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Dando O, McGeachan R, McQueen J, Baxter P, Rockley N, McAlister H, Prasad A, He X, King D, Rose J, Jones PB, Tulloch J, Chandran S, Smith C, Hardingham G, Spires-Jones TL. Synaptic gene expression changes in frontotemporal dementia due to the MAPT 10+16 mutation. medRxiv 2024:2024.04.09.24305501. [PMID: 38645146 PMCID: PMC11030522 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.09.24305501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Mutations in the MAPT gene encoding tau protein can cause autosomal dominant neurodegenerative tauopathies including frontotemporal dementia (often with Parkinsonism). In Alzheimer's disease, the most common tauopathy, synapse loss is the strongest pathological correlate of cognitive decline. Recently, PET imaging with synaptic tracers revealed clinically relevant loss of synapses in primary tauopathies; however, the molecular mechanisms leading to synapse degeneration in primary tauopathies remain largely unknown. In this study, we examined post-mortem brain tissue from people who died with frontotemporal dementia with tau pathology (FTDtau) caused by the MAPT intronic exon 10+16 mutation, which increases splice variants containing exon 10 resulting in higher levels of tau with four microtubule binding domains. We used RNA sequencing and histopathology to examine temporal cortex and visual cortex, to look for molecular phenotypes compared to age, sex, and RNA integrity matched participants who died without neurological disease (n=12 per group). Bulk tissue RNA sequencing reveals substantial downregulation of gene expression associated with synaptic function. Upregulated biological pathways in human MAPT 10+16 brain included those involved in transcriptional regulation, DNA damage response, and neuroinflammation. Histopathology confirmed increased pathological tau accumulation in FTDtau cortex as well as a loss of presynaptic protein staining, and region-specific increased colocalization of phospho-tau with synapses in temporal cortex. Our data indicate that synaptic pathology likely contributes to pathogenesis in FTDtau caused by the MAPT 10+16 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen Dando
- UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Robert McGeachan
- UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie McQueen
- UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Baxter
- UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Nathan Rockley
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah McAlister
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Adharsh Prasad
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Xin He
- UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Declan King
- UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie Rose
- UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jane Tulloch
- UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Siddharthan Chandran
- UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Smith
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Giles Hardingham
- UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Tara L Spires-Jones
- UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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2
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Colom-Cadena M, Toombs J, Simzer E, Holt K, McGeachan R, Tulloch J, Jackson RJ, Catterson JH, Spires-Jones MP, Rose J, Waybright L, Caggiano AO, King D, Gobbo F, Davies C, Hooley M, Dunnett S, Tempelaar R, Meftah S, Tzioras M, Hamby ME, Izzo NJ, Catalano SM, Durrant CS, Smith C, Dando O, Spires-Jones TL. Transmembrane protein 97 is a potential synaptic amyloid beta receptor in human Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2024; 147:32. [PMID: 38319380 PMCID: PMC10847197 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-023-02679-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Synapse loss correlates with cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease, and soluble oligomeric amyloid beta (Aβ) is implicated in synaptic dysfunction and loss. An important knowledge gap is the lack of understanding of how Aβ leads to synapse degeneration. In particular, there has been difficulty in determining whether there is a synaptic receptor that binds Aβ and mediates toxicity. While many candidates have been observed in model systems, their relevance to human AD brain remains unknown. This is in part due to methodological limitations preventing visualization of Aβ binding at individual synapses. To overcome this limitation, we combined two high resolution microscopy techniques: array tomography and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) to image over 1 million individual synaptic terminals in temporal cortex from AD (n = 11) and control cases (n = 9). Within presynapses and post-synaptic densities, oligomeric Aβ generates a FRET signal with transmembrane protein 97. Further, Aβ generates a FRET signal with cellular prion protein, and post-synaptic density 95 within post synapses. Transmembrane protein 97 is also present in a higher proportion of post synapses in Alzheimer's brain compared to controls. We inhibited Aβ/transmembrane protein 97 interaction in a mouse model of amyloidopathy by treating with the allosteric modulator CT1812. CT1812 drug concentration correlated negatively with synaptic FRET signal between transmembrane protein 97 and Aβ. In human-induced pluripotent stem cell derived neurons, transmembrane protein 97 is present in synapses and colocalizes with Aβ when neurons are challenged with human Alzheimer's brain homogenate. Transcriptional changes are induced by Aβ including changes in genes involved in neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. CT1812 treatment of these neurons caused changes in gene sets involved in synaptic function. These data support a role for transmembrane protein 97 in the synaptic binding of Aβ in human Alzheimer's disease brain where it may mediate synaptotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martí Colom-Cadena
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Jamie Toombs
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Elizabeth Simzer
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Kristjan Holt
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Robert McGeachan
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Jane Tulloch
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Rosemary J Jackson
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - James H Catterson
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Maxwell P Spires-Jones
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Jamie Rose
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | | | | | - Declan King
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Francesco Gobbo
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Caitlin Davies
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Monique Hooley
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Sophie Dunnett
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Robert Tempelaar
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Soraya Meftah
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Makis Tzioras
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
- Scottish Brain Sciences, Edinburgh, EH12 9DQ, UK
| | - Mary E Hamby
- Cognition Therapeutics Inc., Pittsburgh, PA, 15203, USA
| | | | | | - Claire S Durrant
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Colin Smith
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences and Sudden Death Brain Bank, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4HB, UK
| | - Owen Dando
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Tara L Spires-Jones
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK.
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Askew KE, Beverley J, Sigfridsson E, Szymkowiak S, Emelianova K, Dando O, Hardingham GE, Duncombe J, Hennessy E, Koudelka J, Samarasekera N, Salman RAS, Smith C, Tavares AAS, Gomez-Nicola D, Kalaria RN, McColl BW, Horsburgh K. Inhibiting CSF1R alleviates cerebrovascular white matter disease and cognitive impairment. Glia 2024; 72:375-395. [PMID: 37909242 PMCID: PMC10952452 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
White matter abnormalities, related to poor cerebral perfusion, are a core feature of small vessel cerebrovascular disease, and critical determinants of vascular cognitive impairment and dementia. Despite this importance there is a lack of treatment options. Proliferation of microglia producing an expanded, reactive population and associated neuroinflammatory alterations have been implicated in the onset and progression of cerebrovascular white matter disease, in patients and in animal models, suggesting that targeting microglial proliferation may exert protection. Colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF1R) is a key regulator of microglial proliferation. We found that the expression of CSF1R/Csf1r and other markers indicative of increased microglial abundance are significantly elevated in damaged white matter in human cerebrovascular disease and in a clinically relevant mouse model of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion and vascular cognitive impairment. Using the mouse model, we investigated long-term pharmacological CSF1R inhibition, via GW2580, and demonstrated that the expansion of microglial numbers in chronic hypoperfused white matter is prevented. Transcriptomic analysis of hypoperfused white matter tissue showed enrichment of microglial and inflammatory gene sets, including phagocytic genes that were the predominant expression modules modified by CSF1R inhibition. Further, CSF1R inhibition attenuated hypoperfusion-induced white matter pathology and rescued spatial learning impairments and to a lesser extent cognitive flexibility. Overall, this work suggests that inhibition of CSF1R and microglial proliferation mediates protection against chronic cerebrovascular white matter pathology and cognitive deficits. Our study nominates CSF1R as a target for the treatment of vascular cognitive disorders with broader implications for treatment of other chronic white matter diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine E Askew
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Joshua Beverley
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Emma Sigfridsson
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Stefan Szymkowiak
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Katherine Emelianova
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Owen Dando
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Giles E Hardingham
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jessica Duncombe
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Edel Hennessy
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Juraj Koudelka
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Neshika Samarasekera
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences and Sudden Death Brain Bank, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rustam Al-Shahi Salman
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences and Sudden Death Brain Bank, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Colin Smith
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences and Sudden Death Brain Bank, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Adriana A S Tavares
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Diego Gomez-Nicola
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Raj N Kalaria
- Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Barry W McColl
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Karen Horsburgh
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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4
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Jiwaji Z, Márkus NM, McQueen J, Emelianova K, He X, Dando O, Chandran S, Hardingham GE. General anesthesia alters CNS and astrocyte expression of activity-dependent and activity-independent genes. Front Netw Physiol 2023; 3:1216366. [PMID: 37670849 PMCID: PMC10476527 DOI: 10.3389/fnetp.2023.1216366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
General anesthesia represents a common clinical intervention and yet can result in long-term adverse CNS effects particularly in the elderly or dementia patients. Suppression of cortical activity is a key feature of the anesthetic-induced unconscious state, with activity being a well-described regulator of pathways important for brain health. However, the extent to which the effects of anesthesia go beyond simple suppression of neuronal activity is incompletely understood. We found that general anesthesia lowered cortical expression of genes induced by physiological activity in vivo, and recapitulated additional patterns of gene regulation induced by total blockade of firing activity in vitro, including repression of neuroprotective genes and induction of pro-apoptotic genes. However, the influence of anesthesia extended beyond that which could be accounted for by activity modulation, including the induction of non activity-regulated genes associated with inflammation and cell death. We next focused on astrocytes, important integrators of both neuronal activity and inflammatory signaling. General anesthesia triggered gene expression changes consistent with astrocytes being in a low-activity environment, but additionally caused induction of a reactive profile, with transcriptional changes enriched in those triggered by stroke, neuroinflammation, and Aß/tau pathology. Thus, while the effects of general anesthesia on cortical gene expression are consistent with the strong repression of brain activity, further deleterious effects are apparent including a reactive astrocyte profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoeb Jiwaji
