1
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Bowman AJ, Huang C, Schnitzer MJ, Kasevich MA. Wide-field fluorescence lifetime imaging of neuron spiking and subthreshold activity in vivo. Science 2023; 380:1270-1275. [PMID: 37347862 PMCID: PMC10361454 DOI: 10.1126/science.adf9725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
The development of voltage-sensitive fluorescent probes suggests fluorescence lifetime as a promising readout for electrical activity in biological systems. Existing approaches fail to achieve the speed and sensitivity required for voltage imaging in neuroscience applications. We demonstrated that wide-field electro-optic fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (EO-FLIM) allows lifetime imaging at kilohertz frame-acquisition rates, spatially resolving action potential propagation and subthreshold neural activity in live adult Drosophila. Lifetime resolutions of <5 picoseconds at 1 kilohertz were achieved for single-cell voltage recordings. Lifetime readout is limited by photon shot noise, and the method provides strong rejection of motion artifacts and technical noise sources. Recordings revealed local transmembrane depolarizations, two types of spikes with distinct fluorescence lifetimes, and phase locking of spikes to an external mechanical stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Bowman
- Physics Department, Stanford University; 382 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Cheng Huang
- James H. Clark Center, Stanford University; 318 Campus Dr., Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Present Address: Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Mark J. Schnitzer
- James H. Clark Center, Stanford University; 318 Campus Dr., Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- CNC Program, Stanford University; Stanford, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University; Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mark A. Kasevich
- Physics Department, Stanford University; 382 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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2
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Chen C, Niehaus JK, Dinc F, Huang KL, Barnette AL, Shuster SA, Wang L, Lemire AL, Menon V, Ritola K, Hantman A, Zeng H, Schnitzer MJ, Scherrer G. Impaired Feedforward Inhibition Of Corticopontine Neurons Drives Placebo Analgesia. The Journal of Pain 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2023.02.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
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3
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Nair A, Karigo T, Yang B, Ganguli S, Schnitzer MJ, Linderman SW, Anderson DJ, Kennedy A. An approximate line attractor in the hypothalamus encodes an aggressive state. Cell 2023; 186:178-193.e15. [PMID: 36608653 PMCID: PMC9990527 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The hypothalamus regulates innate social behaviors, including mating and aggression. These behaviors can be evoked by optogenetic stimulation of specific neuronal subpopulations within MPOA and VMHvl, respectively. Here, we perform dynamical systems modeling of population neuronal activity in these nuclei during social behaviors. In VMHvl, unsupervised analysis identified a dominant dimension of neural activity with a large time constant (>50 s), generating an approximate line attractor in neural state space. Progression of the neural trajectory along this attractor was correlated with an escalation of agonistic behavior, suggesting that it may encode a scalable state of aggressiveness. Consistent with this, individual differences in the magnitude of the integration dimension time constant were strongly correlated with differences in aggressiveness. In contrast, approximate line attractors were not observed in MPOA during mating; instead, neurons with fast dynamics were tuned to specific actions. Thus, different hypothalamic nuclei employ distinct neural population codes to represent similar social behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Nair
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, Caltech, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute for Neuroscience, Caltech, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Tomomi Karigo
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, Caltech, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute for Neuroscience, Caltech, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Bin Yang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, Caltech, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute for Neuroscience, Caltech, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Surya Ganguli
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mark J Schnitzer
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Scott W Linderman
- Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - David J Anderson
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, Caltech, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute for Neuroscience, Caltech, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
| | - Ann Kennedy
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, Caltech, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute for Neuroscience, Caltech, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago IL 60611, USA.
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4
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Kannan M, Vasan G, Haziza S, Huang C, Chrapkiewicz R, Luo J, Cardin JA, Schnitzer MJ, Pieribone VA. Dual-polarity voltage imaging of the concurrent dynamics of multiple neuron types. Science 2022; 378:eabm8797. [PMID: 36378956 PMCID: PMC9703638 DOI: 10.1126/science.abm8797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Genetically encoded fluorescent voltage indicators are ideally suited to reveal the millisecond-scale interactions among and between targeted cell populations. However, current indicators lack the requisite sensitivity for in vivo multipopulation imaging. We describe next-generation green and red voltage sensors, Ace-mNeon2 and VARNAM2, and their reverse response-polarity variants pAce and pAceR. Our indicators enable 0.4- to 1-kilohertz voltage recordings from >50 spiking neurons per field of view in awake mice and ~30-minute continuous imaging in flies. Using dual-polarity multiplexed imaging, we uncovered brain state–dependent antagonism between neocortical somatostatin-expressing (SST
+
) and vasoactive intestinal peptide–expressing (VIP
+
) interneurons and contributions to hippocampal field potentials from cell ensembles with distinct axonal projections. By combining three mutually compatible indicators, we performed simultaneous triple-population imaging. These approaches will empower investigations of the dynamic interplay between neuronal subclasses at single-spike resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuvanthi Kannan
- The John B. Pierce Laboratory, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Ganesh Vasan
- The John B. Pierce Laboratory, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Simon Haziza
- James H. Clark Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Cheng Huang
- James H. Clark Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Radosław Chrapkiewicz
- James H. Clark Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Junjie Luo
- James H. Clark Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jessica A. Cardin
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Kavli Institute of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Mark J. Schnitzer
- James H. Clark Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Vincent A. Pieribone
- The John B. Pierce Laboratory, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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5
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Hazon O, Minces VH, Tomàs DP, Ganguli S, Schnitzer MJ, Jercog PE. Noise correlations in neural ensemble activity limit the accuracy of hippocampal spatial representations. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4276. [PMID: 35879320 PMCID: PMC9314334 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31254-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons in the CA1 area of the mouse hippocampus encode the position of the animal in an environment. However, given the variability in individual neurons responses, the accuracy of this code is still poorly understood. It was proposed that downstream areas could achieve high spatial accuracy by integrating the activity of thousands of neurons, but theoretical studies point to shared fluctuations in the firing rate as a potential limitation. Using high-throughput calcium imaging in freely moving mice, we demonstrated the limiting factors in the accuracy of the CA1 spatial code. We found that noise correlations in the hippocampus bound the estimation error of spatial coding to ~10 cm (the size of a mouse). Maximal accuracy was obtained using approximately [300-1400] neurons, depending on the animal. These findings reveal intrinsic limits in the brain's representations of space and suggest that single neurons downstream of the hippocampus can extract maximal spatial information from several hundred inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David P Tomàs
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Pablo E Jercog
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
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6
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Ebrahimi S, Lecoq J, Rumyantsev O, Tasci T, Zhang Y, Irimia C, Li J, Ganguli S, Schnitzer MJ. Emergent reliability in sensory cortical coding and inter-area communication. Nature 2022; 605:713-721. [PMID: 35589841 PMCID: PMC10985415 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04724-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Reliable sensory discrimination must arise from high-fidelity neural representations and communication between brain areas. However, how neocortical sensory processing overcomes the substantial variability of neuronal sensory responses remains undetermined1-6. Here we imaged neuronal activity in eight neocortical areas concurrently and over five days in mice performing a visual discrimination task, yielding longitudinal recordings of more than 21,000 neurons. Analyses revealed a sequence of events across the neocortex starting from a resting state, to early stages of perception, and through the formation of a task response. At rest, the neocortex had one pattern of functional connections, identified through sets of areas that shared activity cofluctuations7,8. Within about 200 ms after the onset of the sensory stimulus, such connections rearranged, with different areas sharing cofluctuations and task-related information. During this short-lived state (approximately 300 ms duration), both inter-area sensory data transmission and the redundancy of sensory encoding peaked, reflecting a transient increase in correlated fluctuations among task-related neurons. By around 0.5 s after stimulus onset, the visual representation reached a more stable form, the structure of which was robust to the prominent, day-to-day variations in the responses of individual cells. About 1 s into stimulus presentation, a global fluctuation mode conveyed the upcoming response of the mouse to every area examined and was orthogonal to modes carrying sensory data. Overall, the neocortex supports sensory performance through brief elevations in sensory coding redundancy near the start of perception, neural population codes that are robust to cellular variability, and widespread inter-area fluctuation modes that transmit sensory data and task responses in non-interfering channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadegh Ebrahimi
- James Clark Center for Biomedical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Jérôme Lecoq
- James Clark Center for Biomedical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Allen Institute, Mindscope Program, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Oleg Rumyantsev
- James Clark Center for Biomedical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Tugce Tasci
- James Clark Center for Biomedical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yanping Zhang
