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Edwards MR, Garcia Mora JK, Fowler KM, Vezza C, Robertson JL, Daniel GB, Shinn RL, Parker RL, Werre SR, Rossmeisl JH. Magnetic resonance and computed tomographic imaging characteristics and potential molecular mechanisms of feline meningioma associated calvarial hyperostosis. Vet Comp Oncol 2024; 22:174-185. [PMID: 38332673 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Meningiomas are the most common feline primary brain tumours, and calvarial hyperostosis (CH) is frequently documented in association with this neoplastic entity. The clinical significance of and mechanisms driving the formation of CH in cats with meningiomas are poorly understood, although tumour invasion into the skull and tumour production of cytokines and enzymes have been implicated as causes of CH in humans. This retrospective study investigated relationships between signalment, MRI or CT imaging features, histopathologic tumour characteristics, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) isoenzyme concentrations, tumour expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2, MMP-9, and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and progression free survival times (PFS) following surgical treatment in 27 cats with meningiomas with (n = 15) or without (n = 12) evidence of CH. No significant differences in breed, age, sex, body weight, tumour grade, tumour volume, peritumoral edema burden, ALP isoenzyme concentrations, tumour Ki-67 labelling indices or MMP-2 or MMP-9 expression and activity, or PFS were noted between cats with or without CH. There was a trend towards higher serum (p = .06) and intratumoral (p = .07) concentrations of IL-6 in cats with CH, but these comparisons were not statistically significant. Histologic evidence of tumour invasion into bone was observed in 5/12 (42%) with CH and in no (0/6) cats without CH, although this was not statistically significant (p = .07). Tumour invasion into bone and tumour production of IL-6 may contribute to the formation of meningioma associated CH in cats, although larger studies are required to further substantiate these findings and determine their clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Edwards
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Josefa K Garcia Mora
- Veterinary and Comparative Neuro-oncology Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Kayla M Fowler
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Christina Vezza
- Veterinary and Comparative Neuro-oncology Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - John L Robertson
- Veterinary and Comparative Neuro-oncology Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Gregory B Daniel
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Richard L Shinn
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Veterinary and Comparative Neuro-oncology Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Rell L Parker
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Stephen R Werre
- Laboratory for Study Design and Statistical Analysis, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - John H Rossmeisl
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Veterinary and Comparative Neuro-oncology Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
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Regis E, Fontanella S, Curtin JA, Pinot de Moira A, Edwards MR, Murray CS, Simpson A, Johnston SL, Custovic A. Association between polymorphisms on chromosome 17q12-q21 and rhinovirus-induced interferon responses. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2024:S0091-6749(24)00269-0. [PMID: 38494094 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2024.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes on chromosome 17q12-q21 are associated with childhood-onset asthma and rhinovirus-induced wheeze. There are few mechanistic data linking chromosome 17q12-q21 to wheezing illness. OBJECTIVE We investigated whether 17q12-q21 risk alleles were associated with impaired interferon responses to rhinovirus. METHODS In a population-based birth cohort of European ancestry, we stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells with rhinovirus A1 (RV-A1) and rhinovirus A16 (RV-A16) and measured IFN and IFN-induced C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (aka IP10) responses in supernatants. We investigated associations between virus-induced cytokines and 6 SNPs in 17q12-q21. Bayesian profile regression was applied to identify clusters of individuals with different immune response profiles and genetic variants. RESULTS Five SNPs (in high linkage disequilibrium, r2 ≥ 0.8) were significantly associated with RV-A1-induced IFN-β (rs9303277, P = .010; rs11557467, P = .012; rs2290400, P = .006; rs7216389, P = .008; rs8079416, P = .005). A reduction in RV-A1-induced IFN-β was observed among individuals with asthma risk alleles. There were no significant associations for RV-A1-induced IFN-α or CXCL10, or for any RV-A16-induced IFN/CXCL10. Bayesian profile regression analysis identified 3 clusters that differed in IFN-β induction to RV-A1 (low, medium, high). The typical genetic profile of the cluster associated with low RV-A1-induced IFN-β responses was characterized by a very high probability of being homozygous for the asthma risk allele for all SNPs. Children with persistent wheeze were almost 3 times more likely to be in clusters with reduced/average RV-A1-induced IFN-β responses than in the high immune response cluster. CONCLUSIONS Polymorphisms on chromosome 17q12-q21 are associated with rhinovirus-induced IFN-β, suggesting a novel mechanism-impaired IFN-β induction-links 17q12-q21 risk alleles with asthma/wheeze.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eteri Regis
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Fontanella
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John A Curtin
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester and University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Michael R Edwards
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Clare S Murray
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester and University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Simpson
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester and University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian L Johnston
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adnan Custovic
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Gutierrez F, Murphy QM, Swartwout BK, Read KA, Edwards MR, Abdelhamid L, Cabana-Puig X, Testerman JC, Xu T, Lu R, Amin P, Cecere TE, Reilly CM, Oestreich KJ, Ciupe SM, Luo XM. TCDD and CH223191 Alter T Cell Balance but Fail to Induce Anti-Inflammatory Response in Adult Lupus Mice. Immunohorizons 2024; 8:172-181. [PMID: 38353996 PMCID: PMC10916358 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2300023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) responds to endogenous and exogenous ligands as a cytosolic receptor, transcription factor, and E3 ubiquitin ligase. Several studies support an anti-inflammatory effect of AhR activation. However, exposure to the AhR agonist 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) during early stages of development results in an autoimmune phenotype and exacerbates lupus. The effects of TCDD on lupus in adults with pre-existing autoimmunity have not been described. We present novel evidence that AhR stimulation by TCDD alters T cell responses but fails to impact lupus-like disease using an adult mouse model. Interestingly, AhR antagonist CH223191 also changed T cell balance in our model. We next developed a conceptual framework for identifying cellular and molecular factors that contribute to physiological outcomes in lupus and created models that describe cytokine dynamics that were fed into a system of differential equations to predict the kinetics of T follicular helper (Tfh) and regulatory T (Treg) cell populations. The model predicted that Tfh cells expanded to larger values following TCDD exposure compared with vehicle and CH223191. Following the initial elevation, both Tfh and Treg cell populations continuously decayed over time. A function based on the ratio of predicted Treg/Tfh cells showed that Treg cells exceed Tfh cells in all groups, with TCDD and CH223191 showing lower Treg/Tfh cell ratios than the vehicle and that the ratio is relatively constant over time. We conclude that AhR ligands did not induce an anti-inflammatory response to attenuate autoimmunity in adult lupus mice. This study challenges the dogma that TCDD supports an immunosuppressive phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Gutierrez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Quiyana M. Murphy
- Department of Mathematics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Brianna K. Swartwout
- Translational Biology Medicine and Health Graduate Program, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Roanoke, VA
| | - Kaitlin A. Read
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Michael R. Edwards
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Leila Abdelhamid
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Xavier Cabana-Puig
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA
| | - James C. Testerman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Tian Xu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Ran Lu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Pavly Amin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Thomas E. Cecere
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Christopher M. Reilly
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Kenneth J. Oestreich
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | - Stanca M. Ciupe
- Department of Mathematics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Xin M. Luo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA
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Almond M, Farne HA, Jackson MM, Jha A, Katsoulis O, Pitts O, Tunstall T, Regis E, Dunning J, Byrne AJ, Mallia P, Kon OM, Saunders KA, Simpson KD, Snelgrove RJ, Openshaw PJM, Edwards MR, Barclay WS, Heaney LM, Johnston SL, Singanayagam A. Obesity dysregulates the pulmonary antiviral immune response. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6607. [PMID: 37857661 PMCID: PMC10587167 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42432-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a well-recognized risk factor for severe influenza infections but the mechanisms underlying susceptibility are poorly understood. Here, we identify that obese individuals have deficient pulmonary antiviral immune responses in bronchoalveolar lavage cells but not in bronchial epithelial cells or peripheral blood dendritic cells. We show that the obese human airway metabolome is perturbed with associated increases in the airway concentrations of the adipokine leptin which correlated negatively with the magnitude of ex vivo antiviral responses. Exogenous pulmonary leptin administration in mice directly impaired antiviral type I interferon responses in vivo and ex vivo in cultured airway macrophages. Obese individuals hospitalised with influenza showed dysregulated upper airway immune responses. These studies provide insight into mechanisms driving propensity to severe influenza infections in obesity and raise the potential for development of leptin manipulation or interferon administration as novel strategies for conferring protection from severe infections in obese higher risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Almond
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Hugo A Farne
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Millie M Jackson
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology. Section of Molecular Microbiology. Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Akhilesh Jha
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Orestis Katsoulis
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology. Section of Molecular Microbiology. Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Oliver Pitts
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology. Section of Molecular Microbiology. Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Eteri Regis
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jake Dunning
- Pandemic Sciences Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Adam J Byrne
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
- School of Medicine and Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, 4, Ireland
| | - Patrick Mallia
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Onn Min Kon
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael R Edwards
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Wendy S Barclay
- Section of Virology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Liam M Heaney
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | | | - Aran Singanayagam
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology. Section of Molecular Microbiology. Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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5
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Curren B, Ahmed T, Howard DR, Ashik Ullah M, Sebina I, Rashid RB, Al Amin Sikder M, Namubiru P, Bissell A, Ngo S, Jackson DJ, Toussaint M, Edwards MR, Johnston SL, McSorley HJ, Phipps S. IL-33-induced neutrophilic inflammation and NETosis underlie rhinovirus-triggered exacerbations of asthma. Mucosal Immunol 2023; 16:671-684. [PMID: 37506849 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2023.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Rhinovirus-induced neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) contribute to acute asthma exacerbations; however, the molecular factors that trigger NETosis in this context remain ill-defined. Here, we sought to implicate a role for IL-33, an epithelial cell-derived alarmin rapidly released in response to infection. In mice with chronic experimental asthma (CEA), but not naïve controls, rhinovirus inoculation induced an early (1 day post infection; dpi) inflammatory response dominated by neutrophils, neutrophil-associated cytokines (IL-1α, IL-1β, CXCL1), and NETosis, followed by a later, type-2 inflammatory phase (3-7 dpi), characterised by eosinophils, elevated IL-4 levels, and goblet cell hyperplasia. Notably, both phases were ablated by HpARI (Heligmosomoides polygyrus Alarmin Release Inhibitor), which blocks IL-33 release and signalling. Instillation of exogenous IL-33 recapitulated the rhinovirus-induced early phase, including the increased presence of NETs in the airway mucosa, in a PAD4-dependent manner. Ex vivo IL-33-stimulated neutrophils from mice with CEA, but not naïve mice, underwent NETosis and produced greater amounts of IL-1α/β, IL-4, and IL-5. In nasal samples from rhinovirus-infected people with asthma, but not healthy controls, IL-33 levels correlated with neutrophil elastase and dsDNA. Our findings suggest that IL-33 blockade ameliorates the severity of an asthma exacerbation by attenuating neutrophil recruitment and the downstream generation of NETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodie Curren
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Tufael Ahmed
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Daniel R Howard
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Md Ashik Ullah
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Ismail Sebina
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Ridwan B Rashid
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Md Al Amin Sikder
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Patricia Namubiru
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Alec Bissell
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Sylvia Ngo
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - David J Jackson
- School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Marie Toussaint
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Michael R Edwards
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Henry J McSorley
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Simon Phipps
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland 4000, Australia; Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, 4072 Queensland, Australia.
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6
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Radzikowska U, Eljaszewicz A, Tan G, Stocker N, Heider A, Westermann P, Steiner S, Dreher A, Wawrzyniak P, Rückert B, Rodriguez-Coira J, Zhakparov D, Huang M, Jakiela B, Sanak M, Moniuszko M, O'Mahony L, Jutel M, Kebadze T, Jackson DJ, Edwards MR, Thiel V, Johnston SL, Akdis CA, Sokolowska M. Author Correction: Rhinovirus-induced epithelial RIG-I inflammasome suppresses antiviral immunity and promotes inflammation in asthma and COVID-19. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3493. [PMID: 37311773 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39275-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Radzikowska
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Herman-Burchard-Strasse 9, 7265, Davos Wolfgang, Switzerland
- Christine Kühne - Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE), Herman-Burchard-Strasse 1, 7265, Davos Wolfgang, Switzerland
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Immune Regulation, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona 13 Str., 15-269, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Andrzej Eljaszewicz
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Herman-Burchard-Strasse 9, 7265, Davos Wolfgang, Switzerland
- Christine Kühne - Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE), Herman-Burchard-Strasse 1, 7265, Davos Wolfgang, Switzerland
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Immune Regulation, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona 13 Str., 15-269, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Ge Tan
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Herman-Burchard-Strasse 9, 7265, Davos Wolfgang, Switzerland
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, ETH Zurich/University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nino Stocker
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Herman-Burchard-Strasse 9, 7265, Davos Wolfgang, Switzerland
| | - Anja Heider
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Herman-Burchard-Strasse 9, 7265, Davos Wolfgang, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Westermann
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Herman-Burchard-Strasse 9, 7265, Davos Wolfgang, Switzerland
| | - Silvio Steiner
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Laenggassstrasse 122, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Laenggassstrasse 122, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Mittelstrasse 43, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anita Dreher
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Herman-Burchard-Strasse 9, 7265, Davos Wolfgang, Switzerland
- Christine Kühne - Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE), Herman-Burchard-Strasse 1, 7265, Davos Wolfgang, Switzerland
| | - Paulina Wawrzyniak
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Herman-Burchard-Strasse 9, 7265, Davos Wolfgang, Switzerland
- Christine Kühne - Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE), Herman-Burchard-Strasse 1, 7265, Davos Wolfgang, Switzerland
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beate Rückert
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Herman-Burchard-Strasse 9, 7265, Davos Wolfgang, Switzerland
| | - Juan Rodriguez-Coira
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Herman-Burchard-Strasse 9, 7265, Davos Wolfgang, Switzerland
- IMMA, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities Madrid, C. de Julian Romea 23, 28003, Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities Madrid, Urb. Monteprincipe 28925, Alcorcon, Madrid, Spain
| | - Damir Zhakparov
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Herman-Burchard-Strasse 9, 7265, Davos Wolfgang, Switzerland
| | - Mengting Huang
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Herman-Burchard-Strasse 9, 7265, Davos Wolfgang, Switzerland
| | - Bogdan Jakiela
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, M. Skawinska 8 Str., 31-066, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marek Sanak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, M. Skawinska 8 Str., 31-066, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marcin Moniuszko
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Immune Regulation, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona 13 Str., 15-269, Bialystok, Poland
- Department of Allergology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A Str., 15-276, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Liam O'Mahony
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Herman-Burchard-Strasse 9, 7265, Davos Wolfgang, Switzerland
- Department of Medicine and School of Microbiology, APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, College Rd, T12 E138, Cork, Ireland
| | - Marek Jutel
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Wroclaw Medical University, wyb. Lidwika Pasteura 1 Str, 50-367, Wroclaw, Poland
- ALL-MED Medical Research Institute, Gen. Jozefa Hallera 95 Str., 53-201, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Tatiana Kebadze
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Guy Scadding Building, Cale Street, London, SW3 6LY, UK
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, School of Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Praed Street, London, W21NY, UK
| | - David J Jackson
- Guy's Severe Asthma Centre, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, Strand, London, WC2R 2LS, UK
- Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Trust, St Thomas' Hospital, Westminster Bridge Rd, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Michael R Edwards
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Guy Scadding Building, Cale Street, London, SW3 6LY, UK
- Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Volker Thiel
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Laenggassstrasse 122, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
- Multidisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 6, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian L Johnston
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Guy Scadding Building, Cale Street, London, SW3 6LY, UK
- Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare HNS Trust, The Bays, S Wharf Rd, London, W2 1NY, UK
| | - Cezmi A Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Herman-Burchard-Strasse 9, 7265, Davos Wolfgang, Switzerland
- Christine Kühne - Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE), Herman-Burchard-Strasse 1, 7265, Davos Wolfgang, Switzerland
| | - Milena Sokolowska
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Herman-Burchard-Strasse 9, 7265, Davos Wolfgang, Switzerland.