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Edinburgh Medical School, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Usher Institute, Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Nóra M. Márkus
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Edinburgh Medical School, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie McQueen
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Edinburgh Medical School, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Katie Emelianova
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Edinburgh Medical School, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Xin He
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Edinburgh Medical School, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Owen Dando
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Edinburgh Medical School, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Siddharthan Chandran
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Edinburgh Medical School, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Giles E. Hardingham
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Edinburgh Medical School, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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5
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Baxter PS, Dando O, Hardingham GE. Differential splicing choices made by neurons and astrocytes and their importance when investigating signal-dependent alternative splicing in neural cells. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1214439. [PMID: 37465362 PMCID: PMC10350517 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1214439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of proteins can be encoded by a single gene via the differential splicing of exons. In neurons this form of alternative splicing can be controlled by activity-dependent calcium signaling, leading to the properties of proteins being altered, including ion channels, neurotransmitter receptors and synaptic cell adhesion molecules. The pre-synaptic cell adhesion molecule Neurexin 1 (Nrxn1) is alternatively spliced at splice-site 4 (SS4) which governs exon 22 inclusion (SS4+) and consequently postsynaptic NMDA receptor responses. Nrxn1 was reported to be subject to a delayed-onset shift in Nrxn1 SS4 splicing resulting in increased exon 22 inclusion, involving epigenetic mechanisms which, if disrupted, reduce memory stability. Exon inclusion at SS4 represented one of hundreds of exons reported to be subject to a genome-wide shift in fractional exon inclusion following membrane depolarization with high extracellular K+ that was delayed in onset. We report that high K+ does not increase the SS4+/SS4- ratio in cortical neurons, but does induce a delayed-onset NMDA receptor-dependent neuronal death. In mixed neuronal/astrocyte cultures this neuronal death results in an increase in the astrocyte: neuron ratio, and a misleading increase in SS4+/SS4- ratio attributable to astrocytes having a far higher SS4+/SS4- ratio than neurons, rather than any change in the neurons themselves. We reassessed the previously reported genome-wide delayed-onset shift in fractional exon inclusion after high K+ exposure. This revealed that the reported changes correlated strongly with differences in exon inclusion level between astrocytes and neurons, and was accompanied by a strong decrease in the ratio of neuron-specific: astrocyte-specific gene expression. As such, these changes can be explained by the neurotoxic nature of the stimulation paradigm, underlining the importance of NMDA receptor blockade when using high K+ depolarizing stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S. Baxter
- Edinburgh Medical School, UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Owen Dando
- Edinburgh Medical School, UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Giles E. Hardingham
- Edinburgh Medical School, UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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6
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Molina-Gonzalez I, Holloway RK, Jiwaji Z, Dando O, Kent SA, Emelianova K, Lloyd AF, Forbes LH, Mahmood A, Skripuletz T, Gudi V, Febery JA, Johnson JA, Fowler JH, Kuhlmann T, Williams A, Chandran S, Stangel M, Howden AJM, Hardingham GE, Miron VE. Astrocyte-oligodendrocyte interaction regulates central nervous system regeneration. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3372. [PMID: 37291151 PMCID: PMC10250470 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39046-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Failed regeneration of myelin around neuronal axons following central nervous system damage contributes to nerve dysfunction and clinical decline in various neurological conditions, for which there is an unmet therapeutic demand. Here, we show that interaction between glial cells - astrocytes and mature myelin-forming oligodendrocytes - is a determinant of remyelination. Using in vivo/ ex vivo/ in vitro rodent models, unbiased RNA sequencing, functional manipulation, and human brain lesion analyses, we discover that astrocytes support the survival of regenerating oligodendrocytes, via downregulation of the Nrf2 pathway associated with increased astrocytic cholesterol biosynthesis pathway activation. Remyelination fails following sustained astrocytic Nrf2 activation in focally-lesioned male mice yet is restored by either cholesterol biosynthesis/efflux stimulation, or Nrf2 inhibition using the existing therapeutic Luteolin. We identify that astrocyte-oligodendrocyte interaction regulates remyelination, and reveal a drug strategy for central nervous system regeneration centred on targeting this interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Molina-Gonzalez
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
- United Kingdom Multiple Sclerosis Society Edinburgh Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
- Center for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Rebecca K Holloway
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
- United Kingdom Multiple Sclerosis Society Edinburgh Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
- Center for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Zoeb Jiwaji
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
- Center for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Owen Dando
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
- Center for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Sarah A Kent
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
- United Kingdom Multiple Sclerosis Society Edinburgh Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
- Center for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
- Wellcome Trust Translational Neuroscience PhD programme, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Katie Emelianova
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
- Center for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Amy F Lloyd
- Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Lindsey H Forbes
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
- United Kingdom Multiple Sclerosis Society Edinburgh Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
- Center for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Ayisha Mahmood
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
- United Kingdom Multiple Sclerosis Society Edinburgh Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
- Center for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Thomas Skripuletz
- Department of Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, 30625, Germany
| | - Viktoria Gudi
- Department of Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, 30625, Germany
| | - James A Febery
- Center for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Jeffrey A Johnson
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Centre, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- Waisman Centre, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Jill H Fowler
- Center for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Tanja Kuhlmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, D-48129, Germany
| | - Anna Williams
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
- United Kingdom Multiple Sclerosis Society Edinburgh Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 5UU, UK
| | - Siddharthan Chandran
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
- United Kingdom Multiple Sclerosis Society Edinburgh Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Martin Stangel
- Department of Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, 30625, Germany
| | - Andrew J M Howden
- Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Giles E Hardingham
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
- United Kingdom Multiple Sclerosis Society Edinburgh Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
- Center for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Veronique E Miron
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.
- United Kingdom Multiple Sclerosis Society Edinburgh Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.
- Center for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.
- BARLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre, St.Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada.
- Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research at St.Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5B 1T8, Canada.
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
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7
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King D, Holt K, Toombs J, He X, Dando O, Okely JA, Tzioras M, Rose J, Gunn C, Correia A, Montero C, McAlister H, Tulloch J, Lamont D, Taylor AM, Harris SE, Redmond P, Cox SR, Henstridge CM, Deary IJ, Smith C, Spires-Jones TL. Synaptic resilience is associated with maintained cognition during ageing. Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19:2560-2574. [PMID: 36547260 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It remains unclear why age increases risk of Alzheimer's disease and why some people experience age-related cognitive decline in the absence of dementia. Here we test the hypothesis that resilience to molecular changes in synapses contribute to healthy cognitive ageing. METHODS We examined post-mortem brain tissue from people in mid-life (n = 15), healthy ageing with either maintained cognition (n = 9) or lifetime cognitive decline (n = 8), and Alzheimer's disease (n = 13). Synapses were examined with high resolution imaging, proteomics, and RNA sequencing. Stem cell-derived neurons were challenged with Alzheimer's brain homogenate. RESULTS Synaptic pathology increased, and expression of genes involved in synaptic signaling decreased between mid-life, healthy ageing and Alzheimer's. In contrast, brain tissue and neurons from people with maintained cognition during ageing exhibited decreases in synaptic signaling genes compared to people with cognitive decline. DISCUSSION Efficient synaptic networks without pathological protein accumulation may contribute to maintained cognition during ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Declan King
- UK Dementia Research Institute and Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kris Holt
- UK Dementia Research Institute and Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jamie Toombs
- UK Dementia Research Institute and Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Xin He
- UK Dementia Research Institute and Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Owen Dando
- UK Dementia Research Institute and Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Judith A Okely
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Makis Tzioras
- UK Dementia Research Institute and Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jamie Rose
- UK Dementia Research Institute and Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ciaran Gunn
- UK Dementia Research Institute and Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Adele Correia
- UK Dementia Research Institute and Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Carmen Montero
- UK Dementia Research Institute and Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Hannah McAlister
- UK Dementia Research Institute and Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jane Tulloch
- UK Dementia Research Institute and Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Douglas Lamont
- FingerPrints Proteomics Facility, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Adele M Taylor
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sarah E Harris
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Paul Redmond
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Simon R Cox
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Ian J Deary
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Colin Smith
- Neuropathology, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tara L Spires-Jones
- UK Dementia Research Institute and Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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8