- James Clark Center for Biomedical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Cristina Irimia
- James Clark Center for Biomedical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jane Li
- James Clark Center for Biomedical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Surya Ganguli
- James Clark Center for Biomedical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mark J Schnitzer
- James Clark Center for Biomedical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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7
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Farrell JS, Lovett-Barron M, Klein PM, Sparks FT, Gschwind T, Ortiz AL, Ahanonu B, Bradbury S, Terada S, Oijala M, Hwaun E, Dudok B, Szabo G, Schnitzer MJ, Deisseroth K, Losonczy A, Soltesz I. Supramammillary regulation of locomotion and hippocampal activity. Science 2021; 374:1492-1496. [PMID: 34914519 PMCID: PMC9154354 DOI: 10.1126/science.abh4272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Locomotor speed is a basic input used to calculate one’s position, but where this signal comes from is unclear. We identified neurons in the supramammillary nucleus (SuM) of the rodent hypothalamus that were highly correlated with future locomotor speed and reliably drove locomotion when activated. Robust locomotion control was specifically identified in Tac1 (substance P)–expressing (SuMTac1+) neurons, the activation of which selectively controlled the activity of speed-modulated hippocampal neurons. By contrast, Tac1-deficient (SuMTac1−) cells weakly regulated locomotion but potently controlled the spike timing of hippocampal neurons and were sufficient to entrain local network oscillations. These findings emphasize that the SuM not only regulates basic locomotor activity but also selectively shapes hippocampal neural activity in a manner that may support spatial navigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew Lovett-Barron
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Peter M. Klein
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Fraser T. Sparks
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, USA
- Kavli Institute for Brain Sciences, Columbia University, New York, USA
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Tilo Gschwind
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Anna L. Ortiz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Biafra Ahanonu
- Departments of Biology and Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Susanna Bradbury
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Satoshi Terada
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, USA
- Kavli Institute for Brain Sciences, Columbia University, New York, USA
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Mikko Oijala
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ernie Hwaun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Barna Dudok
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Gergely Szabo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mark J. Schnitzer
- Departments of Biology and Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Karl Deisseroth
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Attila Losonczy
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, USA
- Kavli Institute for Brain Sciences, Columbia University, New York, USA
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Ivan Soltesz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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8
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Wagner MJ, Savall J, Hernandez O, Mel G, Inan H, Rumyantsev O, Lecoq J, Kim TH, Li JZ, Ramakrishnan C, Deisseroth K, Luo L, Ganguli S, Schnitzer MJ. A neural circuit state change underlying skilled movements. Cell 2021; 184:3731-3747.e21. [PMID: 34214470 PMCID: PMC8844704 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In motor neuroscience, state changes are hypothesized to time-lock neural assemblies coordinating complex movements, but evidence for this remains slender. We tested whether a discrete change from more autonomous to coherent spiking underlies skilled movement by imaging cerebellar Purkinje neuron complex spikes in mice making targeted forelimb-reaches. As mice learned the task, millimeter-scale spatiotemporally coherent spiking emerged ipsilateral to the reaching forelimb, and consistent neural synchronization became predictive of kinematic stereotypy. Before reach onset, spiking switched from more disordered to internally time-locked concerted spiking and silence. Optogenetic manipulations of cerebellar feedback to the inferior olive bi-directionally modulated neural synchronization and reaching direction. A simple model explained the reorganization of spiking during reaching as reflecting a discrete bifurcation in olivary network dynamics. These findings argue that to prepare learned movements, olivo-cerebellar circuits enter a self-regulated, synchronized state promoting motor coordination. State changes facilitating behavioral transitions may generalize across neural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Wagner
- Neurosciences Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Joan Savall
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Gabriel Mel
- Neurosciences Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hakan Inan
- CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Oleg Rumyantsev
- CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jérôme Lecoq
- CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tony Hyun Kim
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jin Zhong Li
- CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Charu Ramakrishnan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Karl Deisseroth
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Liqun Luo
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Surya Ganguli
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mark J Schnitzer
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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9
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Shuster SA, Wagner MJ, Pan-Doh N, Ren J, Grutzner SM, Beier KT, Kim TH, Schnitzer MJ, Luo L. The relationship between birth timing, circuit wiring, and physiological response properties of cerebellar granule cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2101826118. [PMID: 34088841 PMCID: PMC8201928 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2101826118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebellar granule cells (GrCs) are usually regarded as a uniform cell type that collectively expands the coding space of the cerebellum by integrating diverse combinations of mossy fiber inputs. Accordingly, stable molecularly or physiologically defined GrC subtypes within a single cerebellar region have not been reported. The only known cellular property that distinguishes otherwise homogeneous GrCs is the correspondence between GrC birth timing and the depth of the molecular layer to which their axons project. To determine the role birth timing plays in GrC wiring and function, we developed genetic strategies to access early- and late-born GrCs. We initiated retrograde monosynaptic rabies virus tracing from control (birth timing unrestricted), early-born, and late-born GrCs, revealing the different patterns of mossy fiber input to GrCs in vermis lobule 6 and simplex, as well as to early- and late-born GrCs of vermis lobule 6: sensory and motor nuclei provide more input to early-born GrCs, while basal pontine and cerebellar nuclei provide more input to late-born GrCs. In vivo multidepth two-photon Ca2+ imaging of axons of early- and late-born GrCs revealed representations of diverse task variables and stimuli by both populations, with modest differences in the proportions encoding movement, reward anticipation, and reward consumption. Our results suggest neither organized parallel processing nor completely random organization of mossy fiber→GrC circuitry but instead a moderate influence of birth timing on GrC wiring and encoding. Our imaging data also provide evidence that GrCs can represent generalized responses to aversive stimuli, in addition to recently described reward representations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Andrew Shuster
- HHMI, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Mark J Wagner
- HHMI, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Nathan Pan-Doh
- HHMI, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Jing Ren
- HHMI, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie M Grutzner
- HHMI, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Kevin T Beier
- HHMI, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Tony Hyun Kim
- HHMI, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Mark J Schnitzer
- HHMI, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Liqun Luo
- HHMI, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305;
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
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10
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Villette V, Chavarha M, Dimov IK, Bradley J, Pradhan L, Mathieu B, Evans SW, Chamberland S, Shi D, Yang R, Kim BB, Ayon A, Jalil A, St-Pierre F, Schnitzer MJ, Bi G, Toth K, Ding J, Dieudonné S, Lin MZ. Ultrafast Two-Photon Imaging of a High-Gain Voltage Indicator in Awake Behaving Mice. Cell 2020; 179:1590-1608.e23. [PMID: 31835034 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Optical interrogation of voltage in deep brain locations with cellular resolution would be immensely useful for understanding how neuronal circuits process information. Here, we report ASAP3, a genetically encoded voltage indicator with 51% fluorescence modulation by physiological voltages, submillisecond activation kinetics, and full responsivity under two-photon excitation. We also introduce an ultrafast local volume excitation (ULoVE) method for kilohertz-rate two-photon sampling in vivo with increased stability and sensitivity. Combining a soma-targeted ASAP3 variant and ULoVE, we show single-trial tracking of spikes and subthreshold events for minutes in deep locations, with subcellular resolution and with repeated sampling over days. In the visual cortex, we use soma-targeted ASAP3 to illustrate cell-type-dependent subthreshold modulation by locomotion. Thus, ASAP3 and ULoVE enable high-speed optical recording of electrical activity in genetically defined neurons at deep locations during awake behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Villette
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris 75005, France
| | - Mariya Chavarha
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ivan K Dimov
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jonathan Bradley
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris 75005, France
| | - Lagnajeet Pradhan
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Benjamin Mathieu
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris 75005, France
| | - Stephen W Evans
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Simon Chamberland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, CERVO Brain Research Centre, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - Dongqing Shi
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Renzhi Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Biology PhD Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Benjamin B Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Annick Ayon
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris 75005, France
| | - Abdelali Jalil
- Université de Paris, SPPIN - Saints-Pères Paris Institute for the Neurosciences, CNRS, Paris F-75006, France
| | - François St-Pierre
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mark J Schnitzer
- CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Guoqiang Bi
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai 20031, China
| | - Katalin Toth
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, CERVO Brain Research Centre, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - Jun Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Stéphane Dieudonné
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris 75005, France.