- Christine Kühne - Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE), Herman-Burchard-Strasse 1, 7265, Davos Wolfgang, Switzerland.
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Abdelhamid L, Mao J, Cabana-Puig X, Zhu J, Swartwout BK, Edwards MR, Testerman JC, Michaelis JS, Allen IC, Ahmed SA, Luo XM. Nlrp12 deficiency alters gut microbiota and ameliorates Faslpr-mediated systemic autoimmunity in male mice. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1120958. [PMID: 36969209 PMCID: PMC10036793 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1120958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
NLRP12 has dual roles in shaping inflammation. We hypothesized that NLRP12 would modulate myeloid cells and T cell function to control systemic autoimmunity. Contrary to our hypothesis, the deficiency of Nlrp12 in autoimmune-prone B6.Faslpr/lpr mice ameliorated autoimmunity in males but not females. Nlrp12 deficiency dampened B cell terminal differentiation, germinal center reaction, and survival of autoreactive B cells leading to decreased production of autoantibodies and reduced renal deposition of IgG and complement C3. In parallel, Nlrp12 deficiency reduced the expansion of potentially pathogenic T cells, including double-negative T cells and T follicular helper cells. Furthermore, reduced pro-inflammatory innate immunity was observed, where the gene deletion decreased in-vivo expansion of splenic macrophages and mitigated ex-vivo responses of bone marrow-derived macrophages and dendritic cells to LPS stimulation. Interestingly, Nlrp12 deficiency altered the diversity and composition of fecal microbiota in both male and female B6/lpr mice. Notably, however, Nlrp12 deficiency significantly modulated small intestinal microbiota only in male mice, suggesting that the sex differences in disease phenotype might be gut microbiota-dependent. Together, these results suggest a potential pathogenic role of NLRP12 in promoting systemic autoimmunity in males. Future studies will investigate sex-based mechanisms through which NLRP12 differentially modulates autoimmune outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Abdelhamid
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Jiangdi Mao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Xavier Cabana-Puig
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Jing Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Brianna K. Swartwout
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Michael R. Edwards
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - James C. Testerman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Jacquelyn S. Michaelis
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Irving Coy Allen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - S. Ansar Ahmed
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- *Correspondence: S. Ansar Ahmed, ; Xin M. Luo,
| | - Xin M. Luo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- *Correspondence: S. Ansar Ahmed, ; Xin M. Luo,
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8
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Farne H, Glanville N, Johnson N, Kebadze T, Aniscenko J, Regis E, Zhu J, Trujillo-Torralbo MB, Kon OM, Mallia P, Prevost AT, Edwards MR, Johnston SL, Singanayagam A, Jackson DJ. Effect of CRTH2 antagonism on the response to experimental rhinovirus infection in asthma: a pilot randomised controlled trial. Thorax 2022; 77:950-959. [PMID: 34716281 PMCID: PMC9510426 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2021-217429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on T helper type 2 cells (CRTH2) antagonist timapiprant improved lung function and asthma control in a phase 2 study, with evidence suggesting reduced exacerbations. We aimed to assess whether timapiprant attenuated or prevented asthma exacerbations induced by experimental rhinovirus (RV) infection. We furthermore hypothesised that timapiprant would dampen RV-induced type 2 inflammation and consequently improve antiviral immune responses. METHODS Atopic patients with partially controlled asthma on maintenance inhaled corticosteroids were randomised to timapiprant (n=22) or placebo (n=22) and challenged with RV-A16 3 weeks later. The primary endpoint was the cumulative lower respiratory symptom score over the 14 days post infection. Upper respiratory symptoms, spirometry, airway hyperresponsiveness, exhaled nitric oxide, RV-A16 virus load and soluble mediators in upper and lower airways samples, and CRTH2 staining in bronchial biopsies were additionally assessed before and during RV-A16 infection. RESULTS Six subjects discontinued the study and eight were not infected; outcomes were assessed in 16 timapiprant-treated and 14 placebo-treated, successfully infected subjects. There were no differences between treatment groups in clinical exacerbation severity including cumulative lower respiratory symptom score day 0-14 (difference 3.0 (95% CI -29.0 to 17.0), p=0.78), virus load, antiviral immune responses, or RV-A16-induced airway inflammation other than in the bronchial biopsies, where CRTH2 staining was increased during RV-A16 infection in the placebo-treated but not the timapiprant-treated group. Timapiprant had a favourable safety profile, with no deaths, serious adverse events or drug-related withdrawals. CONCLUSION Timapiprant treatment had little impact on the clinicopathological changes induced by RV-A16 infection in partially controlled asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Farne
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Nicholas Johnson
- Imperial Clinical Trials Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Tata Kebadze
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Julia Aniscenko
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Eteri Regis
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jie Zhu
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Onn Min Kon
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Patrick Mallia
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - A Toby Prevost
- Imperial Clinical Trials Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Michael R Edwards
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Aran Singanayagam
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - David J Jackson
- Guy’s Severe Asthma Centre, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK,MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King’s College London, London, UK
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9
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Farne H, Lin L, Jackson DJ, Rattray M, Simpson A, Custovic A, Joshi S, Wilson PA, Williamson R, Edwards MR, Singanayagam A, Johnston SL. In vivo bronchial epithelial interferon responses are augmented in asthma on day 4 following experimental rhinovirus infection. Thorax 2022; 77:929-932. [PMID: 35790388 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2021-217389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Despite good evidence of impaired innate antiviral responses in asthma, trials of inhaled interferon-β given during exacerbations showed only modest benefits in moderate/severe asthma. Using human experimental rhinovirus infection, we observe robust in vivo induction of bronchial epithelial interferon response genes 4 days after virus inoculation in 25 subjects with asthma but not 11 control subjects. This signature correlated with virus loads and lower respiratory symptoms. Our data indicate that the in vivo innate antiviral response is dysregulated in asthma and open up the potential that prophylactic rather than therapeutic interferon therapy may have greater clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Farne
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Lijing Lin
- Division of Informatics, Imaging & Data Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - David J Jackson
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Guy's Severe Asthma Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Magnus Rattray
- Division of Informatics, Imaging & Data Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Angela Simpson
- Division of Infection, Immunity & Respiratory Medicine, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Adnan Custovic
- Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Michael R Edwards
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
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10
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Wang Z, Heid B, Lu R, Sachdeva M, Edwards MR, Ren J, Cecere TE, Khan D, Jeboda T, Kirsch DG, Reilly CM, Dai R, Ahmed SA. Deletion of microRNA-183-96-182 Cluster in Lymphocytes Suppresses Anti-DsDNA Autoantibody Production and IgG Deposition in the Kidneys in C57BL/6-Fas lpr/lpr Mice. Front Genet 2022; 13:840060. [PMID: 35873462 PMCID: PMC9301314 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.840060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated miRNAs have been implicated in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Our previous study reported a substantial increase in three miRNAs located at the miR-183-96-182 cluster (miR-183C) in several autoimmune lupus-prone mice, including MRL/lpr and C57BL/6-lpr (B6/lpr). This study reports that in vitro inhibition of miR-182 alone or miR-183C by specific antagomirs in activated splenocytes from autoimmune-prone MRL/lpr and control MRL mice significantly reduced lupus-related inflammatory cytokines, interferon-gamma (IFNγ), and IL-6 production. To further characterize the role of miR-182 and miR-183C cluster in vivo in lupus-like disease and lymphocyte phenotypes, we used hCD2-iCre to generate B6/lpr mice with conditional deletion of miR-182 or miR-183C in CD2+ lymphocytes (miR-182-/-B6/lpr and miR-183C-/-B6/lpr). The miR-182-/-B6/lpr and miR-183C-/-B6/lpr mice had significantly reduced deposition of IgG immunocomplexes in the kidney when compared to their respective littermate controls, although there appeared to be no remarkable changes in renal pathology. Importantly, we observed a significant reduction of serum anti-dsDNA autoantibodies in miR-183C-/-B6/lpr mice after reaching 24 weeks-of age compared to age-matched miR-183Cfl/flB6/lpr controls. In vitro activated splenocytes from miR-182-/-B6/lpr mice and miR-183C-/-B6/lpr mice showed reduced ability to produce lupus-associated IFNγ. Forkhead box O1(Foxo1), a previously validated miR-183C miRNAs target, was increased in the splenic CD4+ cells of miR-182-/-B6/lpr and miR-183C-/-B6/lpr mice. Furthermore, in vitro inhibition of Foxo1 with siRNA in splenocytes from miR-182-/-B6/lpr and miR-183C-/-B6/lpr mice significantly increased IFNγ expression following anti-CD3/CD28 stimulation, suggesting that miR-182 and miR-183C miRNAs regulate the inflammatory IFNγ in splenocytes via targeting Foxo1. The deletion of either miR-182 alone or the whole miR-183C cluster, however, had no marked effect on the composition of T and B cell subsets in the spleens of B6/lpr mice. There were similar percentages of CD4+, CD8+, CD19+, as well as Tregs, follicular helper T (TFH), germinal center B (GCB), and plasma cells in the miR-183C-/-B6/lpr and miR-182-/-B6/lpr mice and their respective littermate controls, miR-183Cfl/flB6/lpr and miR-182fl/flB6/lpr mice. Together, our data demonstrate a role of miR-183C in the regulation of anti-dsDNA autoantibody production in vivo in B6/lpr mice and the induction of IFNγ in in vitro activated splenocytes from B6/lpr mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine (VMCVM), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Bettina Heid
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine (VMCVM), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Ran Lu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine (VMCVM), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Mohit Sachdeva
- Preclinical Lead Immunology, Spark Theraprutics, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Michael R. Edwards
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine (VMCVM), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - JingJing Ren
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine (VMCVM), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Thomas E. Cecere
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine (VMCVM), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Deena Khan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine (VMCVM), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Taschua Jeboda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine (VMCVM), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - David G. Kirsch
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Christopher M. Reilly
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine (VMCVM), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Rujuan Dai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine (VMCVM), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - S. Ansar Ahmed
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine (VMCVM), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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11
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Calabresi PA, Kappos L, Giovannoni G, Plavina T, Koulinska I, Edwards MR, Kieseier B, Moor CD, Fisher E. 018 Disease control beyond NEDA: the value of non-clinical measures to determine treatment response to natalizumab. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2022. [DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2022-abn.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
IntroductionNo evidence of disease activity (NEDA; no relapses, MRI activity, or Expanded Disability Status Scale worsening) is considered a multiple sclerosis (MS) treatment goal. We assessed the independent contributions of NEDA components, serum neurofilament light (sNfL), brain parenchymal fraction (BPF), and other clinical outcomes in defining disease control with natalizumab.MethodsWe used AFFIRM data from 792 patients to assess change (baseline to year [Y] 2) in NEDA com- ponents, worsening of Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test, 9-Hole Peg Test, Timed 25-Foot Walk, change (Y1-Y2) in BPF, and Y2 sNfL levels. Comparisons included odds ratios (ORs) for natalizumab vs placebo and area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC).ResultsNo MRI activity (OR=9.3; AUC=0.73; P<0.0001 vs. placebo), no relapses (2.7; 0.62; P<0.0001), and sNfL <8 pg/mL (4.1; 0.67; P<0.0001) had the strongest association with natalizumab. The best-fit multivariate logistic regression model included no MRI activity (OR=7.6; 95% CI=5.0–11.5; P<0.0001), sNfL (3.1; 2.2–4.5; P<0.0001) and no relapses (2.1; 1.5–3.0; P<0.0001).ConclusionMRI activity, sNfL, and relapses had the strongest natalizumab treatment association over 2 years in AFFIRM. sNfL may be useful in defining disease control with natalizumab.*Additional authors: Richard A. Rudick (Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA), Al Sandrock (Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA). Support: Biogen. Disclosures: Included on poster.g.giovannoni@qmul.ac.uk
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12
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Kolev E, Mircheva L, Edwards MR, Johnston SL, Kalinov K, Stange R, Gancitano G, Berghe WV, Kreft S. Echinacea Purpurea For the Long-Term Prevention of Viral Respiratory Tract Infections During Covid-19 Pandemic: A Randomized, Open, Controlled, Exploratory Clinical Study. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:856410. [PMID: 35559249 PMCID: PMC9087554 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.856410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 vaccination is effective in preventing severe Covid-19, but efficacy in reducing viral load and transmission wanes over time. In addition, the emergence of novel SARS-CoV-2 variants increases the threat of uncontrolled dissemination and additional antiviral therapies are urgently needed for effective containment. In previous in vitro studies Echinacea purpurea demonstrated strong antiviral activity against enveloped viruses, including SARS-CoV-2. In this study, we examined the potential of Echinacea purpurea in preventing and treating respiratory tract infections (RTIs) and in particular, SARS-CoV-2 infections. 120 healthy volunteers (m,f, 18-75 years) were randomly assigned to Echinacea prevention or control group without any intervention. After a run-in week, participants went through 3 prevention cycles of 2, 2 and 1 month with daily 2,400 mg Echinacea purpurea extract (Echinaforce®, EF). The prevention cycles were interrupted by breaks of 1 week. Acute respiratory symptoms were treated with 4,000 mg EF for up to 10 days, and their severity assessed via a diary. Naso/oropharyngeal swabs and venous blood samples were routinely collected every month and during acute illnesses for detection and identification of respiratory viruses, including SARS-CoV-2 via RT-qPCR and serology. Summarized over all phases of prevention, 21 and 29 samples tested positive for any virus in the EF and control group, of which 5 and 14 samples tested SARS-CoV-2 positive (RR = 0.37, Chi-square test, p = 0.03). Overall, 10 and 14 symptomatic episodes occurred, of which 5 and 8 were Covid-19 (RR = 0.70, Chi-square test, p > 0.05). EF treatment when applied during acute episodes significantly reduced the overall virus load by at least 2.12 log10 or approx. 99% (t-test, p < 0.05), the time to virus clearance by 8.0 days for all viruses (Wilcoxon test, p = 0.02) and by 4.8 days for SARS-CoV-2 (p > 0.05) in comparison to control. Finally, EF treatment significantly reduced fever days (1 day vs 11 days, Chi-square test, p = 0.003) but not the overall symptom severity. There were fewer Covid-19 related hospitalizations in the EF treatment group (N = 0 vs N = 2). EF exhibited antiviral effects and reduced the risk of viral RTIs, including SARS-CoV-2. By substantially reducing virus loads in infected subjects, EF offers a supportive addition to existing mandated treatments like vaccinations. Future confirmatory studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Kolev
- Clinical Research Center DCC Convex Ltd., Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Michael R. Edwards
- Virtus Respiratory Research Limited, London Bioscience Innovation Centre, London, United Kingdom
- National Heart Lung Institute, Imperial College London St Marys Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian L. Johnston
- Virtus Respiratory Research Limited, London Bioscience Innovation Centre, London, United Kingdom
- National Heart Lung Institute, Imperial College London St Marys Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rainer Stange
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Immanuel Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Gancitano
- 1st “Tuscania” Paratrooper Regiment Carabinieri, Italian Ministry of Defence, Livorno, Italy
| | - Wim Vanden Berghe
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling (PPES) and Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp (UA), Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Samo Kreft
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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13
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Cameron A, Dhariwal J, Upton N, Ranz Jimenez I, Paulsen M, Wong E, Trujillo‐Torralbo M, del Rosario A, Jackson DJ, Edwards MR, Johnston SL, Walton RP. Type I conventional dendritic cells relate to disease severity in virus-induced asthma exacerbations. Clin Exp Allergy 2022; 52:550-560. [PMID: 35212067 PMCID: PMC9310571 DOI: 10.1111/cea.14116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Rhinoviruses are the major precipitant of asthma exacerbations and individuals with asthma experience more severe/prolonged rhinovirus infections. Concurrent viral infection and allergen exposure synergistically increase exacerbation risk. Although dendritic cells orchestrate immune responses to both virus and allergen, little is known about their role in viral asthma exacerbations. OBJECTIVES To characterize dendritic cell populations present in the lower airways, and to assess whether their numbers are altered in asthma compared to healthy subjects prior to infection and during rhinovirus-16 infection. METHODS Moderately-severe atopic asthmatic patients and healthy controls were experimentally infected with rhinovirus-16. Bronchoalveolar lavage was collected at baseline, day 3 and day 8 post infection and dendritic cells isolated using fluorescence activated cell sorting. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Numbers of type I conventional dendritic cells, which cross prime CD8+ T helper cells and produce innate interferons, were significantly reduced in the lower airways of asthma patients compared to healthy controls at baseline. This reduction was associated serum IgE at baseline and with reduced numbers of CD8+ T helper cells and with increased viral replication, airway eosinophils and reduced lung function during infection. IgE receptor expression on lower airway plasmacytoid dendritic cells was significantly increased in asthma, consistent with a reduced capacity to produce innate interferons. CONCLUSIONS Reduced numbers of anti-viral type I conventional dendritic cells in asthma are associated with adverse outcomes during rhinovirus infection. This, with increased FcεR1α expression on lower airway plasmacytoid DCs could mediate the more permissive respiratory viral infection observed in asthma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoife Cameron