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Yang Y, Booker SA, Clegg JM, Quintana-Urzainqui I, Sumera A, Kozic Z, Dando O, Martin Lorenzo S, Herault Y, Kind PC, Price DJ, Pratt T. Identifying foetal forebrain interneurons as a target for monogenic autism risk factors and the polygenic 16p11.2 microdeletion. BMC Neurosci 2023; 24:5. [PMID: 36658491 PMCID: PMC9850541 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-022-00771-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum condition or 'autism' is associated with numerous genetic risk factors including the polygenic 16p11.2 microdeletion. The balance between excitatory and inhibitory neurons in the cerebral cortex is hypothesised to be critical for the aetiology of autism making improved understanding of how risk factors impact on the development of these cells an important area of research. In the current study we aim to combine bioinformatics analysis of human foetal cerebral cortex gene expression data with anatomical and electrophysiological analysis of a 16p11.2+/- rat model to investigate how genetic risk factors impact on inhibitory neuron development. METHODS We performed bioinformatics analysis of single cell transcriptomes from gestational week (GW) 8-26 human foetal prefrontal cortex and anatomical and electrophysiological analysis of 16p11.2+/- rat cerebral cortex and hippocampus at post-natal day (P) 21. RESULTS We identified a subset of human interneurons (INs) first appearing at GW23 with enriched expression of a large fraction of risk factor transcripts including those expressed from the 16p11.2 locus. This suggests the hypothesis that these foetal INs are vulnerable to mutations causing autism. We investigated this in a rat model of the 16p11.2 microdeletion. We found no change in the numbers or position of either excitatory or inhibitory neurons in the somatosensory cortex or CA1 of 16p11.2+/- rats but found that CA1 Sst INs were hyperexcitable with an enlarged axon initial segment, which was not the case for CA1 pyramidal cells. LIMITATIONS The human foetal gene expression data was acquired from cerebral cortex between gestational week (GW) 8 to 26. We cannot draw inferences about potential vulnerabilities to genetic autism risk factors for cells not present in the developing cerebral cortex at these stages. The analysis 16p11.2+/- rat phenotypes reported in the current study was restricted to 3-week old (P21) animals around the time of weaning and to a single interneuron cell-type while in human 16p11.2 microdeletion carriers symptoms likely involve multiple cell types and manifest in the first few years of life and on into adulthood. CONCLUSIONS We have identified developing interneurons in human foetal cerebral cortex as potentially vulnerable to monogenic autism risk factors and the 16p11.2 microdeletion and report interneuron phenotypes in post-natal 16p11.2+/- rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Yang
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, The University of Edinburgh, 15 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, United Kingdom.,Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, 15 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, United Kingdom.,Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Sam A Booker
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, The University of Edinburgh, 15 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, United Kingdom.,Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, 15 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, United Kingdom
| | - James M Clegg
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, The University of Edinburgh, 15 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, United Kingdom.,Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, 15 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, United Kingdom
| | - Idoia Quintana-Urzainqui
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, The University of Edinburgh, 15 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, United Kingdom.,Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, 15 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, United Kingdom.,Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69012, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Sumera
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, The University of Edinburgh, 15 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, United Kingdom.,Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, 15 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, United Kingdom
| | - Zrinko Kozic
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, The University of Edinburgh, 15 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, United Kingdom.,Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, 15 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, United Kingdom
| | - Owen Dando
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, The University of Edinburgh, 15 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, United Kingdom.,Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, 15 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, United Kingdom
| | - Sandra Martin Lorenzo
- CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, IGBMC, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404, Illkirch, France
| | - Yann Herault
- CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, IGBMC, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404, Illkirch, France
| | - Peter C Kind
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, The University of Edinburgh, 15 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, United Kingdom.,Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, 15 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, United Kingdom
| | - David J Price
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, The University of Edinburgh, 15 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, United Kingdom.,Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, 15 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Pratt
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, The University of Edinburgh, 15 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, United Kingdom. .,Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, 15 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, United Kingdom.
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9
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Seo SS, Louros SR, Anstey N, Gonzalez-Lozano MA, Harper CB, Verity NC, Dando O, Thomson SR, Darnell JC, Kind PC, Li KW, Osterweil EK. Excess ribosomal protein production unbalances translation in a model of Fragile X Syndrome. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3236. [PMID: 35688821 PMCID: PMC9187743 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30979-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated protein synthesis is a core pathogenic mechanism in Fragile X Syndrome (FX). The mGluR Theory of FX predicts that pathological synaptic changes arise from the excessive translation of mRNAs downstream of mGlu1/5 activation. Here, we use a combination of CA1 pyramidal neuron-specific TRAP-seq and proteomics to identify the overtranslating mRNAs supporting exaggerated mGlu1/5 -induced long-term synaptic depression (mGluR-LTD) in the FX mouse model (Fmr1−/y). Our results identify a significant increase in the translation of ribosomal proteins (RPs) upon mGlu1/5 stimulation that coincides with a reduced translation of long mRNAs encoding synaptic proteins. These changes are mimicked and occluded in Fmr1−/y neurons. Inhibiting RP translation significantly impairs mGluR-LTD and prevents the length-dependent shift in the translating population. Together, these results suggest that pathological changes in FX result from a length-dependent alteration in the translating population that is supported by excessive RP translation. Dysregulated protein synthesis is key contributor to Fragile X syndrome. Here the authors identify a relationship between ribosome expression and the translation of long mRNAs that contributes to synaptic weakening in a model of Fragile X syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang S Seo
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Susana R Louros
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Natasha Anstey
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Miguel A Gonzalez-Lozano
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Callista B Harper
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nicholas C Verity
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Owen Dando
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sophie R Thomson
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jennifer C Darnell
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Peter C Kind
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ka Wan Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Emily K Osterweil
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. .,Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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10
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Elliott E, Gregory JM, Dando O, McDade K, Smith C, Chandran S. Unique inflammatory transcriptional profiles distinguish between sALS cases of long and short disease duration. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2022. [DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2022-abn.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is incurable, progressively fatal and a highly heterogeneous neuro- degenerative disease. Significant variation exists across the phenotypic presentation and genetic back- ground of the condition. The identification of TDP-43 protein aggregates as a pathological hallmark of ALS has established the condition as a proteinopathy. As TDP-43 is ubiquitously expressed and regulates transcription and splicing, understanding the transcriptional profiles associated with distinct ALS clinical phenotypes, particularly those associated with neuro-resilience, is a critical yet understudied area. We carried out transcriptional profiling on motor cortex samples from a cohort of sporadic ALS cases to determine the transcriptional signatures associated with long and short disease duration. Bioinformatic gene ontology analyses identified unique inflammatory transcriptional profiles associated with these extreme disease phenotypes. Our data demonstrate that inflammatory pathway dysregulation can dis- tinguish between phenotypic extremes in ALS. Characterising the molecular profile of clinically heteroge- neous cases provides vital insight in to the underlying pathophysiology of the condition. Understanding the molecular basis of factors which confer neuro-resilience will facilitate the development of targeted disease therapies. The ability to distinguish between molecular subtypes of ALS will enable the stratifica- tion of future trials to test these therapies and also to advance disease prognostication. 17e.elliott@ed.ac.uk
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11
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Al-Mubarak BR, Bell KFS, Chowdhry S, Meakin PJ, Baxter PS, McKay S, Dando O, Ashford MLJ, Gazaryan I, Hayes JD, Hardingham GE. Non-canonical Keap1-independent activation of Nrf2 in astrocytes by mild oxidative stress. Redox Biol 2021; 47:102158. [PMID: 34626892 PMCID: PMC8512624 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Nrf2 is a stress-responsive master regulator of antioxidant, detoxification and proteostasis genes. In astrocytes, Nrf2-dependent gene expression drives cell-autonomous cytoprotection and also non-cell-autonomous protection of nearby neurons, and can ameliorate pathology in several acute and chronic neurological disorders associated with oxidative stress. However, the value of astrocytic Nrf2 as a therapeutic target depends in part on whether Nrf2 activation by disease-associated oxidative stress occludes the effect of any Nrf2-activating drug. Nrf2 activation classically involves the inhibition of interactions between Nrf2's Neh2 domain and Keap1, which directs Nrf2 degradation. Keap1 inhibition is mediated by the modification of cysteine residues on Keap1, and can be triggered by electrophilic small molecules such as tBHQ. Here we show that astrocytic Nrf2 activation by oxidative stress involves Keap1-independent non-canonical signaling. Keap1 deficiency elevates basal Nrf2 target gene expression in astrocytes and occludes the effects of tBHQ, oxidative stress still induced strong Nrf2-dependent gene expression in Keap1-deficient astrocytes. Moreover, while tBHQ prevented protein degradation mediated via Nrf2's Neh2 domain, oxidative stress did not, consistent with a Keap1-independent mechanism. Moreover the effects of oxidative stress and tBHQ on Nrf2 target gene expression are additive, not occlusive. Mechanistically, oxidative stress enhances the transactivation potential of Nrf2's Neh5 domain in a manner dependent on its Cys-191 residue. Thus, astrocytic Nrf2 activation by oxidative stress involves Keap1-independent non-canonical signaling, meaning that further Nrf2 activation by Keap1-inhibiting drugs may be a viable therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashayer R Al-Mubarak
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK; Behavioral Genetics Unit, Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, P.O Box 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Karen F S Bell
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Sudhir Chowdhry
- Biomedical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Paul J Meakin
- Discovery & Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK; Division of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Paul S Baxter
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, Edinburgh Medical School, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Sean McKay
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, Edinburgh Medical School, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Owen Dando
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, Edinburgh Medical School, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Michael L J Ashford
- Division of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Irina Gazaryan
- Department of Chemistry and Physical Sciences, Dyson College of Arts and Sciences, Pace University, Pleasantville, NY, 10570, USA
| | - John D Hayes
- Biomedical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Giles E Hardingham
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, Edinburgh Medical School, EH16 4SB, UK.