| | - Michael Z Lin
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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11
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Cho KKA, Davidson TJ, Bouvier G, Marshall JD, Schnitzer MJ, Sohal VS. Cross-hemispheric gamma synchrony between prefrontal parvalbumin interneurons supports behavioral adaptation during rule shift learning. Nat Neurosci 2020; 23:892-902. [PMID: 32451483 PMCID: PMC7347248 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-020-0647-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Organisms must learn novel strategies to adapt to changing environments. Activity in different neurons often exhibits synchronization that can dynamically enhance their communication and might create flexible brain states that facilitate changes in behavior. We studied the role of gamma-frequency (~40 Hz) synchrony between prefrontal parvalbumin interneurons, in mice learning multiple new cue-reward associations. Voltage indicators revealed cell type-specific increases of cross-hemispheric gamma synchrony between parvalbumin interneurons, when mice received feedback that previously learned associations were no longer valid. Disrupting this synchronization by delivering out-of-phase optogenetic stimulation caused mice to perseverate on outdated associations, an effect not reproduced by in-phase stimulation or out-of-phase stimulation at other frequencies. Gamma synchrony was specifically required when new associations utilized familiar cues that were previously irrelevant to behavioral outcomes, not when associations involved novel cues, or for reversing previously learned associations. Thus, gamma synchrony is indispensable for reappraising the behavioral salience of external cues. Further information on research design is available in the Life Sciences Reporting Summary linked to this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen K A Cho
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Thomas J Davidson
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Guy Bouvier
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jesse D Marshall
- Department of Organismic & Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mark J Schnitzer
- Departments of Biology and Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Vikaas S Sohal
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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12
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Wagner MJ, Savall J, Kim TH, Schnitzer MJ, Luo L. Skilled reaching tasks for head-fixed mice using a robotic manipulandum. Nat Protoc 2020; 15:1237-1254. [PMID: 32034393 PMCID: PMC7586302 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-019-0286-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Skilled forelimb behaviors are among the most important for studying motor learning in multiple species including humans. This protocol describes learned forelimb tasks for mice using a two-axis robotic manipulandum. Our device provides a highly compact adaptation of actuated planar two-axis arms that is simple and inexpensive to construct. This paradigm has been dominant for decades in primate motor neuroscience. Our device can generate arbitrary virtual movement tracks, arbitrary time-varying forces or arbitrary position- or velocity-dependent force patterns. We describe several example tasks permitted by our device, including linear movements, movement sequences and aiming movements. We provide the mechanical drawings and source code needed to assemble and control the device, and detail the procedure to train mice to use the device. Our software can be simply extended to allow users to program various customized movement assays. The device can be assembled in a few days, and the time to train mice on the tasks that we describe ranges from a few days to several weeks. Furthermore, the device is compatible with various neurophysiological techniques that require head fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Wagner
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Joan Savall
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Tony Hyun Kim
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mark J Schnitzer
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Liqun Luo
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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13
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Kondo T, Saito R, Otaka M, Yoshino-Saito K, Yamanaka A, Yamamori T, Watakabe A, Mizukami H, Schnitzer MJ, Tanaka KF, Ushiba J, Okano H. Calcium Transient Dynamics of Neural Ensembles in the Primary Motor Cortex of Naturally Behaving Monkeys. Cell Rep 2020; 24:2191-2195.e4. [PMID: 30134178 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand brain circuits of cognitive behaviors under natural conditions, we developed techniques for imaging neuronal activities from large neuronal populations in the deep layer cortex of the naturally behaving common marmoset. Animals retrieved food pellets or climbed ladders as a miniature fluorescence microscope monitored hundreds of calcium indicator-expressing cortical neurons in the right primary motor cortex. This technique, which can be adapted to other brain regions, can deepen our understanding of brain circuits by facilitating longitudinal population analyses of neuronal representation associated with cognitive naturalistic behaviors and their pathophysiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Kondo
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Laboratory for Marmoset Neural Architecture, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
| | - Risa Saito
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masaki Otaka
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kimika Yoshino-Saito
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yamanaka
- Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Yamamori
- Laboratory for Molecular Analysis of Higher Brain Function, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
| | - Akiya Watakabe
- Laboratory for Molecular Analysis of Higher Brain Function, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mizukami
- Division of Genetic Therapeutics, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Mark J Schnitzer
- James H. Clark Center for Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kenji F Tanaka
- Laboratory for Marmoset Neural Architecture, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan; Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junichi Ushiba
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan; Keio Institute of Pure and Applied Sciences (KiPAS), Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Laboratory for Marmoset Neural Architecture, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan.
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14
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Zhang T, Hernandez O, Chrapkiewicz R, Shai A, Wagner MJ, Zhang Y, Wu CH, Li JZ, Inoue M, Gong Y, Ahanonu B, Zeng H, Bito H, Schnitzer MJ. Kilohertz two-photon brain imaging in awake mice. Nat Methods 2019; 16:1119-1122. [PMID: 31659327 PMCID: PMC9438750 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-019-0597-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Two-photon microscopy is a mainstay technique for imaging in scattering media and normally provides frame-acquisition rates of ~10–30 Hz. To track high-speed phenomena, we created a two-photon microscope with 400 illumination beams that collectively sample 95,000–211,000 μm2 areas at rates up to 1 kHz. Using this microscope, we visualized microcirculatory flow, fast venous constrictions, and neuronal Ca2+ spiking with millisecond-scale timing resolution in the brains of awake mice.
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15
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Corder G, Ahanonu B, Grewe BF, Wang D, Schnitzer MJ, Scherrer G. An amygdalar neural ensemble that encodes the unpleasantness of pain. Science 2019; 363:276-281. [PMID: 30655440 PMCID: PMC6450685 DOI: 10.1126/science.aap8586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pain is an unpleasant experience. How the brain’s affective neural circuits attribute this aversive quality to nociceptive information remains unknown. By means of time-lapse in vivo calcium imaging and neural activity manipulation in freely behaving mice encountering noxious stimuli, we identified a distinct neural ensemble in the basolateral amygdala that encodes the negative affective valence of pain. Silencing this nociceptive ensemble alleviated pain affective-motivational behaviors without altering the detection of noxious stimuli, withdrawal reflexes, anxiety, or reward. Following peripheral nerve injury, innocuous stimuli activated this nociceptive ensemble to drive dysfunctional perceptual changes associated with neuropathic pain, including pain aversion to light touch (allodynia). These results identify the amygdalar representations of noxious stimuli that are functionally required for the negative affective qualities of acute and chronic pain perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Corder
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Biafra Ahanonu
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Benjamin F Grewe
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mark J Schnitzer
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Grégory Scherrer
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. .,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,New York Stem Cell Foundation-Robertson Investigator, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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16
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Wagner MJ, Kim TH, Kadmon J, Nguyen ND, Ganguli S, Schnitzer MJ, Luo L. Shared Cortex-Cerebellum Dynamics in the Execution and Learning of a Motor Task. Cell 2019; 177:669-682.e24. [PMID: 30929904 PMCID: PMC6500577 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Throughout mammalian neocortex, layer 5 pyramidal (L5) cells project via the pons to a vast number of cerebellar granule cells (GrCs), forming a fundamental pathway. Yet, it is unknown how neuronal dynamics are transformed through the L5→GrC pathway. Here, by directly comparing premotor L5 and GrC activity during a forelimb movement task using dual-site two-photon Ca2+ imaging, we found that in expert mice, L5 and GrC dynamics were highly similar. L5 cells and GrCs shared a common set of task-encoding activity patterns, possessed similar diversity of responses, and exhibited high correlations comparable to local correlations among L5 cells. Chronic imaging revealed that these dynamics co-emerged in cortex and cerebellum over learning: as behavioral performance improved, initially dissimilar L5 cells and GrCs converged onto a shared, low-dimensional, task-encoding set of neural activity patterns. Thus, a key function of cortico-cerebellar communication is the propagation of shared dynamics that emerge during learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Wagner
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Tony Hyun Kim
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jonathan Kadmon
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nghia D Nguyen
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Surya Ganguli
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mark J Schnitzer
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Liqun Luo
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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17
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Gründemann J, Bitterman Y, Lu T, Krabbe S, Grewe BF, Schnitzer MJ, Lüthi A. Amygdala ensembles encode behavioral states. Science 2019; 364:364/6437/eaav8736. [PMID: 31000636 DOI: 10.1126/science.aav8736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Internal states, including affective or homeostatic states, are important behavioral motivators. The amygdala regulates motivated behaviors, yet how distinct states are represented in amygdala circuits is unknown. By longitudinally imaging neural calcium dynamics in freely moving mice across different environments, we identified opponent changes in activity levels of two major, nonoverlapping populations of basal amygdala principal neurons. This population signature does not report global anxiety but predicts switches between exploratory and nonexploratory, defensive states. Moreover, the amygdala separately processes external stimuli and internal states and broadcasts state information via several output pathways to larger brain networks. Our findings extend the concept of thalamocortical "brain-state" coding to include affective and exploratory states and provide an entry point into the state dependency of brain function and behavior in defined circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Gründemann
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, Basel, Switzerland. .,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50-70, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yael Bitterman
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tingjia Lu
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Krabbe
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin F Grewe
- Institute of Neuroinformatics, University and ETH Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zürich, Switzerland.,Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, ETH Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mark J Schnitzer
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, CNC Program, James H. Clark Center for Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Andreas Lüthi
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, Basel, Switzerland. .,University of Basel, 4000 Basel, Switzerland
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18
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Abstract