- National Heart and Lung InstituteLondonUK,MRC Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of AsthmaLondonUK
| | - Jaideep Dhariwal
- National Heart and Lung InstituteLondonUK,MRC Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of AsthmaLondonUK
| | - Nadine Upton
- MRC Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of AsthmaLondonUK,School of Immunology & Microbial SciencesKing’s College LondonLondonUK
| | - Ismael Ranz Jimenez
- MRC Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of AsthmaLondonUK,School of Immunology & Microbial SciencesKing’s College LondonLondonUK
| | - Malte Paulsen
- St. Mary’s Flow Cytometry Core FacilityLondonUK,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell MedicineFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Ernie Wong
- National Heart and Lung InstituteLondonUK,MRC Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of AsthmaLondonUK
| | | | - Ajerico del Rosario
- National Heart and Lung InstituteLondonUK,MRC Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of AsthmaLondonUK
| | - David J. Jackson
- MRC Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of AsthmaLondonUK,School of Immunology & Microbial SciencesKing’s College LondonLondonUK,Guy's and St Thomas’ NHS TrustLondonUK
| | - Michael R. Edwards
- National Heart and Lung InstituteLondonUK,MRC Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of AsthmaLondonUK
| | - Sebastian L. Johnston
- National Heart and Lung InstituteLondonUK,MRC Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of AsthmaLondonUK
| | - Ross P. Walton
- National Heart and Lung InstituteLondonUK,MRC Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of AsthmaLondonUK
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14
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Edwards MR, Munirov VR, Singh A, Fasano NM, Kur E, Lemos N, Mikhailova JM, Wurtele JS, Michel P. Holographic Plasma Lenses. Phys Rev Lett 2022; 128:065003. [PMID: 35213202 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.065003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A hologram fully encodes a three-dimensional light field by imprinting the interference between the field and a reference beam in a recording medium. Here we show that two collinear pump lasers with different foci overlapped in a gas jet produce a holographic plasma lens capable of focusing or collimating a probe laser at intensities several orders-of-magnitude higher than the limits of a nonionized optic. We outline the theory of these diffractive plasma lenses and present simulations for two plasma mechanisms that allow their construction: spatially varying ionization and ponderomotively driven ion-density fluctuations. Damage-resistant plasma optics are necessary for manipulating high-intensity light, and divergence control of high-intensity pulses-provided by holographic plasma lenses-will be a critical component of high-power plasma-based lasers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Edwards
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - V R Munirov
- University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A Singh
- University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - N M Fasano
- Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - E Kur
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - N Lemos
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | | | - J S Wurtele
- University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - P Michel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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15
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Hendricks-Wenger A, Arnold L, Gannon J, Simon A, Singh N, Sheppard H, Nagai-Singer MA, Imran KM, Lee K, Clark-Deener S, Byron C, Edwards MR, Larson MM, Rossmeisl JH, Coutermarsh-Ott SL, Eden K, Dervisis N, Klahn S, Tuohy J, Allen IC, Vlaisavljevich E. Histotripsy Ablation in Preclinical Animal Models of Cancer and Spontaneous Tumors in Veterinary Patients: A Review. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control 2022; 69:5-26. [PMID: 34478363 PMCID: PMC9284566 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2021.3110083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
New therapeutic strategies are direly needed in the fight against cancer. Over the last decade, several tumor ablation strategies have emerged as stand-alone or combination therapies. Histotripsy is the first completely noninvasive, nonthermal, and nonionizing tumor ablation method. Histotripsy can produce consistent and rapid ablations, even near critical structures. Additional benefits include real-time image guidance, high precision, and the ability to treat tumors of any predetermined size and shape. Unfortunately, the lack of clinically and physiologically relevant preclinical cancer models is often a significant limitation with all focal tumor ablation strategies. The majority of studies testing histotripsy for cancer treatment have focused on small animal models, which have been critical in moving this field forward and will continue to be essential for providing mechanistic insight. While these small animal models have notable translational value, there are significant limitations in terms of scale and anatomical relevance. To address these limitations, a diverse range of large animal models and spontaneous tumor studies in veterinary patients have emerged to complement existing rodent models. These models and veterinary patients are excellent at providing realistic avenues for developing and testing histotripsy devices and techniques designed for future use in human patients. Here, we provide a review of animal models used in preclinical histotripsy studies and compare histotripsy ablation in these models using a series of original case reports across a broad spectrum of preclinical animal models and spontaneous tumors in veterinary patients.
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Calabresi PA, Kappos L, Giovannoni G, Plavina T, Koulinska I, Edwards MR, Kieseier B, de Moor C, Sotirchos ES, Fisher E, Rudick RA, Sandrock A. Measuring treatment response to advance precision medicine for multiple sclerosis. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2021; 8:2166-2173. [PMID: 34704393 PMCID: PMC8607451 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To assess the independent contributions of clinical measures (relapses, Expanded Disability Status Scale [EDSS] scores, and neuroperformance measures) and nonclinical measures (new brain magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] activity and serum neurofilament light chain [sNfL] levels) for distinguishing natalizumab‐treated from placebo‐treated patients. Methods We conducted post hoc analyses using data from the AFFIRM trial of natalizumab for multiple sclerosis. We used multivariable regression analyses with predictors (EDSS progression, no relapse, new or enlarging MRI activity, brain atrophy, sNfL levels, and neuroperformance worsening) to identify measures that independently discriminated between treatment groups. Results The multivariable model that best distinguished natalizumab from placebo was no new or enlarging T2 or gadolinium‐enhancing activity on MRI (odds ratio; 95% confidence interval: 7.2; 4.7–10.9), year 2 sNfL levels <97.5th percentile (4.1; 2.6–6.2), and no relapses in years 0–2 (2.1; 1.5–3.0). The next best‐fitting model was a two‐component model that included no MRI activity and sNfL levels <97.5th percentile at year 2. There was little difference between the three‐ and two‐component models. Interpretation Nonclinical measures (new MRI activity and sNfL levels) discriminate between treatment and placebo groups similarly to or better than clinical outcomes composites and have implications for patient monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Calabresi
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ludwig Kappos
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Departments of Medicine, Clinical Research, Biomedicine and Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gavin Giovannoni
- Blizzard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Bernd Kieseier
- Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurology, Heinrich Heine Universitat, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Elias S Sotirchos
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Dhariwal J, Cameron A, Wong E, Paulsen M, Trujillo-Torralbo B, Del Rosario A, Bakhsoliani E, Kebadze T, Almond M, Farne H, Gogsadze L, Aniscenko J, Rana B, Hansel TT, Jackson DJ, Kon OM, Edwards MR, Solari R, Cousins D, Walton RP, Johnston SL. Pulmonary Innate Lymphoid Cell Responses during Rhinovirus-induced Asthma Exacerbations In Vivo: A Clinical Trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2021; 204:1259-1273. [PMID: 34469272 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202010-3754oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale Type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are significant sources of type 2 cytokines, which are implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma and asthma exacerbations. The role of ILC2s in virus-induced asthma exacerbations is not well-characterized. Objectives To characterize pulmonary ILC responses following experimental rhinovirus challenge in patients with moderate asthma and healthy subjects. Methods Patients with moderate asthma and healthy subjects were inoculated with rhinovirus-16, and underwent bronchoscopy at baseline, day 3 and day 8 post-inoculation. Pulmonary ILC1s and ILC2s were quantified in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) using flow cytometry. The ratio of BAL ILC2:ILC1 was assessed to determine their relative contributions to the clinical and immune response to rhinovirus challenge. Measurements and Main Results At baseline, ILC2s were significantly higher in patients with asthma than healthy subjects. At day 8, ILC2s significantly increased from baseline in both groups, which was significantly higher in asthma than in healthy subjects (all comparisons P<0.05). In healthy subjects, ILC1s increased from baseline at day 3 (P=0.001), while in patients with asthma, ILC1s increased from baseline at day 8 (P=0.042). Patients with asthma had significantly higher ILC2:ILC1 ratios at baseline (P=0.024) and day 8 (P=0.005). Increased ILC2:ILC1 ratio in asthma correlated with clinical exacerbation severity and type 2 cytokines in nasal mucosal lining fluid. Conclusions An ILC2-predominant inflammatory profile in asthma was associated with increased severity and duration of rhinovirus infection compared with healthy subjects, supporting the potential role of ILC2s in the pathogenesis of virus-induced asthma exacerbations. Clinical trial registration available at www.clinicaltrials.gov, ID: NCT01773590.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaideep Dhariwal
- Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals NHS Trust, 8945, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland;
| | - Aoife Cameron
- Imperial College London, NHLI, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Ernie Wong
- Imperial College London, NHLI, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Malte Paulsen
- St Mary's Flow Cytometry Core Facility, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Belen Trujillo-Torralbo
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Respiratory Science, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Ajerico Del Rosario
- Imperial College London, 4615, NHLI, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Eteri Bakhsoliani
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Respiratory Science, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Tatiana Kebadze
- Imperial College London, 4615, NHLI, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Mark Almond
- Imperial College London, 4615, NHLI, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Hugo Farne
- Imperial College, London, Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.,MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Leila Gogsadze
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Respiratory Science, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Julia Aniscenko
- Imperial College London, 4615, Airway Disease Infection, National Heart and Lung Institute, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Batika Rana
- MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Trevor T Hansel
- Imperial College London, 4615, ICRRU(Research Unit), London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - David J Jackson
- Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, 8945, National Heart and Lung Institute, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Onn Min Kon
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, 8946, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Michael R Edwards
- Imperial College London, Airway Disease Infection, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Roberto Solari
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Respiratory Science, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - David Cousins
- University of Leicester, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Leicester, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Ross P Walton
- Imperial College, National Heart and Lung Institute, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Sebastian L Johnston
- National Heart & Lung and Wright Felming Institute of Infection & Immunity, Respiratory Medicine, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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Kamal F, Kumar S, Edwards MR, Veselkov K, Belluomo I, Kebadze T, Romano A, Trujillo-Torralbo MB, Shahridan Faiez T, Walton R, Ritchie AI, Wiseman DJ, Laponogov I, Donaldson G, Wedzicha JA, Johnston SL, Singanayagam A, Hanna GB. Virus-induced Volatile Organic Compounds are Detectable in Exhaled Breath During Pulmonary Infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2021; 204:1075-1085. [PMID: 34319857 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202103-0660oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a condition punctuated by acute exacerbations commonly triggered by viral and/or bacterial infection. Early identification of exacerbation trigger is important to guide appropriate therapy but currently available tests are slow and imprecise. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can be detected in exhaled breath and have the potential to be rapid tissue-specific biomarkers of infection aetiology. METHODS We used serial sampling within in vitro and in vivo studies to elucidate the dynamic changes that occur in VOC production during acute respiratory viral infection. Highly sensitive gas-chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques were used to measure VOC production from infected airway epithelial cell cultures and in exhaled breath samples of healthy subjects experimentally challenged with rhinovirus A16 and COPD subjects with naturally-occurring exacerbations. RESULTS We identified a novel VOC signature comprising of decane and other related long chain alkane compounds that is induced during rhinovirus infection of cultured airway epithelial cells and is also increased in the exhaled breath of healthy subjects experimentally challenged with rhinovirus and of COPD patients during naturally-occurring viral exacerbations. These compounds correlated with magnitude of anti-viral immune responses, virus burden and exacerbation severity but were not induced by bacterial infection, suggesting they represent a specific virus-inducible signature. CONCLUSION Our study highlights the potential for measurement of exhaled breath VOCs as rapid, non-invasive biomarkers of viral infection. Further studies are needed to determine whether measurement of these signatures could be used to guide more targeted therapy with antibiotic/antiviral agents for COPD exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Kamal
- Imperial College London, 4615, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Sacheen Kumar
- Imperial College, London, Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Michael R Edwards
- Imperial College London, Airway Disease Infection, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Kirill Veselkov
- Imperial College, London, Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Ilaria Belluomo
- Imperial College, London, Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Tatiana Kebadze
- National Heart & Lung and Wright Felming Institute of Infection & Immunity, Respiratory Medicine, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Andrea Romano
- Imperial College London, 4615, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Maria-Belen Trujillo-Torralbo
- Imperial College London, National Heart and Lung Institute, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Tasnim Shahridan Faiez
- Imperial College London, 4615, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Ross Walton
- Imperial College London, 4615, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Andrew I Ritchie
- Imperial College London, Airway Disease Infection, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Dexter J Wiseman
- Imperial College London, Airway Diseases Section, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Ivan Laponogov
- Imperial College London, 4615, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Gavin Donaldson
- Imperial College London, Airways Disease Section, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Jadwiga A Wedzicha
- Imperial College London, National Heart and Lung Institute, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Sebastian L Johnston
- National Heart & Lung and Wright Felming Institute of Infection & Immunity, Respiratory Medicine, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Aran Singanayagam
- Imperial College, London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - George B Hanna
- Imperial College London, 4615, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland;
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19
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Goyon C, Edwards MR, Chapman T, Divol L, Lemos N, Williams GJ, Mariscal DA, Turnbull D, Hansen AM, Michel P. Slow and Fast Light in Plasma Using Optical Wave Mixing. Phys Rev Lett 2021; 126:205001. [PMID: 34110194 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.205001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Slow and fast light, or large changes in the group velocity of light, have been observed in a range of optical media, but the fine optical control necessary to induce an observable effect has not been achieved in a plasma. Here, we describe how the ion-acoustic response in a fully ionized plasma can produce large and measurable changes in the group velocity of light. We show the first experimental demonstration of slow and fast light in a plasma, measuring group velocities between 0.12c and -0.34c.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Goyon
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M R Edwards
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - T Chapman
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - L Divol
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - N Lemos
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - G J Williams
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D A Mariscal
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D Turnbull
- University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - A M Hansen
- University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - P Michel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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20
