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Wang K, Zhang Y, Tong H, Han J, Fu P, Huang RJ, Zhang H, Hoffmann T. Molecular-Level Insights into the Relationship between Volatility of Organic Aerosol Constituents and PM 2.5 Air Pollution Levels: A Study with Ultrahigh-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Environ Sci Technol 2024; 58:7947-7957. [PMID: 38676647 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c10662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Volatility of organic aerosols (OAs) significantly influences new particle formation and the occurrence of particulate air pollution. However, the relationship between the volatility of OA and the level of particulate air pollution (i.e., particulate matter concentration) is not well understood. In this study, we compared the chemical composition (identified by an ultrahigh-resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometer) and volatility (estimated based on a predeveloped parametrization method) of OAs in urban PM2.5 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm) samples from seven German and Chinese cities, where the PM2.5 concentration ranged from a light (14 μg m-3) to heavy (319 μg m-3) pollution level. A large fraction (71-98%) of compounds in PM2.5 samples were attributable to intermediate-volatility organic compounds (IVOCs) and semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs). The fraction of low-volatility organic compounds (LVOCs) and extremely low-volatility organic compounds (ELVOCs) decreased from clean (28%) to heavily polluted urban regions (2%), while that of IVOCs increased from 34 to 62%. We found that the average peak area-weighted volatility of organic compounds in different cities showed a logarithmic correlation with the average PM2.5 concentration, indicating that the volatility of urban OAs increases with the increase of air pollution level. Our results provide new insights into the relationship between OA volatility and PM pollution levels and deepen the understanding of urban air pollutant evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions of Ministry of Education, National Observation and Research Station of Agriculture Green Development (Quzhou, Hebei), China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Haijie Tong
- Institute of Surface Science, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Geesthacht 21502, Germany
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Plank Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Jiajun Han
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute for Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Thorsten Hoffmann
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz 55128, Germany
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Chang Y, Feng YN, Cheng L, Hu J, Zhu L, Tan W, Zhong H, Zhang Y, Huang RJ, Sun Y. Trimethylamine from Subtropical Forests Rival Total Farmland Emissions in China. Environ Sci Technol 2024; 58:5453-5460. [PMID: 38477969 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c00622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Many types of living plants release gaseous trimethylamine (TMA), making it a potentially important contributor to new particle formation (NPF) in remote areas. However, a panoramic view of the importance of forest biogenic TMA at the regional scale is lacking. Here, we pioneered nationwide mobile measurements of TMA across a transect of contiguous farmland in eastern China and a transect of subtropical forests in southern China. In contrast to the farmland route, TMA concentrations measured during the subtropical forest route correlated significantly with isoprene, suggesting potential TMA emissions from leaves. Our high time-resolved concentrations obtained from a weak photo-oxidizing atmosphere reflected freshly emitted TMA, indicating the highest emission intensity from irrigated dryland (set as the baseline of 10), followed by paddy field (7.1), subtropical evergreen forests (5.9), and subtropical broadleaf and mixed forests (4.3). Extrapolating their proportions roughly to China, subtropical forests alone, which constitute half of the total forest area, account for nearly 70% of the TMA emissions from the nation's total farmland. Our estimates, despite the uncertainties, take the first step toward large-scale assessment of forest biogenic amines, highlighting the need for observational and modeling studies to consider this hitherto overlooked source of TMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhua Chang
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yu-Ning Feng
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Lin Cheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Jianlin Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Liang Zhu
- TOFWERK China, Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Wen Tan
- TOFWERK China, Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Haobin Zhong
- College of Advanced Materials Engineering, Jiaxing Nanhu University, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
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Cheng K, Chang Y, Lee X, Ji D, Qiao L, Zou Z, Duan Y, Huang RJ. Life-Course Health Risk Assessment of PM 2.5 Elements in China: Exposure Disparities by Species, Source, Age, Gender, and Location. Environ Sci Technol 2024; 58:3629-3640. [PMID: 38354315 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Key stages in people's lives have particular relevance for their health; the life-course approach stresses the importance of these stages. Here, we applied a life-course approach to analyze the health risks associated with PM2.5-bound elements, which were measured at three sites with varying environmental conditions in eastern China. Road traffic was found to be the primary source of PM2.5-bound elements at all three locations, but coal combustion was identified as the most important factor to induce both cancer risk (CR) and noncancer risk (NCR) across all age groups due to the higher toxicity of elements such as As and Pb associated with coal. Nearly half of NCR and over 90% of CR occurred in childhood (1-6 years) and adulthood (>18 years), respectively, and females have slightly higher NCR and lower CR than males. Rural population is found to be subject to the highest health risks. Synthesizing previous relevant studies and nationwide PM2.5 concentration measurements, we reveal ubiquitous and large urban-rural environmental exposure disparities over China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Cheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology (NUIST), Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yunhua Chang
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology (NUIST), Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xuhui Lee
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, 195 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Dongsheng Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Liping Qiao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Zhong Zou
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yusheng Duan
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
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Yang L, Huang RJ, Yuan W, Huang DD, Huang C. pH-Dependent Aqueous-Phase Brown Carbon Formation: Rate Constants and Implications for Solar Absorption and Atmospheric Photochemistry. Environ Sci Technol 2024; 58:1236-1243. [PMID: 38169373 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c07631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Aqueous-phase reactions of α-dicarbonyls with amines or ammonium have been identified as important sources of secondary brown carbon (BrC). However, the kinetics of BrC formation and the effects of pH are still not very clear. In this study, the kinetics of BrC formation by aqueous reactions of α-dicarbonyls (glyoxal and methylglyoxal) with ammonium, amino acids, or alkylamines in bulk solution at different pH values are investigated. Our results reveal pH-parameterized BrC production rate constants, kBrCII (m-1 [M]-2 s-1), based on the light absorption between 300 and 500 nm: log10(kBrCII) = (1.0 ± 0.1) × pH - (7.4 ± 1.0) for reactions with glyoxal and log10(kBrCII) = (1.0 ± 0.1) × pH - (6.3 ± 0.9) for reactions with methylglyoxal. The linear slopes closing to 1.0 indicate that BrC formation is governed by the nitrogen nucleophilic addition pathway. Consequently, the absorptivities of the produced BrC increase exponentially with the increase of pH. BrC from reactions with methylglyoxal at higher pH (≥6.5) exhibits optical properties comparable to BrC from biomass burning or coal combustion, categorized as the "weakly" absorbing BrC, while BrC from reactions with methylglyoxal at lower pH (<6.0) or reactions with glyoxal (pH 5.0-7.0) falls into the "very weakly" absorbing BrC. The pH-dependent BrC feature significantly affects the solar absorption ability of the produced BrC and thus the atmospheric photochemical processes, e.g., BrC produced at pH 7.0 absorbs 14-16 times more solar power compared to that at pH 5.0, which in turn could lead to a decrease of 1 order of magnitude in the photolysis rate constants of O3 and NO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess Science, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess Science, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Loess Science, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Dan Dan Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of the Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of the Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
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Yao P, Holzinger R, Materić D, Oyama BS, de Fátima Andrade M, Paul D, Ni H, Noto H, Huang RJ, Dusek U. Methylsiloxanes from Vehicle Emissions Detected in Aerosol Particles. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:14269-14279. [PMID: 37698874 PMCID: PMC10537456 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Methylsiloxanes have gained growing attention as emerging pollutants due to their toxicity to organisms. As man-made chemicals with no natural source, most research to date has focused on volatile methylsiloxanes from personal care or household products and industrial processes. Here, we show that methylsiloxanes can be found in primary aerosol particles emitted by vehicles based on aerosol samples collected in two tunnels in São Paulo, Brazil. The aerosol samples were analyzed with thermal desorption-proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometry (TD-PTR-MS), and methylsiloxanes were identified and quantified in the mass spectra based on the natural abundance of silicon isotopes. Various methylsiloxanes and derivatives were found in aerosol particles from both tunnels. The concentrations of methylsiloxanes and derivatives ranged 37.7-377 ng m-3, and the relative fractions in organic aerosols were 0.78-1.9%. The concentrations of methylsiloxanes exhibited a significant correlation with both unburned lubricating oils and organic aerosol mass. The emission factors of methylsiloxanes averaged 1.16 ± 0.59 mg kg-1 of burned fuel for light-duty vehicles and 1.53 ± 0.37 mg kg-1 for heavy-duty vehicles. Global annual emissions of methylsiloxanes in vehicle-emitted aerosols were estimated to range from 0.0035 to 0.0060 Tg, underscoring the significant yet largely unknown potential for health and climate impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yao
- Centre for Isotope Research (CIO), Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen (ESRIG), University of Groningen, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Rupert Holzinger
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, IMAU, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, Utrecht 3584 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Dušan Materić
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, IMAU, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, Utrecht 3584 CC, The Netherlands
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research─UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Beatriz Sayuri Oyama
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, IMAU, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, Utrecht 3584 CC, The Netherlands
- Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics and Atmospheric Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Maria de Fátima Andrade
- Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics and Atmospheric Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Dipayan Paul
- Centre for Isotope Research (CIO), Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen (ESRIG), University of Groningen, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Haiyan Ni
- Centre for Isotope Research (CIO), Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen (ESRIG), University of Groningen, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Hanne Noto
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, IMAU, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, Utrecht 3584 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Ulrike Dusek
- Centre for Isotope Research (CIO), Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen (ESRIG), University of Groningen, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands
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Yang L, Huang RJ, Shen J, Wang T, Gong Y, Yuan W, Liu Y, Huang H, You Q, Huang DD, Huang C. New Insights into the Brown Carbon Chromophores and Formation Pathways for Aqueous Reactions of α-Dicarbonyls with Amines and Ammonium. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:12351-12361. [PMID: 37542457 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous-phase reactions of α-dicarbonyls with ammonium or amines have been identified as important sources of secondary brown carbon (BrC). However, the identities of most chromophores in these reactions and the effects of pH remain largely unknown. In this study, the chemical structures, formation pathways, and optical properties of individual BrC chromophores formed through aqueous reactions of α-dicarbonyls (glyoxal and methylglyoxal) with ammonium, amino acids, or methylamine at different pH's were characterized in detail by liquid chromatography-photodiode array-high resolution tandem mass spectrometry. In total, 180 chromophores are identified, accounting for 29-79% of the light absorption of bulk BrC for different reactions. Thereinto, 155 newly identified chromophores, including 76 imidazoles, 57 pyrroles, 10 pyrazines, 9 pyridines, and 3 imidazole-pyrroles, explain additionally 9-69% of the light absorption, and these chromophores mainly involve four formation pathways, including previously unrecognized reactions of ammonia or methylamine with the methylglyoxal dimer for the formation of pyrroles. The pH in these reactions also shows remarkable effects on the formation and transformation of BrC chromophores; e.g., with the increase of pH from 5.0 to 7.0, the light absorption contributions of imidazoles in identified chromophores decrease from 72% to 65%, while the light absorption contributions of pyrazines increase from 5% to 13% for the methylglyoxal + ammonium reaction; meanwhile, more small nitrogen heterocycles transformed into oligomers (e.g., C9 and C12 pyrroles) via reaction with methylglyoxal. These newly identified chromophores and proposed formation pathways are instructive for future field studies of the formation and transformation of aqueous-phase BrC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess Science, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess Science, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jincan Shen
- Key Laboratory of Detection Technology R & D on Food Safety, Food Inspection and Quarantine Technology Center of Shenzhen Customs District, Shenzhen 518045, China
| | - Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess Science, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yuquan Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Loess Science, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Loess Science, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess Science, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huabin Huang
- College of Environment and Public Health, Xiamen Huaxia University, Xiamen 361024, China
| | - Qihua You
- College of Environment and Public Health, Xiamen Huaxia University, Xiamen 361024, China
| | - Dan Dan Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of the Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of the Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
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Chang Y, Ling Q, Ge X, Yuan X, Zhou S, Cheng K, Mao J, Huang D, Hu Q, Lu J, Cui S, Gao Y, Lu Y, Zhu L, Tan W, Guo S, Hu M, Wang H, Huang C, Huang RJ, Zhang Y, Hu J. Nonagricultural emissions enhance dimethylamine and modulate urban atmospheric nucleation. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2023:S2095-9273(23)00352-3. [PMID: 37328366 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Gas-phase dimethylamine (DMA) has recently been identified as one of the most important vapors to initiate new particle formation (NPF), even in China's polluted atmosphere. Nevertheless, there remains a fundamental need for understanding the atmospheric life cycle of DMA, particularly in urban areas. Here we pioneered large-scale mobile observations of the DMA concentrations within cities and across two pan-region transects of north-to-south (∼700 km) and west-to-east (∼2000 km) in China. Unexpectedly, DMA concentrations (mean ± 1σ) in South China with scattered croplands (0.018 ± 0.010 ppbv) were over three times higher than those in the north with contiguous croplands (0.005 ± 0.001 ppbv), suggesting that nonagricultural activities may be an important source of DMA. Particularly in non-rural regions, incidental pulsed industrial emissions led to some of the highest DMA concentration levels in the world (>2.3 ppbv). Besides, in highly urbanized areas of Shanghai, supported by direct source-emission measurements, the spatial pattern of DMA was generally correlated with population (R2 = 0.31) due to associated residential emissions rather than vehicular emissions. Chemical transport simulations further show that in the most populated regions of Shanghai, residential DMA emissions can contribute for up to 78% of particle number concentrations. Shanghai is a case study for populous megacities, and the impacts of nonagricultural emissions on local DMA concentration and nucleation are likely similar for other major urban regions globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhua Chang
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology (NUIST), Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Qingyang Ling
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology (NUIST), Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xinlei Ge
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xiangyang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Shengqian Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Kai Cheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology (NUIST), Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Jianjiong Mao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Dandan Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Qingyao Hu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Jun Lu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Shijie Cui