Pain is an unpleasant experience. How the brain's affective neural circuits attribute this aversive quality to nociceptive information remains unknown. By means of time-lapse in vivo calcium imaging and neural activity manipulation in freely behaving mice encountering noxious stimuli, we identified a distinct neural ensemble in the basolateral amygdala that encodes the negative affective valence of pain. Silencing this nociceptive ensemble alleviated pain affective-motivational behaviors without altering the detection of noxious stimuli, withdrawal reflexes, anxiety, or reward. Following peripheral nerve injury, innocuous stimuli activated this nociceptive ensemble to drive dysfunctional perceptual changes associated with neuropathic pain, including pain aversion to light touch (allodynia). These results identify the amygdalar representations of noxious stimuli that are functionally required for the negative affective qualities of acute and chronic pain perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Corder
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Biafra Ahanonu
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Benjamin F Grewe
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mark J Schnitzer
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Grégory Scherrer
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- New York Stem Cell Foundation-Robertson Investigator, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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19
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Kannan M, Vasan G, Huang C, Haziza S, Li JZ, Inan H, Schnitzer MJ, Pieribone VA. Fast, in vivo voltage imaging using a red fluorescent indicator. Nat Methods 2018; 15:1108-1116. [PMID: 30420685 PMCID: PMC6516062 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-018-0188-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs) are emerging optical tools for acquiring brain-wide cell-type-specific functional data at unparalleled temporal resolution. To broaden the application of GEVIs in high-speed multispectral imaging, we used a high-throughput strategy to develop voltage-activated red neuronal activity monitor (VARNAM), a fusion of the fast Acetabularia opsin and the bright red fluorophore mRuby3. Imageable under the modest illumination intensities required by bright green probes (<50 mW mm-2), VARNAM is readily usable in vivo. VARNAM can be combined with blue-shifted optical tools to enable cell-type-specific all-optical electrophysiology and dual-color spike imaging in acute brain slices and live Drosophila. With enhanced sensitivity to subthreshold voltages, VARNAM resolves postsynaptic potentials in slices and cortical and hippocampal rhythms in freely behaving mice. Together, VARNAM lends a new hue to the optical toolbox, opening the door to high-speed in vivo multispectral functional imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuvanthi Kannan
- The John B. Pierce Laboratory, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ganesh Vasan
- The John B. Pierce Laboratory, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Cheng Huang
- James H. Clark Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Simon Haziza
- James H. Clark Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jin Zhong Li
- James H. Clark Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hakan Inan
- James H. Clark Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mark J Schnitzer
- James H. Clark Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Vincent A Pieribone
- The John B. Pierce Laboratory, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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20
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Wang T, Ouzounov DG, Wu C, Horton NG, Zhang B, Wu CH, Zhang Y, Schnitzer MJ, Xu C. Three-photon imaging of mouse brain structure and function through the intact skull. Nat Methods 2018; 15:789-792. [PMID: 30202059 PMCID: PMC6188644 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-018-0115-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Optical imaging through the intact mouse skull is challenging because of skull-induced aberrations and scattering. We found that three-photon excitation provided improved optical sectioning compared with that obtained with two-photon excitation, even when we used the same excitation wavelength and imaging system. Here we demonstrate three-photon imaging of vasculature through the adult mouse skull at >500-μm depth, as well as GCaMP6s calcium imaging over weeks in cortical layers 2/3 and 4 in awake mice, with 8.5 frames per second and a field of view spanning hundreds of micrometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Wang
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Dimitre G Ouzounov
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Chunyan Wu
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Nicholas G Horton
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Yanping Zhang
- CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mark J Schnitzer
- CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Chris Xu
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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21
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Attardo A, Lu J, Kawashima T, Okuno H, Fitzgerald JE, Bito H, Schnitzer MJ. Long-Term Consolidation of Ensemble Neural Plasticity Patterns in Hippocampal Area CA1. Cell Rep 2018; 25:640-650.e2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.09.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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22
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Huang C, Maxey JR, Sinha S, Savall J, Gong Y, Schnitzer MJ. Long-term optical brain imaging in live adult fruit flies. Nat Commun 2018; 9:872. [PMID: 29491443 PMCID: PMC5830414 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-02873-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Time-lapse in vivo microscopy studies of cellular morphology and physiology are crucial toward understanding brain function but have been infeasible in the fruit fly, a key model species. Here we use laser microsurgery to create a chronic fly preparation for repeated imaging of neural architecture and dynamics for up to 50 days. In fly mushroom body neurons, we track axonal boutons for 10 days and record odor-evoked calcium transients over 7 weeks. Further, by using voltage imaging to resolve individual action potentials, we monitor spiking plasticity in dopamine neurons of flies undergoing mechanical stress. After 24 h of stress, PPL1-α’3 but not PPL1-α’2α2 dopamine neurons have elevated spike rates. Overall, our chronic preparation is compatible with a broad range of optical techniques and enables longitudinal studies of many biological questions that could not be addressed before in live flies. Time-lapse imaging studies of more than a day in the fly brain have been infeasible until now. Here the authors present a laser microsurgery approach to create a permanent window in the fly cuticle to enable time-lapse imaging of neural architecture and dynamics for up to 10–50 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Huang
- James H. Clark Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Jessica R Maxey
- James H. Clark Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Supriyo Sinha
- James H. Clark Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Joan Savall
- James H. Clark Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Yiyang Gong
- James H. Clark Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Mark J Schnitzer
- James H. Clark Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA. .,CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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23
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Li Y, Mathis A, Grewe BF, Osterhout JA, Ahanonu B, Schnitzer MJ, Murthy VN, Dulac C. Neuronal Representation of Social Information in the Medial Amygdala of Awake Behaving Mice. Cell 2017; 171:1176-1190.e17. [PMID: 29107332 PMCID: PMC5731476 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The medial amygdala (MeA) plays a critical role in processing species- and sex-specific signals that trigger social and defensive behaviors. However, the principles by which this deep brain structure encodes social information is poorly understood. We used a miniature microscope to image the Ca2+ dynamics of large neural ensembles in awake behaving mice and tracked the responses of MeA neurons over several months. These recordings revealed spatially intermingled subsets of MeA neurons with distinct temporal dynamics. The encoding of social information in the MeA differed between males and females and relied on information from both individual cells and neuronal populations. By performing long-term Ca2+ imaging across different social contexts, we found that sexual experience triggers lasting and sex-specific changes in MeA activity, which, in males, involve signaling by oxytocin. These findings reveal basic principles underlying the brain's representation of social information and its modulation by intrinsic and extrinsic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alexander Mathis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin F Grewe
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, CNC Program, James H. Clark Center Biomedical Engineering & Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jessica A Osterhout
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Biafra Ahanonu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, CNC Program, James H. Clark Center Biomedical Engineering & Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mark J Schnitzer
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, CNC Program, James H. Clark Center Biomedical Engineering & Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Venkatesh N Murthy
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Catherine Dulac
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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24
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Abstract
The human brain contains ~60 billion cerebellar granule cells1, which outnumber all other neurons combined. Classical theories posit that a large, diverse population of granule cells allows for highly detailed representations of sensorimotor context, enabling downstream Purkinje cells to sense fine contextual changes2–6. Although evidence suggests a role for cerebellum in cognition7–10, granule cells are known to encode only sensory11–13 and motor14 context. Using two-photon calcium imaging in behaving mice, here we show that granule cells convey information about the expectation of reward. Mice initiated voluntary forelimb movements for delayed water reward. Some granule cells responded preferentially to reward or reward omission, whereas others selectively encoded reward anticipation. Reward responses were not restricted to forelimb movement, as a Pavlovian task evoked similar responses. Compared to predictable rewards, unexpected rewards elicited markedly different granule cell activity despite identical stimuli and licking responses. In both tasks, reward signals were widespread throughout multiple cerebellar lobules. Tracking the same granule cells over several days of learning revealed that cells with reward-anticipating responses emerged from those that responded at the start of learning to reward delivery, whereas reward omission responses grew stronger as learning progressed. The discovery of predictive, non-sensorimotor encoding in granule cells is a major departure from current understanding of these neurons and dramatically enriches contextual information available to postsynaptic Purkinje cells, with important implications for cognitive processing in the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Wagner
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Tony Hyun Kim
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Joan Savall
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Mark J Schnitzer
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Liqun Luo
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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25
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Xu C, Krabbe S, Gründemann J, Botta P, Fadok JP, Osakada F, Saur D, Grewe BF, Schnitzer MJ, Callaway EM, Lüthi A. Distinct Hippocampal Pathways Mediate Dissociable Roles of Context in Memory Retrieval. Cell 2016; 167:961-972.e16. [PMID: 27773481 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Memories about sensory experiences are tightly linked to the context in which they were formed. Memory contextualization is fundamental for the selection of appropriate behavioral reactions needed for survival, yet the underlying neuronal circuits are poorly understood. By combining trans-synaptic viral tracing and optogenetic manipulation, we found that the ventral hippocampus (vHC) and the amygdala, two key brain structures encoding context and emotional experiences, interact via multiple parallel pathways. A projection from the vHC to the basal amygdala mediates fear behavior elicited by a conditioned context, whereas a parallel projection from a distinct subset of vHC neurons onto midbrain-projecting neurons in the central amygdala is necessary for context-dependent retrieval of cued fear memories. Our findings demonstrate that two fundamentally distinct roles of context in fear memory retrieval are processed by distinct vHC output pathways, thereby allowing for the formation of robust contextual fear memories while preserving context-dependent behavioral flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Xu
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Krabbe
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jan Gründemann
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Botta
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan P Fadok
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fumitaka Osakada
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratories, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Dieter Saur
- Department of Internal Medicine 2, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstrasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benjamin F Grewe
- CNC Program, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mark J Schnitzer
- CNC Program, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Edward M Callaway
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratories, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Andreas Lüthi
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, 4003 Basel, Switzerland.