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Prakash MB, Luo XM, Mu Q, Edwards MR. Activation of B10 cells via gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. The Journal of Immunology 2021. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.206.supp.66.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus(SLE), a disease of various genetic and environmental origins, is often characterized by immune complexes causing inflammation and damage in various organ systems, such as the brain, kidneys, lung, joint, and skin. Current treatment for SLE include steroidal and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antimalarial agents, and immunosuppressive medications. These treatments primarily reduce symptoms, and patients may develop side effects with long-term care. The gut microbiome has an important role in various metabolic and immunological diseases. A previous study found that increased Lactobacillus colonization restored the mucosal barrier, and increased abundance in these bacteria attenuated SLE symptoms through reversing a ‘leaky gut’. This allows for potential therapies of SLE with probiotics. In preliminary trials, vancomycin treatment during active disease killed gram-positive bacteria, but spared Lactobacillus, and attenuated symptoms. Surprisingly, significantly decreased amounts of CD10+CD19+ B cells that produce IL-10 (B10) were found when vancomycin was given before the onset of lupus. Vancomycin treatment before disease onset significantly removed bacterial DNA from the gut and circulation, causing exacerbation of clinical symptoms. Oral gavage of activated B10 cells in vancomycin treated mice rescued the negative effects of vancomycin treated mice at the pre-disease stage. This work suggests that a form of oral tolerance induced by bacterial DNA-mediated expansion of B10 cells suppress disease onset in the autoimmune-prone MRL/lpr mouse model. Future studies are warranted to further define the mechanism behind bacterial DNA promoting B10 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xin M Luo
- 2Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine
| | - Qinghui Mu
- 2Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine
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21
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Wang Z, Heid B, Ren J, Edwards MR, Cecere TE, Lu R, Khan D, Kirsch D, Reilly CM, Dai R, Ahmed SA. Depletion of microRNA-183-96-182 miRNA cluster in lymphocytes suppresses anti-dsDNA autoantibody production and IgG deposition in kidney in C57BL/6-Faslpr/lpr mice. The Journal of Immunology 2021. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.206.supp.25.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The miR-183-96-182 (miR-183C) is a highly conserved miRNA cluster among species. Our previous work found a significant upregulation of miR-183C in the splenic cells of three different murine models of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Current studies revealed that miR-183C miRNAs are critically involved in immunity and autoimmunity.
In this study, we found that inhibition of miR-182 alone or miR-183C in vitro with antagomirs significantly reduced lupus-related inflammatory cytokine IFN-γ and IL-6 in activated splenocytes from MRL or MRL/lpr mice. To further characterize the pathogenic role of miR-182 and miR-183C in lupus in vivo, we developed B6-lpr mice with conditional depletion of miR-182 or miR-183C in CD2+ lymphocyte. We found that depletion of either miR-182 or miR-183C in the lymphocytes of B6/lpr mice had no obvious effect on T and B cell development as similar percentage of CD4+. CD8+, CD19+, as well as Tregs, follicular helper T (TFH), germinal center B (GCB), and plasma cells were observed in the miR-182−/− and miR-183C−/− and their respective control. Importantly, we observed a significant reduction of serum anti-dsDNA autoantibodies in miR-183C−/− mice when compared to age-matched controls and the B6/lpr mice with miR-182 or miR-183C deficiency have significantly reduced IgG deposition in the kidneys. Meanwhile, there was reduced IFN production in ex vivo activated splenocytes from the knockout mice. Furthermore, we demonstrated that miR-182 and miR-183C regulated the inflammatory response in splenocytes via targeting forkhead box O1 (Foxo1). Together, our data suggest a potential therapeutic effect of targeting miR-183C in lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Wang
- 1Department of Biomedical Science and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech
| | - Bettina Heid
- 1Department of Biomedical Science and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech
| | - Jingjing Ren
- 1Department of Biomedical Science and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech
| | | | - Thomas E. Cecere
- 1Department of Biomedical Science and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech
| | - Ran Lu
- 1Department of Biomedical Science and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech
| | - Deena Khan
- 1Department of Biomedical Science and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech
| | | | - Christopher M. Reilly
- 4Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Rujuan Dai
- 1Department of Biomedical Science and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech
| | - S. Ansar Ahmed
- 1Department of Biomedical Science and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech
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22
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Collison AM, Sokulsky LA, Kepreotes E, Pereira de Siqueira A, Morten M, Edwards MR, Walton RP, Bartlett NW, Yang M, Nguyen TH, Johnston SL, Foster PS, Mattes J. miR-122 promotes virus-induced lung disease by targeting SOCS1. JCI Insight 2021; 6:127933. [PMID: 33830082 PMCID: PMC8119205 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.127933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus-induced respiratory tract infections are a major health burden in childhood, and available treatments are supportive rather than disease modifying. Rhinoviruses (RVs), the cause of approximately 80% of common colds, are detected in nearly half of all infants with bronchiolitis and the majority of children with an asthma exacerbation. Bronchiolitis in early life is a strong risk factor for the development of asthma. Here, we found that RV infection induced the expression of miRNA 122 (miR-122) in mouse lungs and in human airway epithelial cells. In vivo inhibition specifically in the lung reduced neutrophilic inflammation and CXCL2 expression, boosted innate IFN responses, and ameliorated airway hyperreactivity in the absence and in the presence of allergic lung inflammation. Inhibition of miR-122 in the lung increased the levels of suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1), which is an in vitro-validated target of miR-122. Importantly, gene silencing of SOCS1 in vivo completely reversed the protective effects of miR-122 inhibition on RV-induced lung disease. Higher miR-122 expression in nasopharyngeal aspirates was associated with a longer time on oxygen therapy and a higher rate of treatment failure in 87 infants hospitalized with moderately severe bronchiolitis. These results suggest that miR-122 promotes RV-induced lung disease via suppression of its target SOCS1 in vivo. Higher miR-122 expression was associated with worse clinical outcomes, highlighting the potential use of anti-miR-122 oligonucleotides, successfully trialed for treatment of hepatitis C, as potential therapeutics for RV-induced bronchiolitis and asthma exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M. Collison
- Priority Research Centre GrowUpWell, Experimental and Translational Respiratory Medicine Group, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Leon A. Sokulsky
- Priority Research Centre GrowUpWell, Experimental and Translational Respiratory Medicine Group, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Kepreotes
- Priority Research Centre GrowUpWell, Experimental and Translational Respiratory Medicine Group, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ana Pereira de Siqueira
- Priority Research Centre GrowUpWell, Experimental and Translational Respiratory Medicine Group, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Matthew Morten
- Priority Research Centre GrowUpWell, Experimental and Translational Respiratory Medicine Group, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael R. Edwards
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Medical Research Council & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ross P. Walton
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Medical Research Council & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nathan W. Bartlett
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Medical Research Council & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ming Yang
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Thi Hiep Nguyen
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sebastian L. Johnston
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Medical Research Council & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul S. Foster
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joerg Mattes
- Priority Research Centre GrowUpWell, Experimental and Translational Respiratory Medicine Group, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Paediatric Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, John Hunter Children’s Hospital, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
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23
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Williams TC, Jackson DJ, Maltby S, Walton RP, Ching YM, Glanville N, Singanayagam A, Brewins JJ, Clarke D, Hirsman AG, Loo SL, Wei L, Beale JE, Casolari P, Caramori G, Papi A, Belvisi M, Wark PAB, Johnston SL, Edwards MR, Bartlett NW. Rhinovirus-induced CCL17 and CCL22 in Asthma Exacerbations and Differential Regulation by STAT6. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2021; 64:344-356. [PMID: 33264064 PMCID: PMC7909342 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2020-0011oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The interplay of type-2 inflammation and antiviral immunity underpins asthma exacerbation pathogenesis. Virus infection induces type-2 inflammation-promoting chemokines CCL17 and CCL22 in asthma; however, mechanisms regulating induction are poorly understood. By using a human rhinovirus (RV) challenge model in human airway epithelial cells in vitro and mice in vivo, we assessed mechanisms regulating CCL17 and CCL22 expression. Subjects with mild to moderate asthma and healthy volunteers were experimentally infected with RV and airway CCL17 and CCL22 protein quantified. In vitro airway epithelial cell- and mouse-RV infection models were then used to define STAT6- and NF-κB-mediated regulation of CCL17 and CCL22 expression. Following RV infection, CCL17 and CCL22 expression was higher in asthma, which differentially correlated with clinical and immunological parameters. Air-liquid interface-differentiated primary epithelial cells from donors with asthma also expressed higher levels of RV-induced CCL22. RV infection boosted type-2 cytokine-induced STAT6 activation. In epithelial cells, type-2 cytokines and STAT6 activation had differential effects on chemokine expression, increasing CCL17 and suppressing CCL22, whereas NF-κB promoted expression of both chemokines. In mice, RV infection activated pulmonary STAT6, which was required for CCL17 but not CCL22 expression. STAT6-knockout mice infected with RV expressed increased levels of NF-κB-regulated chemokines, which was associated with rapid viral clearance. Therefore, RV-induced upregulation of CCL17 and CCL22 was mediated by NF-κB activation, whereas expression was differentially regulated by STAT6. Together, these findings suggest that therapeutic targeting of type-2 STAT6 activation alone will not block all inflammatory pathways during RV infection in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa C. Williams
- School of Biomedical Science and Pharmacy, Faculty Health and Medicine and Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David J. Jackson
- Asthma UK Centre, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Guy’s Severe Asthma Centre, Guy’s & St. Thomas’ National Health Service Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Maltby
- School of Biomedical Science and Pharmacy, Faculty Health and Medicine and Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ross P. Walton
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yee-Mann Ching
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Glanville
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aran Singanayagam
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer J. Brewins
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah Clarke
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity Department, MedImmune, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Aurica G. Hirsman
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Su-Ling Loo
- School of Biomedical Science and Pharmacy, Faculty Health and Medicine and Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lan Wei
- School of Biomedical Science and Pharmacy, Faculty Health and Medicine and Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Janine E. Beale
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Casolari
- Interdepartmental Study Center for Inflammatory and Smoke-Related Airway Diseases, Cardiorespiratory and Internal Medicine Section, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Gaetano Caramori
- Interdepartmental Study Center for Inflammatory and Smoke-Related Airway Diseases, Cardiorespiratory and Internal Medicine Section, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Pneumologia, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali, Università degli Studi di Messina, Messina, Italy; and
| | - Alberto Papi
- Interdepartmental Study Center for Inflammatory and Smoke-Related Airway Diseases, Cardiorespiratory and Internal Medicine Section, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Maria Belvisi
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity Department, MedImmune, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Peter A. B. Wark
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Michael R. Edwards
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nathan W. Bartlett
- School of Biomedical Science and Pharmacy, Faculty Health and Medicine and Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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24
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Fecher-Jones I, Grimmett C, Edwards MR, Knight JS, Smith J, Leach H, Moyses H, Jack S, Grocott MPW, Levett DZH. Development and evaluation of a novel pre-operative surgery school and behavioural change intervention for patients undergoing elective major surgery: Fit-4-Surgery School. Anaesthesia 2021; 76:1207-1211. [PMID: 33538015 DOI: 10.1111/anae.15393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Group pre-operative education has usually been limited to conditioning expectations and providing education. Prehabilitation has highlighted modifiable lifestyle factors that are amenable to change and may improve clinical outcomes. We instituted a pre-operative 'Fit-4-Surgery School' for patients scheduled for major surgery, to educate and promote healthy behaviour. We evaluated patients' views having attended the school, and after surgery we asked how it had changed their behaviour with a lifestyle questionnaire. The school was launched in May 2016 and was attended by 586/1017 (58%) of invited patients. Patients who did not attend: lived further away, median (IQR [range]) 8 (4-19 [0-123]) miles vs. 5 (3-14 [0-172]) miles, p < 0.001; and were more deprived, Index of Multiple Deprivation Rank decile median (IQR [range]), 6 (4-8 [1-10]) vs. 7 (4-9 [1-10]), p = 0.04. Of the 492/586 (84%) participants who completed an evaluation questionnaire, 462 (94%) would recommend the school to a friend having surgery and 296 (60%) planned lifestyle changes. After surgery, 232/586 (40%) completed a behavioural change questionnaire, 106 (46%) of whom reported changing at least one lifestyle factor, most commonly by increasing exercise. The pre-operative school was acceptable to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Fecher-Jones
- Department of Peri-operative Medicine, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - C Grimmett
- School of Health Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - M R Edwards
- Department of Peri-operative Medicine, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - J S Knight
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - J Smith
- Department of Urological Surgery, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - H Leach
- Department of Prehabilitation Medicine, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - H Moyses
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Southampton, UK
| | - S Jack
- Department of Prehabilitation Medicine, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - M P W Grocott
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - D Z H Levett
- Department of Peri-operative Medicine, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
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25
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McErlean P, Kelly A, Dhariwal J, Kirtland M, Watson J, Ranz I, Smith J, Saxena A, Cousins DJ, Van Oosterhout A, Solari R, Edwards MR, Johnston SL, Lavender P. Profiling of H3K27Ac Reveals the Influence of Asthma on the Epigenome of the Airway Epithelium. Front Genet 2020; 11:585746. [PMID: 33362848 PMCID: PMC7758344 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.585746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Asthma is a chronic airway disease driven by complex genetic–environmental interactions. The role of epigenetic modifications in bronchial epithelial cells (BECs) in asthma is poorly understood. Methods We piloted genome-wide profiling of the enhancer-associated histone modification H3K27ac in BECs from people with asthma (n = 4) and healthy controls (n = 3). Results We identified n = 4,321 (FDR < 0.05) regions exhibiting differential H3K27ac enrichment between asthma and health, clustering at genes associated predominately with epithelial processes (EMT). We identified initial evidence of asthma-associated Super-Enhancers encompassing genes encoding transcription factors (TP63) and enzymes regulating lipid metabolism (PTGS1). We integrated published datasets to identify epithelium-specific transcription factors associated with H3K27ac in asthma (TP73) and identify initial relationships between asthma-associated changes in H3K27ac and transcriptional profiles. Finally, we investigated the potential of CRISPR-based approaches to functionally evaluate H3K27ac-asthma landscape in vitro by identifying guide-RNAs capable of targeting acetylation to asthma DERs and inducing gene expression (TLR3). Conclusion Our small pilot study validates genome-wide approaches for deciphering epigenetic mechanisms underlying asthma pathogenesis in the airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter McErlean
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom
| | - Audrey Kelly
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jaideep Dhariwal
- Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom.,Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Max Kirtland
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julie Watson
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ismael Ranz
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom
| | - Janet Smith
- GlaxoSmithKline Allergic Inflammation Discovery Performance Unit, Respiratory Therapy Area, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Alka Saxena
- Genomics Platform, Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - David J Cousins
- Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Department of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Leicester Institute for Lung Health, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Antoon Van Oosterhout
- GlaxoSmithKline Allergic Inflammation Discovery Performance Unit, Respiratory Therapy Area, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Roberto Solari
- Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom.,Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael R Edwards
- Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom.,Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian L Johnston
- Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom.,Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Lavender
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom
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26
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Edwards MR, Fasano NM, Bennett T, Griffith A, Turley N, O'Brien BM, Mikhailova JM. A multi-terawatt two-color beam for high-power field-controlled nonlinear optics. Opt Lett 2020; 45:6542-6545. [PMID: 33258857 DOI: 10.1364/ol.403806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Two-color laser beams are instrumental in light-field control and enhancement of high-order harmonic, spectral supercontinuum, and terahertz radiation generated in gases, plasmas, and solids. We demonstrate a multi-terawatt two-color beam produced using a relativistic plasma mirror, with 110 mJ at 800 nm and 30 mJ at 400 nm. Both color components have high spatial quality and can be simultaneously focused, provided that the plasma mirror lies within a Rayleigh range of the driving fundamental beam. Favorable scaling of second-harmonic generation by plasma mirrors at relativistic intensities suggests them as an excellent tool for multi-color waveform synthesis beyond the petawatt level.