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yaqing Gao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yiqun Lu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Liang Zhu
- TOFWERK China, Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Wen Tan
- TOFWERK China, Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Song Guo
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hongli Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yuanhang Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianlin Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
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Zhu T, Tang M, Gao M, Bi X, Cao J, Che H, Chen J, Ding A, Fu P, Gao J, Gao Y, Ge M, Ge X, Han Z, He H, Huang RJ, Huang X, Liao H, Liu C, Liu H, Liu J, Liu SC, Lu K, Ma Q, Nie W, Shao M, Song Y, Sun Y, Tang X, Wang T, Wang T, Wang W, Wang X, Wang Z, Yin Y, Zhang Q, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Zheng M, Zhu B, Zhu J. Recent Progress in Atmospheric Chemistry Research in China: Establishing a Theoretical Framework for the "Air Pollution Complex". Adv Atmos Sci 2023; 40:1-23. [PMID: 37359906 PMCID: PMC10140723 DOI: 10.1007/s00376-023-2379-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric chemistry research has been growing rapidly in China in the last 25 years since the concept of the "air pollution complex" was first proposed by Professor Xiaoyan TANG in 1997. For papers published in 2021 on air pollution (only papers included in the Web of Science Core Collection database were considered), more than 24 000 papers were authored or co-authored by scientists working in China. In this paper, we review a limited number of representative and significant studies on atmospheric chemistry in China in the last few years, including studies on (1) sources and emission inventories, (2) atmospheric chemical processes, (3) interactions of air pollution with meteorology, weather and climate, (4) interactions between the biosphere and atmosphere, and (5) data assimilation. The intention was not to provide a complete review of all progress made in the last few years, but rather to serve as a starting point for learning more about atmospheric chemistry research in China. The advances reviewed in this paper have enabled a theoretical framework for the air pollution complex to be established, provided robust scientific support to highly successful air pollution control policies in China, and created great opportunities in education, training, and career development for many graduate students and young scientists. This paper further highlights that developing and low-income countries that are heavily affected by air pollution can benefit from these research advances, whilst at the same time acknowledging that many challenges and opportunities still remain in atmospheric chemistry research in China, to hopefully be addressed over the next few decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhu
- Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Mingjin Tang
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640 China
| | - Meng Gao
- Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xinhui Bi
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640 China
| | - Junji Cao
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029 China
| | - Huizheng Che
- Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China
| | | | - Aijun Ding
- Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | | | - Jian Gao
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012 China
| | - Yang Gao
- Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100 China
| | - Maofa Ge
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
| | - Xinlei Ge
- Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044 China
| | - Zhiwei Han
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029 China
| | - Hong He
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085 China
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an, 710061 China
| | - Xin Huang
- Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Hong Liao
- Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044 China
| | - Cheng Liu
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026 China
| | - Huan Liu
- Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Jianguo Liu
- Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031 China
| | | | - Keding Lu
- Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Qingxin Ma
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085 China
| | - Wei Nie
- Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Min Shao
- Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Yu Song
- Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Yele Sun
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029 China
| | - Xiao Tang
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029 China
| | - Tao Wang
- Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | - Weigang Wang
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
| | | | - Zifa Wang
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029 China
| | - Yan Yin
- Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044 China
| | | | - Weijun Zhang
- Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031 China
| | - Yanlin Zhang
- Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044 China
| | - Yunhong Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Mei Zheng
- Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Bin Zhu
- Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044 China
| | - Jiang Zhu
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029 China
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9
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Wang T, Huang RJ, Yang L, Dai W, Ni H, Gong Y, Guo J, Zhong H, Lin C, Xu W. Direct emissions of particulate glyoxal and methylglyoxal from biomass burning and coal combustion. Sci Total Environ 2023; 862:160757. [PMID: 36502685 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Glyoxal (Gly) and methylglyoxal (Mgly) are key precursors globally for secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. These two species were often thought to be formed in the atmosphere via photochemical oxidation of organics from biogenic and anthropogenic origins, although few studies have shown their direct emissions. In this study, we report direct emissions of particulate Gly and Mgly from different residential fuels typically used in north China. The emission ratios (ERs) and emission factors (EFs) of particulate Gly and Mgly for biomass burning were approximate 5-fold and 7-fold higher than those for coal combustion, respectively. The large variances in emissions of Gly and Mgly could be attributed to the different combustion processes, which influenced by the fuel types and combustion conditions. The averaged ERs and EFs of particulate Gly and Mgly were about one order of magnitude lower than their gaseous counterparts due to the low Henry's law constant, which was also consistent with the low particle-to-gas ratio of Gly (0.04) and Mgly (0.02). Our results suggest that the direct emissions of Gly and Mgly from emission sources should be considered when estimating the formation of SOA from Gly and Mgly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266061, China; Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Lu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenting Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Haiyan Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yuquan Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jie Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Haobin Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Chunshui Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
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10
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Wang Y, Huang RJ, Xu W, Zhong H, Duan J, Lin C, Gu Y, Wang T, Li Y, Ovadnevaite J, Ceburnis D, O’Dowd C. Staggered-peak production is a mixed blessing in the control of particulate matter pollution. NPJ Clim Atmos Sci 2022; 5:99. [PMID: 36530483 PMCID: PMC9739352 DOI: 10.1038/s41612-022-00322-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Staggered-peak production (SP)-a measure to halt industrial production in the heating season-has been implemented in North China Plain to alleviate air pollution. We compared the variations of PM1 composition in Beijing during the SP period in the 2016 heating season (SPhs) with those in the normal production (NP) periods during the 2015 heating season (NPhs) and 2016 non-heating season (NPnhs) to investigate the effectiveness of SP. The PM1 mass concentration decreased from 70.0 ± 54.4 μg m-3 in NPhs to 53.0 ± 56.4 μg m-3 in SPhs, with prominent reductions in primary emissions. However, the fraction of nitrate during SPhs (20.2%) was roughly twice that during NPhs (12.7%) despite a large decrease of NOx, suggesting an efficient transformation of NOx to nitrate during the SP period. This is consistent with the increase of oxygenated organic aerosol (OOA), which almost doubled from NPhs (22.5%) to SPhs (43.0%) in the total organic aerosol (OA) fraction, highlighting efficient secondary formation during SP. The PM1 loading was similar between SPhs (53.0 ± 56.4 μg m-3) and NPnhs (50.7 ± 49.4 μg m-3), indicating a smaller difference in PM pollution between heating and non-heating seasons after the implementation of the SP measure. In addition, a machine learning technique was used to decouple the impact of meteorology on air pollutants. The deweathered results were comparable with the observed results, indicating that meteorological conditions did not have a large impact on the comparison results. Our study indicates that the SP policy is effective in reducing primary emissions but promotes the formation of secondary species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an, 710061 China
- Interdisciplinary Research Center of Earth Science Frontier (IRCESF), Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 China
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an, 710061 China
- Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, 266061 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an, 710061 China
- Ryan Institute’s Centre for Climate & Air Pollution Studies, School of Natural Sciences, Physics Unit, University of Galway, University Road, Galway, H91CF50 Ireland
| | - Haobin Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an, 710061 China
| | - Jing Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an, 710061 China
| | - Chunshui Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an, 710061 China
| | - Yifang Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an, 710061 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an, 710061 China
| | - Yongjie Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, SAR 999078 China
| | - Jurgita Ovadnevaite
- Ryan Institute’s Centre for Climate & Air Pollution Studies, School of Natural Sciences, Physics Unit, University of Galway, University Road, Galway, H91CF50 Ireland
| | - Darius Ceburnis
- Ryan Institute’s Centre for Climate & Air Pollution Studies, School of Natural Sciences, Physics Unit, University of Galway, University Road, Galway, H91CF50 Ireland
| | - Colin O’Dowd
- Ryan Institute’s Centre for Climate & Air Pollution Studies, School of Natural Sciences, Physics Unit, University of Galway, University Road, Galway, H91CF50 Ireland
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11
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Zhou B, Gao YX, Ba T, Wang LF, Cao SJ, Li Q, Yan ZQ, Wang HY, Huang RJ. [Clinical effects of ultra-pulsed fractional carbon dioxide laser in the treatment of mild to moderate microstomia after burns]. Zhonghua Shao Shang Yu Chuang Mian Xiu Fu Za Zhi 2022; 38:816-821. [PMID: 36177585 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501225-20220620-00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the clinical effects of ultra-pulsed fractional carbon dioxide laser (UFCL) in the treatment of mild to moderate microstomia after burns. Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted on 19 patients with mild to moderate microstomia after burns who were admitted to Inner Mongolia Baogang Hospital from January 2018 to January 2022, including 15 males and 4 females aged (35±14) years. Patients had an average course of 71 d of microstomia, with 8 cases of moderate microstomia and 11 cases of mild microstomia. All the patients received UFCL treatment every 2-3 months until the microstomia was corrected or the treatment bottleneck was reached. The times of UFCL treatment for patients and the time interval from the last treatment to the last follow-up were recorded. Before the first treatment and at the last follow-up, the opening degree of mouth (finger measurement method), oral gap width, and the distance between the upper and lower incisors during mouth opening were recorded. Before the first treatment and at the last treatment, the new Vancouver scar scale (VSS) was used to evaluate the scar. At the last follow-up, the degree of satisfaction was evaluated by the Likert 5 scale by the patients themselves, and the satisfaction ratio was calculated; the adverse reactions such as pigmentation, blisters, infection, and persistent erythema in the treatment area were counted. Data were statistically analyzed with Mann-Whitney rank sum test or paired sample t test. Results: Patients received UFCL treatment of 3 (2, 6) times. The interval from the last treatment to the last follow-up was 26 months at most and 4 months at least. At the last follow-up, the opening degree of mouth of patients was significantly improved than that before treatment (Z=4.68, P<0.01). At the last follow-up, the oral gap width of patients was (35±6) mm, and the distance between upper and lower incisors during mouth opening was (3.2±0.4) cm, which was significantly improved compared with those before treatment (with t values of 10.73 and 18.97, respectively, P<0.01). The VSS score after the last treatment was 4.1±1.6, which was significantly better than that before treatment (t=22.96, P<0.01). At the last follow-up, the satisfaction ratio of patients with treatment was 18/19, and no pigmentation, blisters, infection, persistent erythema, and other adverse reactions of all patients in the treatment area occurred, however, one of the patients reported that the disease recurred about half a year after treatment. Conclusions: UFCL is an effective method for treating mild to moderate microstomia after burns, with which patients are highly satisfied, and it is worth of further study and promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Zhou
- Department of Burn Surgery, Inner Mongolia Baogang Hospital, Burn Medical Institute of Inner Mongolia, Baotou 014010, China
| | - Y X Gao
- Department of Burn Surgery, Inner Mongolia Baogang Hospital, Burn Medical Institute of Inner Mongolia, Baotou 014010, China
| | - T Ba
- Department of Burn Surgery, Inner Mongolia Baogang Hospital, Burn Medical Institute of Inner Mongolia, Baotou 014010, China
| | - L F Wang
- Department of Burn Surgery, Inner Mongolia Baogang Hospital, Burn Medical Institute of Inner Mongolia, Baotou 014010, China
| | - S J Cao
- Department of Burn Surgery, Inner Mongolia Baogang Hospital, Burn Medical Institute of Inner Mongolia, Baotou 014010, China
| | - Q Li
- Department of Burn Surgery, Inner Mongolia Baogang Hospital, Burn Medical Institute of Inner Mongolia, Baotou 014010, China
| | - Z Q Yan
- Department of Burn Surgery, Inner Mongolia Baogang Hospital, Burn Medical Institute of Inner Mongolia, Baotou 014010, China
| | - H Y Wang
- Department of Burn Surgery, Inner Mongolia Baogang Hospital, Burn Medical Institute of Inner Mongolia, Baotou 014010, China
| | - R J Huang
- Department of Burn Surgery, Inner Mongolia Baogang Hospital, Burn Medical Institute of Inner Mongolia, Baotou 014010, China
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12
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Yao P, Chianese E, Kairys N, Holzinger R, Materić D, Sirignano C, Riccio A, Ni H, Huang RJ, Dusek U. A large contribution of methylsiloxanes to particulate matter from ship emissions. Environ Int 2022; 165:107324. [PMID: 35689851 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The chemical and stable carbon isotopic composition of the organic aerosol particles (OA) emitted by a shuttle passenger ship between mainland Naples and island Capri in Italy were investigated. Various methylsiloxanes and derivatives were found in particulate ship emissions for the first time, as identified in the mass spectra of a thermal desorption - proton transfer reaction - mass spectrometer (TD-PTR-MS) based on the natural abundance of silicon isotopes. Large contributions of methylsiloxanes to OA (up to 59.3%) were found under inefficient combustion conditions, and considerably lower methylsiloxane emissions were observed under cruise conditions (1.2% of OA). Furthermore, the stable carbon isotopic composition can provide a fingerprint for methylsiloxanes, as they have low δ13C values in the range of -44.91‰ ± 4.29‰. The occurrence of methylsiloxanes was therefore further supported by low δ13C values of particulate organic carbon (OC), ranging from -34.7‰ to -39.4‰, when carbon fractions of methylsiloxanes in OC were high. The δ13C values of OC increased up to around -26.7‰ under cruise conditions, when carbon fractions of methylsiloxanes in OC were low. Overall, the δ13C value of OC decreased linearly with increasing carbon fraction of methylsiloxanes in OC, and the slope is consistent with a mixture of methylsiloxanes and fuel combustion products. The methylsiloxanes in ship emissions may come from engine lubricants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yao
- Centre for Isotope Research (CIO), Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen (ESRIG), University of Groningen, Groningen 9747AG, The Netherlands.
| | - Elena Chianese
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Naples, 'Parthenope' Centro Direzionale, Isola C4 80143, Napoli, Italy
| | - Norbertas Kairys
- Centre for Isotope Research (CIO), Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen (ESRIG), University of Groningen, Groningen 9747AG, The Netherlands
| | - Rupert Holzinger
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, IMAU, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dušan Materić
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, IMAU, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Carmina Sirignano
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Viale Lincoln, 5-81100, Caserta, Italy
| | - Angelo Riccio
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Naples, 'Parthenope' Centro Direzionale, Isola C4 80143, Napoli, Italy
| | - Haiyan Ni
- Centre for Isotope Research (CIO), Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen (ESRIG), University of Groningen, Groningen 9747AG, The Netherlands; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Ulrike Dusek
- Centre for Isotope Research (CIO), Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen (ESRIG), University of Groningen, Groningen 9747AG, The Netherlands.