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12
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Davies FCJ, Hope JE, McLachlan F, Marshall GF, Kaminioti-Dumont L, Qarkaxhija V, Nunez F, Dando O, Smith C, Wood E, MacDonald J, Hardt O, Abbott CM. Recapitulation of the EEF1A2 D252H neurodevelopmental disorder-causing missense mutation in mice reveals a toxic gain of function. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 29:1592-1606. [PMID: 32160274 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous de novo mutations in EEF1A2, encoding the tissue-specific translation elongation factor eEF1A2, have been shown to cause neurodevelopmental disorders including often severe epilepsy and intellectual disability. The mutational profile is unusual; ~50 different missense mutations have been identified but no obvious loss of function mutations, though large heterozygous deletions are known to be compatible with life. A key question is whether the heterozygous missense mutations operate through haploinsufficiency or a gain of function mechanism, an important prerequisite for design of therapeutic strategies. In order both to address this question and to provide a novel model for neurodevelopmental disorders resulting from mutations in EEF1A2, we created a new mouse model of the D252H mutation. This mutation causes the eEF1A2 protein to be expressed at lower levels in brain but higher in muscle in the mice. We compared both heterozygous and homozygous D252H and null mutant mice using behavioural and motor phenotyping alongside molecular modelling and analysis of binding partners. Although the proteomic analysis pointed to a loss of function for the D252H mutant protein, the D252H homozygous mice were more severely affected than null homozygotes on the same genetic background. Mice that are heterozygous for the missense mutation show no behavioural abnormalities but do have sex-specific deficits in body mass and motor function. The phenotyping of our novel mouse lines, together with analysis of molecular modelling and interacting proteins, suggest that the D252H mutation results in a gain of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith C J Davies
- Centre for Genomic & Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom.,Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, United Kingdom
| | - Jilly E Hope
- Centre for Genomic & Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona McLachlan
- Centre for Genomic & Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Grant F Marshall
- Centre for Genomic & Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Kaminioti-Dumont
- Centre for Genomic & Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Vesa Qarkaxhija
- Centre for Genomic & Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Francis Nunez
- Centre for Genomic & Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Owen Dando
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, United Kingdom.,Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Smith
- Academic Department of Neuropathology, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Wood
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, United Kingdom.,Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, United Kingdom
| | - Josephine MacDonald
- Centre for Genomic & Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Hardt
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, United Kingdom.,Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Catherine M Abbott
- Centre for Genomic & Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom.,Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, United Kingdom
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13
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King D, Skehel PA, Dando O, Emelianova K, Barron R, Wishart TM. Microarray profiling emphasizes transcriptomic differences between hippocampal in vivo tissue and in vitro cultures. Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcab152. [PMID: 34396110 PMCID: PMC8361418 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary hippocampal cell cultures are routinely used as an experimentally accessible model platform for the hippocampus and brain tissue in general. Containing multiple cell types including neurons, astrocytes and microglia in a state that can be readily analysed optically, biochemically and electrophysiologically, such cultures have been used in many in vitro studies. To what extent the in vivo environment is recapitulated in primary cultures is an on-going question. Here, we compare the transcriptomic profiles of primary hippocampal cell cultures and intact hippocampal tissue. In addition, by comparing profiles from wild type and the PrP 101LL transgenic model of prion disease, we also demonstrate that gene conservation is predominantly conserved across genetically altered lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Declan King
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Paul A Skehel
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Owen Dando
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Katie Emelianova
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Rona Barron
- School of Health Sciences, Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh EH21 6UU, UK
| | - Thomas M Wishart
- College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
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14
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Baxter PS, Dando O, Emelianova K, He X, McKay S, Hardingham GE, Qiu J. Microglial identity and inflammatory responses are controlled by the combined effects of neurons and astrocytes. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108882. [PMID: 33761343 PMCID: PMC7994374 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, brain-resident macrophages, require instruction from the CNS microenvironment to maintain their identity and morphology and regulate inflammatory responses, although what mediates this is unclear. Here, we show that neurons and astrocytes cooperate to promote microglial ramification, induce expression of microglial signature genes ordinarily lost in vitro and in age and disease in vivo, and repress infection- and injury-associated gene sets. The influence of neurons and astrocytes separately on microglia is weak, indicative of synergies between these cell types, which exert their effects via a mechanism involving transforming growth factor β2 (TGF-β2) signaling. Neurons and astrocytes also combine to provide immunomodulatory cues, repressing primed microglial responses to weak inflammatory stimuli (without affecting maximal responses) and consequently limiting the feedback effects of inflammation on the neurons and astrocytes themselves. These findings explain why microglia isolated ex vivo undergo de-differentiation and inflammatory deregulation and point to how disease- and age-associated changes may be counteracted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Baxter
- UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK; Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Owen Dando
- UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK; Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Katie Emelianova
- UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK; Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Xin He
- UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK; Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Sean McKay
- UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK; Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Giles E Hardingham
- UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK; Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.
| | - Jing Qiu
- UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK; Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.
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15
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Perkins EM, Burr K, Banerjee P, Mehta AR, Dando O, Selvaraj BT, Suminaite D, Nanda J, Henstridge CM, Gillingwater TH, Hardingham GE, Wyllie DJA, Chandran S, Livesey MR. Altered network properties in C9ORF72 repeat expansion cortical neurons are due to synaptic dysfunction. Mol Neurodegener 2021; 16:13. [PMID: 33663561 PMCID: PMC7931347 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-021-00433-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physiological disturbances in cortical network excitability and plasticity are established and widespread in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) patients, including those harbouring the C9ORF72 repeat expansion (C9ORF72RE) mutation - the most common genetic impairment causal to ALS and FTD. Noting that perturbations in cortical function are evidenced pre-symptomatically, and that the cortex is associated with widespread pathology, cortical dysfunction is thought to be an early driver of neurodegenerative disease progression. However, our understanding of how altered network function manifests at the cellular and molecular level is not clear. METHODS To address this we have generated cortical neurons from patient-derived iPSCs harbouring C9ORF72RE mutations, as well as from their isogenic expansion-corrected controls. We have established a model of network activity in these neurons using multi-electrode array electrophysiology. We have then mechanistically examined the physiological processes underpinning network dysfunction using a combination of patch-clamp electrophysiology, immunocytochemistry, pharmacology and transcriptomic profiling. RESULTS We find that C9ORF72RE causes elevated network burst activity, associated with enhanced synaptic input, yet lower burst duration, attributable to impaired pre-synaptic vesicle dynamics. We also show that the C9ORF72RE is associated with impaired synaptic plasticity. Moreover, RNA-seq analysis revealed dysregulated molecular pathways impacting on synaptic function. All molecular, cellular and network deficits are rescued by CRISPR/Cas9 correction of C9ORF72RE. Our study provides a mechanistic view of the early dysregulated processes that underpin cortical network dysfunction in ALS-FTD. CONCLUSION These findings suggest synaptic pathophysiology is widespread in ALS-FTD and has an early and fundamental role in driving altered network function that is thought to contribute to neurodegenerative processes in these patients. The overall importance is the identification of previously unidentified defects in pre and postsynaptic compartments affecting synaptic plasticity, synaptic vesicle stores, and network propagation, which directly impact upon cortical function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma M. Perkins
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB UK
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD UK
| | - Karen Burr
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB UK
| | - Poulomi Banerjee
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB UK
| | - Arpan R. Mehta
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB UK
| | - Owen Dando
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB UK
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD UK
| | - Bhuvaneish T. Selvaraj
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB UK
| | - Daumante Suminaite
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD UK
| | - Jyoti Nanda
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB UK
| | - Christopher M. Henstridge
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB UK
- Division of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY UK
| | - Thomas H. Gillingwater
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB UK
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD UK
| | - Giles E. Hardingham
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB UK
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD UK
| | - David J. A. Wyllie
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD UK
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD UK
- Centre for Brain Development and Repair, inStem, Bangalore, 560065 India
| | - Siddharthan Chandran
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB UK
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD UK
- Centre for Brain Development and Repair, inStem, Bangalore, 560065 India
| | - Matthew R. Livesey
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB UK
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD UK
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD UK
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2HQ UK
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16
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Baxter PS, Márkus NM, Dando O, He X, Al-Mubarak BR, Qiu J, Hardingham GE. Targeted de-repression of neuronal Nrf2 inhibits α-synuclein accumulation. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:218. [PMID: 33637689 PMCID: PMC7910424 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03507-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Many neurodegenerative diseases are associated with neuronal misfolded protein accumulation, indicating a need for proteostasis-promoting strategies. Here we show that de-repressing the transcription factor Nrf2, epigenetically shut-off in early neuronal development, can prevent protein aggregate accumulation. Using a paradigm of α-synuclein accumulation and clearance, we find that the classical electrophilic Nrf2 activator tBHQ promotes endogenous Nrf2-dependent α-synuclein clearance in astrocytes, but not cortical neurons, which mount no Nrf2-dependent transcriptional response. Moreover, due to neuronal Nrf2 shut-off and consequent weak antioxidant defences, electrophilic tBHQ actually induces oxidative neurotoxicity, via Nrf2-independent Jun induction. However, we find that epigenetic de-repression of neuronal Nrf2 enables them to respond to Nrf2 activators to drive α-synuclein clearance. Moreover, activation of neuronal Nrf2 expression using gRNA-targeted dCas9-based transcriptional activation complexes is sufficient to trigger Nrf2-dependent α-synuclein clearance. Thus, targeting reversal of the developmental shut-off of Nrf2 in forebrain neurons may alter neurodegenerative disease trajectory by boosting proteostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Baxter
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Nóra M Márkus
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Owen Dando
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Xin He
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Bashayer R Al-Mubarak