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27
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Mu Q, Edwards MR, Swartwout BK, Cabana Puig X, Mao J, Zhu J, Grieco J, Cecere TE, Prakash M, Reilly CM, Puglisi C, Bachali P, Grammer AC, Lipsky PE, Luo XM. Gut Microbiota and Bacterial DNA Suppress Autoimmunity by Stimulating Regulatory B Cells in a Murine Model of Lupus. Front Immunol 2020; 11:593353. [PMID: 33240280 PMCID: PMC7683516 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.593353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, are characterized by excessive inflammation in response to self-antigens. Loss of appropriate immunoregulatory mechanisms contribute to disease exacerbation. We previously showed the suppressive effect of vancomycin treatment during the "active-disease" stage of lupus. In this study, we sought to understand the effect of the same treatment given before disease onset. To develop a model in which to test the regulatory role of the gut microbiota in modifying autoimmunity, we treated lupus-prone mice with vancomycin in the period before disease development (3-8 weeks of age). We found that administration of vancomycin to female MRL/lpr mice early, only during the pre-disease period but not from 3 to 15 weeks of age, led to disease exacerbation. Early vancomycin administration also reduced splenic regulatory B (Breg) cell numbers, as well as reduced circulating IL-10 and IL-35 in 8-week old mice. Further, we found that during the pre-disease period, administration of activated IL-10 producing Breg cells to mice treated with vancomycin suppressed lupus initiation, and that bacterial DNA from the gut microbiota was an inducer of Breg function. Oral gavage of bacterial DNA to mice treated with vancomycin increased Breg cells in the spleen and mesenteric lymph node at 8 weeks of age and reduced autoimmune disease severity at 15 weeks. This work suggests that a form of oral tolerance induced by bacterial DNA-mediated expansion of Breg cells suppress disease onset in the autoimmune-prone MRL/lpr mouse model. Future studies are warranted to further define the mechanism behind bacterial DNA promoting Breg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghui Mu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Michael R. Edwards
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Brianna K. Swartwout
- Translational Biology, Medicine and Health Graduate Program, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, United States
| | - Xavier Cabana Puig
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Jiangdi Mao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Jing Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Joe Grieco
- Translational Biology, Medicine and Health Graduate Program, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, United States
| | - Thomas E. Cecere
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Meeta Prakash
- Carilion School of Medicine, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xin M. Luo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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28
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Singanayagam A, Glanville N, Cuthbertson L, Bartlett NW, Finney LJ, Turek E, Bakhsoliani E, Calderazzo MA, Trujillo-Torralbo MB, Footitt J, James PL, Fenwick P, Kemp SV, Clarke TB, Wedzicha JA, Edwards MR, Moffatt M, Cookson WO, Mallia P, Johnston SL. Inhaled corticosteroid suppression of cathelicidin drives dysbiosis and bacterial infection in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Sci Transl Med 2020; 11:11/507/eaav3879. [PMID: 31462509 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aav3879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial infection commonly complicates inflammatory airway diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The mechanisms of increased infection susceptibility and how use of the commonly prescribed therapy inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) accentuates pneumonia risk in COPD are poorly understood. Here, using analysis of samples from patients with COPD, we show that ICS use is associated with lung microbiota disruption leading to proliferation of streptococcal genera, an effect that could be recapitulated in ICS-treated mice. To study mechanisms underlying this effect, we used cellular and mouse models of streptococcal expansion with Streptococcus pneumoniae, an important pathogen in COPD, to demonstrate that ICS impairs pulmonary clearance of bacteria through suppression of the antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin. ICS impairment of pulmonary immunity was dependent on suppression of cathelicidin because ICS had no effect on bacterial loads in mice lacking cathelicidin (Camp -/-) and exogenous cathelicidin prevented ICS-mediated expansion of streptococci within the microbiota and improved bacterial clearance. Suppression of pulmonary immunity by ICS was mediated by augmentation of the protease cathepsin D. Collectively, these data suggest a central role for cathepsin D/cathelicidin in the suppression of antibacterial host defense by ICS in COPD. Therapeutic restoration of cathelicidin to boost antibacterial immunity and beneficially modulate the lung microbiota might be an effective strategy in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aran Singanayagam
- National Heart and Lung Institute, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK.
| | - Nicholas Glanville
- National Heart and Lung Institute, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Leah Cuthbertson
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Brompton Campus, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Nathan W Bartlett
- National Heart and Lung Institute, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK.,Faculty of Health and Medicine and Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Lydia J Finney
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Brompton Campus, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Elena Turek
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Brompton Campus, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Eteri Bakhsoliani
- National Heart and Lung Institute, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | | | | | - Joseph Footitt
- National Heart and Lung Institute, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Phillip L James
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Brompton Campus, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Peter Fenwick
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Brompton Campus, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Samuel V Kemp
- Royal Brompton Hospital, Fulham Road, London SW2 6NP, UK
| | - Thomas B Clarke
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Jadwiga A Wedzicha
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Brompton Campus, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Michael R Edwards
- National Heart and Lung Institute, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Miriam Moffatt
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Brompton Campus, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | - William O Cookson
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Brompton Campus, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Patrick Mallia
- National Heart and Lung Institute, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Sebastian L Johnston
- National Heart and Lung Institute, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK.
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29
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Kamal F, Glanville N, Xia W, Bakhsoliani E, Aniscenko J, Bartlett NW, Edwards MR, Johnston SL, Singanayagam A. Beclomethasone Has Lesser Suppressive Effects on Inflammation and Antibacterial Immunity Than Fluticasone or Budesonide in Experimental Infection Models. Chest 2020; 158:947-951. [PMID: 32454043 PMCID: PMC7476496 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2020.05.531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Kamal
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
| | | | - Wangmingyu Xia
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
| | | | - Julia Aniscenko
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Nathan W Bartlett
- Faculty of Health and Medicine and Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, University of Newcastle, Australia
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30
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Edwards MR, Dai R, Heid B, Cowan C, Werre SR, Cecere T, Ahmed SA. Low-dose 17α-ethinyl estradiol (EE) exposure exacerbates lupus renal disease and modulates immune responses to TLR7/9 agonists in genetically autoimmune-prone mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5210. [PMID: 32251357 PMCID: PMC7090002 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62124-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogens have been shown to regulate the immune system and modulate multiple autoimmune diseases. 17α-ethinyl estradiol (EE), a synthetic analog of 17β-estradiol, is prescribed commonly and found in oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapies. Surprisingly, few studies have investigated the immunoregulatory effects of exposure to EE, especially in autoimmunity. In this study, we exposed autoimmune-prone female MRL/lpr mice to a human-relevant dose of EE through the oral route of exposure. Since lupus patients are prone to infections, groups of mice were injected with viral (Imiquimod, a TLR7 agonist) or bacterial (ODN 2395, a TLR9 agonist) surrogates. We then evaluated autoimmune disease parameters, kidney disease, and response to in vivo TLR7/9 pathogenic signals. EE-exposed mice had increased proteinuria as early as 7 weeks of age. Proteinuria, blood urea nitrogen, and glomerular immune complex deposition were also exacerbated when compared to controls. Production of cytokines by splenic leukocytes were altered in EE-exposed mice. Our study shows that oral exposure to EE, even at a very low dose, can exacerbate azotemia, increase clinical markers of renal disease, enhance glomerular immune complex deposition, and modulate TLR7/9 cytokine production in female MRL/lpr mice. This study may have implications for EE-exposure risk for genetically lupus-prone individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Edwards
- Infectious Disease Research Facility (IDRF), Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, VA-MD College of Vet. Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Rujuan Dai
- Infectious Disease Research Facility (IDRF), Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, VA-MD College of Vet. Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Bettina Heid
- Infectious Disease Research Facility (IDRF), Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, VA-MD College of Vet. Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Catharine Cowan
- Infectious Disease Research Facility (IDRF), Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, VA-MD College of Vet. Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Stephen R Werre
- Population Health Sciences, VA-MD College of Vet. Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Thomas Cecere
- Infectious Disease Research Facility (IDRF), Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, VA-MD College of Vet. Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - S Ansar Ahmed
- Infectious Disease Research Facility (IDRF), Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, VA-MD College of Vet. Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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31
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Finney LJ, Belchamber KBR, Fenwick PS, Kemp SV, Edwards MR, Mallia P, Donaldson G, Johnston SL, Donnelly LE, Wedzicha JA. Human Rhinovirus Impairs the Innate Immune Response to Bacteria in Alveolar Macrophages in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2020; 199:1496-1507. [PMID: 30562053 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201806-1095oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Human rhinovirus (HRV) is a common cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations. Secondary bacterial infection is associated with more severe symptoms and delayed recovery. Alveolar macrophages clear bacteria from the lung and maintain lung homeostasis through cytokine secretion. These processes are defective in COPD. The effect of HRV on macrophage function is unknown. Objectives: To investigate the effect of HRV on phagocytosis and cytokine response to bacteria by alveolar macrophages and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) in COPD and healthy control subjects. Methods: Alveolar macrophages were obtained by bronchoscopy and MDM by adherence. Macrophages were exposed to HRV16 (multiplicity of infection 5), polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) 30 μg/ml, IFN-β 10 μg/ml, IFN-γ 10 μg/ml, or medium control for 24 hours. Phagocytosis of fluorescently labeled Haemophilus influenzae or Streptococcus pneumoniae was assessed by fluorimetry. CXCL8 (IL-8), IL-6, TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-α), and IL-10 release was measured by ELISA. Measurements and Main Results: HRV significantly impaired phagocytosis of H. influenzae by 23% in MDM (n = 37; P = 0.004) and 18% in alveolar macrophages (n = 20; P < 0.0001) in COPD. HRV also significantly reduced phagocytosis of S. pneumoniae by 33% in COPD MDM (n = 20; P = 0.0192). There was no effect in healthy control subjects. Phagocytosis of H. influenzae was also impaired by poly I:C but not IFN-β or IFN-γ in COPD MDM. HRV significantly reduced cytokine responses to H. influenzae. The IL-10 response to H. influenzae was significantly impaired by poly I:C, IFN-β, and IFN-γ in COPD cells. Conclusions: HRV impairs phagocytosis of bacteria in COPD, which may lead to an outgrowth of bacteria. HRV also impairs cytokine responses to bacteria via the TLR3/IFN pathway, which may prevent resolution of inflammation leading to prolonged exacerbations in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia J Finney
- 1 COPD and Asthma Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Kylie B R Belchamber
- 1 COPD and Asthma Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Peter S Fenwick
- 1 COPD and Asthma Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Samuel V Kemp
- 1 COPD and Asthma Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and.,2 Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael R Edwards
- 1 COPD and Asthma Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Patrick Mallia
- 1 COPD and Asthma Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Gavin Donaldson
- 1 COPD and Asthma Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Sebastian L Johnston
- 1 COPD and Asthma Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Louise E Donnelly
- 1 COPD and Asthma Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Jadwiga A Wedzicha
- 1 COPD and Asthma Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and
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32
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Mills JT, Schwenzer A, Marsh EK, Edwards MR, Sabroe I, Midwood KS, Parker LC. Airway Epithelial Cells Generate Pro-inflammatory Tenascin-C and Small Extracellular Vesicles in Response to TLR3 Stimuli and Rhinovirus Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1987. [PMID: 31497021 PMCID: PMC6712508 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections are a common cause of asthma exacerbations, with human rhinoviruses (RV) the most common trigger. RV signals through a number of different receptors, including toll-like receptor (TLR)3. Tenascin-C (TN-C) is an immunomodulatory extracellular matrix protein present in high quantities in the airway of people with asthma, and expression is also upregulated in nasal lavage fluid in response to RV infection. Respiratory viral infection has been demonstrated to induce the release of small extracellular vesicles (sEV) such as exosomes, whilst exosomal cargo can also be modified in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of people with asthma. These sEVs may potentiate airway inflammation and regulate the immune response to infection. This study characterizes the relationship between RV infection of bronchial epithelial cells and the release of TN-C, and the release of sEVs following stimulation with the TLR3 agonist and synthetic viral mimic, poly(I:C), as well as the function of the released protein/vesicles. The BEAS-2B airway epithelial cell line and primary human bronchial epithelial cells (PBECs) from asthmatic and non-asthmatic donors were infected with RV or treated with poly(I:C). TN-C expression, release and localization to sEVs was quantified. TN-C expression was also assessed following intra-nasal challenge of C57BL/6 mice with poly(I:C). BEAS-2B cells and macrophages were subsequently challenged with TN-C, or with sEVs generated from BEAS-2B cells pre-treated with siRNA targeted to TN-C or control. The results revealed that poly(I:C) stimulation induced TN-C release in vivo, whilst both poly(I:C) stimulation and RV infection promoted release in vitro, with elevated TN-C release from PBECs obtained from people with asthma. Poly(I:C) also induced the release of TN-C-rich sEVs from BEAS-2B cells. TN-C, and sEVs from poly(I:C) challenged cells, induced cytokine synthesis in macrophages and BEAS-2B cells, whilst sEVs from control cells did not. Moreover, sEVs with ~75% reduced TN-C content did not alter the capacity of sEVs to induce inflammation. This study identifies two novel components of the inflammatory pathway that regulates the immune response following RV infection and TLR3 stimulation, highlighting TN-C release and pro-inflammatory sEVs in the airway as relevant to the biology of virally induced exacerbations of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake T. Mills