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13
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Lin C, Huang RJ, Duan J, Zhong H, Xu W. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from cooking emissions. Sci Total Environ 2022; 818:151700. [PMID: 34798089 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution studies have often overlooked the contribution from cooking to the particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the ambient environment, despite cooking emissions have been identified as an important source of organic aerosol in most urban areas, known as the cooking-like organic aerosol factor (i.e., COA). In this study, a Long-Time-of-Flight (LToF) soot particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SP-AMS) was deployed to evaluate the impact of cooking emissions on outdoor particle-bound PAHs levels during a summer campaign in 2019 in Xi'an China. Combined with the robust receptor model, cooking emission was found to be the major source of ambient PAHs, on average, accounting for 90% of PAHs, 9 times higher than traffic (10%). The ambient cooking PAH profile was well correlated (r2 of 0.87) with that for frying oil fume, suggesting cooking oil was the major source of PAHs instead of the food being cooked. We further evaluated the health risk associated with the cooking PAHs and estimated the cooking PAH levels in some of the major cities in the world where COA factor has been reported. The results show the particle-bound PAHs from cooking can be an important source of ambient PAHs in most Chinese cities. The findings from this study hold important implications for public health and are informing for policymakers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunshui Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Open Studio for Oceanic-Continental Climate and Environment Changes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Jing Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Haobin Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
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14
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Lin C, Huang RJ, Duan J, Zhong H, Xu W, Wu Y, Zhang R. Large contribution from worship activities to the atmospheric soot particles in northwest China. Environ Pollut 2022; 299:118907. [PMID: 35091017 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Worship activities like burning joss paper during the Chinese Hanyi festival is a common, traditional custom in northwest China. However, the pollutants of e.g., soot particles, released from joss paper burning and the corresponding impacts on urban air quality were poorly investigated, which can be a particular concern since these activities are conducted in an uncontrolled manner. In this study, a long time-of-flight (LToF) soot particle aerosol mass spectrometry (SP-AMS) was deployed to characterize the refractory black carbon (rBC) emitted from the joss paper burning, as well as crop residue, coal combustion, and traffic during the Hanyi Festival in mid-November 2020 in the northwestern city of Xi'an in China. Large difference (from <5% to >100%) in the fragmentation patterns (Cn+) for the measured rBC from different source emissions were found when compared to the reference Regal Black. Using the receptor model of positive matrix factorization (PMF) with the multilinear engine (ME-2) algorithm, the obtained rBC mass spectra were used as the anchoring profiles to evaluate the emission strengths of different source types to the atmospheric rBC. Our results show that the burning of joss paper accounted for up to 42% of the atmospheric rBC mass, higher than traffic (14-17%), crop residue (10-17%), coal (18-20%) during the Hanyi festival in northwest China. Moreover, we show that the overall air quality can be worsened due to the practice of uncontrolled burning of joss paper during the festival, which is not just confined to the people who do the burning. Although worship activities occur mainly during festival periods, the pollution events contributed by joss paper burning may pose an acute exposure risk for public health. This is particularly important since burning joss paper during worship activities is common in China and most Asian countries with similar traditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunshui Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Open Studio for Oceanic-Continental Climate and Environment Changes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266061, China.
| | - Jing Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Haobin Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Yunfei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation (LAGEO), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Renjian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation (LAGEO), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
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15
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Yao P, Huang RJ, Ni H, Kairys N, Yang L, Meijer HAJ, Dusek U. 13C signatures of aerosol organic and elemental carbon from major combustion sources in China compared to worldwide estimates. Sci Total Environ 2022; 810:151284. [PMID: 34740647 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Carbon isotope signatures are used to gain insight into sources and atmospheric processing of carbonaceous aerosols. Since elemental carbon (EC) is chemically stable, it is possible to apportion the main sources of EC (C3/C4 plant burning, coal combustion, and traffic emissions) using a dual 14C-13C isotope approach. The dual-isotope source apportionment crucially relies on accurate knowledge of 13C source signatures, which are seldom measured for EC. In this work, we present 13C signatures of organic carbon (OC) and EC for relevant sources in China. EC was isolated for 13C analysis based on the OC/EC split point of a thermal-optical method (EUSAAR_2 protocol). A series of sensitivity studies were conducted to investigate the EC separation and the relationship of the thermal-optical method to other EC isolation methods. Our results show that, first, the 13C signatures of raw materials and EC related to traffic emissions can be separated into three groups according to geographical location. Second, the 13C signature of OC emitted by the flaming combustion of C4 plants is strongly depleted in 13C compared to the source materials, and therefore EC is a better tracer for this source than total carbon (TC). A comprehensive literature review of 13C source signatures (of raw materials, of TC, and of EC isolated using a variety of thermal methods) was conducted. Accordingly, we recommend composite 13C source signatures of EC with uncertainties and detailed application conditions. Using these source signatures of EC in an example dual-isotope source apportionment study shows an improvement in precision. In addition, 13C signatures of OC were measured at three different desorption temperatures roughly corresponding to semi-volatile, low-volatile, and non-volatile OC fractions. Each source category shows a characteristic trend of 13C signatures with desorption temperature, which is likely related to different OC formation processes during combustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yao
- Centre for Isotope Research (CIO), Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen (ESRIG), University of Groningen, Groningen, 9747AG, the Netherlands
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Haiyan Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Centre for Isotope Research (CIO), Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen (ESRIG), University of Groningen, Groningen, 9747AG, the Netherlands
| | - Norbertas Kairys
- Centre for Isotope Research (CIO), Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen (ESRIG), University of Groningen, Groningen, 9747AG, the Netherlands
| | - Lu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Harro A J Meijer
- Centre for Isotope Research (CIO), Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen (ESRIG), University of Groningen, Groningen, 9747AG, the Netherlands
| | - Ulrike Dusek
- Centre for Isotope Research (CIO), Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen (ESRIG), University of Groningen, Groningen, 9747AG, the Netherlands.
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Huang RJ, Yuan W, Yang L, Yang H, Cao W, Guo J, Zhang N, Zhu C, Wu Y, Zhang R. Concentration, optical characteristics, and emission factors of brown carbon emitted by on-road vehicles. Sci Total Environ 2022; 810:151307. [PMID: 34748827 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric brown carbon (BrC) is a light-absorbing component that affects radiative forcing; however, this effect requires further clarification, particularly with respect to BrC emission sources, chromophores, and optical properties. In the present study, the concentrations, optical properties, and emission factors of organic carbon (OC), water-soluble OC (WSOC), and humic-like substances (HULIS) in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) emitted from vehicles in three road tunnels (the Wucun, Xianyue, and Wenxing tunnels in Xiamen, China) were investigated. The mass concentrations and light absorption of OC, WSOC, and HULIS were higher at the exits of each tunnel than at entrances, demonstrating that vehicle emissions were a BrC source. At each tunnel's exit, the average light absorption contributed by HULIS-BrC to water-soluble BrC (WS-BrC) and total BrC at 365 nm was higher than the corresponding carbon mass concentration contributed by HULIS (HULIS-C) to WSOC and OC, indicating that the chromophores of HULIS emitted from vehicles had a disproportionately high effect on the light absorption characteristics of BrC. The emission factors (EFs) of HULIS-C and WSOC mass concentrations were highest at the Xianyue tunnel; however, the EFs of HULIS-BrC and WS-BrC light absorption were highest at the Wenxing tunnel, indicating that the chromophore composition of BrC was different among the tunnels and that the mass concentration EFs did not correspond directly to the light absorption EFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Jin Huang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, SKLLQG, and KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Open Studio for Oceanic-Continental Climate and Environment Changes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Wei Yuan
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, SKLLQG, and KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lu Yang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, SKLLQG, and KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huinan Yang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 200093 Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjuan Cao
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, SKLLQG, and KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jie Guo
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, SKLLQG, and KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Ningning Zhang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, SKLLQG, and KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Chongshu Zhu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, SKLLQG, and KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yunfei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Renjian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
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Glasius M, Thomsen D, Wang K, Iversen LS, Duan J, Huang RJ. Chemical characteristics and sources of organosulfates, organosulfonates, and carboxylic acids in aerosols in urban Xi'an, Northwest China. Sci Total Environ 2022; 810:151187. [PMID: 34756911 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We investigated speciation and levels of organosulfates, organosulfonates as well as carboxylic acids in aerosol samples collected during summer (2014) and winter (2014/15) in Xi'an, Northwest China, to improve understanding of composition and sources of organic aerosols in this region heavily affected by air pollution. Organosulfates are formed from reactive gas-phase organic compounds and acidic sulfate aerosols, contributing to secondary organic aerosols, SOA. The aerosol samples show a large diversity in organosulfur species in line with other regions of China, reflecting the high levels and complexity of SOA precursors. In summer samples, organosulfates from isoprene are prevalent due to transport of air masses from southern regions with isoprene-emitting mountain forests. During winter, air masses are local or from areas north of the city with low population density and very low temperatures. The estimated levels of organosulfates and organosulfonates in summer (768 ± 346 ng m-3) and winter samples (938 ± 374 ng m-3) are more similar than expected given the high levels of sulfate and organic carbon in winter, indicating the complexity of organosulfur formation processes. We observed an organosulfonate with molecular weight 214 (C6H14O6S) at high estimated levels (254 ± 232 ng m-3) in winter, but much lower concentrations (12 ± 13 ng m-3) in summer. High levels of organosulfur compounds were mainly observed at aerosol pH below about 2.5. Concentrations of carboxylic acids from oxidation of monoterpenes were low (5.2 ± 2.7 ng m-3 in summer). Phthalic acid was as high as 90 ± 29 ng m-3 during winter and correlated highly with organic carbon, chloride and potassium, indicating a common origin, most likely burning of biomass and plastic-containing waste. Further research is needed to elucidate formation and sources of organosulfates and organosulfonates, as well as the impact on aerosol properties affecting e.g. health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Glasius
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Ditte Thomsen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions of MOE, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | | | - Jing Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.
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18
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Yao P, Ni H, Paul D, Masalaite A, Huang RJ, Meijer HAJ, Dusek U. An automated method for thermal-optical separation of aerosol organic/elemental carbon for 13C analysis at the sub-μgC level: A comprehensive assessment. Sci Total Environ 2022; 804:150031. [PMID: 34509852 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We describe and thoroughly evaluate a method for 13C analysis in different fractions of carbonaceous aerosols, especially elemental carbon (EC). This method combines a Sunset thermal-optical analyzer and an isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS) via a custom-built automated separation, purification, and injection system. Organic carbon (OC), EC, and other specific fractions from aerosol filter samples can be separated and analyzed automatically for 13C based on thermal-optical protocols (EUSAAR_2 in this study) at sub-μgC levels. The main challenges in isolating EC for 13C analysis are the possible artifacts during OC/EC separation, including the premature loss of EC and the formation of pyrolyzed OC (pOC) that is difficult to separate from EC. Since those artifacts can be accompanied with isotope fractionation, their influence on the stable isotopic composition of EC was comprehensively investigated with various test compounds. The results show that the thermal-optical method is relatively successful in OC/EC separation for 13C analysis. The method was further tested on real aerosols samples. For biomass-burning source samples, (partial) inclusion of pOC into EC has negligible influence on the 13C signature of EC. However, for ambient samples, the influence of pOC on the 13C signature of EC can be significant, if it is not well separated from EC, which is true for many current methods for measuring 13C on EC. A case study in Xi'an, China, where pOC is enriched in 13C compared to EC, shows that this can lead to an overestimate of coal and an underestimate of traffic emissions in isotope-based source apportionment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yao
- Centre for Isotope Research (CIO), Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen (ESRIG), University of Groningen, Groningen 9747AG, the Netherlands
| | - Haiyan Ni
- Centre for Isotope Research (CIO), Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen (ESRIG), University of Groningen, Groningen 9747AG, the Netherlands; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Dipayan Paul
- Centre for Isotope Research (CIO), Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen (ESRIG), University of Groningen, Groningen 9747AG, the Netherlands
| | - Agne Masalaite
- State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Harro A J Meijer
- Centre for Isotope Research (CIO), Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen (ESRIG), University of Groningen, Groningen 9747AG, the Netherlands
| | - Ulrike Dusek
- Centre for Isotope Research (CIO), Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen (ESRIG), University of Groningen, Groningen 9747AG, the Netherlands.
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Ni H, Huang RJ, Yao P, Cosijn MM, Kairys N, Zhong H, Dusek U. Organic aerosol formation and aging processes in Beijing constrained by size-resolved measurements of radiocarbon and stable isotopic 13C. Environ Int 2022; 158:106890. [PMID: 34607042 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the sources and atmospheric processes of size-resolved carbonaceous aerosols in winter 2018 in urban Beijing, based on analysis of dual-carbon isotopes (i.e., radiocarbon and the stable isotope 13C). We found a size dependence of fossil source contributions to elemental carbon (EC), but no clear size dependence for organic carbon (OC). Comparable fossil source contributions to water-insoluble OC (WIOC; 55 ± 3%) and to water-soluble OC (WSOC; 54 ± 4%) highlight the importance of secondary aerosol formation, considering that fossil sources emit only small amounts of primary WSOC. OC concentrations increased during high PM2.5 pollution events, with increased fossil and non-fossil WSOC concentrating at larger particles (0.44-2.5 µm) than WIOC (0.25-2.5 µm), highlighting the aqueous-phase chemistry as an important pathway for OC production. The ratio of 13C/12C (expressed as δ13C) of total carbon (-27.0‰ to -23.3‰) fell in the range of anthropogenic aerosol, reflecting small biogenic influence. δ13C of OC increased with desorption temperature steps (200 °C, 350 °C and 650 °C). The strongly enriched δ13COC,650 (-26.9‰ to -20.3‰) and large mass fraction of OC650°C in total desorbed OC, both increasing with the increase of particle sizes, were caused by photochemical aging, especially during low and moderate PM2.5 pollution events, when regional, aged aerosol played an important role. During low pollution events, higher δ13COC,650 and WSOC/OC ratios reflect a larger contribution and more extensive chemical processing of aged aerosol. In contrast, relatively low δ13COC,200 (-27.2‰ to -25.7‰) suggests the influence of secondary OC formation on the more volatile OC desorbed at 200 °C. δ13COC,200 was similar for all particle sizes and for different pollution events, pointing to an internal mixture of local and aged regional OC. Our results show that the organic aerosol in Beijing arises from a mixture of various sources and complex formation processes, spanning local to regional scales. Particle sizes < 250 nm show strong contribution from local secondary OC formation, whereas refractory OC in particles around 1 µm shows strong evidence for regional aging processes. In summary, primary emission, secondary and aqueous-phase formation, and (photo-)chemical aging all need to be considered to understand organic aerosol in this region and their importance varies with particle size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Centre for Isotope Research (CIO), Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen (ESRIG), University of Groningen, Groningen 9747 AG, the Netherlands
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Peng Yao
- Centre for Isotope Research (CIO), Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen (ESRIG), University of Groningen, Groningen 9747 AG, the Netherlands
| | - Max M Cosijn
- Centre for Isotope Research (CIO), Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen (ESRIG), University of Groningen, Groningen 9747 AG, the Netherlands
| | - Norbertas Kairys
- Centre for Isotope Research (CIO), Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen (ESRIG), University of Groningen, Groningen 9747 AG, the Netherlands
| | - Haobin Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Ulrike Dusek
- Centre for Isotope Research (CIO), Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen (ESRIG), University of Groningen, Groningen 9747 AG, the Netherlands.