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jing Qiu
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Giles E Hardingham
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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17
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Mehta AR, Gregory JM, Dando O, Carter RN, Burr K, Nanda J, Story D, McDade K, Smith C, Morton NM, Mahad DJ, Hardingham GE, Chandran S, Selvaraj BT. Mitochondrial bioenergetic deficits in C9orf72 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis motor neurons cause dysfunctional axonal homeostasis. Acta Neuropathol 2021; 141:257-279. [PMID: 33398403 PMCID: PMC7847443 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-020-02252-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Axonal dysfunction is a common phenotype in neurodegenerative disorders, including in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), where the key pathological cell-type, the motor neuron (MN), has an axon extending up to a metre long. The maintenance of axonal function is a highly energy-demanding process, raising the question of whether MN cellular energetics is perturbed in ALS, and whether its recovery promotes axonal rescue. To address this, we undertook cellular and molecular interrogation of multiple patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cell lines and patient autopsy samples harbouring the most common ALS causing mutation, C9orf72. Using paired mutant and isogenic expansion-corrected controls, we show that C9orf72 MNs have shorter axons, impaired fast axonal transport of mitochondrial cargo, and altered mitochondrial bioenergetic function. RNAseq revealed reduced gene expression of mitochondrially encoded electron transport chain transcripts, with neuropathological analysis of C9orf72-ALS post-mortem tissue importantly confirming selective dysregulation of the mitochondrially encoded transcripts in ventral horn spinal MNs, but not in corresponding dorsal horn sensory neurons, with findings reflected at the protein level. Mitochondrial DNA copy number was unaltered, both in vitro and in human post-mortem tissue. Genetic manipulation of mitochondrial biogenesis in C9orf72 MNs corrected the bioenergetic deficit and also rescued the axonal length and transport phenotypes. Collectively, our data show that loss of mitochondrial function is a key mediator of axonal dysfunction in C9orf72-ALS, and that boosting MN bioenergetics is sufficient to restore axonal homeostasis, opening new potential therapeutic strategies for ALS that target mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpan R Mehta
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh bioQuarter, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jenna M Gregory
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh bioQuarter, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- MRC Edinburgh Brain Bank, Academic Department of Neuropathology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Edinburgh Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Owen Dando
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh bioQuarter, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Roderick N Carter
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Karen Burr
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh bioQuarter, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jyoti Nanda
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh bioQuarter, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David Story
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh bioQuarter, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Karina McDade
- MRC Edinburgh Brain Bank, Academic Department of Neuropathology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Colin Smith
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- MRC Edinburgh Brain Bank, Academic Department of Neuropathology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Edinburgh Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nicholas M Morton
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Don J Mahad
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Giles E Hardingham
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh bioQuarter, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Siddharthan Chandran
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh bioQuarter, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Centre for Brain Development and Repair, inStem, Bangalore, India.
| | - Bhuvaneish T Selvaraj
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh bioQuarter, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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18
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Banerjee P, Paza E, Perkins EM, James OG, Kenkhuis B, Lloyd AF, Burr K, Story D, Yusuf D, He X, Backofen R, Dando O, Chandran S, Priller J. Generation of pure monocultures of human microglia-like cells from induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Res 2020; 49:102046. [PMID: 33096385 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2020.102046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are resident tissue macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS) that arise from erythromyeloid progenitors during embryonic development. They play essential roles in CNS development, homeostasis and response to disease. Since microglia are difficult to procure from the human brain, several protocols have been developed to generate microglia-like cells from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). However, some concerns remain over the purity and quality of in vitro generated microglia. Here, we describe a new protocol that does not require co-culture with neural cells and yields cultures of 100% P2Y12+ 95% TMEM119+ ramified human microglia-like cells (hiPSC-MG). In the presence of neural precursor cell-conditioned media, hiPSC-MG expressed high levels of human microglia signature genes, including SALL1, CSF1R, P2RY12, TMEM119, TREM2, HEXB and SIGLEC11, as revealed by whole-transcriptome analysis. Stimulation of hiPSC-MG with lipopolysaccharide resulted in downregulation of P2Y12 expression, induction of IL1B mRNA expression and increase in cell capacitance. HiPSC-MG were phagocytically active and maintained their cell identity after transplantation into murine brain slices and human brain spheroids. Together, our new protocol for the generation of microglia-like cells from human iPSCs will facilitate the study of human microglial function in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poulomi Banerjee
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Evdokia Paza
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Emma M Perkins
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Owen G James
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Boyd Kenkhuis
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Amy F Lloyd
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Karen Burr
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David Story
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Dilmurat Yusuf
- Bioinformatics Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Xin He
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rolf Backofen
- Bioinformatics Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Owen Dando
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Siddharthan Chandran
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Josef Priller
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Neuropsychiatry and Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH and DZNE, Berlin, Germany.
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19
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Asiminas A, Jackson AD, Louros SR, Till SM, Spano T, Dando O, Bear MF, Chattarji S, Hardingham GE, Osterweil EK, Wyllie DJA, Wood ER, Kind PC. Sustained correction of associative learning deficits after brief, early treatment in a rat model of Fragile X Syndrome. Sci Transl Med 2020; 11:11/494/eaao0498. [PMID: 31142675 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aao0498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) is one of the most common monogenic forms of autism and intellectual disability. Preclinical studies in animal models have highlighted the potential of pharmaceutical intervention strategies for alleviating the symptoms of FXS. However, whether treatment strategies can be tailored to developmental time windows that define the emergence of particular phenotypes is unknown. Similarly, whether a brief, early intervention can have long-lasting beneficial effects, even after treatment cessation, is also unknown. To address these questions, we first examined the developmental profile for the acquisition of associative learning in a rat model of FXS. Associative memory was tested using a range of behavioral paradigms that rely on an animal's innate tendency to explore novelty. Fmr1 knockout (KO) rats showed a developmental delay in their acquisition of object-place recognition and did not demonstrate object-place-context recognition paradigm at any age tested (up to 23 weeks of age). Treatment of Fmr1 KO rats with lovastatin between 5 and 9 weeks of age, during the normal developmental period that this associative memory capability is established, prevents the emergence of deficits but has no effect in wild-type animals. Moreover, we observe no regression of cognitive performance in the FXS rats over several months after treatment. This restoration of the normal developmental trajectory of cognitive function is associated with the sustained rescue of both synaptic plasticity and altered protein synthesis. The findings provide proof of concept that the impaired emergence of the cognitive repertoire in neurodevelopmental disorders may be prevented by brief, early pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonis Asiminas
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.,Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.,Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Adam D Jackson
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.,Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.,Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.,Centre for Brain Development and Repair, InStem, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Susana R Louros
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.,Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.,Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Sally M Till
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.,Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.,Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Teresa Spano
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.,Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.,Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.,Centre for Brain Development and Repair, InStem, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Owen Dando
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.,Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.,Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at the Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Mark F Bear
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sumantra Chattarji
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.,Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.,Centre for Brain Development and Repair, InStem, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Giles E Hardingham
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.,Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.,Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at the Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Emily K Osterweil
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.,Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.,Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - David J A Wyllie
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.,Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.,Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.,Centre for Brain Development and Repair, InStem, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Emma R Wood
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK. .,Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.,Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.,Centre for Brain Development and Repair, InStem, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Peter C Kind
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK. .,Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.,Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.,Centre for Brain Development and Repair, InStem, Bangalore 560065, India
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20
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Qiu J, Dando O, Febery JA, Fowler JH, Chandran S, Hardingham GE. Neuronal Activity and Its Role in Controlling Antioxidant Genes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21061933. [PMID: 32178355 PMCID: PMC7139385 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21061933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Forebrain neurons have relatively weak intrinsic antioxidant defenses compared to astrocytes, in part due to hypo-expression of Nrf2, an oxidative stress-induced master regulator of antioxidant and detoxification genes. Nevertheless, neurons do possess the capacity to auto-regulate their antioxidant defenses in response to electrical activity. Activity-dependent Ca2+ signals control the expression of several antioxidant genes, boosting redox buffering capacity, thus meeting the elevated antioxidant requirements associated with metabolically expensive electrical activity. These genes include examples which are reported Nrf2 target genes and yet are induced in a Nrf2-independent manner. Here we discuss the implications for Nrf2 hypofunction in neurons and the mechanisms underlying the Nrf2-independent induction of antioxidant genes by electrical activity. A significant proportion of Nrf2 target genes, defined as those genes controlled by Nrf2 in astrocytes, are regulated by activity-dependent Ca2+ signals in human stem cell-derived neurons. We propose that neurons interpret Ca2+ signals in a similar way to other cell types sense redox imbalance, to broadly induce antioxidant and detoxification genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Qiu
- UK Dementia Research Institute, The Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK; (J.Q.); (O.D.); (S.C.)
