water resource was an important driver of over-yielding and complementarity effects in Trifolium-grass mixtures.
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Zwicke M, Picon-Cochard C, Morvan-Bertrand A, Prud'homme MP, Volaire F. What functional strategies drive drought survival and recovery of perennial species from upland grassland? Ann Bot 2015; 116:1001-15. [PMID: 25851134 PMCID: PMC4640119 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Extreme climatic events such as severe droughts are expected to increase with climate change and to limit grassland perennity. The present study aimed to characterize the adaptive responses by which temperate herbaceous grassland species resist, survive and recover from a severe drought and to explore the relationships between plant resource use and drought resistance strategies. METHODS Monocultures of six native perennial species from upland grasslands and one Mediterranean drought-resistant cultivar were compared under semi-controlled and non-limiting rooting depth conditions. Above- and below-ground traits were measured under irrigation in spring and during drought in summer (50 d of withholding water) in order to characterize resource use and drought resistance strategies. Plants were then rehydrated and assessed for survival (after 15 d) and recovery (after 1 year). KEY RESULTS Dehydration avoidance through water uptake was associated with species that had deep roots (>1·2 m) and high root mass (>4 kg m(-3)). Cell membrane stability ensuring dehydration tolerance of roots and meristems was positively correlated with fructan content and negatively correlated with sucrose content. Species that survived and recovered best combined high resource acquisition in spring (leaf elongation rate >9 mm d(-1) and rooting depth >1·2 m) with both high dehydration avoidance and tolerance strategies. CONCLUSIONS Most of the native forage species, dominant in upland grassland, were able to survive and recover from extreme drought, but with various time lags. Overall the results suggest that the wide range of interspecific functional strategies for coping with drought may enhance the resilience of upland grassland plant communities under extreme drought events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Zwicke
- INRA, UR874, Grassland Ecosystem Research Team, 5 chemin de Beaulieu, F-63039 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Catherine Picon-Cochard
- INRA, UR874, Grassland Ecosystem Research Team, 5 chemin de Beaulieu, F-63039 Clermont-Ferrand, France,
| | - Annette Morvan-Bertrand
- Normandie Université, France, UCBN, UMR 950 Ecophysiologie Végétale and Agronomie, Nutritions NCS, F-14032 Caen, France, INRA, UMR 950 EVA, F-14032 Caen, France and
| | - Marie-Pascale Prud'homme
- Normandie Université, France, UCBN, UMR 950 Ecophysiologie Végétale and Agronomie, Nutritions NCS, F-14032 Caen, France, INRA, UMR 950 EVA, F-14032 Caen, France and
| | - Florence Volaire
- INRA, USC 1338, CEFE UMR 5175, Université de Montpellier-Université Paul Valéry-EPHE, 1919 route de Mende, F-34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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17
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Pagès L, Picon-Cochard C. Modelling the root system architecture of Poaceae. Can we simulate integrated traits from morphological parameters of growth and branching? New Phytol 2014; 204:149-158. [PMID: 24954405 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Our objective was to calibrate a model of the root system architecture on several Poaceae species and to assess its value to simulate several 'integrated' traits measured at the root system level: specific root length (SRL), maximum root depth and root mass. We used the model ArchiSimple, made up of sub-models that represent and combine the basic developmental processes, and an experiment on 13 perennial grassland Poaceae species grown in 1.5-m-deep containers and sampled at two different dates after planting (80 and 120 d). Model parameters were estimated almost independently using small samples of the root systems taken at both dates. The relationships obtained for calibration validated the sub-models, and showed species effects on the parameter values. The simulations of integrated traits were relatively correct for SRL and were good for root depth and root mass at the two dates. We obtained some systematic discrepancies that were related to the slight decline of root growth in the last period of the experiment. Because the model allowed correct predictions on a large set of Poaceae species without global fitting, we consider that it is a suitable tool for linking root traits at different organisation levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Pagès
- INRA, Centre PACA, UR 1115 PSH, Site Agroparc, 84914, Avignon Cedex 9, France
| | - Catherine Picon-Cochard
- INRA, Centre de Clermont, UR 874 Grassland Ecosystem Research, 5 Chemin de Beaulieu, 63039, Clermont-Ferrand Cedex 2, France
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18