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26
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Chen X, Sanchez GN, Schnitzer MJ, Delp SL. Changes in sarcomere lengths of the human vastus lateralis muscle with knee flexion measured using in vivo microendoscopy. J Biomech 2016; 49:2989-2994. [PMID: 27481293 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sarcomeres are the basic contractile units of muscle, and their lengths influence muscle force-generating capacity. Despite their importance, in vivo sarcomere lengths remain unknown for many human muscles. Second harmonic generation (SHG) microendoscopy is a minimally invasive technique for imaging sarcomeres in vivo and measuring their lengths. In this study, we used SHG microendoscopy to visualize sarcomeres of the human vastus lateralis, a large knee extensor muscle important for mobility, to examine how sarcomere lengths change with knee flexion and thus affect the muscle׳s force-generating capacity. We acquired in vivo sarcomere images of several muscle fibers of the resting vastus lateralis in six healthy individuals. Mean sarcomere lengths increased (p=0.031) from 2.84±0.16μm at 50° of knee flexion to 3.17±0.13μm at 110° of knee flexion. The standard deviation of sarcomere lengths among different fibers within a muscle was 0.21±0.09μm. Our results suggest that the sarcomeres of the resting vastus lateralis at 50° of knee flexion are near optimal length. At a knee flexion angle of 110° the resting sarcomeres of vastus lateralis are longer than optimal length. These results show a smaller sarcomere length change and greater conservation of force-generating capacity with knee flexion than estimated in previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, United States
| | - Gabriel N Sanchez
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, United States; Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, United States
| | - Mark J Schnitzer
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, United States; Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, United States; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, United States
| | - Scott L Delp
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, United States; Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, United States.
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Abstract
During long-term memory formation, cellular and molecular processes reshape how individual neurons respond to specific patterns of synaptic input. It remains poorly understood how such changes impact information processing across networks of mammalian neurons. To observe how networks encode, store, and retrieve information, neuroscientists must track the dynamics of large ensembles of individual cells in behaving animals, over timescales commensurate with long-term memory. Fluorescence Ca(2+)-imaging techniques can monitor hundreds of neurons in behaving mice, opening exciting avenues for studies of learning and memory at the network level. Genetically encoded Ca(2+) indicators allow neurons to be targeted by genetic type or connectivity. Chronic animal preparations permit repeated imaging of neural Ca(2+) dynamics over multiple weeks. Together, these capabilities should enable unprecedented analyses of how ensemble neural codes evolve throughout memory processing and provide new insights into how memories are organized in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Jercog
- CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Thomas Rogerson
- CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Mark J Schnitzer
- CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305 James H. Clark Center for Biomedical Engineering & Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
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28
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Sanchez GN, Sinha S, Liske H, Chen X, Nguyen V, Delp SL, Schnitzer MJ. In Vivo Imaging of Human Sarcomere Twitch Dynamics in Individual Motor Units. Neuron 2016; 88:1109-1120. [PMID: 26687220 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Motor units comprise a pre-synaptic motor neuron and multiple post-synaptic muscle fibers. Many movement disorders disrupt motor unit contractile dynamics and the structure of sarcomeres, skeletal muscle's contractile units. Despite the motor unit's centrality to neuromuscular physiology, no extant technology can image sarcomere twitch dynamics in live humans. We created a wearable microscope equipped with a microendoscope for minimally invasive observation of sarcomere lengths and contractile dynamics in any major skeletal muscle. By electrically stimulating twitches via the microendoscope and visualizing the sarcomere displacements, we monitored single motor unit contractions in soleus and vastus lateralis muscles of healthy individuals. Control experiments verified that these evoked twitches involved neuromuscular transmission and faithfully reported muscle force generation. In post-stroke patients with spasticity of the biceps brachii, we found involuntary microscopic contractions and sarcomere length abnormalities. The wearable microscope facilitates exploration of many basic and disease-related neuromuscular phenomena never visualized before in live humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel N Sanchez
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Supriyo Sinha
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Holly Liske
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Xuefeng Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Viet Nguyen
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Scott L Delp
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Mark J Schnitzer
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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29
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Berdyyeva TK, Frady EP, Nassi JJ, Aluisio L, Cherkas Y, Otte S, Wyatt RM, Dugovic C, Ghosh KK, Schnitzer MJ, Lovenberg T, Bonaventure P. Direct Imaging of Hippocampal Epileptiform Calcium Motifs Following Kainic Acid Administration in Freely Behaving Mice. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:53. [PMID: 26973444 PMCID: PMC4770289 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged exposure to abnormally high calcium concentrations is thought to be a core mechanism underlying hippocampal damage in epileptic patients; however, no prior study has characterized calcium activity during seizures in the live, intact hippocampus. We have directly investigated this possibility by combining whole-brain electroencephalographic (EEG) measurements with microendoscopic calcium imaging of pyramidal cells in the CA1 hippocampal region of freely behaving mice treated with the pro-convulsant kainic acid (KA). We observed that KA administration led to systematic patterns of epileptiform calcium activity: a series of large-scale, intensifying flashes of increased calcium fluorescence concurrent with a cluster of low-amplitude EEG waveforms. This was accompanied by a steady increase in cellular calcium levels (>5 fold increase relative to the baseline), followed by an intense spreading calcium wave characterized by a 218% increase in global mean intensity of calcium fluorescence (n = 8, range [114–349%], p < 10−4; t-test). The wave had no consistent EEG phenotype and occurred before the onset of motor convulsions. Similar changes in calcium activity were also observed in animals treated with 2 different proconvulsant agents, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and pentylenetetrazol (PTZ), suggesting the measured changes in calcium dynamics are a signature of seizure activity rather than a KA-specific pathology. Additionally, despite reducing the behavioral severity of KA-induced seizures, the anticonvulsant drug valproate (VA, 300 mg/kg) did not modify the observed abnormalities in calcium dynamics. These results confirm the presence of pathological calcium activity preceding convulsive motor seizures and support calcium as a candidate signaling molecule in a pathway connecting seizures to subsequent cellular damage. Integrating in vivo calcium imaging with traditional assessment of seizures could potentially increase translatability of pharmacological intervention, leading to novel drug screening paradigms and therapeutics designed to target and abolish abnormal patterns of both electrical and calcium excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - E Paxon Frady
- InscopixPalo Alto, CA, USA; Redwood Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Leah Aluisio
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Ryan M Wyatt
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC San Diego, CA, USA
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Kitamura T, Sun C, Martin J, Kitch LJ, Schnitzer MJ, Tonegawa S. Entorhinal Cortical Ocean Cells Encode Specific Contexts and Drive Context-Specific Fear Memory. Neuron 2015; 87:1317-1331. [PMID: 26402611 PMCID: PMC5094459 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Forming distinct representations and memories of multiple contexts and episodes is thought to be a crucial function of the hippocampal-entorhinal cortical network. The hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) and CA3 are known to contribute to these functions, but the role of the entorhinal cortex (EC) is poorly understood. Here, we show that Ocean cells, excitatory stellate neurons in the medial EC layer II projecting into DG and CA3, rapidly form a distinct representation of a novel context and drive context-specific activation of downstream CA3 cells as well as context-specific fear memory. In contrast, Island cells, excitatory pyramidal neurons in the medial EC layer II projecting into CA1, are indifferent to context-specific encoding or memory. On the other hand, Ocean cells are dispensable for temporal association learning, for which Island cells are crucial. Together, the two excitatory medial EC layer II inputs to the hippocampus have complementary roles in episodic memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kitamura
- RIKEN-MIT Center for Neural Circuit Genetics at the Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Biology and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Chen Sun
- RIKEN-MIT Center for Neural Circuit Genetics at the Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Biology and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jared Martin
- RIKEN-MIT Center for Neural Circuit Genetics at the Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Biology and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Lacey J Kitch
- James H. Clark Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mark J Schnitzer
- James H. Clark Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute at Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Susumu Tonegawa
- RIKEN-MIT Center for Neural Circuit Genetics at the Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Biology and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute at MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Jorgenson LA, Newsome WT, Anderson DJ, Bargmann CI, Brown EN, Deisseroth K, Donoghue JP, Hudson KL, Ling GSF, MacLeish PR, Marder E, Normann RA, Sanes JR, Schnitzer MJ, Sejnowski TJ, Tank DW, Tsien RY, Ugurbil K, Wingfield JC. The BRAIN Initiative: developing technology to catalyse neuroscience discovery. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 370:rstb.2014.0164. [PMID: 25823863 PMCID: PMC4387507 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolution of the field of neuroscience has been propelled by the advent of novel technological capabilities, and the pace at which these capabilities are being developed has accelerated dramatically in the past decade. Capitalizing on this momentum, the United States launched the Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies (BRAIN) Initiative to develop and apply new tools and technologies for revolutionizing our understanding of the brain. In this article, we review the scientific vision for this initiative set forth by the National Institutes of Health and discuss its implications for the future of neuroscience research. Particular emphasis is given to its potential impact on the mapping and study of neural circuits, and how this knowledge will transform our understanding of the complexity of the human brain and its diverse array of behaviours, perceptions, thoughts and emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyric A Jorgenson
- Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - William T Newsome
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - David J Anderson
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Cornelia I Bargmann
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Lulu and Anthony Wang Laboratory of Neural Circuits and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Emery N Brown
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Karl Deisseroth
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Bioengineering, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - John P Donoghue