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; (J.A.F.); (J.H.F.)
| | - Owen Dando
- UK Dementia Research Institute, The Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK; (J.Q.); (O.D.); (S.C.)
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; (J.A.F.); (J.H.F.)
| | - James A. Febery
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; (J.A.F.); (J.H.F.)
| | - Jill H. Fowler
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; (J.A.F.); (J.H.F.)
| | - Siddharthan Chandran
- UK Dementia Research Institute, The Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK; (J.Q.); (O.D.); (S.C.)
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh Chancellor’s Building, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Giles E. Hardingham
- UK Dementia Research Institute, The Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK; (J.Q.); (O.D.); (S.C.)
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; (J.A.F.); (J.H.F.)
- Correspondence:
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21
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Zhao C, Devlin AC, Chouhan AK, Selvaraj BT, Stavrou M, Burr K, Brivio V, He X, Mehta AR, Story D, Shaw CE, Dando O, Hardingham GE, Miles GB, Chandran S. Mutant C9orf72 human iPSC-derived astrocytes cause non-cell autonomous motor neuron pathophysiology. Glia 2019; 68:1046-1064. [PMID: 31841614 PMCID: PMC7078830 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in C9orf72 are the most common genetic cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Accumulating evidence implicates astrocytes as important non‐cell autonomous contributors to ALS pathogenesis, although the potential deleterious effects of astrocytes on the function of motor neurons remains to be determined in a completely humanized model of C9orf72‐mediated ALS. Here, we use a human iPSC‐based model to study the cell autonomous and non‐autonomous consequences of mutant C9orf72 expression by astrocytes. We show that mutant astrocytes both recapitulate key aspects of C9orf72‐related ALS pathology and, upon co‐culture, cause motor neurons to undergo a progressive loss of action potential output due to decreases in the magnitude of voltage‐activated Na+ and K+ currents. Importantly, CRISPR/Cas‐9 mediated excision of the C9orf72 repeat expansion reverses these phenotypes, confirming that the C9orf72 mutation is responsible for both cell‐autonomous astrocyte pathology and non‐cell autonomous motor neuron pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhao
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anna-Claire Devlin
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, UK
| | - Amit K Chouhan
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, UK
| | - Bhuvaneish T Selvaraj
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Maria Stavrou
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Karen Burr
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Veronica Brivio
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, UK
| | - Xin He
- Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Arpan R Mehta
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David Story
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Christopher E Shaw
- MRC Centre for Neurodegeneration Research, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK.,Dementia Research Institute at Kings College London, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, UK
| | - Owen Dando
- Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Giles E Hardingham
- Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Gareth B Miles
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, UK
| | - Siddharthan Chandran
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Brain Development and Repair, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
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22
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Pickett EK, Herrmann AG, McQueen J, Abt K, Dando O, Tulloch J, Jain P, Dunnett S, Sohrabi S, Fjeldstad MP, Calkin W, Murison L, Jackson RJ, Tzioras M, Stevenson A, d'Orange M, Hooley M, Davies C, Colom-Cadena M, Anton-Fernandez A, King D, Oren I, Rose J, McKenzie CA, Allison E, Smith C, Hardt O, Henstridge CM, Hardingham GE, Spires-Jones TL. Amyloid Beta and Tau Cooperate to Cause Reversible Behavioral and Transcriptional Deficits in a Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Cell Rep 2019; 29:3592-3604.e5. [PMID: 31825838 PMCID: PMC6915767 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A key knowledge gap blocking development of effective therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the lack of understanding of how amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide and pathological forms of the tau protein cooperate in causing disease phenotypes. Within a mouse tau-deficient background, we probed the molecular, cellular, and behavioral disruption triggered by the influence of wild-type human tau on human Aβ-induced pathology. We find that Aβ and tau work cooperatively to cause a hyperactivity behavioral phenotype and to cause downregulation of transcription of genes involved in synaptic function. In both our mouse model and human postmortem tissue, we observe accumulation of pathological tau in synapses, supporting the potential importance of synaptic tau. Importantly, tau reduction in the mice initiated after behavioral deficits emerge corrects behavioral deficits, reduces synaptic tau levels, and substantially reverses transcriptional perturbations, suggesting that lowering synaptic tau levels may be beneficial in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor K Pickett
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Abigail G Herrmann
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Jamie McQueen
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Kimberly Abt
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Owen Dando
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Jane Tulloch
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Pooja Jain
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Sophie Dunnett
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Sadaf Sohrabi
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Maria P Fjeldstad
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Will Calkin
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Leo Murison
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Rosemary J Jackson
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Makis Tzioras
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Anna Stevenson
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Marie d'Orange
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Monique Hooley
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Caitlin Davies
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Marti Colom-Cadena
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Alejandro Anton-Fernandez
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Declan King
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Iris Oren
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Jamie Rose
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Chris-Anne McKenzie
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences and Sudden Death Brain Bank, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Elizabeth Allison
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Colin Smith
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences and Sudden Death Brain Bank, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Oliver Hardt
- McGill University Department of Psychology, Montreal QC H3A 1B1, Canada; The University of Edinburgh Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Christopher M Henstridge
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Giles E Hardingham
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Tara L Spires-Jones
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK.
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23
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Johnstone M, Vasistha NA, Barbu MC, Dando O, Burr K, Christopher E, Glen S, Robert C, Fetit R, Macleod KG, Livesey MR, Clair DS, Blackwood DHR, Millar K, Carragher NO, Hardingham GE, Wyllie DJA, Johnstone EC, Whalley HC, McIntosh AM, Lawrie SM, Chandran S. Reversal of proliferation deficits caused by chromosome 16p13.11 microduplication through targeting NFκB signaling: an integrated study of patient-derived neuronal precursor cells, cerebral organoids and in vivo brain imaging. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24:294-311. [PMID: 30401811 PMCID: PMC6344377 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0292-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The molecular basis of how chromosome 16p13.11 microduplication leads to major psychiatric disorders is unknown. Here we have undertaken brain imaging of patients carrying microduplications in chromosome 16p13.11 and unaffected family controls, in parallel with iPS cell-derived cerebral organoid studies of the same patients. Patient MRI revealed reduced cortical volume, and corresponding iPSC studies showed neural precursor cell (NPC) proliferation abnormalities and reduced organoid size, with the NPCs therein displaying altered planes of cell division. Transcriptomic analyses of NPCs uncovered a deficit in the NFκB p65 pathway, confirmed by proteomics. Moreover, both pharmacological and genetic correction of this deficit rescued the proliferation abnormality. Thus, chromosome 16p13.11 microduplication disturbs the normal programme of NPC proliferation to reduce cortical thickness due to a correctable deficit in the NFκB signalling pathway. This is the first study demonstrating a biologically relevant, potentially ameliorable, signalling pathway underlying chromosome 16p13.11 microduplication syndrome in patient-derived neuronal precursor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Johnstone
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK.
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Navneet A Vasistha
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Miruna C Barbu
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Owen Dando
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, 15 George Square, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Karen Burr
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Edward Christopher
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sophie Glen
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Christelle Robert
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rana Fetit
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kenneth G Macleod
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Matthew R Livesey
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David St Clair
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Douglas H R Blackwood
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kirsty Millar
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Neil O Carragher
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Giles E Hardingham
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, 15 George Square, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David J A Wyllie
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, 15 George Square, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Eve C Johnstone
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Heather C Whalley
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrew M McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Stephen M Lawrie
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Siddharthan Chandran
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, UK.
- Centre for Brain Development and Repair, Bangalore, India.