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20
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Liu Z, Zhang ZJ, He KT, Huang RJ. [Research progress on the effects of the interactions between phage and periodontal pathogens on periodontal disease]. Zhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi 2021; 56:1282-1286. [PMID: 34915666 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112144-20210428-00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Periodontal disease is among the most prevalent oral diseases. As viruses that may infect bacteria, bacteriophages constitute an important component of the oral microbiome. With the advances in bioinformatics and genomics, the relationships among the bacteriophages, oral microbiome and periodontal disease is gradually being elucidated. As a result, phage therapy has become an emerging approach in the fight against super bacteria and has flourished in recent years. This review article discusses the mechanisms involved in the microbial interactions associated with oral phages and periodontal disease, the role of phages in maintaining a normal periodontal environment, the relationship between the imbalance of phages and the occurrence of periodontal disease, and the use of phage in the treatment of periodontal disease in order to provides references for in-depth research on the mechanisms of phage effects on periodontal disease, as well as the further clinical application of phage therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Liu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University & State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Other Research Platforms, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Z J Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University & State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Other Research Platforms, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - K T He
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University & State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Other Research Platforms, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - R J Huang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University & State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Other Research Platforms, Chengdu 610041, China
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21
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Duan J, Huang RJ, Chang Y, Zhong H, Gu Y, Lin C, Hoffmann T, O'Dowd C. Measurement report of the change of PM 2.5 composition during the COVID-19 lockdown in urban Xi'an: Enhanced secondary formation and oxidation. Sci Total Environ 2021; 791:148126. [PMID: 34119790 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced secondary aerosol formation was observed during the COVID-19 lockdown in Xi'an, especially for polluted episodes. More oxidized‑oxygenated organic aerosol (MO-OOA) and sulfate showed the dominant enhancements, especially in large particle-mode. Meanwhile, relative humidity (RH) showed a positive promotion on the formation of sulfate and MO-OOA during the lockdown, but had no obvious correlation with less oxidized‑oxygenated organic aerosol (LO-OOA) or nitrate. Organosulfurs (OS) displayed a higher contribution (~58%) than inorganic sulfate to total sulfate enhancement in the polluted episode during the lockdown. Although the total nitrate (TN) decreased during the lockdown ascribing to a larger reduction of inorganic nitrate, organic nitrate (ON) showed an obvious increase from pre-lockdown (0.5 ± 0.6 μg m-3 and 1 ± 2% of TN) to lockdown (5.3 ± 3.1 μg m-3 and 17 ± 9% of TN) in the polluted case (P < 0.05). In addition, RH also displayed a positive promotion on the formation of ON and OS, and the increases of both OS and ON were much efficient in the nighttime than in the daytime. These results suggest that higher RH and stagnant meteorology might facilitate the sulfate and MO-OOA enhancement, especially in the nighttime, which dominated the secondary aerosol enhancement in haze pollution during the lockdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Yunhua Chang
- KLME & CIC-FEMD, Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Haobin Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yifang Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chunshui Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Thorsten Hoffmann
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Colin O'Dowd
- School of Physics, Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway H91CF50, Ireland
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Yuan W, Huang RJ, Yang L, Ni H, Wang T, Cao W, Duan J, Guo J, Huang H, Hoffmann T. Concentrations, optical properties and sources of humic-like substances (HULIS) in fine particulate matter in Xi'an, Northwest China. Sci Total Environ 2021; 789:147902. [PMID: 34052478 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Humic-like substances (HULIS) are ubiquitous in the atmospheric environment, which affects both human health and climate. We present here the mass concentration and optical characteristics of HULIS isolated from aerosol samples collected in Xi'an, China. Both mass concentration and absorption coefficient (Abs365) of HULIS show clear seasonal differences, with the highest average in winter (3.91 μgC m-3 and 4.78 M m-1, respectively) and the lowest in summer (0.65 μgC m-3 and 0.55 M m-1, respectively). The sources of HULIS_C and light absorption of HULIS were analyzed by positive matrix factorization (PMF) and four major sources were resolved, including secondary formation, biomass burning, coal burning, and vehicle emission. Our results show that secondary formation (i.e., gas-to-particle conversion from e.g., photochemical oxidation) was the major contributor to both HULIS_C (50%) and light absorption (55%) of HULIS in summer, biomass burning and coal burning were major sources of HULIS_C (~70%) and light absorption (~80%) of HULIS in winter. It is worth noting that biomass burning and coal burning had higher contribution to HULIS light absorption (47% in spring, 37% in summer, 73% in fall, and 77% in winter) than their corresponding contribution to HULIS_C concentration (41% in spring, 37% in summer, 54% in fall, and 69% in winter). However, vehicle emission had lower contribution to HULIS light absorption (26% in spring, 8% in summer, 18% in fall, and 11% in winter) than to HULIS_C concentration (24% in spring, 13% in summer, 28% in fall, and 18% in winter). These results suggest that HULIS from biomass burning and coal burning have higher light absorption ability than from vehicle emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; College of Environment and public health, Xiamen Huaxia University, Xiamen 361024, China.
| | - Lu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Haiyan Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenjuan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jing Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jie Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Huabin Huang
- College of Environment and public health, Xiamen Huaxia University, Xiamen 361024, China
| | - Thorsten Hoffmann
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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23
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Zhang Y, Wang K, Tong H, Huang RJ, Hoffmann T. The maximum carbonyl ratio (MCR) as a new index for the structural classification of secondary organic aerosol components. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2021; 35:e9113. [PMID: 33908097 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Organic aerosols (OA) account for a large fraction of atmospheric fine particulate matter and thus are affecting climate and public health. Elucidation of the chemical composition of OA is the key for addressing the role of ambient fine particles at the atmosphere-biosphere interface and mass spectrometry is the main method to achieve this goal. METHODS High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) is on its way to becoming one of the most prominent analytical techniques, also for the analysis of atmospheric aerosols. The combination of high mass resolution and accurate mass determination allows the elemental compositions of numerous compounds to be easily elucidated. Here a new parameter for the improved classification of OA is introduced - the maximum carbonyl ratio (MCR) - which is directly derived from the molecular composition and is particularly suitable for the identification and characterization of secondary organic aerosols (SOA). RESULTS The concept is exemplified by the analysis of ambient OA samples from two measurement sites (Hyytiälä, Finland; Beijing, China) and of laboratory-generated SOA based on ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled to Orbitrap MS. To interpret the results, MCR-Van Krevelen (VK) diagrams are generated for the different OA samples and the individual compounds are categorized into specific areas in the diagrams. The results show that the MCR index is a valuable parameter for representing atmospheric SOA components in composition and structure-dependent visualization tools such as VK diagrams. CONCLUSIONS The MCR index is suggested as a tool for a better characterization of the sources and the processing of atmospheric OA components based on HRMS data. Since the MCR contains information on the concentration of highly electrophilic organic compounds in particulate matter (PM) as well as on the concentration of organic (hydro)peroxides, the MCR could be a promising metric for identifying health-related particulate matter parameters by HRMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Kai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions of MOE, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Haijie Tong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Thorsten Hoffmann
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, 55128, Germany
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24
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Zhong H, Huang RJ, Chang Y, Duan J, Lin C, Chen Y. Enhanced formation of secondary organic aerosol from photochemical oxidation during the COVID-19 lockdown in a background site in Northwest China. Sci Total Environ 2021; 778:144947. [PMID: 33725613 PMCID: PMC8613705 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.144947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has drastically affected the economic and social activities, leading to large reductions in anthropogenic emissions on a global scale. Despite the reduction of primary emissions during the lockdown period, heavy haze pollution was observed unexpectedly in megacities in North and East China. In this study, we conducted online measurements of organic aerosol in a background site before and during the lockdown in Guanzhong basin, Northwest China. The oxygenated organic aerosol (OOA) increased from 24% of total OA (3.2 ± 1.6 μg m-3) before lockdown to 54% of total OA (4.5 ± 1.3 μg m-3) during lockdown, likely due to substantial decrease of NOx emissions during lockdown which resulted in large increase of O3 and thus atmospheric oxidizing capacity. OOA showed higher mass concentrations and fractional contributions during lockdown than before lockdown, and increased with the increase of Ox in both periods. In comparison, aqueous secondary organic aerosol (aqSOA) showed high mass concentrations and fractional contributions in both polluted periods before and during lockdown with the increase of aerosol liquid water content (ALWC). The increase of aqSOA under high ALWC conditions is very likely the reason of pollution events during lockdown. Combined with trajectory analysis, the absence of Guanzhong cluster in polluted period during lockdown may play a key role in the OA variations between two polluted periods. In addition, when comparing the clusters from the same transmission directions between before lockdown and during lockdown, the OA fractions showed similar variations during lockdown in all clusters, suggesting the OA variations are widespread in northwest China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haobin Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Yunhua Chang
- KLME & CIC-FEMD, Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Chunshui Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
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25
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Liao K, Chen Q, Liu Y, Li YJ, Lambe AT, Zhu T, Huang RJ, Zheng Y, Cheng X, Miao R, Huang G, Khuzestani RB, Jia T. Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation of Fleet Vehicle Emissions in China: Potential Seasonality of Spatial Distributions. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:7276-7286. [PMID: 34009957 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c08591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Vehicle emissions are an important source of urban particular matter. To investigate the secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation potential of real-world vehicle emissions, we exposed on-road air in Beijing to hydroxyl radicals generated in an oxidation flow reactor (OFR) under high-NOx conditions on-board a mobile laboratory and characterized SOA and their precursors with a suite of state-of-the-art instrumentation. The OFR produced 10-170 μg m-3 of SOA with a maximum SOA formation potential of 39-50 μg m-3 ppmv-1 CO that occurred following an integrated OH exposure of (1.3-2.0) × 1011 molecules cm-3 s. The results indicate relatively shorter photochemical ages for maximum SOA production than previous OFR results obtained under low-NOx conditions. Such timescales represent the balance of functionalization and fragmentation, possibly resulting in different spatial distributions of SOA in different seasons as the oxidant level changes. The detected precursors may explain as much as 13% of the observed SOA with the remaining plausibly contributed by the oxidation of undetected intermediate-volatility organic compounds. Extrapolation of the results suggests an annual SOA production rate of 0.78 Tg yr-1 from mobile gasoline sources in China, highlighting the importance of effective regulation of gaseous vehicular precursors to improve air quality in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren Liao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, BIC-ESAT and IJRC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, BIC-ESAT and IJRC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, BIC-ESAT and IJRC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yong Jie Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Andrew T Lambe
- Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Tong Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, BIC-ESAT and IJRC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China
| | - Yan Zheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, BIC-ESAT and IJRC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xi Cheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, BIC-ESAT and IJRC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ruqian Miao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, BIC-ESAT and IJRC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Guancong Huang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, BIC-ESAT and IJRC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Reza Bashiri Khuzestani
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, BIC-ESAT and IJRC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tianjiao Jia
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, BIC-ESAT and IJRC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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26
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Rai P, Furger M, Slowik JG, Zhong H, Tong Y, Wang L, Duan J, Gu Y, Qi L, Huang RJ, Cao J, Baltensperger U, Prévôt ASH. Characteristics and sources of hourly elements in PM 10 and PM 2.5 during wintertime in Beijing. Environ Pollut 2021; 278:116865. [PMID: 33714061 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Characteristics and sources of ambient particle elements in urban Beijing were studied by hourly observations in two size fractions (PM10 and PM2.5) during November and December 2017 using an online multi-element analyzer. The reconstructed oxide concentrations of 24 elements (from Al to Pb) comprise an appreciable fraction of PM10 and PM2.5, accounting for 37% and 17%, respectively on average. We demonstrate the benefit of using high-time-resolution chemical speciation data in achieving robust source apportionment of the total elemental PM10 (PM10el) and elemental PM2.5 (PM2.5el) mass using positive matrix factorization (PMF). Biomass burning, coal combustion, secondary sulfate, industry, non-exhaust traffic and dust were identified in both size fractions (with varying relative concentrations), which accounted on average for 4%, 12%, 5%, 2%, 14%, and 63%, respectively to the total PM10el, and 14%, 35%, 21%, 6%, 12% and 12%, respectively to the total PM2.5el. Biomass burning and coal combustion exhibited higher concentrations during haze episodes of the heating season. In contrast, secondary sulfate and industry contributed more to haze episodes during the non-heating season. The fractional contribution of dust was mostly high during clean days, while the fractional non-exhaust traffic emission contribution was similar throughout the measurement period. The non-exhaust traffic emissions contributed locally, while the remaining sources were dominated by neighboring areas. Furthermore, trajectory analysis showed that the origin of the industrial sources roughly agreed with the locations of the main point sources. Overall, this work provides detailed information on the characteristics of the elements during different haze events during heating and non-heating seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragati Rai
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, PSI, Switzerland
| | - Markus Furger
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, PSI, Switzerland.
| | - Jay G Slowik
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, PSI, Switzerland
| | - Haobin Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 710075, Xi'an, China
| | - Yandong Tong
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, PSI, Switzerland
| | - Liwei Wang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, PSI, Switzerland
| | - Jing Duan
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 710075, Xi'an, China
| | - Yifang Gu
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 710075, Xi'an, China
| | - Lu Qi
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, PSI, Switzerland
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 710075, Xi'an, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 710075, Xi'an, China
| | - Urs Baltensperger
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, PSI, Switzerland
| | - André S H Prévôt
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, PSI, Switzerland.