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Zwicke M, Alessio GA, Thiery L, Falcimagne R, Baumont R, Rossignol N, Soussana JF, Picon-Cochard C. Lasting effects of climate disturbance on perennial grassland above-ground biomass production under two cutting frequencies. Glob Chang Biol 2013; 19:3435-48. [PMID: 23832449 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Climate extremes can ultimately reshape grassland services such as forage production and change plant functional type composition. This 3-year field research studied resistance to dehydration and recovery after rehydration of plant community and plant functional types in an upland perennial grassland subjected to climate and cutting frequency (Cut+, Cut-) disturbances by measuring green tissue percentage and above-ground biomass production (ANPP). In year 1, a climate disturbance gradient was applied by co-manipulating temperature and precipitation. Four treatments were considered: control and warming-drought climatic treatment, with or without extreme summer event. In year 2, control and warming-drought treatments were maintained without extreme. In year 3, all treatments received ambient climatic conditions. We found that the grassland community was very sensitive to dehydration during the summer extreme: aerial senescence reached 80% when cumulated climatic water balance fell to -156 mm and biomass declined by 78% at the end of summer. In autumn, canopy greenness and biomass totally recovered in control but not in the warming-drought treatment. However ANPP decreased under both climatic treatments, but the effect was stronger on Cut+ (-24%) than Cut- (-15%). This decline was not compensated by the presence of three functional types because they were negatively affected by the climatic treatments, suggesting an absence of buffering effect on grassland production. In the following 2 years, lasting effects of climate disturbance on ANPP were observable. The unexpected stressful conditions of year 3 induced a decline in grassland production in the Cut+ control treatment. The fact that this treatment cumulated higher (45%) N export over the 3 years suggests that N plays a key role in ANPP stability. As ANPP in this mesic perennial grassland did not show engineering resilience, long-term experimental manipulation is needed. Infrequent mowing appears more appropriate for sustaining grassland ANPP under future climate extremes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Zwicke
- UR874, Grassland Ecosystem Research Team, INRA, 5 chemin de Beaulieu, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63100, France
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Maire V, Gross N, da Silveira Pontes L, Picon-Cochard C, Soussana JF. Trade-off between root nitrogen acquisition and shoot nitrogen utilization across 13 co-occurring pasture grass species. Funct Ecol 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2009.01557.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Picon-Cochard C, Coll L, Balandier P. The role of below-ground competition during early stages of secondary succession: the case of 3-year-old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings in an abandoned grassland. Oecologia 2006; 148:373-83. [PMID: 16489460 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-006-0379-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2005] [Accepted: 01/24/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In abandoned or extensively managed grasslands, the mechanisms involved in pioneer tree species success are not fully explained. Resource competition among plants and microclimate modifications have been emphasised as possible mechanisms to explain variation of survivorship and growth. In this study, we evaluated a number of mechanisms that may lead to successful survival and growth of seedlings of a pioneer tree species (Pinus sylvestris) in a grass-dominated grassland. Three-year-old Scots pines were planted in an extensively managed grassland of the French Massif Central and for 2 years were either maintained in bare soil or subjected to aerial and below-ground interactions induced by grass vegetation. Soil temperatures were slightly higher in bare soil than under the grass vegetation, but not to an extent explaining pine growth differences. The tall grass canopy reduced light transmission by 77% at ground level and by 20% in the upper part of Scots pine seedlings. Grass vegetation presence also significantly decreased soil volumetric water content (Hv) and soil nitrate in spring and in summer. In these conditions, the average tree height was reduced by 5% compared to trees grown in bare soil, and plant biomass was reduced by 85%. Scots pine intrinsic water-use efficiency (A/g), measured by leaf gas-exchange, increased when Hv decreased owing to a rapid decline of stomatal conductance (g). This result was also confirmed by delta 13C analyses of needles. A summer 15N labelling of seedlings and grass vegetation confirmed the higher NO3 capture capacity of grass vegetation in comparison with Scots pine seedlings. Our results provide evidence that the seedlings' success was linked to tolerance of below-ground resource depletion (particularly water) induced by grass vegetation based on morphological and physiological plasticity as well as to resource conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Picon-Cochard
- Grassland Ecosystem Research Team, INRA, Agronomy Research Unit, 234 Avenue du Brézet, 63039, Clermont-Ferrand Cédex, France.