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Anja Schwenzer
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth K. Marsh
- School of Human Sciences, College of Life and Natural Sciences, University of Derby, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Michael R. Edwards
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Sabroe
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Kim S. Midwood
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa C. Parker
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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Custovic A, Belgrave D, Lin L, Bakhsoliani E, Telcian AG, Solari R, Murray CS, Walton RP, Curtin J, Edwards MR, Simpson A, Rattray M, Johnston SL. Cytokine Responses to Rhinovirus and Development of Asthma, Allergic Sensitization, and Respiratory Infections during Childhood. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019; 197:1265-1274. [PMID: 29466680 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201708-1762oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Immunophenotypes of antiviral responses, and their relationship with asthma, allergy, and lower respiratory tract infections, are poorly understood. OBJECTIVES We characterized multiple cytokine responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to rhinovirus stimulation, and their relationship with clinical outcomes. METHODS In a population-based birth cohort, we measured 28 cytokines after stimulation with rhinovirus-16 in 307 children aged 11 years. We used machine learning to identify patterns of cytokine responses, and related these patterns to clinical outcomes, using longitudinal models. We also ascertained phytohemagglutinin-induced T-helper cell type 2 (Th2)-cytokine responses (PHA-Th2). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS We identified six clusters of children based on their rhinovirus-16 responses, which were differentiated by the expression of four cytokine/chemokine groups: interferon-related (IFN), proinflammatory (Inflam), Th2-chemokine (Th2-chem), and regulatory (Reg). Clusters differed in their clinical characteristics. Children with an IFNmodInflamhighestTh2-chemhighestReghighest rhinovirus-16-induced pattern had a PHA-Th2low response, and a very low asthma risk (odds ratio [OR], 0.08; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.01-0.81; P = 0.03). Two clusters had a high risk of asthma and allergic sensitization, but with different trajectories from infancy to adolescence. The IFNlowestInflamhighTh2-chemlowRegmod cluster exhibited a PHA-Th2lowest response and was associated with early-onset asthma and sensitization, and the highest risk of asthma exacerbations (OR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.07-1.76; P = 0.014) and lower respiratory tract infection hospitalizations (OR, 2.40; 95% CI, 1.26-4.58; P = 0.008) throughout childhood. In contrast, the IFNhighestInflammodTh2-chemmodReghigh cluster with a rhinovirus-16-cytokine pattern was characterized by a PHA-Th2highest response, and a low prevalence of asthma/sensitization in infancy that increased sharply to become the highest among all clusters by adolescence (but with a low risk of asthma exacerbations). CONCLUSIONS Early-onset troublesome asthma with early-life sensitization, later-onset milder allergic asthma, and disease protection are each associated with different patterns of rhinovirus-induced immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Custovic
- 1 Section of Paediatrics, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,2 MRC and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom
| | - Danielle Belgrave
- 1 Section of Paediatrics, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lijing Lin
- 3 Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Eteri Bakhsoliani
- 2 MRC and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom.,4 COPD and Asthma Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Aurica G Telcian
- 2 MRC and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom.,4 COPD and Asthma Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Roberto Solari
- 2 MRC and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom.,4 COPD and Asthma Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Clare S Murray
- 5 Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester and University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ross P Walton
- 2 MRC and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom.,4 COPD and Asthma Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - John Curtin
- 5 Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester and University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Michael R Edwards
- 2 MRC and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom.,4 COPD and Asthma Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Angela Simpson
- 5 Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester and University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Magnus Rattray
- 3 Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian L Johnston
- 2 MRC and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom.,4 COPD and Asthma Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and
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Petrova NV, Emelyanova AG, Gorbunov EA, Edwards MR, Walton RP, Bartlett NW, Aniscenko J, Gogsadze L, Bakhsoliani E, Khaitov MR, Johnston SL, Tarasov SA, Epstein OI. Retraction notice to "Efficacy of novel antibody-based drugs against rhinovirus infection: In vitro and in vivo results" [Antiviral Research 142 (2017) 185-192]. Antiviral Res 2019; 164:176. [PMID: 30885298 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nataliia V Petrova
- Research Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Michael R Edwards
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom
| | - Ross P Walton
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom
| | - Nathan W Bartlett
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Aniscenko
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom
| | - Leila Gogsadze
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom
| | - Eteri Bakhsoliani
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom
| | - Musa R Khaitov
- National Research Center "Institute of Immunology" FMBA Russia, 115478 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sebastian L Johnston
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Oleg I Epstein
- Research Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia
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Zhu J, Message SD, Mallia P, Kebadze T, Contoli M, Ward CK, Barnathan ES, Mascelli MA, Kon OM, Papi A, Stanciu LA, Edwards MR, Jeffery PK, Johnston SL. Bronchial mucosal IFN-α/β and pattern recognition receptor expression in patients with experimental rhinovirus-induced asthma exacerbations. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 143:114-125.e4. [PMID: 29698627 PMCID: PMC6320262 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The innate immune system senses viral infection through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), leading to type I interferon production. The role of type I interferon and PPRs in rhinovirus-induced asthma exacerbations in vivo are uncertain. OBJECTIVES We sought to compare bronchial mucosal type I interferon and PRR expression at baseline and after rhinovirus infection in atopic asthmatic patients and control subjects. METHODS Immunohistochemistry was used to detect expression of IFN-α, IFN-β, and the PRRs: Toll-like receptor 3, melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5, and retinoic acid-inducible protein I in bronchial biopsy specimens from 10 atopic asthmatic patients and 15 nonasthmatic nonatopic control subjects at baseline and on day 4 and 6 weeks after rhinovirus infection. RESULTS We observed IFN-α/β deficiency in the bronchial epithelium at 3 time points in asthmatic patients in vivo. Lower epithelial IFN-α/β expression was related to greater viral load, worse airway symptoms, airway hyperresponsiveness, and reductions in lung function during rhinovirus infection. We found lower frequencies of bronchial subepithelial monocytes/macrophages expressing IFN-α/β in asthmatic patients during infection. Interferon deficiency at baseline was not accompanied by deficient PRR expression in asthmatic patients. Both epithelial and subepithelial PRR expression were induced during rhinovirus infection. Rhinovirus infection-increased numbers of subepithelial interferon/PRR-expressing inflammatory cells were related to greater viral load, airway hyperresponsiveness, and reductions in lung function. CONCLUSIONS Bronchial epithelial IFN-α/β expression and numbers of subepithelial IFN-α/β-expressing monocytes/macrophages during infection were both deficient in asthmatic patients. Lower epithelial IFN-α/β expression was associated with adverse clinical outcomes after rhinovirus infection in vivo. Increases in numbers of subepithelial cells expressing interferon/PRRs during infection were also related to greater viral load/illness severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhu
- Airway Disease Infection, National Heart and Lung Institute, Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon D Message
- Airway Disease Infection, National Heart and Lung Institute, Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Mallia
- Airway Disease Infection, National Heart and Lung Institute, Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tatiana Kebadze
- Airway Disease Infection, National Heart and Lung Institute, Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Contoli
- Airway Disease Infection, National Heart and Lung Institute, Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom; Research Centre on Asthma and COPD, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Onn M Kon
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alberto Papi
- Research Centre on Asthma and COPD, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luminita A Stanciu
- Airway Disease Infection, National Heart and Lung Institute, Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael R Edwards
- Airway Disease Infection, National Heart and Lung Institute, Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter K Jeffery
- Airway Disease Infection, National Heart and Lung Institute, Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian L Johnston
- Airway Disease Infection, National Heart and Lung Institute, Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
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Dai R, Edwards MR, Heid B, Ahmed SA. 17β-Estradiol and 17α-Ethinyl Estradiol Exhibit Immunologic and Epigenetic Regulatory Effects in NZB/WF1 Female Mice. Endocrinology 2019; 160:101-118. [PMID: 30418530 PMCID: PMC6305969 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
17α-Ethinyl estradiol (EE), a synthetic analog of natural estrogen 17β-estradiol (E2), is extensively used in hormonal contraceptives and estrogen replacement therapy, and it has also been found in sewage effluents. Given that E2 is a well-known immunomodulator, surprisingly there has been only limited information on the cellular and molecular immunologic consequences of exposure to EE. To address this fundamental gap, we directly compared the effects of EE with E2 on splenic leukocytes of New Zealand Black × New Zealand White F1 progeny (NZB/WF1) mice during the preautoimmune period. We found that EE and E2 have common, as well as distinctive, immunologic effects, with EE exposure resulting in more profound effects. Both EE and E2 increased numbers of splenic neutrophils, enhanced neutrophil serine proteases and myeloperoxidase expression, promoted the production of nitric oxide and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and altered adaptive immune T cell subsets. However, activation of splenic leukocytes through the T cell receptor or Toll-like receptor (TLR)4 revealed not only common (IL-10), but also hormone-specific alterations of cytokines (IFNγ, IL-1β, ΤΝFα, IL-2). Furthermore, in EE-exposed mice, TLR9 stimulation suppressed IFNα, in contrast to increased IFNα from E2-exposed mice. EE and E2 regulated common and hormone-specific expression of immune-related genes. Furthermore, EE exposure resulted in more marked alterations in miRNA expression levels than for E2. Only EE was able to reduce global DNA methylation significantly in splenic leukocytes. Taken together, our novel data revealed that EE and E2 exposure confers more similar effects in innate immune system-related cell development and responses, but has more differential regulatory effects in adaptive immune-related cell development and responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rujuan Dai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Infectious Disease Research Facility (IDRF), Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech/Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Michael R Edwards
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Infectious Disease Research Facility (IDRF), Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech/Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Bettina Heid
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Infectious Disease Research Facility (IDRF), Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech/Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - S Ansar Ahmed
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Infectious Disease Research Facility (IDRF), Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech/Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
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Koulinska I, Riester K, Chalkias S, Edwards MR. Effect of Bismuth Subsalicylate on Gastrointestinal Tolerability in Healthy Volunteers Receiving Oral Delayed-release Dimethyl Fumarate: PREVENT, a Randomized, Multicenter, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study. Clin Ther 2018; 40:2021-2030.e1. [PMID: 30447891 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Flushing and gastrointestinal (GI) events are commonly associated with the use of delayed-release dimethyl fumarate (DMF) treatment for relapsing multiple sclerosis. METHODS PREVENT (A Multicenter, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of Pepto-Bismol [Bismuth Subsalicylate] on Gastrointestinal Tolerability in Healthy Volunteers Receiving Oral TECFIDERA [Dimethyl Fumarate] Delayed-Release Capsules Twice Daily) is a double-blind, placebo-controlled, 8-week study that evaluated the effect of bismuth subsalicylate on DMF-related GI events. Bismuth subsalicylate 524 mg or placebo were administered 30 min before DMF (weeks 1-4). DMF was dosed twice-daily (BID) at 120 mg (week 1) and 240 mg (weeks 2-8). Using an e-diary device, participants recorded GI and flushing events on the Modified Overall Gastrointestinal Symptom Scale once daily for the preceding 24 h. The primary end point was time to first GI-related event. Secondary end points included frequency and severity of GI-related events. FINDINGS A total of 175 participants were enrolled (placebo, n = 87; bismuth subsalicylate, n = 88), and 17 discontinued treatment (placebo, n = 8; bismuth subsalicylate n = 9). A total of 146 participants reported ≥1 GI event: placebo, n = 72 (82.8%); and bismuth subsalicylate, n = 74 (84.1%). There was no statistical difference in risk of a GI event between the groups (P = 0.8292). Mean (SD) time from DMF initiation to first GI event was similar: placebo, 5.4 (8.73) days; and bismuth subsalicylate, 5.6 (10.87) days. Incidence of flatulence (38.6% vs 50.6%) and diarrhea (36.4% vs 48.2%) during weeks 1-4 was numerically lower in the bismuth subsalicylate group compared with the placebo group. Mean worst severity scores for flatulence (1.1 vs 1.8; P = 0.0219) and diarrhea (1.0 vs 1.6; P = 0.0500) were lower with bismuth subsalicylate than with placebo. IMPLICATIONS Although coadministration of bismuth subsalicylate did not affect the occurrence of DMF-related GI events overall, it reduced the severity and incidence of flatulence and diarrhea. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01915901.