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27
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Ni H, Huang RJ, Pieber SM, Corbin JC, Stefenelli G, Pospisilova V, Klein F, Gysel-Beer M, Yang L, Baltensperger U, Haddad IE, Slowik JG, Cao J, Prévôt ASH, Dusek U. Brown Carbon in Primary and Aged Coal Combustion Emission. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:5701-5710. [PMID: 33826309 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c08084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Smog chamber experiments were conducted to characterize the light absorption of brown carbon (BrC) from primary and photochemically aged coal combustion emissions. Light absorption was measured by the UV-visible spectrophotometric analysis of water and methanol extracts of filter samples. The single-scattering albedo at 450 nm was 0.73 ± 0.10 for primary emissions and 0.75 ± 0.13 for aged emissions. The light absorption coefficient at 365 nm of methanol extracts was higher than that of water extracts by a factor of 10 for primary emissions and a factor of 7 for aged emissions. This suggests that the majority of BrC is water-insoluble even after aging. The mass absorption efficiency of this BrC (MAE365) for primary OA (POA) was dependent on combustion conditions, with an average of 0.84 ± 0.54 m2 g-1, which was significantly higher than that for aged OA (0.24 ± 0.18 m2 g-1). Secondary OA (SOA) dominated aged OA and the decreased MAE365 after aging indicates that SOA is less light absorbing than POA and/or that BrC is bleached (oxidized) with aging. The estimated MAE365 of SOA (0.14 ± 0.08 m2 g-1) was much lower than that of POA. A comparison of MAE365 of residential coal combustion with other anthropogenic sources suggests that residential coal combustion emissions are among the strongest absorbing BrC organics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
- Centre for Isotope Research (CIO), Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen (ESRIG), University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Simone M Pieber
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Joel C Corbin
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Giulia Stefenelli
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Veronika Pospisilova
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Felix Klein
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Martin Gysel-Beer
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Lu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Urs Baltensperger
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Imad El Haddad
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Jay G Slowik
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Junji Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - André S H Prévôt
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Ulrike Dusek
- Centre for Isotope Research (CIO), Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen (ESRIG), University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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28
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Duan J, Huang RJ, Gu Y, Lin C, Zhong H, Wang Y, Yuan W, Ni H, Yang L, Chen Y, Worsnop DR, O'Dowd C. The formation and evolution of secondary organic aerosol during summer in Xi'an: Aqueous phase processing in fog-rain days. Sci Total Environ 2021; 756:144077. [PMID: 33280860 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is an important contributor to organic aerosol (OA), however, the model simulations of SOA concentrations and oxidation states remain significant uncertainties because of inadequate cognition of its formation and aging chemistry. In this study, SOA formation and evolution processes during summer in Xi'an were investigated, based on high-resolution online measurements of non-refractory PM2.5 (NR-PM2.5) species and OA source apportionment using positive matrix factorization. The results showed that the total SOA, including less oxidized-oxygenated OA (LO-OOA), more oxidized-oxygenated OA (MO-OOA), and aqueous-phase-processed oxygenated OA (aq-OOA), on average constituted 69% of OA, and 43% of NR-PM2.5, suggesting the high atmospheric oxidation capacity and the dominance of SOA during summer in Xi'an. Photochemical oxidation processes dominated the summertime SOA formation both during non-fog-rain days and fog-rain days, which were responsible for the formation of both LO-OOA and MO-OOA. Consistently, LO-OOA and MO-OOA in total contributed 59% to OA during non-fog-rain days and 56% to OA during fog-rain days, respectively. On the contrary, aq-OOA was mainly observed during fog-rain days, which increased dramatically from 2% of OA during non-fog-rain days to 19% of OA during fog-rain days with the mass concentration increasing accordingly from 0.3 μg m-3 to 2.5 μg m-3. Episodic analyses further highlighted the persistently high RH period with high aerosol liquid water content (ALWC) was the driving factor of aq-OOA formation, and high Ox condition could further enhance its formation. Meanwhile, air masses from east and southeast were much favorable for the formation of long-time fog-rain days, which facilitated aq-OOA production during summer in Xi'an.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Yifang Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chunshui Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Haobin Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Wei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haiyan Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Lu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | | | - Colin O'Dowd
- School of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway H91CF50, Ireland
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29
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Wu Y, Li J, Jiang C, Xia Y, Tao J, Tian P, Zhou C, Wang C, Xia X, Huang RJ, Zhang R. Spectral absorption properties of organic carbon aerosol during a polluted winter in Beijing, China. Sci Total Environ 2021; 755:142600. [PMID: 33045607 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A fraction of organic carbon (OC) is found to exhibit the capability to absorb solar radiation. However, the absorption properties of OC remain poorly characterized partly due to uncertainties in determination methods. In this study, the absorption coefficient (bap) of OC (bap,OC) in Beijing during a polluted winter was estimated on the basis of the combined measurements of black carbon (BC) size distribution and total aerosol bap (bap,meas). The bare BC bap (bap,bareBC) calculated using Mie theory on the basis of measured size distribution exhibited weak wavelength dependence, with a mean absorption Ångström exponent (AAE) of 0.56 ± 0.04 within the 470-660 nm wavelength range, which was lower than the value of 1 commonly used for freshly emitted BC. The calculated bap,bareBC was compared with bap,meas at 950 nm to derive the coating thickness of BC, from which the calculation of coated BC bap (bap,coatBC) within 370-660 nm was based using the core-shell Mie model. Given the thick coatings, the AAE of coated BC, with a mean of 0.53 ± 0.12, was slightly lower than that of bare BC. Subsequently, bap,OC was obtained by subtracting bap,coatBC from bap,meas, accounting for 59.57 ± 4.82% of bap,meas at 370 nm on average. The average mass absorption efficiency of OC was estimated to be 1.48 ± 0.36 m2 g-1 at 370 nm. bap,OC significantly decreased as wavelength increased, deriving an AAE of OC with a mean of 2.72 ± 0.32 within the 370-660 nm range. The level of bap,OC estimated on the basis of a widely used attribution method assuming a constant BC AAE of 1 was ~60% lower than the currently presented value, probably underestimating OC radiative effect by a factor of >3. More accurate estimations of bap,OC based on more advanced measurements and suitable theory calculations are recommended to provide more reliable assessments of OC radiative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation (LAGEO), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Jiwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation (LAGEO), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chen Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation (LAGEO), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yunjie Xia
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation (LAGEO), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun Tao
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Ping Tian
- Beijing Weather Modification Office, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Chang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation (LAGEO), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chaoying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation (LAGEO), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiangao Xia
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation (LAGEO), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; Xianghe Observatory of Whole Atmosphere, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xianghe 065400, China
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Renjian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation (LAGEO), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; Xianghe Observatory of Whole Atmosphere, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xianghe 065400, China
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Wu Y, Xia Y, Zhou C, Tian P, Tao J, Huang RJ, Liu D, Wang X, Xia X, Han Z, Zhang R. Effect of source variation on the size and mixing state of black carbon aerosol in urban Beijing from 2013 to 2019: Implication on light absorption. Environ Pollut 2021; 270:116089. [PMID: 33246761 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) is the most important aerosol light-absorbing component, and its effect on radiation forcing is determined by its microphysical properties. In this study, two microphysical parameters of refractory BC (rBC), namely, size distribution and mixing state, in urban Beijing from 2013 to 2019 were investigated to understand the effects of source changes over the past years. The mass equivalent diameter of rBC (Dc) exhibited bimodal lognormal distributions in all seasons, with the major modes accounting for most (>85%) of the rBC masses. The mass median diameter (MMD) was obviously larger in winter (209 nm) than in summer (167 nm) likely due to the contribution of more rBC with larger Dc from solid fuel combustion and enhanced coagulation of rBC in polluted winter. More rBC particles were thickly coated in winter, with the number fraction of thickly coated rBC (fcoatBC) ranging within 29%-48% compared with that of 12%-14% in summer. However, no evidential increase in BC light-absorption capability was observed in winter. This finding was likely related to the lower absorption efficiency of larger rBC in winter, which partly offset the coating-induced light enhancement. Two stage of decreases in MMD and fcoatBC were observed, accompanied with a persistent decrease in rBC loading, thereby reflecting the discrepant effects of source control measures on rBC loading and physical properties. The control measures in the earlier stage before 2016 was more efficient to reduce the rBC loading but slightly influenced the microphysical properties of rBC. As of 2016, the reduction in rBC concentration slowed down because of its low atmospheric loading. However, rBC showed a more obvious decrease in its core size and became less coated. The decrease in fcoatBC may have weakened the BC absorption and accelerated the decrease in light absorption resulting from the reduction in rBC loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation (LAGEO), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Yunjie Xia
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation (LAGEO), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation (LAGEO), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ping Tian
- Beijing Weather Modification Office, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Jun Tao
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Dantong Liu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiangao Xia
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation (LAGEO), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; Xianghe Observatory of Whole Atmosphere, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xianghe 065400, China
| | - Zhiwei Han
- Key Laboratory of Regional Climate-Environment for Temperate East Asia (RCE-TEA), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Renjian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation (LAGEO), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; Xianghe Observatory of Whole Atmosphere, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xianghe 065400, China
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31
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Chen Y, Zhang S, Peng C, Shi G, Tian M, Huang RJ, Guo D, Wang H, Yao X, Yang F. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and control measures on air quality and aerosol light absorption in Southwestern China. Sci Total Environ 2020; 749:141419. [PMID: 32822916 PMCID: PMC7399664 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
China has been performing nationwide social lockdown by releasing the Level 1 response to major public health emergencies (RMPHE) to struggle against the COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak since late January 2020. During the Level 1 RMPHE, social production and public transport were maintained at minimal levels, and residents stayed in and worked from home. The universal impact of anthropogenic activities on air pollution can be evaluated by comparing it with air quality under such extreme conditions. We investigated the concentration of both gaseous and particulate pollutants and aerosol light absorption at different levels of (RMPHE) in an urban area of southwestern China. During the lockdown, PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NOx, and BC decreased by 30-50%, compared to the pre-Level 1 RMPHE period. Meanwhile, the decrease of NOx caused the rise of O3 by up to 2.3 times due to the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) limitation. The aerosol light absorption coefficient at multiple wavelengths decreased by 50%, and AAE decreased by 20% during the Level 1 RMPHE. BrC played essential roles in light absorption after the RMPHE was announced, accounting for 54.0% of the aerosol absorption coefficient at 370 nm. Moreover, the lockdown down-weighted the fraction of fossil fuel in BC concentrations to 0.43 (minima). This study characterizes air pollution at the most basic level and can provide policymakers with references for the "baseline."
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- Center for the Atmospheric Environment Research, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China.