- Brown Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Kathy L Hudson
- Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Geoffrey S F Ling
- Biological Technologies Office, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Arlington, VA 22203, USA
| | - Peter R MacLeish
- Department of Neurobiology, Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Eve Marder
- Biology Department and Volen Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Richard A Normann
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Joshua R Sanes
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Mark J Schnitzer
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and James H. Clark Center for Biomedical Engineering & Sciences, CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Terrence J Sejnowski
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - David W Tank
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Bezos Center for Neural Circuit Dynamics and Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Roger Y Tsien
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kamil Ugurbil
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, MN 55454, USA
| | - John C Wingfield
- Directorate for Biological Sciences, National Science Foundation, Arlington, VA 22230, USA
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32
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Gong Y, Huang C, Li JZ, Grewe BF, Zhang Y, Eismann S, Schnitzer MJ. High-speed recording of neural spikes in awake mice and flies with a fluorescent voltage sensor. Science 2015; 350:1361-6. [PMID: 26586188 DOI: 10.1126/science.aab0810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs) are a promising technology for fluorescence readout of millisecond-scale neuronal dynamics. Previous GEVIs had insufficient signaling speed and dynamic range to resolve action potentials in live animals. We coupled fast voltage-sensing domains from a rhodopsin protein to bright fluorophores through resonance energy transfer. The resulting GEVIs are sufficiently bright and fast to report neuronal action potentials and membrane voltage dynamics in awake mice and flies, resolving fast spike trains with 0.2-millisecond timing precision at spike detection error rates orders of magnitude better than previous GEVIs. In vivo imaging revealed sensory-evoked responses, including somatic spiking, dendritic dynamics, and intracellular voltage propagation. These results empower in vivo optical studies of neuronal electrophysiology and coding and motivate further advancements in high-speed microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyang Gong
- James H. Clark Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
| | - Cheng Huang
- James H. Clark Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jin Zhong Li
- James H. Clark Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Benjamin F Grewe
- James H. Clark Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yanping Zhang
- James H. Clark Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Stephan Eismann
- James H. Clark Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mark J Schnitzer
- James H. Clark Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Adamantidis A, Arber S, Bains JS, Bamberg E, Bonci A, Buzsáki G, Cardin JA, Costa RM, Dan Y, Goda Y, Graybiel AM, Häusser M, Hegemann P, Huguenard JR, Insel TR, Janak PH, Johnston D, Josselyn SA, Koch C, Kreitzer AC, Lüscher C, Malenka RC, Miesenböck G, Nagel G, Roska B, Schnitzer MJ, Shenoy KV, Soltesz I, Sternson SM, Tsien RW, Tsien RY, Turrigiano GG, Tye KM, Wilson RI. Optogenetics: 10 years after ChR2 in neurons--views from the community. Nat Neurosci 2015; 18:1202-12. [PMID: 26308981 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Adamantidis
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Canada, and the Department of Neurology, Inselspital University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Arber
- Biozentrum, Department of Cell Biology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland, and the Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jaideep S Bains
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ernst Bamberg
- Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Antonello Bonci
- Intramural Research Program, Synaptic Plasticity Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, the Solomon H. Snyder Neuroscience Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, and in the Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - György Buzsáki
- The Neuroscience Institute, School of Medicine and Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jessica A Cardin
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA, and at the Kavli Institute of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Rui M Costa
- Champalimaud Neuroscience Programme, Champalimaud Center for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Yang Dan
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Yukiko Goda
- RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ann M Graybiel
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael Häusser
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Hegemann
- Institut für Biologie/Experimentelle Biophysik, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - John R Huguenard
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Thomas R Insel
- National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Patricia H Janak
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, and the Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel Johnston
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Learning and Memory, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Sheena A Josselyn
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and the Departments of Psychology and Physiology and Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christof Koch
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Anatol C Kreitzer
- The Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA, and the Departments of Neurology and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Christian Lüscher
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, and the Service of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Robert C Malenka
- Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Gero Miesenböck
- Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University of Oxford, Tinsley Building, Mansfield Road, Oxford, UK
| | - Georg Nagel
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Botond Roska
- Neural Circuit Laboratories, Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland. Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mark J Schnitzer
- James H. Clark Center for Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA, the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA, and the CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Krishna V Shenoy
- Departments of Electrical Engineering, Bioengineering and Neurobiology, the Neurosciences and Bio-X Programs, the Stanford Neurosciences Institute and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Ivan Soltesz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Scott M Sternson
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, USA
| | - Richard W Tsien
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Roger Y Tsien
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Gina G Turrigiano
- Department of Biology and Center for Behavioral Genomics, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kay M Tye
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rachel I Wilson
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Abstract
The mammalian hippocampus is crucial for episodic memory formation and transiently retains information for about 3-4 weeks in adult mice and longer in humans. Although neuroscientists widely believe that neural synapses are elemental sites of information storage, there has been no direct evidence that hippocampal synapses persist for time intervals commensurate with the duration of hippocampal-dependent memory. Here we tested the prediction that the lifetimes of hippocampal synapses match the longevity of hippocampal memory. By using time-lapse two-photon microendoscopy in the CA1 hippocampal area of live mice, we monitored the turnover dynamics of the pyramidal neurons' basal dendritic spines, postsynaptic structures whose turnover dynamics are thought to reflect those of excitatory synaptic connections. Strikingly, CA1 spine turnover dynamics differed sharply from those seen previously in the neocortex. Mathematical modelling revealed that the data best matched kinetic models with a single population of spines with a mean lifetime of approximately 1-2 weeks. This implies ∼100% turnover in ∼2-3 times this interval, a near full erasure of the synaptic connectivity pattern. Although N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor blockade stabilizes spines in the neocortex, in CA1 it transiently increased the rate of spine loss and thus lowered spine density. These results reveal that adult neocortical and hippocampal pyramidal neurons have divergent patterns of spine regulation and quantitatively support the idea that the transience of hippocampal-dependent memory directly reflects the turnover dynamics of hippocampal synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Attardo
- 1] James H. Clark Center for Biomedical Engineering &Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - James E Fitzgerald
- James H. Clark Center for Biomedical Engineering &Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Mark J Schnitzer
- 1] James H. Clark Center for Biomedical Engineering &Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA [3] CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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35
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Abstract
Fluorescence imaging offers expanding capabilities for recording neural dynamics in behaving mammals, including the means to monitor hundreds of cells targeted by genetic type or connectivity, track cells over weeks, densely sample neurons within local microcircuits, study cells too inactive to isolate in extracellular electrical recordings, and visualize activity in dendrites, axons, or dendritic spines. We discuss recent progress and future directions for imaging in behaving mammals from a systems engineering perspective, which seeks holistic consideration of fluorescent indicators, optical instrumentation, and computational analyses. Today, genetically encoded indicators of neural Ca(2+) dynamics are widely used, and those of trans-membrane voltage are rapidly improving. Two complementary imaging paradigms involve conventional microscopes for studying head-restrained animals and head-mounted miniature microscopes for imaging in freely behaving animals. Overall, the field has attained sufficient sophistication that increased cooperation between those designing new indicators, light sources, microscopes, and computational analyses would greatly benefit future progress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jones G Parker
- CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Pfizer Neuroscience Research Unit, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mark J Schnitzer
- CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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36
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Savall J, Ho ETW, Huang C, Maxey JR, Schnitzer MJ. Dexterous robotic manipulation of alert adult Drosophila for high-content experimentation. Nat Methods 2015; 12:657-660. [PMID: 26005812 PMCID: PMC4490062 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.3410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
We present a robot that enables high-content studies of alert adult Drosophila by combining operations including gentle picking, translations and rotations, characterizations of fly phenotypes and behaviors, micro-dissection or release. To illustrate, we assessed fly morphology, tracked odor-evoked locomotion, sorted flies by sex, and dissected the cuticle to image neural activity. The robot's tireless capacity for precise manipulations enables a scalable platform for screening flies’ complex attributes and behavioral patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Savall
- James H. Clark Center, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Eric Tatt Wei Ho
- James H. Clark Center, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Centre for Intelligent Signal and Imaging Research, Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Cheng Huang
- James H. Clark Center, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jessica R Maxey
- James H. Clark Center, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Mark J Schnitzer
- James H. Clark Center, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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37
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco P Battaglia
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud Universiteit, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen 6525AJ, The Netherlands.