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24
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Vasistha NA, Johnstone M, Barton SK, Mayerl SE, Thangaraj Selvaraj B, Thomson PA, Dando O, Grünewald E, Alloza C, Bastin ME, Livesey MR, Economides K, Magnani D, Makedonopolou P, Burr K, Story DJ, Blackwood DHR, Wyllie DJA, McIntosh AM, Millar JK, ffrench-Constant C, Hardingham GE, Lawrie SM, Chandran S. Familial t(1;11) translocation is associated with disruption of white matter structural integrity and oligodendrocyte-myelin dysfunction. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24:1641-1654. [PMID: 31481758 PMCID: PMC6814440 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0505-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although the underlying neurobiology of major mental illness (MMI) remains unknown, emerging evidence implicates a role for oligodendrocyte-myelin abnormalities. Here, we took advantage of a large family carrying a balanced t(1;11) translocation, which substantially increases risk of MMI, to undertake both diffusion tensor imaging and cellular studies to evaluate the consequences of the t(1;11) translocation on white matter structural integrity and oligodendrocyte-myelin biology. This translocation disrupts among others the DISC1 gene which plays a crucial role in brain development. We show that translocation-carrying patients display significant disruption of white matter integrity compared with familial controls. At a cellular level, we observe dysregulation of key pathways controlling oligodendrocyte development and morphogenesis in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) derived case oligodendrocytes. This is associated with reduced proliferation and a stunted morphology in vitro. Further, myelin internodes in a humanized mouse model that recapitulates the human translocation as well as after transplantation of t(1;11) oligodendrocyte progenitors were significantly reduced when compared with controls. Thus we provide evidence that the t(1;11) translocation has biological effects at both the systems and cellular level that together suggest oligodendrocyte-myelin dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navneet A. Vasistha
- 0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB UK ,0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU UK ,0000 0004 4905 7710grid.475408.aCentre for Brain Development and Repair, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, GKVK - Post, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065 India ,0000 0001 0674 042Xgrid.5254.6Present Address: Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, Copenhagen, N 2200 Denmark
| | - Mandy Johnstone
- 0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB UK ,0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2Division of Psychiatry, The University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF UK
| | - Samantha K. Barton
- 0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB UK ,0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU UK ,0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2UK Dementia Research Institute at Edinburgh, The University of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB UK
| | - Steffen E. Mayerl
- 0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU UK
| | - Bhuvaneish Thangaraj Selvaraj
- 0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB UK ,0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU UK ,0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2UK Dementia Research Institute at Edinburgh, The University of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB UK
| | - Pippa A. Thomson
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU UK
| | - Owen Dando
- 0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2UK Dementia Research Institute at Edinburgh, The University of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB UK ,0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, 15 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD UK
| | - Ellen Grünewald
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU UK
| | - Clara Alloza
- 0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2Division of Psychiatry, The University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF UK
| | - Mark E. Bastin
- 0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2Division of Psychiatry, The University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF UK
| | - Matthew R. Livesey
- 0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, 15 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD UK
| | | | - Dario Magnani
- 0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB UK ,0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU UK ,0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2UK Dementia Research Institute at Edinburgh, The University of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB UK
| | - Paraskevi Makedonopolou
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU UK
| | - Karen Burr
- 0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB UK ,0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU UK ,0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2UK Dementia Research Institute at Edinburgh, The University of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB UK
| | - David J. Story
- 0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB UK ,0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU UK ,0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2UK Dementia Research Institute at Edinburgh, The University of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB UK
| | - Douglas H. R. Blackwood
- 0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB UK ,0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2Division of Psychiatry, The University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF UK
| | - David J. A. Wyllie
- 0000 0004 4905 7710grid.475408.aCentre for Brain Development and Repair, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, GKVK - Post, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065 India ,0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, 15 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD UK
| | - Andrew M. McIntosh
- 0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2Division of Psychiatry, The University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF UK
| | - J. Kirsty Millar
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU UK
| | - Charles ffrench-Constant
- 0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU UK
| | - Giles E. Hardingham
- 0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2UK Dementia Research Institute at Edinburgh, The University of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB UK ,0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, 15 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD UK
| | - Stephen M. Lawrie
- 0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2Division of Psychiatry, The University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF UK
| | - Siddharthan Chandran
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK. .,MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK. .,Centre for Brain Development and Repair, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, GKVK - Post, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065, India. .,UK Dementia Research Institute at Edinburgh, The University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.
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25
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Qiu J, Dando O, Baxter PS, Hasel P, Heron S, Simpson TI, Hardingham GE. Mixed-species RNA-seq for elucidation of non-cell-autonomous control of gene transcription. Nat Protoc 2018; 13:2176-2199. [DOI: 10.1038/s41596-018-0029-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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26
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Selvaraj BT, Livesey MR, Zhao C, Gregory JM, James OT, Cleary EM, Chouhan AK, Gane AB, Perkins EM, Dando O, Lillico SG, Lee YB, Nishimura AL, Poreci U, Thankamony S, Pray M, Vasistha NA, Magnani D, Borooah S, Burr K, Story D, McCampbell A, Shaw CE, Kind PC, Aitman TJ, Whitelaw CBA, Wilmut I, Smith C, Miles GB, Hardingham GE, Wyllie DJA, Chandran S. C9ORF72 repeat expansion causes vulnerability of motor neurons to Ca 2+-permeable AMPA receptor-mediated excitotoxicity. Nat Commun 2018; 9:347. [PMID: 29367641 PMCID: PMC5783946 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02729-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in C9ORF72 are the most common cause of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Here, through a combination of RNA-Seq and electrophysiological studies on induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived motor neurons (MNs), we show that increased expression of GluA1 AMPA receptor (AMPAR) subunit occurs in MNs with C9ORF72 mutations that leads to increased Ca2+-permeable AMPAR expression and results in enhanced selective MN vulnerability to excitotoxicity. These deficits are not found in iPSC-derived cortical neurons and are abolished by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated correction of the C9ORF72 repeat expansion in MNs. We also demonstrate that MN-specific dysregulation of AMPAR expression is also present in C9ORF72 patient post-mortem material. We therefore present multiple lines of evidence for the specific upregulation of GluA1 subunits in human mutant C9ORF72 MNs that could lead to a potential pathogenic excitotoxic mechanism in ALS. Repeat expansion mutation in C9ORF72 is the most common cause of familial ALS. Here, the authors generate motor neurons from cells of patients with C9ORF72 mutations, and characterize changes in gene expression in these motor neurons compared to genetically corrected lines, which suggest that glutamate receptor subunit GluA1 is dysregulated in this form of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhuvaneish T Selvaraj
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK.,Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Matthew R Livesey
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.,Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Chen Zhao
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK.,Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Jenna M Gregory
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Owain T James
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.,Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Elaine M Cleary
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK.,Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Amit K Chouhan
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.,School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9JP, UK
| | - Angus B Gane
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK.,Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Emma M Perkins
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.,Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Owen Dando
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK.,Centre for Brain Development and Repair, inStem, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - Simon G Lillico
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Youn-Bok Lee
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Agnes L Nishimura
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Urjana Poreci
- Global Biomarker and Drug Discovery, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Sai Thankamony
- Global Biomarker and Drug Discovery, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Meryll Pray
- Global Biomarker and Drug Discovery, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Navneet A Vasistha
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.,Centre for Brain Development and Repair, inStem, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - Dario Magnani
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK.,Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Shyamanga Borooah
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Karen Burr
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK.,Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - David Story
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK.,Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | | | - Christopher E Shaw
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Peter C Kind
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK.,Centre for Brain Development and Repair, inStem, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - Timothy J Aitman
- MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - C Bruce A Whitelaw
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Ian Wilmut
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Colin Smith
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Gareth B Miles
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.,School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9JP, UK
| | - Giles E Hardingham
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.,Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK.,UK DRI Institute at Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - David J A Wyllie
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK. .,Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK. .,Centre for Brain Development and Repair, inStem, Bangalore, 560065, India.
| | - Siddharthan Chandran
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK. .,Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK. .,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK. .,Centre for Brain Development and Repair, inStem, Bangalore, 560065, India. .,UK DRI Institute at Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK.
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27
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Thomson SR, Seo SS, Barnes SA, Louros SR, Muscas M, Dando O, Kirby C, Wyllie DJA, Hardingham GE, Kind PC, Osterweil EK. Cell-Type-Specific Translation Profiling Reveals a Novel Strategy for Treating Fragile X Syndrome. Neuron 2017; 95:550-563.e5. [PMID: 28772121 PMCID: PMC5548955 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Excessive mRNA translation downstream of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlu1/5) is a core pathophysiology of fragile X syndrome (FX); however, the differentially translating mRNAs that contribute to altered neural function are not known. We used translating ribosome affinity purification (TRAP) and RNA-seq to identify mistranslating mRNAs in CA1 pyramidal neurons of the FX mouse model (Fmr1−/y) hippocampus, which exhibit exaggerated mGlu1/5-induced long-term synaptic depression (LTD). In these neurons, we find that the Chrm4 transcript encoding muscarinic acetylcholine receptor 4 (M4) is excessively translated, and synthesis of M4 downstream of mGlu5 activation is mimicked and occluded. Surprisingly, enhancement rather than inhibition of M4 activity normalizes core phenotypes in the Fmr1−/y, including excessive protein synthesis, exaggerated mGluR-LTD, and audiogenic seizures. These results suggest that not all excessively translated mRNAs in the Fmr1−/y brain are detrimental, and some may be candidates for enhancement to correct pathological changes in the FX brain. TRAP-seq reveals altered translation of >120 mRNAs in Fmr1−/y CA1 pyramidal neurons Muscarinic receptor M4 is excessively translated in Fmr1−/y hippocampus Enhancement, not inhibition, of M4 corrects core phenotypes in the Fmr1−/y mouse Not all excessively translating mRNAs are detrimental to Fmr1−/y brain function
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie R Thomson
- Centre for Integrative Physiology/Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Sang S Seo
- Centre for Integrative Physiology/Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Stephanie A Barnes
- Centre for Integrative Physiology/Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Susana R Louros
- Centre for Integrative Physiology/Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Melania Muscas
- Centre for Integrative Physiology/Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Owen Dando
- Centre for Integrative Physiology/Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Caoimhe Kirby
- Centre for Integrative Physiology/Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - David J A Wyllie
- Centre for Integrative Physiology/Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Giles E Hardingham
- Centre for Integrative Physiology/Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Peter C Kind
- Centre for Integrative Physiology/Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Emily K Osterweil
- Centre for Integrative Physiology/Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK.