| | - Shumin Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, Sichuan, China
| | - Chao Peng
- Center for the Atmospheric Environment Research, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Guangming Shi
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Mi Tian
- School of Urban Construction and Environmental Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics (KLACP), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China
| | - Dongmei Guo
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, Sichuan, China
| | - Huanbo Wang
- School of Environment and Resource, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Xiaojiang Yao
- Center for the Atmospheric Environment Research, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Fumo Yang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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Wang T, Huang RJ, Li Y, Chen Q, Chen Y, Yang L, Guo J, Ni H, Hoffmann T, Wang X, Mai B. One-year characterization of organic aerosol markers in urban Beijing: Seasonal variation and spatiotemporal comparison. Sci Total Environ 2020; 743:140689. [PMID: 32663684 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organic aerosol (OA) is a major component of fine particulate matter (PM); however, only 10%-30% of OA have been identified as individual compounds, and some are used as markers to trace the sources and formation mechanisms of OA. The temporal and spatial coverage of these OA markers nonetheless remain inadequately characterized. This study presents a year-long measurement of 92 organic markers in PM2.5 samples collected at an urban site in Beijing from 2014 to 2015. Saccharides were the most abundant (340.1 ng m-3) species detected, followed by phthalic acids (283.4 ng m-3). In summer, high proportions (8%-24%) of phthalic acids, n-alkanes, fatty acids, and n-alcohols indicate dominant contributions of biogenic emission and atmospheric oxidation to OA in Beijing. In winter, when anthropogenic sources prevail, saccharides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and hopanes are more prominent (4%-25%). The spatial distributions of these OA markers in China show higher concentrations in northern cities (mainly from coal combustion and biomass burning) than in southern cities (mainly from vehicular emission). The inter-annual variations of OA markers, except for hopanes, from 2001 to 2015 suggest significant alleviation of the primary OA pollution in Beijing, with an average reduction of 35%-89% compared with those before 2008. The diagnostic ratio analyses between OA markers indicate that contributions from coal combustion and biomass burning decreased, whereas those from vehicular emission increased. Increasingly large vehicle fleets have increased hopane concentrations since 2008, but the levels were 35% lower in 2015 than those in 2010-2011 because of the tightening of emission controls for vehicles. This study provides a long-term and geographical comparison (from Beijing to other locations in China and beyond) of OA markers, demonstrating the temporal and spatial variations in primary OA, and calls for more studies on secondary OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong, Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Yongjie Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Lu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jie Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Haiyan Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Thorsten Hoffmann
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong, Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Bixian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong, Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Zhong H, Huang RJ, Duan J, Lin C, Gu Y, Wang Y, Li Y, Zheng Y, Chen Q, Chen Y, Dai W, Ni H, Chang Y, Worsnop DR, Xu W, Ovadnevaite J, Ceburnis D, O'Dowd CD. Seasonal variations in the sources of organic aerosol in Xi'an, Northwest China: The importance of biomass burning and secondary formation. Sci Total Environ 2020; 737:139666. [PMID: 32526566 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Guanzhong basin is a part of the three top priority regions in China's blue sky action as of 2019. Understanding the chemical composition, sources, and atmospheric process of aerosol in this region is therefore imperative for improving air quality. In this study, we present, for the first time, the seasonal variations of organic aerosol (OA) in Xi'an, the largest city in the Guanzhong basin. Biomass burning OA (BBOA) and oxidized OA (OOA) contributed >50% of OA in both autumn and winter. The average concentrations of BBOA in autumn (14.8 ± 5.1 μg m-3) and winter (11.6 ± 6.8 μg m-3) were similar. The fractional contribution of BBOA to total OA, however, decreased from 31.9% in autumn to 15.3% in winter, because of enhanced contributions from other sources in winter. The OOA fraction in OA increased largely from 20.9% in autumn to 34.9% in winter, likely due to enhanced emissions of precursors and stagnant meteorological conditions which facilitate the accumulation and secondary formation. A large increase in OOA concentration was observed during polluted days, by a factor of ~4 in autumn and ~6 in winter compared to clean days. In both seasons, OOA formation was most likely dominated by photochemical oxidation when aerosol liquid water content was <30 μg m-3 or by aqueous-phase processes when Ox was <35 ppb. A higher concentration of BBOA was observed for air masses circulated within the Guanzhong basin (16.5-18.1 μg m-3), compared to air masses from Northwest and West (10.9-14.5 μg m-3). Furthermore, compared with OA fraction in non-refractory PM1 in other regions of China, BBOA (17-19%) and coal combustion OA (10-20%) were major emission sources in the Guanzhong Basin and the BTH region, respectively, whereas OOA (10-34%) was an important source in all studied regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haobin Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Jing Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chunshui Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yifang Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yongjie Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Yan Zheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Wenting Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Haiyan Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yunhua Chang
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | | | - Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; School of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway H91CF50, Ireland
| | - Jurgita Ovadnevaite
- School of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway H91CF50, Ireland
| | - Darius Ceburnis
- School of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway H91CF50, Ireland
| | - Colin D O'Dowd
- School of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway H91CF50, Ireland
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Xia Y, Wu Y, Huang RJ, Xia X, Tang J, Wang M, Li J, Wang C, Zhou C, Zhang R. Variation in black carbon concentration and aerosol optical properties in Beijing: Role of emission control and meteorological transport variability. Chemosphere 2020; 254:126849. [PMID: 32957276 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC), which is a by-product with incomplete combustion of carbonaceous materials, can be used as an indicator of combustion emissions and is an important climate forcer. In this study, a spatial-temporal synthesis of BC aerosols and the affecting factors was conducted in urban Beijing. As observed, BC showed a spatial pattern with high concentration in south and low in north. BC concentration evidently decreased by approximately 61% between 2005 and 2017. From 2015 to 2017, the mass ratio of BC/PM2.5 dropped by 28%, which suggested a more efficient effect of control measures to BC than PM2.5. The BC/CO ratio dropped by 22%, which indicated the decreasing emission from fossil fuel sources. With regard to BC loading, the spectral dependence of absorption aerosol exhibited significant seasonal variations. High absorption Ångström exponent (α) was observed during heating season, which reflected the increasing contribution of brown carbon (BrC) to light absorption. Backward trajectory analysis showed that the levels of BC and PM2.5 were high in Cluster-South and Cluster-West. BrC absorption was high in Cluster-West, Cluster-Northwest and Cluster-Northeast, due to the biomass and coal burning for domestic heating and aging processes on a regional scale. The effects of emission control and transport variability on pollutant variation were estimated on the basis of the cluster analysis. Results indicated that the effect of emission reduction was the major reason for the decrease of BC from 2015 to 2017, which resulted in a 34% reduction of BC concentration. Meanwhile, transport variability caused a 15% reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjie Xia
- Key Laboratory of Regional Climate-Environment for Temperate East Asia (RCE-TEA), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation (LAGEO), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yunfei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Regional Climate-Environment for Temperate East Asia (RCE-TEA), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Xiangao Xia
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation (LAGEO), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jie Tang
- Meteorological Observation Centre, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Mian Wang
- Meteorological Observation Centre, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jiwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Regional Climate-Environment for Temperate East Asia (RCE-TEA), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chaoying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Regional Climate-Environment for Temperate East Asia (RCE-TEA), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Regional Climate-Environment for Temperate East Asia (RCE-TEA), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Renjian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Regional Climate-Environment for Temperate East Asia (RCE-TEA), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
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35
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Huang RJ, Yang L, Shen J, Yuan W, Gong Y, Guo J, Cao W, Duan J, Ni H, Zhu C, Dai W, Li Y, Chen Y, Chen Q, Wu Y, Zhang R, Dusek U, O'Dowd C, Hoffmann T. Water-Insoluble Organics Dominate Brown Carbon in Wintertime Urban Aerosol of China: Chemical Characteristics and Optical Properties. Environ Sci Technol 2020; 54:7836-7847. [PMID: 32479722 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c01149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The chromophores responsible for light absorption in atmospheric brown carbon (BrC) are not well characterized, which hinders our understanding of BrC chemistry, the links with optical properties, and accurate model representations of BrC to global climate and atmospheric oxidative capacity. In this study, the light absorption properties and chromophore composition of three BrC fractions of different polarities were characterized for urban aerosol collected in Xi'an and Beijing in winter 2013-2014. These three BrC fractions show large differences in light absorption and chromophore composition, but the chromophores responsible for light absorption are similar in Xi'an and Beijing. Water-insoluble BrC (WI-BrC) fraction dominates the total BrC absorption at 365 nm in both Xi'an (51 ± 5%) and Beijing (62 ± 13%), followed by a humic-like fraction (HULIS-BrC) and high-polarity water-soluble BrC. The major chromophores identified in HULIS-BrC are nitrophenols and carbonyl oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs) with 2-3 aromatic rings (in total 18 species), accounting for 10% and 14% of the light absorption of HULIS-BrC at 365 nm in Xi'an and Beijing, respectively. In comparison, the major chromophores identified in WI-BrC are PAHs and OPAHs with 4-6 aromatic rings (in total 16 species), contributing 6% and 8% of the light absorption of WI-BrC at 365 nm in Xi'an and Beijing, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Jin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
- Open Studio for Oceanic-Continental Climate and Environment Changes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266061, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Jincan Shen
- Key Laboratory of Detection Technology R & D on Food Safety, Food Inspection and Quarantine Technology Center of Shenzhen Customs, Shenzhen 518045, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuquan Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjuan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, People's Republic of China
- Centre for Isotope Research (CIO), Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen (ESRIG), University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Chongshu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenting Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjie Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Chen
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfei Wu
- RCE-TEA, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Renjian Zhang
- RCE-TEA, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Ulrike Dusek
- Centre for Isotope Research (CIO), Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen (ESRIG), University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Colin O'Dowd
- School of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway H91CF50, Ireland
| | - Thorsten Hoffmann
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, Mainz 55128, Germany
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Gu Y, Huang RJ, Li Y, Duan J, Chen Q, Hu W, Zheng Y, Lin C, Ni H, Dai W, Cao J, Liu Q, Chen Y, Chen C, Ovadnevaite J, Ceburnis D, O'Dowd C. Chemical nature and sources of fine particles in urban Beijing: Seasonality and formation mechanisms. Environ Int 2020; 140:105732. [PMID: 32361073 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To mitigate air pollution in China, a legislative 'Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan' has been implemented by the Chinese government since 2013. There is, however, a lack of investigations for long-term trends in the composition, sources and evolution processes of PM1 (particulate matter with diameter less than 1 μm) after the implementation. To evaluate the effectiveness of these control measures, we present a year-long real-time measurement of the chemical composition of PM1 at an urban site in Beijing from November 2014 to November 2015, and the results are compared with previous studies from 2008 to 2013 to gain insights into the variations of the chemical composition and sources of PM1 in Beijing. Large seasonal differences were observed in the mass concentrations of PM1 species and general declining trend was observed in the last seven years. Specifically, the annual averages of mass concentrations in 2014-2015 decrease by 16-43% (PM1), 23-43% (organic aerosol, OA), 38-68% (sulfate), 26-51% (nitrate), 18-33% (ammonium) and 27-38% (chloride) compared to those from 2008 to 2013. During winter and summer, the seasonal mass concentrations of sulfate and nitrate show more significant declines especially in summer 2008 (79% and 81%) and summer 2011 (76% and 77%). The nitrate-to-sulfate ratio is higher in 2014-2015 (1.5 ± 0.6) than that in 2013 (1.0 ± 0.3), largely due to significant reduction in SO2 emissions, suggesting that nitrate is becoming more important than sulfate in particulate pollution in Beijing. OA is the dominant PM1 fraction (>45%) in all seasons and the mass concentrations/contributions of both primary and secondary OA show different seasonality. As for the more oxidized oxygenated OA (MO-OOA) and less oxidized oxygenated OA (LO-OOA), the contributions of MO-OOA are much higher than those of LO-OOA (27-62% vs. 6-26%) in both high-pollution and low-pollution days. Aqueous-phase processes are found to facilitate the formation of MO-OOA while photochemical oxidation formation is a major contributor of LO-OOA in winter, and photochemical oxidation plays a major role in the formation of MO-OOA in summer and fall. The current study provides a comprehensive seasonal comparison of chemical composition and formation of PM1 in Beijing and a pacesetter in tackling PM pollution for other equally polluted megacities, after implementation of more stringent control measures after 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifang Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Yongjie Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Jing Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Weiwei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yan Zheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chunshui Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Haiyan Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Wenting Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Junji Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Quan Liu
- Beijing Weather Modification Office, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Chunying Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & Beijing Key Laboratory of Ambient Particles Health Effects and Prevention Techniques, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jurgita Ovadnevaite
- School of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway H91CF50, Ireland
| | - Darius Ceburnis
- School of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway H91CF50, Ireland
| | - Colin O'Dowd
- School of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway H91CF50, Ireland
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Peng C, Yang F, Tian M, Shi G, Li L, Huang RJ, Yao X, Luo B, Zhai C, Chen Y. Brown carbon aerosol in two megacities in the Sichuan Basin of southwestern China: Light absorption properties and implications. Sci Total Environ 2020; 719:137483. [PMID: 32120102 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The light absorption of brown carbon (BrC) makes a significant contribution to aerosol light absorption (Abs) and affects the radiative forcing. In this study, we analyzed and evaluated the light absorption and radiative forcing of BrC samples collected from December 2016 to January 2017 in Chongqing and Chengdu in the Sichuan Basin of Southwest China. Based on a two-component model, we estimated that BrC light absorption at 405 nm was 19.9 ± 17.1 Mm-1 and 19.2 ± 12.3 Mm-1 in Chongqing and Chengdu, contributing 19.0 ± 5.0% and 17.8 ± 3.7% to Abs respectively. Higher Abs405,BrC, MAE405,BrC, and AAE405-980 values were observed during the pollution period over the clean period in both cities. The major sources of BrC were biomass burning (BB) and secondary organic aerosol in Chongqing, and coal combustion (CC) and secondary organic aerosol in Chengdu. During the pollution period, aged BrC formed from anthropogenic precursors via its aqueous reactions with NH4+ and NOx had impacts on BrC absorption in both cities. BB led to higher Abs405,BrC, MAE405,BrC, and AAE405-980 values in Chongqing than Chengdu during the pollution period. The fractional contribution of radiation absorbed by BrC relative to BC in the wavelengths of 405-445 nm was 60.2 ± 17.0% and 64.2 ± 11.6% in Chongqing and Chengdu, significantly higher than that in the range of 405-980 nm (26.2 ± 6.7% and 27.7 ± 4.6% respectively) (p < 0.001). This study is useful for understanding the characterization, sources, and impacts of BrC in the Sichuan Basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Peng
- Research Center for Atmospheric Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fumo Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Flue Gas Desulfurization, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Research Center for Atmospheric Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Mi Tian
- School of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Guangming Shi
- National Engineering Research Center for Flue Gas Desulfurization, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Li Li
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics (KLACP), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China
| | - Xiaojiang Yao
- Research Center for Atmospheric Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Bin Luo
- Sichuan Environmental Monitoring Center, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chongzhi Zhai
- Chongqing Academy of Environmental Science, Chongqing 401147, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Research Center for Atmospheric Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China.
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Huang RJ, Duan J, Li Y, Chen Q, Chen Y, Tang M, Yang L, Ni H, Lin C, Xu W, Liu Y, Chen C, Yan Z, Ovadnevaite J, Ceburnis D, Dusek U, Cao J, Hoffmann T, O'Dowd CD. Effects of NH 3 and alkaline metals on the formation of particulate sulfate and nitrate in wintertime Beijing. Sci Total Environ 2020; 717:137190. [PMID: 32062279 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sulfate and nitrate from secondary reactions remain as the most abundant inorganic species in atmospheric particle matter (PM). Their formation is initiated by oxidation (either in gas phase or particle phase), followed by neutralization reaction primarily by NH3, or by other alkaline species such as alkaline metal ions if available. The different roles of NH3 and metal ions in neutralizing H2SO4 or HNO3, however, are seldom investigated. Here we conducted semi-continuous measurements of SO42-, NO3-, NH4+, and their gaseous precursors, as well as alkaline metal ions (Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+) in wintertime Beijing. Analysis of aerosol acidity (estimated from a thermodynamic model) indicated that preferable sulfate formation was related to low pH conditions, while high pH conditions promote nitrate formation. Data in different mass fraction ranges of alkaline metal ions showed that in some ranges the role of NH3 was replaced by alkaline metal ions in the neutralization reaction of H2SO4 and HNO3 to form particulate SO42- and NO3-. The relationships between mass fractions of SO42- and NO3- in those ranges of different alkaline metal ion content also suggested that alkaline metal ions participate in the competing neutralization reaction of sulfate and nitrate. The implication of the current study is that in some regions the chemistry to incorporate sulfur and nitrogen into particle phase might be largely affected by desert/fugitive dust and sea salt, besides NH3. This implication is particularly relevant in coastal China and those areas with strong influence of dust storm in the North China Plain (NCP), both of which host a number of megacities with deteriorating air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Jin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Jing Duan
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yongjie Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China.