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Potaczek DP, Unger SD, Zhang N, Taka S, Michel S, Akdağ N, Lan F, Helfer M, Hudemann C, Eickmann M, Skevaki C, Megremis S, Sadewasser A, Alashkar Alhamwe B, Alhamdan F, Akdis M, Edwards MR, Johnston SL, Akdis CA, Becker S, Bachert C, Papadopoulos NG, Garn H, Renz H. Development and characterization of DNAzyme candidates demonstrating significant efficiency against human rhinoviruses. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 143:1403-1415. [PMID: 30114391 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infections with human rhinoviruses (RVs) are responsible for millions of common cold episodes and the majority of asthma exacerbations, especially in childhood. No drugs specifically targeting RVs are available. OBJECTIVE We sought to identify specific anti-RV molecules based on DNAzyme technology as candidates to a clinical study. METHODS A total of 226 candidate DNAzymes were designed against 2 regions of RV RNA genome identified to be sufficiently highly conserved between virus strains (ie, the 5'-untranslated region and cis-acting replication element) by using 3 test strains: RVA1, RVA16, and RVA29. All DNAzymes were screened for their cleavage efficiency against in vitro-expressed viral RNA. Those showing any catalytic activity were subjected to bioinformatic analysis of their reverse complementarity to 322 published RV genomic sequences. Further molecular optimization was conducted for the most promising candidates. Cytotoxic and off-target effects were excluded in HEK293 cell-based systems. Antiviral efficiency was analyzed in infected human bronchial BEAS-2B cells and ex vivo-cultured human sinonasal tissue. RESULTS Screening phase-generated DNAzymes characterized by either good catalytic activity or by high RV strain coverage but no single molecule represented a satisfactory combination of those 2 features. Modifications in length of the binding domains of 2 lead candidates, Dua-01(-L12R9) and Dua-02(-L10R11), improved their cleavage efficiency to an excellent level, with no loss in eminent strain coverage (about 98%). Both DNAzymes showed highly favorable cytotoxic/off-target profiles. Subsequent testing of Dua-01-L12R9 in BEAS-2B cells and sinonasal tissue demonstrated its significant antiviral efficiency. CONCLUSIONS Effective and specific management of RV infections with Dua-01-L12R9 might be useful in preventing asthma exacerbations, which should be verified by clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Potaczek
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), and the inVIVO Planetary Health, Group of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), Marburg, Germany; PreDicta Consortium; John Paul II Hospital, Krakow, Poland
| | - Sebastian D Unger
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), and the inVIVO Planetary Health, Group of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), Marburg, Germany; PreDicta Consortium
| | - Nan Zhang
- PreDicta Consortium; Upper Airway Research Laboratory, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Styliani Taka
- PreDicta Consortium; Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, 2nd Pediatric Clinic, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Sven Michel
- Secarna Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Planegg, Germany
| | - Nesibe Akdağ
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), and the inVIVO Planetary Health, Group of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), Marburg, Germany; PreDicta Consortium
| | - Feng Lan
- PreDicta Consortium; Upper Airway Research Laboratory, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Christoph Hudemann
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), and the inVIVO Planetary Health, Group of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), Marburg, Germany; PreDicta Consortium
| | - Markus Eickmann
- Institute of Virology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Chrysanthi Skevaki
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), and the inVIVO Planetary Health, Group of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), Marburg, Germany; PreDicta Consortium
| | - Spyridon Megremis
- PreDicta Consortium; Division of Infection, Inflammation and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Bilal Alashkar Alhamwe
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), and the inVIVO Planetary Health, Group of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), Marburg, Germany; PreDicta Consortium
| | - Fahd Alhamdan
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), and the inVIVO Planetary Health, Group of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), Marburg, Germany; PreDicta Consortium
| | - Mübeccel Akdis
- PreDicta Consortium; Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland; Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE), Davos, Switzerland
| | - Michael R Edwards
- PreDicta Consortium; Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council (MRC) and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian L Johnston
- PreDicta Consortium; Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council (MRC) and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cezmi A Akdis
- PreDicta Consortium; Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland; Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE), Davos, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Becker
- Institute of Virology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Claus Bachert
- PreDicta Consortium; Upper Airway Research Laboratory, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nikolaos G Papadopoulos
- PreDicta Consortium; Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, 2nd Pediatric Clinic, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Division of Infection, Inflammation and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, London, United Kingdom
| | - Holger Garn
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), and the inVIVO Planetary Health, Group of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), Marburg, Germany; PreDicta Consortium
| | - Harald Renz
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), and the inVIVO Planetary Health, Group of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), Marburg, Germany; PreDicta Consortium.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Gillies
- Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - M R Edwards
- Department of Anaesthesia and Peri-operative Medicine, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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Singanayagam A, Glanville N, Girkin JL, Ching YM, Marcellini A, Porter JD, Toussaint M, Walton RP, Finney LJ, Aniscenko J, Zhu J, Trujillo-Torralbo MB, Calderazzo MA, Grainge C, Loo SL, Veerati PC, Pathinayake PS, Nichol KS, Reid AT, James PL, Solari R, Wark PAB, Knight DA, Moffatt MF, Cookson WO, Edwards MR, Mallia P, Bartlett NW, Johnston SL. Corticosteroid suppression of antiviral immunity increases bacterial loads and mucus production in COPD exacerbations. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2229. [PMID: 29884817 PMCID: PMC5993715 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04574-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) have limited efficacy in reducing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations and increase pneumonia risk, through unknown mechanisms. Rhinoviruses precipitate most exacerbations and increase susceptibility to secondary bacterial infections. Here, we show that the ICS fluticasone propionate (FP) impairs innate and acquired antiviral immune responses leading to delayed virus clearance and previously unrecognised adverse effects of enhanced mucus, impaired antimicrobial peptide secretion and increased pulmonary bacterial load during virus-induced exacerbations. Exogenous interferon-β reverses these effects. FP suppression of interferon may occur through inhibition of TLR3- and RIG-I virus-sensing pathways. Mice deficient in the type I interferon-α/β receptor (IFNAR1-/-) have suppressed antimicrobial peptide and enhanced mucin responses to rhinovirus infection. This study identifies type I interferon as a central regulator of antibacterial immunity and mucus production. Suppression of interferon by ICS during virus-induced COPD exacerbations likely mediates pneumonia risk and raises suggestion that inhaled interferon-β therapy may protect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aran Singanayagam
- COPD and Asthma Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Nicholas Glanville
- COPD and Asthma Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Jason L Girkin
- Faculty of Health and Medicine and Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | - Yee Man Ching
- COPD and Asthma Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Andrea Marcellini
- COPD and Asthma Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - James D Porter
- COPD and Asthma Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Marie Toussaint
- COPD and Asthma Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Ross P Walton
- COPD and Asthma Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Lydia J Finney
- COPD and Asthma Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Julia Aniscenko
- COPD and Asthma Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Jie Zhu
- COPD and Asthma Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Maria-Belen Trujillo-Torralbo
- COPD and Asthma Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Maria Adelaide Calderazzo
- COPD and Asthma Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Chris Grainge
- Faculty of Health and Medicine and Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | - Su-Ling Loo
- Faculty of Health and Medicine and Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | - Punnam Chander Veerati
- Faculty of Health and Medicine and Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | - Prabuddha S Pathinayake
- Faculty of Health and Medicine and Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | - Kristy S Nichol
- Faculty of Health and Medicine and Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | - Andrew T Reid
- Faculty of Health and Medicine and Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | - Phillip L James
- Genomic Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Cale Street, London, SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Roberto Solari
- COPD and Asthma Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Peter A B Wark
- Faculty of Health and Medicine and Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | - Darryl A Knight
- Faculty of Health and Medicine and Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | - Miriam F Moffatt
- Genomic Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Cale Street, London, SW3 6LY, UK
| | - William O Cookson
- Genomic Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Cale Street, London, SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Michael R Edwards
- COPD and Asthma Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Patrick Mallia
- COPD and Asthma Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Nathan W Bartlett
- COPD and Asthma Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK.
- Faculty of Health and Medicine and Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, 2305, Australia.
| | - Sebastian L Johnston
- COPD and Asthma Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK.
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Edwards MR, Dai R, Heid B, Cecere TE, Khan D, Mu Q, Cowan C, Luo XM, Ahmed SA. Commercial rodent diets differentially regulate autoimmune glomerulonephritis, epigenetics and microbiota in MRL/lpr mice. Int Immunol 2018. [PMID: 28637300 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxx033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The course and severity of lupus in spontaneous murine lupus models varies among laboratories, which may be due to variations in diet, housing and/or local environmental conditions. In this study, we investigated the influence of common rodent diets while keeping other factors constant. Female lupus-prone MRL/lpr (MRL/MpJ-Faslpr/J) mice were subjected to the same housing conditions and given one of the three diets: Teklad 7013 containing isoflavone-rich soy and alfalfa, Harlan 2018 isoflavone-rich soy-based diet or Research Diets Inc. D11112226 (RD) purified-ingredients diet containing casein and no phytoestrogens. While the total caloric intake was similar among all three treatment groups, mice fed on the 2018 diet developed higher levels of proteinuria and mice fed on either 7013 or 2018 developed higher levels of glomerular immune complex deposition. Remarkably, mice fed the RD diet had markedly decreased proteinuria with diminished C3, total IgG, IgG1 and IgG3 immune complex deposition, along with reduced CD11b+ cellular infiltration into the glomeruli. The type of diet intake also influenced cytokine production, fecal microbiota (increased Lachnospiraceae in mice fed on 2018), altered microRNAs (miRNAs; higher levels of lupus-associated miR-148a and miR-183 in mice fed on 7013 and/or 2018) and altered DNA methylation. This is the first study to comprehensively compare the cellular, molecular and epigenetic effects of these commercial diets in murine lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Edwards
- Infectious Disease Research Facility (IDRF), Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Rujuan Dai
- Infectious Disease Research Facility (IDRF), Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Bettina Heid
- Infectious Disease Research Facility (IDRF), Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Thomas E Cecere
- Infectious Disease Research Facility (IDRF), Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Deena Khan
- Infectious Disease Research Facility (IDRF), Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Qinghui Mu
- Infectious Disease Research Facility (IDRF), Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Catharine Cowan
- Infectious Disease Research Facility (IDRF), Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Xin M Luo
- Infectious Disease Research Facility (IDRF), Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - S Ansar Ahmed
- Infectious Disease Research Facility (IDRF), Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Ritchie AI, Singanayagam A, Wiater E, Edwards MR, Montminy M, Johnston SL. β 2-Agonists Enhance Asthma-Relevant Inflammatory Mediators in Human Airway Epithelial Cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2018; 58:128-132. [PMID: 29286858 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2017-0315le] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew I Ritchie
- 1 National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom.,2 Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma London, United Kingdom and
| | - Aran Singanayagam
- 1 National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom.,2 Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma London, United Kingdom and
| | | | - Michael R Edwards
- 1 National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom.,2 Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma London, United Kingdom and
| | | | - Sebastian L Johnston
- 1 National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom.,2 Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma London, United Kingdom and
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Luo XM, Edwards MR, Mu Q, Yu Y, Vieson MD, Reilly CM, Ahmed SA, Bankole AA. Gut Microbiota in Human Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and a Mouse Model of Lupus. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:e02288-17. [PMID: 29196292 PMCID: PMC5795066 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02288-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota dysbiosis has been observed in a number of autoimmune diseases. However, the role of the gut microbiota in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a prototypical autoimmune disease characterized by persistent inflammation in multiple organs of the body, remains elusive. Here we report the dynamics of the gut microbiota in a murine lupus model, NZB/W F1, as well as intestinal dysbiosis in a small group of SLE patients with active disease. The composition of the gut microbiota changed markedly before and after the onset of lupus disease in NZB/W F1 mice, with greater diversity and increased representation of several bacterial species as lupus progressed from the predisease stage to the diseased stage. However, we did not control for age and the cage effect. Using dexamethasone as an intervention to treat SLE-like signs, we also found that a greater abundance of a group of lactobacilli (for which a species assignment could not be made) in the gut microbiota might be correlated with more severe disease in NZB/W F1 mice. Results of the human study suggest that, compared to control subjects without immune-mediated diseases, SLE patients with active lupus disease possessed an altered gut microbiota that differed in several particular bacterial species (within the genera Odoribacter and Blautia and an unnamed genus in the family Rikenellaceae) and was less diverse, with increased representation of Gram-negative bacteria. The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratios did not differ between the SLE microbiota and the non-SLE microbiota in our human cohort.IMPORTANCE SLE is a complex autoimmune disease with no known cure. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota has been reported for both mice and humans with SLE. In this emerging field, however, more studies are required to delineate the roles of the gut microbiota in different lupus-prone mouse models and people with diverse manifestations of SLE. Here, we report changes in the gut microbiota in NZB/W F1 lupus-prone mice and a group of SLE patients with active disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin M Luo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Michael R Edwards
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Qinghui Mu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Miranda D Vieson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | | | - S Ansar Ahmed
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
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Moskwa S, Piotrowski W, Marczak J, Pawełczyk M, Lewandowska-Polak A, Jarzębska M, Brauncajs M, Głobińska A, Górski P, Papadopoulos NG, Edwards MR, Johnston SL, Kowalski ML. Innate Immune Response to Viral Infections in Primary Bronchial Epithelial Cells is Modified by the Atopic Status of Asthmatic Patients. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res 2018; 10:144-154. [PMID: 29411555 PMCID: PMC5809763 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2018.10.2.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose In order to gain an insight into determinants of reported variability in immune responses to respiratory viruses in human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) from asthmatics, the responses of HBEC to viral infections were evaluated in HBECs from phenotypically heterogeneous groups of asthmatics and in healthy controls. Methods HBECs were obtained during bronchoscopy from 10 patients with asthma (6 atopic and 4 non-atopic) and from healthy controls (n=9) and grown as undifferentiated cultures. HBECs were infected with parainfluenza virus (PIV)-3 (MOI 0.1) and rhinovirus (RV)-1B (MOI 0.1), or treated with medium alone. The cell supernatants were harvested at 8, 24, and 48 hours. IFN-α, CXCL10 (IP-10), and RANTES (CCL5) were analyzed by using Cytometric Bead Array (CBA), and interferon (IFN)-β and IFN-λ1 by ELISA. Gene expression of IFNs, chemokines, and IFN-regulatory factors (IRF-3 and IRF-7) was determined by using quantitative PCR. Results PIV3 and RV1B infections increased IFN-λ1 mRNA expression in HBECs from asthmatics and healthy controls to a similar extent, and virus-induced IFN-λ1 expression correlated positively with IRF-7 expression. Following PIV3 infection, IP-10 protein release and mRNA expression were significantly higher in asthmatics compared to healthy controls (median 36.03-fold). No differences in the release or expression of RANTES, IFN-λ1 protein and mRNA, or IFN-α and IFN-β mRNA between asthmatics and healthy controls were observed. However, when asthmatics were divided according to their atopic status, HBECs from atopic asthmatics (n=6) generated significantly more IFN-λ1 protein and demonstrated higher IFN-α, IFN-β, and IRF-7 mRNA expressions in response to PIV3 compared to non-atopic asthmatics (n=4) and healthy controls (n=9). In response to RV1B infection, IFN-β mRNA expression was lower (12.39-fold at 24 hours and 19.37-fold at 48 hours) in non-atopic asthmatics compared to atopic asthmatics. Conclusions The immune response of HBECs to virus infections may not be deficient in asthmatics, but seems to be modified by atopic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Moskwa