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Roumet C, Picon-Cochard C, Dawson LA, Joffre R, Mayes R, Blanchard A, Brewer MJ. Quantifying species composition in root mixtures using two methods: near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy and plant wax markers. New Phytol 2006; 170:631-8. [PMID: 16626482 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01698.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding of plant interactions is greatly limited by our ability to identify and quantify roots belonging to different species. We proposed and compared two methods for estimating the root biomass proportion of each species in artificial mixtures: near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) and plant wax markers. Two sets of artificial root mixtures composed of two or three herbaceous species were prepared. The proportion of root material of each species in mixtures was estimated from NIRS spectral data (i) and the concentration patterns of n-alkanes (ii), n-alcohols (iii), and n-alkanes +n-alcohols combined (iv). For each data set, calibration equations were developed using multivariate statistical models. The botanical composition of root mixtures was predicted well for all the species considered. The accuracy varied slightly among methods: alkanes < alcohols = alkanes + alcohols < NIRS. Correlation coefficients between predicted and actual root proportions ranged from 0.89 to 0.99 for alkanes + alcohols predictions and from 0.97 to 0.99 for NIRS predictions. These two methods provide promising potential for understanding allocation patterns and competitive interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Roumet
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS, UMR 5175, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
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Soussana JF, Teyssonneyre F, Picon-Cochard C, Dawson L. A trade-off between nitrogen uptake and use increases responsiveness to elevated CO2 in infrequently cut mixed C3 grasses. New Phytol 2005; 166:217-30. [PMID: 15760365 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01332.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the responsiveness of mixed C3 grass species to elevated CO2 is related more to nitrogen uptake or to N-use efficiency. Nitrogen uptake and whole-plant N-use efficiency were investigated with two binary mixtures: Lolium perenne was mixed either with Festuca arundinacea or with Holcus lanatus. The swards were grown on sand with or without CO2 doubling, and subjected to two cutting frequencies. A C20 alcohol was used as a marker to determine species proportion in the total root mass of the mixtures. The mean residence time of N was calculated from that of 15N-labelled fertilizer. Lolium perenne took up significantly more N per unit root mass than its grass competitors, but its N-use efficiency was lower. Elevated CO2 significantly reduced the N uptake of the three grass species. A trade-off between N capture and use was found, as N-use efficiency and N-uptake rate were negatively correlated. A high N-use efficiency, and conversely low N uptake appeared to favour the responsiveness to elevated CO2 of the infrequently cut grasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Francois Soussana
- INRA, Grassland Ecosystem Research, FGEP, 234 Avenue du Brézet, F-63039 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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Gonzalez-Dugo V, Durand JL, Gastal F, Picon-Cochard C. Short-term response of the nitrogen nutrition status of tall fescue and Italian ryegrass swards under water deficit. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1071/ar05064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Grasslands are rarely irrigated, thus water deficits often induce a reduction of the nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) during summer. This is measured using the ratio between the actual N concentration and the minimum N concentration required to achieve the maximum growth rate. NNI is derived from the standing biomass by a simple relationship. This paper details the results of a field experiment, combining 2 levels of irrigation with 2 levels of nitrogen fertilisation during the summer, on 2 commonly cultivated grass species in pure swards (tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea L., and Italian ryegrass, Lolium multiflorum). Plant water status, NNI, root length density (RLD), soil volumetric water content (θv), and mineral nitrogen concentration [N] were followed under water deficit and recovery. In both species, RLD was high (>6 cm/cm3) in the 0–0.25 m soil layer. Whereas the NNI of tall fescue responded strongly to its water status, Italian ryegrass was most often above optimal nitrogen nutrition because of its slow growth in that particular season and its higher superficial RLD. However, its NNI generally followed the θv closely, whereas tall fescue exhibited a delay in response of NNI upon rewatering, suggesting lasting effects of water deficits on the absorption capacity of roots in that species.