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Yang Chen
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Mingjin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Haiyan Ni
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Centre for Isotope Research (CIO), Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen (ESRIG), University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Chunshui Lin
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; School of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Wei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; School of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Ying Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Chunying Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhen Yan
- Metrohm China Ltd., Shanghai 200335, China
| | - Jurgita Ovadnevaite
- School of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Darius Ceburnis
- School of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Uli Dusek
- Centre for Isotope Research (CIO), Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen (ESRIG), University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Thorsten Hoffmann
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Colin D O'Dowd
- School of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
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Tong H, Zhang Y, Filippi A, Wang T, Li C, Liu F, Leppla D, Kourtchev I, Wang K, Keskinen HM, Levula JT, Arangio AM, Shen F, Ditas F, Martin ST, Artaxo P, Godoi RHM, Yamamoto CI, de Souza RAF, Huang RJ, Berkemeier T, Wang Y, Su H, Cheng Y, Pope FD, Fu P, Yao M, Pöhlker C, Petäjä T, Kulmala M, Andreae MO, Shiraiwa M, Pöschl U, Hoffmann T, Kalberer M. Radical Formation by Fine Particulate Matter Associated with Highly Oxygenated Molecules. Environ Sci Technol 2019; 53:12506-12518. [PMID: 31536707 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Highly oxygenated molecules (HOMs) play an important role in the formation and evolution of secondary organic aerosols (SOA). However, the abundance of HOMs in different environments and their relation to the oxidative potential of fine particulate matter (PM) are largely unknown. Here, we investigated the relative HOM abundance and radical yield of laboratory-generated SOA and fine PM in ambient air ranging from remote forest areas to highly polluted megacities. By electron paramagnetic resonance and mass spectrometric investigations, we found that the relative abundance of HOMs, especially the dimeric and low-volatility types, in ambient fine PM was positively correlated with the formation of radicals in aqueous PM extracts. SOA from photooxidation of isoprene, ozonolysis of α- and β-pinene, and fine PM from tropical (central Amazon) and boreal (Hyytiälä, Finland) forests exhibited a higher HOM abundance and radical yield than SOA from photooxidation of naphthalene and fine PM from urban sites (Beijing, Guangzhou, Mainz, Shanghai, and Xi'an), confirming that HOMs are important constituents of biogenic SOA to generate radicals. Our study provides new insights into the chemical relationship of HOM abundance, composition, and sources with the yield of radicals by laboratory and ambient aerosols, enabling better quantification of the component-specific contribution of source- or site-specific fine PM to its climate and health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijie Tong
- Multiphase Chemistry Department , Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Yun Zhang
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry , Johannes Gutenberg University , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Alexander Filippi
- Multiphase Chemistry Department , Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Ting Wang
- Multiphase Chemistry Department , Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , 55128 Mainz , Germany
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , China
| | - Chenpei Li
- Multiphase Chemistry Department , Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , 55128 Mainz , Germany
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , China
| | - Fobang Liu
- Multiphase Chemistry Department , Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , 55128 Mainz , Germany
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Denis Leppla
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry , Johannes Gutenberg University , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Ivan Kourtchev
- Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1EW , United Kingdom
| | - Kai Wang
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry , Johannes Gutenberg University , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Helmi-Marja Keskinen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics Faculty of Science , University of Helsinki , FI-00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Janne T Levula
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics Faculty of Science , University of Helsinki , FI-00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Andrea M Arangio
- Multiphase Chemistry Department , Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , 55128 Mainz , Germany
- École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne , Lausanne 1015 , Switzerland
| | - Fangxia Shen
- School of Space and Environment , Beihang University , Beijing 100191 , China
| | - Florian Ditas
- Multiphase Chemistry Department , Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | | | - Paulo Artaxo
- Physics Institute , University of São Paulo , São Paulo 05508-900 , Brazil
| | - Ricardo H M Godoi
- Environmental Engineering Department , Federal University of Paraná , Curitiba , Paraná 81531-980 , Brazil
| | - Carlos I Yamamoto
- Chemical Engineering Department , Federal University of Paraná , Curitiba , Paraná 81531-970 , Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A F de Souza
- School of Technology , Amazonas State University , Manaus , Amazonas 69065-020 , Brazil
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology , Institute of Earth and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xi'an , 710061 , China
| | - Thomas Berkemeier
- Multiphase Chemistry Department , Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Yueshe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , China
| | - Hang Su
- Multiphase Chemistry Department , Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Yafang Cheng
- Multiphase Chemistry Department , Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Francis D Pope
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences , University of Birmingham , Birmingham B15 2TT , United Kingdom
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , China
| | - Maosheng Yao
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Christopher Pöhlker
- Multiphase Chemistry Department , Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Tuukka Petäjä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics Faculty of Science , University of Helsinki , FI-00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics Faculty of Science , University of Helsinki , FI-00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Meinrat O Andreae
- Multiphase Chemistry Department , Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , 55128 Mainz , Germany
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography , University of California San Diego , San Diego , California 92093 , United States
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Irvine , California 92697-2025 , United States
| | - Ulrich Pöschl
- Multiphase Chemistry Department , Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Thorsten Hoffmann
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry , Johannes Gutenberg University , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Markus Kalberer
- Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1EW , United Kingdom
- Department of Environmental Sciences , University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 27 , 4056 Basel , Switzerland
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40
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Huang RJ, Lu Y, Zhu M, Zhu JF, Li YG. Simultaneous non-contrast angiography and intraplaque haemorrhage (SNAP) imaging for cervical artery dissections. Clin Radiol 2019; 74:817.e1-817.e7. [PMID: 31416601 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2019.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the feasibility of high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with a simultaneous non-contrast angiography and intraplaque haemorrhage (SNAP) sequence in identifying cervical artery dissections (CeAD). MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty-three patients with suspected CeAD underwent the SNAP sequence (including non-contrast magnetic resonance angiography [MRA] and heavy T1-weighting vessel wall images simultaneously in a single scan) and conventional MRI sequences (including three-dimensional [3D] time-of-flight MRA and T1-weighted black-blood imaging [T1W BB]) and cervical vascular ultrasound (CVUS). In diagnosis of CeAD, the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of SNAP, and the diagnostic coherence between SNAP and conventional sequences and between SNAP and CVUS was analysed. At follow-up, the absolute signal (AS) and signal index (SI) of the intramural haematoma (IMH) between vessel wall images on SNAP and T1W-BB images were compared. The image quality of SNAP was analysed by comparing the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) between vessel wall images from the SNAP and T1W-BB sequences. RESULTS The SNAP sequence was found to provide good performance in the diagnosis of CeAD (sensitivity 72.2%, specificity 98.2%); good agreement was found between SNAP and conventional sequences (Cohen's κ=0.76, p<0.05); and excellent agreement was found between SNAP and CVUS (Cohen's κ=0.83, p<0.05). There was no significant difference between AS or SI of the IMH of the vessel wall images within the SNAP and T1W-BB sequences during the review. The SNAP sequence had higher SNR of the IMH compared to T1W-BB, T2W-BB, proton-density-weighted volume isotropic turbo-spin-echo acquisition imaging (PD-VISTA) sequences (p<0.05). CONCLUSION The SNAP sequence holds the potential to be preferred choice for screening of patients with a high suspicion of CeAD and for the follow-up of IMH after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Huang
- Radiology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Shizi Street 188#, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215006, PR China
| | - Y Lu
- Radiology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Shizi Street 188#, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215006, PR China
| | - M Zhu
- Radiology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Shizi Street 188#, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215006, PR China
| | - J F Zhu
- Radiology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Shizi Street 188#, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215006, PR China
| | - Y G Li
- Radiology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Shizi Street 188#, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215006, PR China.
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41
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Wang K, Zhang Y, Huang RJ, Wang M, Ni H, Kampf CJ, Cheng Y, Bilde M, Glasius M, Hoffmann T. Molecular Characterization and Source Identification of Atmospheric Particulate Organosulfates Using Ultrahigh Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Environ Sci Technol 2019; 53:6192-6202. [PMID: 31083926 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Organosulfates (OSs) have been observed as substantial constituents of atmospheric organic aerosol (OA) in a wide range of environments; however, the chemical composition, sources, and formation mechanism of OSs are still not well understood. In this study, we first created an "OS precursor map" based on the elemental composition of previous OS chamber experiments. Then, according to this "OS precursor map", we estimated the possible sources and molecular structures of OSs in atmospheric PM2.5 (particles with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm) samples, which were collected in urban areas of Beijing (China) and Mainz (Germany) and analyzed by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with an Orbitrap mass spectrometer. On the basis of the "OS precursor map", together with the polarity information provided by UHPLC, OSs in Mainz samples are suggested to be mainly derived from isoprene/glyoxal or other unknown small polar organic compounds, while OSs in Beijing samples were generated from both isoprene/glyoxal and anthropogenic sources (e.g., long-chain alkanes and aromatics). The nitrooxy-OSs in the clean aerosol samples were mainly derived from monoterpenes, while much fewer monoterpene-derived nitrooxy-OSs were obtained in the polluted aerosol samples, showing that nitrooxy-OS formation is affected by different precursors in clean and polluted air conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, and Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change , Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xi'an 710061 , China
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry , Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
- Department of Chemistry , Aarhus University , Langelandsgade 140 , DK-8000 Aarhus C , Denmark
| | - Yun Zhang
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry , Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, and Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change , Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xi'an 710061 , China
- Open Studio for Oceanic-Continental Climate and Environment Changes , Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao) , Qingdao 266061 , China
| | - Meng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, and Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change , Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xi'an 710061 , China
| | - Haiyan Ni
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, and Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change , Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xi'an 710061 , China
| | - Christopher J Kampf
- Multiphase Chemistry Department , Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Yafang Cheng
- Multiphase Chemistry Department , Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Merete Bilde
- Department of Chemistry , Aarhus University , Langelandsgade 140 , DK-8000 Aarhus C , Denmark
| | - Marianne Glasius
- Department of Chemistry , Aarhus University , Langelandsgade 140 , DK-8000 Aarhus C , Denmark
| | - Thorsten Hoffmann
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry , Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
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Chuang HC, Sun J, Ni H, Tian J, Lui KH, Han Y, Cao J, Huang RJ, Shen Z, Ho KF. Characterization of the chemical components and bioreactivity of fine particulate matter produced during crop-residue burning in China. Environ Pollut 2019; 245:226-234. [PMID: 30423537 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Five types of crop residue (rice, wheat, corn, sorghum, and sugarcane) collected from different provinces in China were used to characterize the chemical components and bioreactivity properties of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) emissions during open-burning scenarios. Organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) were the most abundant components, contributing 41.7%-54.9% of PM2.5 emissions. The OC/EC ratio ranged from 8.8 to 31.2, indicating that organic matter was the dominant component of emissions. Potassium and chloride were the most abundant components in the portion of PM2.5 composed of water-soluble ions. The coefficient of divergence ranged from 0.27 to 0.51 among various emissions profiles. All samples exposed to a high PM2.5 concentration (150 μg/mL) exhibited a significant reduction in cell viability (A549 lung alveolar epithelial cells) and increase in lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and interleukin 6 levels compared with those exposed to 20 or 0 μg/mL. Higher bioreactivity (determined according to LDH and interleukin 6 level) was observed for the rice, wheat, and corn samples than for the sorghum straw samples. Pearson's correlation analysis suggested that OC, heavy metals (chromium, manganese, iron, nickel, copper, zinc, tin, and barium), and water-soluble ions (fluoride, calcium, and sulfate) are the components potentially associated with LDH production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Chi Chuang
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jian Sun
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Haiyan Ni
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710075, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Jie Tian
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710075, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Ka Hei Lui
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yongming Han
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710075, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710075, China; Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710075, China
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kin-Fai Ho
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710075, China; The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Health Risk Analysis, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.