| | - Mark J Schnitzer
- Department of Biology and Applied Physics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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38
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Lecoq J, Savall J, Vučinić D, Grewe BF, Kim H, Li JZ, Kitch LJ, Schnitzer MJ. Visualizing mammalian brain area interactions by dual-axis two-photon calcium imaging. Nat Neurosci 2014; 17:1825-9. [PMID: 25402858 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence Ca(2+) imaging enables large-scale recordings of neural activity, but collective dynamics across mammalian brain regions are generally inaccessible within single fields of view. Here we introduce a two-photon microscope possessing two articulated arms that can simultaneously image two brain areas (∼0.38 mm(2) each), either nearby or distal, using microendoscopes. Concurrent Ca(2+) imaging of ∼100-300 neurons in primary visual cortex (V1) and lateromedial (LM) visual area in behaving mice revealed that the variability in LM neurons' visual responses was strongly dependent on that in V1, suggesting that fluctuations in sensory responses propagate through extended cortical networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Lecoq
- James H. Clark Center for Biomedical Engineering &Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Joan Savall
- 1] James H. Clark Center for Biomedical Engineering &Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA. [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Dejan Vučinić
- James H. Clark Center for Biomedical Engineering &Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Benjamin F Grewe
- James H. Clark Center for Biomedical Engineering &Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Hyun Kim
- James H. Clark Center for Biomedical Engineering &Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jin Zhong Li
- James H. Clark Center for Biomedical Engineering &Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Lacey J Kitch
- James H. Clark Center for Biomedical Engineering &Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Mark J Schnitzer
- 1] James H. Clark Center for Biomedical Engineering &Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA. [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA. [3] CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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39
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Berdyyeva T, Otte S, Aluisio L, Ziv Y, Burns LD, Dugovic C, Yun S, Ghosh KK, Schnitzer MJ, Lovenberg T, Bonaventure P. Zolpidem reduces hippocampal neuronal activity in freely behaving mice: a large scale calcium imaging study with miniaturized fluorescence microscope. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112068. [PMID: 25372144 PMCID: PMC4221229 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic drugs for cognitive and psychiatric disorders are often characterized by their molecular mechanism of action. Here we demonstrate a new approach to elucidate drug action on large-scale neuronal activity by tracking somatic calcium dynamics in hundreds of CA1 hippocampal neurons of pharmacologically manipulated behaving mice. We used an adeno-associated viral vector to express the calcium sensor GCaMP3 in CA1 pyramidal cells under control of the CaMKII promoter and a miniaturized microscope to observe cellular dynamics. We visualized these dynamics with and without a systemic administration of Zolpidem, a GABAA agonist that is the most commonly prescribed drug for the treatment of insomnia in the United States. Despite growing concerns about the potential adverse effects of Zolpidem on memory and cognition, it remained unclear whether Zolpidem alters neuronal activity in the hippocampus, a brain area critical for cognition and memory. Zolpidem, when delivered at a dose known to induce and prolong sleep, strongly suppressed CA1 calcium signaling. The rate of calcium transients after Zolpidem administration was significantly lower compared to vehicle treatment. To factor out the contribution of changes in locomotor or physiological conditions following Zolpidem treatment, we compared the cellular activity across comparable epochs matched by locomotor and physiological assessments. This analysis revealed significantly depressive effects of Zolpidem regardless of the animal's state. Individual hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells differed in their responses to Zolpidem with the majority (∼ 65%) significantly decreasing the rate of calcium transients, and a small subset (3%) showing an unexpected and significant increase. By linking molecular mechanisms with the dynamics of neural circuitry and behavioral states, this approach has the potential to contribute substantially to the development of new therapeutics for the treatment of CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Berdyyeva
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Stephani Otte
- Inscopix, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Leah Aluisio
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Yaniv Ziv
- Inscopix, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | | | - Christine Dugovic
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Sujin Yun
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Kunal K. Ghosh
- Inscopix, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | | | - Timothy Lovenberg
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Pascal Bonaventure
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California, United States of America
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40
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Gong Y, Wagner MJ, Li JZ, Schnitzer MJ. Imaging neural spiking in brain tissue using FRET-opsin protein voltage sensors. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3674. [PMID: 24755708 PMCID: PMC4247277 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetically encoded fluorescence voltage sensors offer the possibility of directly visualizing neural spiking dynamics in cells targeted by their genetic class or connectivity. Sensors of this class have generally suffered performance-limiting tradeoffs between modest brightness, sluggish kinetics and limited signalling dynamic range in response to action potentials. Here we describe sensors that use fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) to combine the rapid kinetics and substantial voltage-dependence of rhodopsin family voltage-sensing domains with the brightness of genetically engineered protein fluorophores. These FRET-opsin sensors significantly improve upon the spike detection fidelity offered by the genetically encoded voltage sensor, Arclight, while offering faster kinetics and higher brightness. Using FRET-opsin sensors we imaged neural spiking and sub-threshold membrane voltage dynamics in cultured neurons and in pyramidal cells within neocortical tissue slices. In live mice, rates and optical waveforms of cerebellar Purkinje neurons' dendritic voltage transients matched expectations for these cells' dendritic spikes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyang Gong
- James H. Clark Center, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Mark J. Wagner
- James H. Clark Center, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jin Zhong Li
- James H. Clark Center, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Mark J. Schnitzer
- James H. Clark Center, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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41
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St-Pierre F, Marshall JD, Yang Y, Gong Y, Schnitzer MJ, Lin MZ. High-fidelity optical reporting of neuronal electrical activity with an ultrafast fluorescent voltage sensor. Nat Neurosci 2014; 17:884-9. [PMID: 24755780 PMCID: PMC4494739 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Accurate optical reporting of electrical activity in genetically defined neuronal populations is a long-standing goal in neuroscience. Here we describe Accelerated Sensor of Action Potentials 1 (ASAP1), a novel voltage sensor design in which a circularly permuted green fluorescent protein is inserted within an extracellular loop of a voltage-sensing domain, rendering fluorescence responsive to membrane potential. ASAP1 demonstrates on- and off- kinetics of 2.1 and 2.0 ms, reliably detects single action potentials and subthreshold potential changes, and tracks trains of action potential waveforms up to 200 Hz in single trials. With a favorable combination of brightness, dynamic range, and speed, ASAP1 enables continuous monitoring of membrane potential in neurons at KHz frame rates using standard epifluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- François St-Pierre
- 1] Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA. [2] Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jesse D Marshall
- 1] James H. Clark Center, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA. [2] CNC Program, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Ying Yang
- 1] Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA. [2] Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Yiyang Gong
- 1] James H. Clark Center, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA. [2] CNC Program, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Mark J Schnitzer
- 1] James H. Clark Center, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA. [2] CNC Program, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA. [3] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Michael Z Lin
- 1] Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA. [2] Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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42
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Abstract
Historical milestones in neuroscience have come in diverse forms, ranging from the resolution of specific biological mysteries via creative experimentation to broad technological advances allowing neuroscientists to ask new kinds of questions. The continuous development of tools is driven with a special necessity by the complexity, fragility, and inaccessibility of intact nervous systems, such that inventive technique development and application drawing upon engineering and the applied sciences has long been essential to neuroscience. Here we highlight recent technological directions in neuroscience spurred by progress in optical, electrical, mechanical, chemical, and biological engineering. These research areas are poised for rapid growth and will likely be central to the practice of neuroscience well into the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Deisseroth
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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43
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Freifeld L, Clark DA, Schnitzer MJ, Horowitz MA, Clandinin TR. GABAergic lateral interactions tune the early stages of visual processing in Drosophila. Neuron 2013; 78:1075-89. [PMID: 23791198 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Early stages of visual processing must capture complex, dynamic inputs. While peripheral neurons often implement efficient encoding by exploiting natural stimulus statistics, downstream neurons are specialized to extract behaviorally relevant features. How do these specializations arise? We use two-photon imaging in Drosophila to characterize a first-order interneuron, L2, that provides input to a pathway specialized for detecting moving dark edges. GABAergic interactions, mediated in part presynaptically, create an antagonistic and anisotropic center-surround receptive field. This receptive field is spatiotemporally coupled, applying differential temporal processing to large and small dark objects, achieving significant specialization. GABAergic circuits also mediate OFF responses and balance these with responses to ON stimuli. Remarkably, the functional properties of L2 are strikingly similar to those of bipolar cells, yet emerge through different molecular and circuit mechanisms. Thus, evolution appears to have converged on a common strategy for processing visual information at the first synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limor Freifeld