- Department of Immunology, Rheumatology and Allergy; Healthy Ageing Research Centre, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.,Department of Microbiology and Laboratory Medical Immunology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Wojciech Piotrowski
- Department of Pneumonology and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jerzy Marczak
- Department of Pneumonology and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Pawełczyk
- Department of Immunology, Rheumatology and Allergy; Healthy Ageing Research Centre, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Lewandowska-Polak
- Department of Immunology, Rheumatology and Allergy; Healthy Ageing Research Centre, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.,Department of Rheumatology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marzanna Jarzębska
- Department of Immunology, Rheumatology and Allergy; Healthy Ageing Research Centre, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Brauncajs
- Department of Immunology, Rheumatology and Allergy; Healthy Ageing Research Centre, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Głobińska
- Department of Immunology, Rheumatology and Allergy; Healthy Ageing Research Centre, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Paweł Górski
- Department of Pneumonology and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Nikolaos G Papadopoulos
- Allergy Research Centre, 2nd Pediatric Clinic, National Kapodistrian, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Michael R Edwards
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK; Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma
| | - Sebastian L Johnston
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK; Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma
| | - Marek L Kowalski
- Department of Immunology, Rheumatology and Allergy; Healthy Ageing Research Centre, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
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von Hehn C, Howard J, Liu S, Meka V, Pultz J, Mehta D, Prada C, Ray S, Edwards MR, Sheikh SI. Immune response to vaccines is maintained in patients treated with dimethyl fumarate. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2017; 5:e409. [PMID: 29159204 PMCID: PMC5688262 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: To investigate the immune response to vaccinations in patients with relapsing forms of MS treated with delayed-release dimethyl fumarate (DMF) vs nonpegylated interferon (IFN). Methods: In this open-label, multicenter study, patients received 3 vaccinations: (1) tetanus-diphtheria toxoid (Td) to test T-cell–dependent recall response, (2) pneumococcal vaccine polyvalent to test T-cell–independent humoral response, and (3) meningococcal (groups A, C, W-135, and Y) oligosaccharide CRM197 conjugate to test T-cell–dependent neoantigen response. Eligible patients were aged 18–55 years, diagnosed with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), and either treated for ≥6 months with an approved dose of DMF or for ≥3 months with an approved dose of nonpegylated IFN. Primary end point was the proportion of patients with ≥2-fold rise in antitetanus serum IgG levels from prevaccination to 4 weeks after vaccination. Results: Seventy-one patients (DMF treated, 38; IFN treated, 33) were enrolled. The mean age was 45.3 years (range 27–55); 86% were women. Responder rates (≥2-fold rise) to Td vaccination were comparable between DMF- and IFN-treated groups (68% vs 73%). Responder rates (≥2-fold rise) were also similar between DMF- and IFN-treated groups for diphtheria antitoxoid (58% vs 61%), pneumococcal serotype 3 (66% vs 79%), pneumococcal serotype 8 (95% vs 88%), and meningococcal serogroup C (53% vs 53%), all p > 0.05. In a post hoc analysis, no meaningful differences were observed between groups in the proportion of responders when stratified by age category or lymphocyte count. Conclusions: DMF-treated patients mount an immune response to recall, neoantigens, and T-cell–independent antigens, which was comparable with that of IFN-treated patients and provided adequate seroprotection. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02097849. Classification of evidence: This study provides Class II evidence that patients with RRMS treated with DMF respond to vaccinations comparably with IFN-treated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian von Hehn
- Biogen (C.v.H., S.L., V.M., J.P., D.M., C.P., S.R., M.R.E., S.I.S.), Cambridge, MA; and Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center (J.H.), NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Jonathan Howard
- Biogen (C.v.H., S.L., V.M., J.P., D.M., C.P., S.R., M.R.E., S.I.S.), Cambridge, MA; and Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center (J.H.), NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Shifang Liu
- Biogen (C.v.H., S.L., V.M., J.P., D.M., C.P., S.R., M.R.E., S.I.S.), Cambridge, MA; and Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center (J.H.), NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Ven Meka
- Biogen (C.v.H., S.L., V.M., J.P., D.M., C.P., S.R., M.R.E., S.I.S.), Cambridge, MA; and Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center (J.H.), NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Joe Pultz
- Biogen (C.v.H., S.L., V.M., J.P., D.M., C.P., S.R., M.R.E., S.I.S.), Cambridge, MA; and Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center (J.H.), NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Devangi Mehta
- Biogen (C.v.H., S.L., V.M., J.P., D.M., C.P., S.R., M.R.E., S.I.S.), Cambridge, MA; and Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center (J.H.), NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Claudia Prada
- Biogen (C.v.H., S.L., V.M., J.P., D.M., C.P., S.R., M.R.E., S.I.S.), Cambridge, MA; and Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center (J.H.), NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Soma Ray
- Biogen (C.v.H., S.L., V.M., J.P., D.M., C.P., S.R., M.R.E., S.I.S.), Cambridge, MA; and Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center (J.H.), NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Michael R Edwards
- Biogen (C.v.H., S.L., V.M., J.P., D.M., C.P., S.R., M.R.E., S.I.S.), Cambridge, MA; and Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center (J.H.), NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Sarah I Sheikh
- Biogen (C.v.H., S.L., V.M., J.P., D.M., C.P., S.R., M.R.E., S.I.S.), Cambridge, MA; and Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center (J.H.), NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
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Toussaint M, Jackson DJ, Swieboda D, Guedán A, Tsourouktsoglou TD, Ching YM, Radermecker C, Makrinioti H, Aniscenko J, Edwards MR, Solari R, Farnir F, Papayannopoulos V, Bureau F, Marichal T, Johnston SL. Corrigendum: Host DNA released by NETosis promotes rhinovirus-induced type-2 allergic asthma exacerbation. Nat Med 2017; 23:1384. [PMID: 29117172 DOI: 10.1038/nm1117-1384a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This corrects the article DOI: 10.1038/nm.4332.
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Edwards MR, Strong K, Cameron A, Walton RP, Jackson DJ, Johnston SL. Viral infections in allergy and immunology: How allergic inflammation influences viral infections and illness. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 140:909-920. [PMID: 28987220 PMCID: PMC7173222 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Viral respiratory tract infections are associated with asthma inception in early life and asthma exacerbations in older children and adults. Although how viruses influence asthma inception is poorly understood, much research has focused on the host response to respiratory viruses and how viruses can promote; or how the host response is affected by subsequent allergen sensitization and exposure. This review focuses on the innate interferon-mediated host response to respiratory viruses and discusses and summarizes the available evidence that this response is impaired or suboptimal. In addition, the ability of respiratory viruses to act in a synergistic or additive manner with TH2 pathways will be discussed. In this review we argue that these 2 outcomes are likely linked and discuss the available evidence that shows reciprocal negative regulation between innate interferons and TH2 mediators. With the renewed interest in anti-TH2 biologics, we propose a rationale for why they are particularly successful in controlling asthma exacerbations and suggest ways in which future clinical studies could be used to find direct evidence for this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Edwards
- COPD & Asthma Section, National Heart Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; MRC & Asthma UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Katherine Strong
- COPD & Asthma Section, National Heart Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; MRC & Asthma UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aoife Cameron
- COPD & Asthma Section, National Heart Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; MRC & Asthma UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ross P Walton
- COPD & Asthma Section, National Heart Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; MRC & Asthma UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom
| | - David J Jackson
- COPD & Asthma Section, National Heart Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; MRC & Asthma UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom; Guy's & St Thomas's Hospital London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian L Johnston
- COPD & Asthma Section, National Heart Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; MRC & Asthma UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom
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48
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Chowdhury A, Nzeako O, Edwards MR. Blood on screwdriver tip to aid screw insertion at depth. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2017; 100:159. [PMID: 29046078 DOI: 10.1308/rcsann.2017.0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A Chowdhury
- Princess Royal University Hospital, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust , Orpington , UK
| | - O Nzeako
- Princess Royal University Hospital, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust , Orpington , UK
| | - M R Edwards
- Princess Royal University Hospital, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust , Orpington , UK
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Reuschl AK, Edwards MR, Parker R, Connell DW, Hoang L, Halliday A, Jarvis H, Siddiqui N, Wright C, Bremang S, Newton SM, Beverley P, Shattock RJ, Kon OM, Lalvani A. Innate activation of human primary epithelial cells broadens the host response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the airways. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006577. [PMID: 28863187 PMCID: PMC5605092 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Early events in the human airways determining whether exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) results in acquisition of infection are poorly understood. Epithelial cells are the dominant cell type in the lungs, but little is known about their role in tuberculosis. We hypothesised that human primary airway epithelial cells are part of the first line of defense against Mtb-infection and contribute to the protective host response in the human respiratory tract. We modelled these early airway-interactions with human primary bronchial epithelial cells (PBECs) and alveolar macrophages. By combining in vitro infection and transwell co-culture models with a global transcriptomic approach, we identified PBECs to be inert to direct Mtb-infection, yet to be potent responders within an Mtb-activated immune network, mediated by IL1β and type I interferon (IFN). Activation of PBECs by Mtb-infected alveolar macrophages and monocytes increased expression of known and novel antimycobacterial peptides, defensins and S100-family members and epithelial-myeloid interactions further shaped the immunological environment during Mtb-infection by promoting neutrophil influx. This is the first in depth analysis of the primary epithelial response to infection and offers new insights into their emerging role in tuberculosis through complementing and amplifying responses to Mtb. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the causative agent of tuberculosis, which remains a major public health burden today. In the majority of cases, infection is acquired by inhalation of aerosolised bacteria. Mtb is thought to target alveolar macrophages in the lower airways to establish infection. However, the cells predominantly lining the respiratory tract are epithelial cells and thus are likely crucial during the early host-pathogen interactions. We recovered primary human bronchial epithelial cells from healthy volunteers to assess their global transcriptomic response to direct Mtb-exposure and exposure to Mtb-infected myeloid cells. Our analysis revealed that, while being inert to direct Mtb-infection, epithelial cells were highly responsive to soluble mediators released by infected macrophages. The epithelial response induced by this cellular cross-talk, promoted neutrophil influx in vitro as well as the increase of antimycobaterial host responses. Our data provide novel and unexpected insights into the role of the primary human airway epithelium and define a non-redundant role for epithelial cells in shaping the local immunological environment at the site of initial Mtb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kathrin Reuschl
- Tuberculosis Research Centre, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael R. Edwards
- Department of Cytopathology, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Hospital, Imperial College NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Parker
- Tuberculosis Research Centre, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - David W. Connell
- Tuberculosis Research Centre, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Long Hoang
- Tuberculosis Research Centre, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alice Halliday
- Tuberculosis Research Centre, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Jarvis
- Tuberculosis Research Centre, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nazneen Siddiqui
- Tuberculosis Research Centre, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Corrina Wright
- Respiratory Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel Bremang
- Tuberculosis Research Centre, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sandra M. Newton
- Section of Paediatrics, Department of Medicine, St Mary’s Campus, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Beverley
- Tuberculosis Research Centre, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robin J. Shattock
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Onn Min Kon
- Tuberculosis Research Centre, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ajit Lalvani
- Tuberculosis Research Centre, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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50
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Upton N, Jackson DJ, Nikonova AA, Hingley-Wilson S, Khaitov M, del Rosario A, Traub S, Trujillo-Torralbo MB, Habibi M, Elkin SL, Kon OM, Edwards MR, Mallia P, Footitt J, Macintyre J, Stanciu LA, Johnston SL, Sykes A. Rhinovirus induction of fractalkine (CX3CL1) in airway and peripheral blood mononuclear cells in asthma. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183864. [PMID: 28859129 PMCID: PMC5578648 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhinovirus infection is associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations. The role of fractalkine in anti-viral (type 1) and pathogenic (type 2) responses to rhinovirus infection in allergic asthma is unknown. To determine whether (1) fractalkine is produced in airway cells and in peripheral blood leucocytes, (2) rhinovirus infection increases production of fractalkine and (3) levels of fractalkine differ in asthmatic compared to non-asthmatic subjects. Fractalkine protein and mRNA levels were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from non-asthmatic controls (n = 15) and mild allergic asthmatic (n = 15) subjects. Protein levels of fractalkine were also measured in macrophages polarised ex vivo to give M1 (type 1) and M2 (type 2) macrophages and in BAL fluid obtained from mild (n = 11) and moderate (n = 14) allergic asthmatic and non-asthmatic control (n = 10) subjects pre and post in vivo rhinovirus infection. BAL cells produced significantly greater levels of fractalkine than PBMCs. Rhinovirus infection increased production of fractalkine by BAL cells from non-asthmatic controls (P<0.01) and in M1-polarised macrophages (P<0.05), but not in BAL cells from mild asthmatics or in M2 polarised macrophages. Rhinovirus induced fractalkine in PBMCs from asthmatic (P<0.001) and healthy control subjects (P<0.05). Trends towards induction of fractalkine in moderate asthmatic subjects during in vivo rhinovirus infection failed to reach statistical significance. Fractalkine may be involved in both immunopathological and anti-viral immune responses to rhinovirus infection. Further investigation into how fractalkine is regulated across different cell types and into the effect of stimulation including rhinovirus infection is warranted to better understand the precise role of this unique dual adhesion factor and chemokine in immune cell recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Upton
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Jackson
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra A. Nikonova
- NRC institute of Immunology FMBA, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russian Federation
- * E-mail:
| | - Suzie Hingley-Wilson
- Respiratory Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Musa Khaitov
- NRC institute of Immunology FMBA, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Ajerico del Rosario
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Traub
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria-Belen Trujillo-Torralbo
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Max Habibi
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Respiratory Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah L. Elkin
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Onn M. Kon
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael R. Edwards
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Mallia
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Footitt
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Macintyre
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Luminita A. Stanciu
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian L. Johnston
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Annemarie Sykes
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
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