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Coll L, Balandier P, Picon-Cochard C. Morphological and physiological responses of beech (Fagus sylvatica) seedlings to grass-induced below ground competition. Tree Physiol 2004; 24:45-54. [PMID: 14652213 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/24.1.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We examined morphological and physiological responses of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) seedlings to grass-induced below ground competition in full-light conditions. Two-year-old beech seedlings were grown during two growing seasons in 160-l containers in bare soil or with a mixture of five grass species widely represented in semi-natural meadows of central France. At the end of the second growing season, beech seedlings in the presence of grass showed significant reductions in diameter and height growth, annual shoot elongation, and stem, root and leaf biomass, but an increase in root to shoot biomass ratio. Grasses greatly reduced soil water availability, which was positively correlated with daily seedling diameter increment. Beech seedlings seemed to respond to water deficit by anticipating stomatal closure. There was evidence of competition for nitrogen (N) by grasses, but its effect on seedling development could not be separated from that of competition for water. By labeling the plants with 15N, we showed that beech seedlings absorbed little N when grasses were present, whereas grasses took up more than 97% of the total N absorbed in the container. We conclude that, even if beech seedlings display morphological and physiological adaptation to below ground competition, their development in full-light conditions may be strongly restricted by competition from grass species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lluis Coll
- CEMAGREF-U.R. DFCF, Applied Ecology of Woodlands Research Team, 24, av. des Landais, BP 50085, 63172 Aubière cedex, France.
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Picon-Cochard C, Nsourou-Obame A, Collet C, Guehl JM, Ferhi A. Competition for water between walnut seedlings (Juglans regia) and rye grass (Lolium perenne) assessed by carbon isotope discrimination and delta18O enrichment. Tree Physiol 2001; 21:183-191. [PMID: 11303649 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/21.2-3.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Container-grown walnut seedlings (Juglans regia L.) were subjected to competition with rye grass (Lolium perenne L.) and to a 2-week soil drying cycle. One and 2 weeks after the beginning of the drought treatment, H2 18O (delta approximately equals +100%) was added to the bottom layer of soil in the plant containers to create a vertical H2 18O gradient. Rye grass competition reduced aboveground and belowground biomass of the walnut seedlings by 60%, whereas drought had no effect. The presence of rye grass reduced the dry weight of walnut roots in the upper soil layer and caused a 50% reduction in lateral root length. Rye grass competition combined with the drought treatment reduced walnut leaf CO2 assimilation rate (A) and leaf conductance (gw) by 20 and 39%, respectively. Transpiration rates in rye grass, both at the leaf level and at the plant or tiller level, were higher than in walnut seedlings. Leaf intrinsic water-use efficiency (A/gw) of walnut seedlings increased in response to drought and no differences were observed between the single-species and mixed-species treatments, as confirmed by leaf carbon isotope discrimination measurements. Measurement of delta18O in soil and in plant xylem sap indicated that the presence of rye grass did not affect the vertical profile of soil water uptake by walnut seedlings. Walnut seedlings and rye grass withdrew water from the top and middle soil layers in well-watered conditions, whereas during the drought treatment, walnut seedlings obtained water from all soil layers, but rye grass took up water from the bottom soil layer only.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Picon-Cochard
- Unité de Recherche en Ecophysiologie, Equipe Bioclimatologie-Ecophysiologie, INRA Nancy, Champenoux, France
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