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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44
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Cromie MJ, Sanchez GN, Schnitzer MJ, Delp SL. Sarcomere lengths in human extensor carpi radialis brevis measured by microendoscopy. Muscle Nerve 2013; 48:286-92. [PMID: 23813625 DOI: 10.1002/mus.23760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Second-harmonic generation microendoscopy is a minimally invasive technique to image sarcomeres and measure their lengths in humans, but motion artifact and low signal have limited the use of this novel technique. METHODS We discovered that an excitation wavelength of 960 nm maximized image signal; this enabled an image acquisition rate of 3 frames/s, which decreased motion artifact. We then used microendoscopy to measure sarcomere lengths in the human extensor carpi radialis brevis with the wrist at 45° extension and 45° flexion in 7 subjects. We also measured the variability in sarcomere lengths within single fibers. RESULTS Average sarcomere lengths in 45° extension were 2.93±0.29 μm (±SD) and increased to 3.58±0.19 μm in 45° flexion. Within single fibers the standard deviation of sarcomere lengths in series was 0.20 μm. CONCLUSIONS Microendoscopy can be used to measure sarcomere lengths at different body postures. Lengths of sarcomeres in series within a fiber vary substantially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda J Cromie
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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45
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Abstract
A longstanding goal in neuroscience has been to develop techniques for imaging the voltage dynamics of genetically defined subsets of neurons. Optical sensors of transmembrane voltage would enhance studies of neural activity in contexts ranging from individual neurons cultured in vitro to neuronal populations in awake-behaving animals. Recent progress has identified Archaerhodopsin (Arch) based sensors as a promising, genetically encoded class of fluorescent voltage indicators that can report single action potentials. Wild-type Arch exhibits sub-millisecond fluorescence responses to trans-membrane voltage, but its light-activated proton pump also responds to the imaging illumination. An Arch mutant (Arch-D95N) exhibits no photocurrent, but has a slower, ~40 ms response to voltage transients. Here we present Arch-derived voltage sensors with trafficking signals that enhance their localization to the neural membrane. We also describe Arch mutant sensors (Arch-EEN and -EEQ) that exhibit faster kinetics and greater fluorescence dynamic range than Arch-D95N, and no photocurrent at the illumination intensities normally used for imaging. We benchmarked these voltage sensors regarding their spike detection fidelity by using a signal detection theoretic framework that takes into account the experimentally measured photon shot noise and optical waveforms for single action potentials. This analysis revealed that by combining the sequence mutations and enhanced trafficking sequences, the new sensors improved the fidelity of spike detection by nearly three-fold in comparison to Arch-D95N.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyang Gong
- James H. Clark Center, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jin Zhong Li
- James H. Clark Center, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Mark J. Schnitzer
- James H. Clark Center, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
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46
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Abstract
Biophysicists have long sought optical methods capable of reporting the electrophysiological dynamics of large-scale neural networks with millisecond-scale temporal resolution. Existing fluorescent sensors of cell membrane voltage can report action potentials in individual cultured neurons, but limitations in brightness and dynamic range of both synthetic organic and genetically encoded voltage sensors have prevented concurrent monitoring of spiking activity across large populations of individual neurons. Here we propose a novel, inorganic class of fluorescent voltage sensors: semiconductor nanoparticles, such as ultrabright quantum dots (qdots). Our calculations revealed that transmembrane electric fields characteristic of neuronal spiking (~10 mV/nm) modulate a qdot's electronic structure and can induce ~5% changes in its fluorescence intensity and ~1 nm shifts in its emission wavelength, depending on the qdot's size, composition, and dielectric environment. Moreover, tailored qdot sensors composed of two different materials can exhibit substantial (~30%) changes in fluorescence intensity during neuronal spiking. Using signal detection theory, we show that conventional qdots should be capable of reporting voltage dynamics with millisecond precision across several tens or more individual neurons over a range of optical and neurophysiological conditions. These results unveil promising avenues for imaging spiking dynamics in neural networks and merit in-depth experimental investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse D. Marshall
- James H. Clark Center, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Address correspondence to: ,
| | - Mark J. Schnitzer
- James H. Clark Center, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Address correspondence to: ,
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47
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Wilt BA, Fitzgerald JE, Schnitzer MJ. Photon shot noise limits on optical detection of neuronal spikes and estimation of spike timing. Biophys J 2013; 104:51-62. [PMID: 23332058 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2012.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical approaches for tracking neural dynamics are of widespread interest, but a theoretical framework quantifying the physical limits of these techniques has been lacking. We formulate such a framework by using signal detection and estimation theory to obtain physical bounds on the detection of neural spikes and the estimation of their occurrence times as set by photon counting statistics (shot noise). These bounds are succinctly expressed via a discriminability index that depends on the kinetics of the optical indicator and the relative fluxes of signal and background photons. This approach facilitates quantitative evaluations of different indicators, detector technologies, and data analyses. Our treatment also provides optimal filtering techniques for optical detection of spikes. We compare various types of Ca(2+) indicators and show that background photons are a chief impediment to voltage sensing. Thus, voltage indicators that change color in response to membrane depolarization may offer a key advantage over those that change intensity. We also examine fluorescence resonance energy transfer indicators and identify the regimes in which the widely used ratiometric analysis of signals is substantially suboptimal. Overall, by showing how different optical factors interact to affect signal quality, our treatment offers a valuable guide to experimental design and provides measures of confidence to assess optically extracted traces of neural activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Wilt
- James H. Clark Center, CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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48
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Mukamel EA, Schnitzer MJ. Unified resolution bounds for conventional and stochastic localization fluorescence microscopy. Phys Rev Lett 2012; 109:168102. [PMID: 23215134 PMCID: PMC3521605 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.168102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Superresolution microscopy enables imaging in the optical far field with ~20 nm-scale resolution. However, classical concepts of resolution using point-spread and modulation-transfer functions fail to describe the physical limits of superresolution techniques based on stochastic localization of single emitters. Prior treatments of stochastic localization microscopy have defined how accurately a single emitter's position can be determined, but these bounds are restricted to sparse emitters, do not describe conventional microscopy, and fail to provide unified concepts of resolution for all optical methods. Here we introduce a measure of resolution, the information transfer function (ITF), that gives physical limits for conventional and stochastic localization techniques. The ITF bounds the accuracy of image determination as a function of spatial frequency and for conventional microscopy is proportional to the square of the modulation-transfer function. We use the ITF to describe how emitter density and photon counts affect imaging performance across the continuum from conventional to superresolution microscopy, without assuming emitters are sparse. This unified physical description of resolution facilitates experimental choices and designs of image reconstruction algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eran A Mukamel
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
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49
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Abstract
Conventional intravital microscopy has generally been limited to superficial brain areas such as the olfactory bulb, the neocortex, or the cerebellar cortex. In vivo optical microendoscopy uses gradient refractive index (GRIN) microlenses that can be inserted into tissue to image cells in deeper areas. This protocol describes in vivo microendoscopy of the mouse hippocampus. The general methodology can be applied to many deep brain regions and other areas of the body.
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Lam AJ, St-Pierre F, Gong Y, Marshall JD, Cranfill PJ, Baird MA, McKeown MR, Wiedenmann J, Davidson MW, Schnitzer MJ, Tsien RY, Lin MZ. Improving FRET dynamic range with bright green and red fluorescent proteins. Nat Methods 2012; 9:1005-12. [PMID: 22961245 PMCID: PMC3461113 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.2171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 545] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A variety of genetically encoded reporters use changes in fluorescence (or Förster) resonance energy transfer (FRET) to report on biochemical processes in living cells. The standard genetically encoded FRET pair consists of CFPs and YFPs, but many CFP-YFP reporters suffer from low FRET dynamic range, phototoxicity from the CFP excitation light and complex photokinetic events such as reversible photobleaching and photoconversion. We engineered two fluorescent proteins, Clover and mRuby2, which are the brightest green and red fluorescent proteins to date and have the highest Förster radius of any ratiometric FRET pair yet described. Replacement of CFP and YFP with these two proteins in reporters of kinase activity, small GTPase activity and transmembrane voltage significantly improves photostability, FRET dynamic range and emission ratio changes. These improvements enhance detection of transient biochemical events such as neuronal action-potential firing and RhoA activation in growth cones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy J Lam
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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