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28
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Hasel P, Dando O, Jiwaji Z, Baxter P, Todd AC, Heron S, Márkus NM, McQueen J, Hampton DW, Torvell M, Tiwari SS, McKay S, Eraso-Pichot A, Zorzano A, Masgrau R, Galea E, Chandran S, Wyllie DJA, Simpson TI, Hardingham GE. Neurons and neuronal activity control gene expression in astrocytes to regulate their development and metabolism. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15132. [PMID: 28462931 PMCID: PMC5418577 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence that neurons exert on astrocytic function is poorly understood. To investigate this, we first developed a system combining cortical neurons and astrocytes from closely related species, followed by RNA-seq and in silico species separation. This approach uncovers a wide programme of neuron-induced astrocytic gene expression, involving Notch signalling, which drives and maintains astrocytic maturity and neurotransmitter uptake function, is conserved in human development, and is disrupted by neurodegeneration. Separately, hundreds of astrocytic genes are acutely regulated by synaptic activity via mechanisms involving cAMP/PKA-dependent CREB activation. This includes the coordinated activity-dependent upregulation of major astrocytic components of the astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle, leading to a CREB-dependent increase in astrocytic glucose metabolism and elevated lactate export. Moreover, the groups of astrocytic genes induced by neurons or neuronal activity both show age-dependent decline in humans. Thus, neurons and neuronal activity regulate the astrocytic transcriptome with the potential to shape astrocyte-neuron metabolic cooperation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Hasel
- Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Owen Dando
- Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
- Centre for Brain Development and Repair, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Zoeb Jiwaji
- Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Paul Baxter
- Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Alison C. Todd
- Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Samuel Heron
- School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AB, UK
| | - Nóra M. Márkus
- Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Jamie McQueen
- Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - David W. Hampton
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Megan Torvell
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Sachin S. Tiwari
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Sean McKay
- Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Abel Eraso-Pichot
- Institut de Neurociències and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Unitat de Bioquímica de Medicina, Edifici M, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Antonio Zorzano
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Roser Masgrau
- Institut de Neurociències and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Unitat de Bioquímica de Medicina, Edifici M, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Elena Galea
- Institut de Neurociències and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Unitat de Bioquímica de Medicina, Edifici M, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
- Institució Catalana De Recerca I Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08010, Spain
| | - Siddharthan Chandran
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
- Centre for Brain Development and Repair, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - David J. A. Wyllie
- Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - T. Ian Simpson
- School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AB, UK
| | - Giles E. Hardingham
- Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
- 10UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, , UK
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29
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Qiu J, McQueen J, Bilican B, Dando O, Magnani D, Punovuori K, Selvaraj BT, Livesey M, Haghi G, Heron S, Burr K, Patani R, Rajan R, Sheppard O, Kind PC, Simpson TI, Tybulewicz VLJ, Wyllie DJA, Fisher EMC, Lowell S, Chandran S, Hardingham GE. Evidence for evolutionary divergence of activity-dependent gene expression in developing neurons. eLife 2016; 5:e20337. [PMID: 27692071 PMCID: PMC5092045 DOI: 10.7554/elife.20337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary differences in gene regulation between humans and lower mammalian experimental systems are incompletely understood, a potential translational obstacle that is challenging to surmount in neurons, where primary tissue availability is poor. Rodent-based studies show that activity-dependent transcriptional programs mediate myriad functions in neuronal development, but the extent of their conservation in human neurons is unknown. We compared activity-dependent transcriptional responses in developing human stem cell-derived cortical neurons with those induced in developing primary- or stem cell-derived mouse cortical neurons. While activity-dependent gene-responsiveness showed little dependence on developmental stage or origin (primary tissue vs. stem cell), notable species-dependent differences were observed. Moreover, differential species-specific gene ortholog regulation was recapitulated in aneuploid mouse neurons carrying human chromosome-21, implicating promoter/enhancer sequence divergence as a factor, including human-specific activity-responsive AP-1 sites. These findings support the use of human neuronal systems for probing transcriptional responses to physiological stimuli or indeed pharmaceutical agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Qiu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie McQueen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Bilada Bilican
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Owen Dando
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Brain Development and Repair, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Dario Magnani
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Karolina Punovuori
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Bhuvaneish T Selvaraj
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Livesey
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ghazal Haghi
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel Heron
- School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Burr
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rickie Patani
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rinku Rajan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Olivia Sheppard
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter C Kind
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Brain Development and Repair, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - T Ian Simpson
- School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Victor LJ Tybulewicz
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - David JA Wyllie
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth MC Fisher
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sally Lowell
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Siddharthan Chandran
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Brain Development and Repair, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Giles E Hardingham
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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30
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Márkus NM, Hasel P, Qiu J, Bell KFS, Heron S, Kind PC, Dando O, Simpson TI, Hardingham GE. Expression of mRNA Encoding Mcu and Other Mitochondrial Calcium Regulatory Genes Depends on Cell Type, Neuronal Subtype, and Ca2+ Signaling. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148164. [PMID: 26828201 PMCID: PMC4734683 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Uptake of Ca2+ into the mitochondrial matrix controls cellular metabolism and survival-death pathways. Several genes are implicated in controlling mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake (mitochondrial calcium regulatory genes, MCRGs), however, less is known about the factors which influence their expression level. Here we have compared MCRG mRNA expression, in neural cells of differing type (cortical neurons vs. astrocytes), differing neuronal subtype (CA3 vs. CA1 hippocampus) and in response to Ca2+ influx, using a combination of qPCR and RNA-seq analysis. Of note, we find that the Mcu-regulating Micu gene family profile differs substantially between neurons and astrocytes, while expression of Mcu itself is markedly different between CA3 and CA1 regions in the adult hippocampus. Moreover, dynamic control of MCRG mRNA expression in response to membrane depolarization-induced Ca2+ influx is also apparent, resulting in repression of Letm1, as well as Mcu. Thus, the mRNA expression profile of MCRGs is not fixed, which may cause differences in the coupling between cytoplasmic and mitochondrial Ca2+, as well as diversity of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nóra M. Márkus
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Hasel
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, United Kingdom
| | - Jing Qiu
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, United Kingdom
| | - Karen F. S. Bell
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel Heron
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, United Kingdom
- School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9AB, United Kingdom
| | - Peter C. Kind
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, United Kingdom
- Centre for Brain Development and Repair, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - Owen Dando
- Centre for Brain Development and Repair, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - T. Ian Simpson
- School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9AB, United Kingdom
| | - Giles E. Hardingham
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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31
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James OT, Livesey MR, Qiu J, Dando O, Bilican B, Haghi G, Rajan R, Burr K, Hardingham GE, Chandran S, Kind PC, Wyllie DJA. Ionotropic GABA and glycine receptor subunit composition in human pluripotent stem cell-derived excitatory cortical neurones. J Physiol 2014; 592:4353-63. [PMID: 25172951 PMCID: PMC4215781 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.278994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We have assessed, using whole-cell patch-clamp recording and RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq), the properties and composition of GABAA receptors (GABAARs) and strychnine-sensitive glycine receptors (GlyRs) expressed by excitatory cortical neurons derived from human embryonic stem cells (hECNs). The agonists GABA and muscimol gave EC50 values of 278 μm and 182 μm, respectively, and the presence of a GABAAR population displaying low agonist potencies is supported by strong RNA-seq signals for α2 and α3 subunits. GABAAR-mediated currents, evoked by EC50 concentrations of GABA, were blocked by bicuculline and picrotoxin with IC50 values of 2.7 and 5.1 μm, respectively. hECN GABAARs are predominantly γ subunit-containing as assessed by the sensitivity of GABA-evoked currents to diazepam and insensitivity to Zn2+, together with the weak direct agonist action of gaboxadol; RNA-seq indicated a predominant expression of the γ2 subunit. Potentiation of GABA-evoked currents by propofol and etomidate and the lack of inhibition of currents by salicylidine salycylhydrazide (SCS) indicate expression of the β2 or β3 subunit, with RNA-seq analysis indicating strong expression of β3 in hECN GABAARs. Taken together our data support the notion that hECN GABAARs have an α2/3β3γ2 subunit composition – a composition that also predominates in immature rodent cortex. GlyRs expressed by hECNs were activated by glycine with an EC50 of 167 μm. Glycine-evoked (500 μm) currents were blocked by strychnine (IC50 = 630 nm) and picrotoxin (IC50 = 197 μm), where the latter is suggestive of a population of heteromeric receptors. RNA-seq indicates GlyRs are likely to be composed of α2 and β subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owain T James
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK Centre for Brain Development and Repair, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bangalore, 560065, India Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Matthew R Livesey
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Jing Qiu
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Owen Dando
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK Centre for Brain Development and Repair, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - Bilada Bilican
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Ghazal Haghi
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Rinku Rajan
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Karen Burr
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Giles E Hardingham
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Siddharthan Chandran
- Centre for Brain Development and Repair, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bangalore, 560065, India Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Peter C Kind
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK Centre for Brain Development and Repair, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bangalore, 560065, India Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - David J A Wyllie
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
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