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43
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Huang RJ, Cheng R, Jing M, Yang L, Li Y, Chen Q, Chen Y, Yan J, Lin C, Wu Y, Zhang R, El Haddad I, Prevot ASH, O'Dowd CD, Cao J. Source-Specific Health Risk Analysis on Particulate Trace Elements: Coal Combustion and Traffic Emission As Major Contributors in Wintertime Beijing. Environ Sci Technol 2018; 52:10967-10974. [PMID: 30185022 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Source apportionment studies of particulate matter (PM) link chemical composition to emission sources, while health risk analyses link health outcomes and chemical composition. There are limited studies to link emission sources and health risks from ambient measurements. We show such an attempt for particulate trace elements. Elements in PM2.5 were measured in wintertime Beijing, and the total concentrations of 14 trace elements were 1.3-7.3 times higher during severe pollution days than during low pollution days. Fe, Zn, and Pb were the most abundant elements independent of the PM pollution levels. Chemical fractionation shows that Pb, Mn, Cd, As, Sr, Co, V, Cu, and Ni were present mainly in the bioavailable fraction. Positive matrix factorization was used to resolve the sources of particulate trace elements into dust, oil combustion, coal combustion, and traffic-related emissions. Traffic-related emission contributed 65% of total mass of the measured elements during low pollution days. However, coal combustion dominated (58%) during severe pollution days. By combining element-specific health risk analyses and source apportionment results, we conclude that traffic-related emission dominates the health risks by particulate trace elements during low pollution days, while coal combustion becomes equally or even more important during moderate and severe pollution days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Jin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth and Environment , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xi'an 710061 , P. R. China
| | - Rui Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth and Environment , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xi'an 710061 , P. R. China
| | - Miao Jing
- COE Lab of Thermofisher Scientific Technology , Shanghai 201206 , P. R. China
| | - Lu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth and Environment , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xi'an 710061 , P. R. China
| | - Yongjie Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology , University of Macau , Taipa 999078 , Macau
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , P. R. China
| | - Yang Chen
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Chongqing 400714 , P. R. China
| | - Jin Yan
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth and Environment , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xi'an 710061 , P. R. China
| | - Chunshui Lin
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth and Environment , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xi'an 710061 , P. R. China
- School of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute , National University of Ireland Galway, University Road , Galway H91CF50 , Ireland
| | - Yunfei Wu
- RCE-TEA, Institute of Atmospheric Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100029 , P. R. China
| | - Renjian Zhang
- RCE-TEA, Institute of Atmospheric Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100029 , P. R. China
| | - Imad El Haddad
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry , Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) , 5232 Villigen , Switzerland
| | - Andre S H Prevot
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry , Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) , 5232 Villigen , Switzerland
| | - Colin D O'Dowd
- School of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute , National University of Ireland Galway, University Road , Galway H91CF50 , Ireland
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth and Environment , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xi'an 710061 , P. R. China
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44
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Li J, Cao J, Zhu YG, Chen QL, Shen F, Wu Y, Xu S, Fan H, Da G, Huang RJ, Wang J, de Jesus AL, Morawska L, Chan CK, Peccia J, Yao M. Global Survey of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Air. Environ Sci Technol 2018; 52:10975-10984. [PMID: 30043612 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite its emerging significant public health concern, the presence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in urban air has not received significant attention. Here, we profiled relative abundances (as a fraction, normalized by 16S rRNA gene) of 30 ARG subtypes resistant to seven common classes of antibiotics, which are quinolones, β-lactams, macrolides, tetracyclines, sulfonamides, aminoglycosides, and vancomycins, in ambient total particulate matter (PM) using a novel protocol across 19 world cities. In addition, their longitudinal changes in PM2.5 samples in Xi'an, China as an example were also studied. Geographically, the ARGs were detected to vary by nearly 100-fold in their abundances, for example, from 0.07 (Bandung, Indonesia) to 5.6 (San Francisco, USA). The β-lactam resistance gene blaTEM was found to be most abundant, seconded by quinolone resistance gene qepA; and their corresponding relative abundances have increased by 178% and 26%, respectively, from 2004 to 2014 in Xi'an. Independent of cities, gene network analysis indicates that airborne ARGs were differentially contributed by bacterial taxa. Results here reveal that urban air is being polluted by ARGs, and different cities are challenged with varying health risks associated with airborne ARG exposure. This work highlights the threat of urban airborne transmission of ARGs and the need of redefining our current air quality standards in terms with public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xi'an 710049 , China
| | - Yong-Guan Zhu
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xiamen 361021 , China
| | - Qing-Lin Chen
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xiamen 361021 , China
| | - Fangxia Shen
- School of Space and Environment , Beihang University , Beijing 100191 , China
| | - Yan Wu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering , Shandong University , Jinan 250100 , China
| | - Siyu Xu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , South Korea
| | - Hanqing Fan
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , United States
| | - Guillaume Da
- CERTES, Université Paris-Est Créteil , Centre d'études et de Recherche en Thermique, Environnement et Systèmes (CERTES) , Créteil 94000 , France
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xi'an 710049 , China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering , ETH Zurich , Zurich 8093 , Switzerland
- Advanced Analytical Technologies , Empa , Dübendorf 8600 , Switzerland
| | - Alma Lorelei de Jesus
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health , Queensland University of Technology , GPO Box 2434, Brisbane , Queensland 4001 , Australia
| | - Lidia Morawska
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health , Queensland University of Technology , GPO Box 2434, Brisbane , Queensland 4001 , Australia
| | - Chak K Chan
- School of Energy and Environment , City University of Hong Kong , Tat Chee Avenue , Kowloon , Hong Kong China
| | - Jordan Peccia
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States
| | - Maosheng Yao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
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45
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Huang RJ, Yang L, Cao J, Chen Y, Chen Q, Li Y, Duan J, Zhu C, Dai W, Wang K, Lin C, Ni H, Corbin JC, Wu Y, Zhang R, Tie X, Hoffmann T, O'Dowd C, Dusek U. Brown Carbon Aerosol in Urban Xi'an, Northwest China: The Composition and Light Absorption Properties. Environ Sci Technol 2018; 52:6825-6833. [PMID: 29799735 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Light-absorbing organic carbon (i.e., brown carbon or BrC) in the atmospheric aerosol has significant contribution to light absorption and radiative forcing. However, the link between BrC optical properties and chemical composition remains poorly constrained. In this study, we combine spectrophotometric measurements and chemical analyses of BrC samples collected from July 2008 to June 2009 in urban Xi'an, Northwest China. Elevated BrC was observed in winter (5 times higher than in summer), largely due to increased emissions from wintertime domestic biomass burning. The light absorption coefficient of methanol-soluble BrC at 365 nm (on average approximately twice that of water-soluble BrC) was found to correlate strongly with both parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (parent-PAHs, 27 species) and their carbonyl oxygenated derivatives (carbonyl-OPAHs, 15 species) in all seasons ( r2 > 0.61). These measured parent-PAHs and carbonyl-OPAHs account for on average ∼1.7% of the overall absorption of methanol-soluble BrC, about 5 times higher than their mass fraction in total organic carbon (OC, ∼0.35%). The fractional solar absorption by BrC relative to element carbon (EC) in the ultraviolet range (300-400 nm) is significant during winter (42 ± 18% for water-soluble BrC and 76 ± 29% for methanol-soluble BrC), which may greatly affect the radiative balance and tropospheric photochemistry and therefore the climate and air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Jin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology , Institute of Earth and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xi'an 710061 , China
| | - Lu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology , Institute of Earth and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xi'an 710061 , China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology , Institute of Earth and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xi'an 710061 , China
| | - Yang Chen
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Chongqing 400714 , China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Yongjie Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology , University of Macau , Taipa 000000 , Macau China
| | - Jing Duan
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology , Institute of Earth and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xi'an 710061 , China
| | - Chongshu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology , Institute of Earth and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xi'an 710061 , China
| | - Wenting Dai
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology , Institute of Earth and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xi'an 710061 , China
| | - Kai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology , Institute of Earth and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xi'an 710061 , China
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry , Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14 , Mainz 55128 , Germany
| | - Chunshui Lin
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology , Institute of Earth and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xi'an 710061 , China
- School of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute , National University of Ireland Galway , University Road , Galway H91CF50 , Ireland
| | - Haiyan Ni
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology , Institute of Earth and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xi'an 710061 , China
- Centre for Isotope Research (CIO), Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen (ESRIG) , University of Groningen , Groningen 9747 AG The Netherlands
| | - Joel C Corbin
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry , Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) , Villigen 5232 , Switzerland
| | - Yunfei Wu
- RCE-TEA , Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100029 , China
| | - Renjian Zhang
- RCE-TEA , Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100029 , China
| | - Xuexi Tie
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology , Institute of Earth and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xi'an 710061 , China
| | - Thorsten Hoffmann
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry , Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14 , Mainz 55128 , Germany
| | - Colin O'Dowd
- School of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute , National University of Ireland Galway , University Road , Galway H91CF50 , Ireland
| | - Uli Dusek
- Centre for Isotope Research (CIO), Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen (ESRIG) , University of Groningen , Groningen 9747 AG The Netherlands
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46
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Zhu CS, Cao JJ, Huang RJ, Shen ZX, Wang QY, Zhang NN. Light absorption properties of brown carbon over the southeastern Tibetan Plateau. Sci Total Environ 2018; 625:246-251. [PMID: 29289772 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We present a study of the light-absorbing properties of water-soluble brown carbon (WS-BrC) and methanol-soluble brown carbon (MeS-BrC) at a remote site (Lulang, 3326m above sea level) in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau during the period 2015-2016. The light absorption coefficients at 365nm (babs365) of WS-BrC and MeS-BrC were the highest during winter and the lowest during monsoon season. MeS-BrC absorbs about 1.5 times higher at 365nm compared to WS-BrC. The absorption at 550nm appears lower compared to that of 365nm for WS-BrC and MeS-BrC, respectively. Higher average value of the absorption Ångström exponent (AAE, 365-550nm) was obtained for MeS-BrC (8.2) than that for WS-BrC (6.9). The values of the mass absorption cross section at 365nm (MAC365) indicated that BrC in winter absorbs UV-visible light more efficiently than in monsoon. The results confirm the importance of BrC in contributing to light-absorbing aerosols in this region. The understanding of the light absorption properties of BrC is of great importance, especially in modeling studies for the climate effects and transport of BrC in the Tibetan Plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Shu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Jun-Ji Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Zhen-Xing Shen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Qi-Yuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Ning-Ning Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
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Klein F, Pieber SM, Ni H, Stefenelli G, Bertrand A, Kilic D, Pospisilova V, Temime-Roussel B, Marchand N, El Haddad I, Slowik JG, Baltensperger U, Cao J, Huang RJ, Prévôt ASH. Characterization of Gas-Phase Organics Using Proton Transfer Reaction Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry: Residential Coal Combustion. Environ Sci Technol 2018; 52:2612-2617. [PMID: 29436222 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b03960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Residential coal combustion is a significant contributor to particulate urban air pollution in Chinese mega cities and some regions in Europe. While the particulate emission factors and the chemical characteristics of the organic and inorganic aerosol from coal combustion have been extensively studied, the chemical composition and nonmethane organic gas (NMOG) emission factors from residential coal combustion are mostly unknown. We conducted 23 individual burns in a traditional Chinese stove used for heating and cooking using five different coals with Chinese origins, characterizing the NMOG emissions using a proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The measured emission factors range from 1.5 to 14.1 g/kgcoal for bituminous coals and are below 0.1 g/kgcoal for anthracite coals. The emission factors from the bituminous coals are mostly influenced by the time until the coal is fully ignited. The emissions from the bituminous coals are dominated by aromatic and oxygenated aromatic compounds with a significant contribution of hydrocarbons. The results of this study can help to improve urban air pollution modeling in China and Eastern Europe and can be used to constrain a coal burning factor in ambient gas phase positive matrix factorization studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Klein
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry , Paul Scherrer Institute , Villigen , 5232 , Switzerland
| | - Simone M Pieber
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry , Paul Scherrer Institute , Villigen , 5232 , Switzerland
| | - Haiyan Ni
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xi'an , 710061 , China
| | - Giulia Stefenelli
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry , Paul Scherrer Institute , Villigen , 5232 , Switzerland
| | | | - Dogushan Kilic
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry , Paul Scherrer Institute , Villigen , 5232 , Switzerland
| | - Veronika Pospisilova
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry , Paul Scherrer Institute , Villigen , 5232 , Switzerland
| | | | | | - Imad El Haddad
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry , Paul Scherrer Institute , Villigen , 5232 , Switzerland
| | - Jay G Slowik
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry , Paul Scherrer Institute , Villigen , 5232 , Switzerland
| | - Urs Baltensperger
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry , Paul Scherrer Institute , Villigen , 5232 , Switzerland
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xi'an , 710061 , China
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry , Paul Scherrer Institute , Villigen , 5232 , Switzerland
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xi'an , 710061 , China
| | - André S H Prévôt
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry , Paul Scherrer Institute , Villigen , 5232 , Switzerland
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48
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Huang RJ, Mukhtar RA, Alvarado M. Abstract P4-10-19: Disparities in use of adjuvant radiotherapy following lumpectomy among California regions. Cancer Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs17-p4-10-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Women undergoing lumpectomy for invasive breast cancer typically receive radiotherapy (RT) to reduce risk of recurrence. Previous studies have reported disparities in the utilization of RT by race, socioeconomic status (SES), and age. In this study, we evaluate whether various sociodemographic factors are associated with use of RT in the different regions of California.
Methods
Utilizing data from the California Cancer Registry, the authors identified cases of women whose first primary invasive breast cancer was diagnosed between January 1, 2007 and December 31, 2012, whose primary surgery was breast conserving surgery, and for whom information was complete (n = 71,767). Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine whether demographic factors (SES, race, payer status, age) were significantly associated with use of RT following lumpectomy (p < .05), adjusting for tumor characteristics (size, stage, grade, hormone receptor status, and nodal status).
Results
In three out of eight regions in California, black race was associated with decreased odds of RT use (San Francisco, OR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.68-0.92; Desert Sierra, OR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.58-0.90; Los Angeles, OR = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.70-0.87). In Sacramento and Los Angeles regions, lower socioeconomic status was associated with declined odds of RT use. Age (70 years or older) was also associated with lower likelihood of RT use across all regions.
Conclusions
Even after accounting for payer status, racial and socioeconomic disparities persist in the use of RT. These disparities, previously documented in the time period of 2000-2007, have not disappeared. Hispanic race was not shown to be associated with decreased odds of RT use in Los Angeles, contrary to the results of a previous study. Women aged 70 years or older are less likely to receive RT.
Citation Format: Huang RJ, Mukhtar RA, Alvarado M. Disparities in use of adjuvant radiotherapy following lumpectomy among California regions [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2017 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2017 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-10-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- RJ Huang
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - RA Mukhtar
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - M Alvarado
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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Tie X, Huang RJ, Cao J, Zhang Q, Cheng Y, Su H, Chang D, Pöschl U, Hoffmann T, Dusek U, Li G, Worsnop DR, O'Dowd CD. Severe Pollution in China Amplified by Atmospheric Moisture. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15760. [PMID: 29150676 PMCID: PMC5693870 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15909-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, severe haze events often occurred in China, causing serious environmental problems. The mechanisms responsible for the haze formation, however, are still not well understood, hindering the forecast and mitigation of haze pollution. Our study of the 2012-13 winter haze events in Beijing shows that atmospheric water vapour plays a critical role in enhancing the heavy haze events. Under weak solar radiation and stagnant moist meteorological conditions in winter, air pollutants and water vapour accumulate in a shallow planetary boundary layer (PBL). A positive feedback cycle is triggered resulting in the formation of heavy haze: (1) the dispersal of water vapour is constrained by the shallow PBL, leading to an increase in relative humidity (RH); (2) the high RH induces an increase of aerosol particle size by enhanced hygroscopic growth and multiphase reactions to increase particle size and mass, which results in (3) further dimming and decrease of PBL height, and thus further depressing of aerosol and water vapour in a very shallow PBL. This positive feedback constitutes a self-amplification mechanism in which water vapour leads to a trapping and massive increase of particulate matter in the near-surface air to which people are exposed with severe health hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuexi Tie
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
- Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China.
- School of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Beijing Weather Modification Office, Beijing, China
| | - Yafang Cheng
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Hang Su
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Di Chang
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ulrich Pöschl
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thorsten Hoffmann
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Uli Dusek
- Centre for Isotope Research (CIO), Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen (ESRIG), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Guohui Li
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | | | - Colin D O'Dowd
- School of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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Lin C, Ceburnis D, Hellebust S, Buckley P, Wenger J, Canonaco F, Prévôt ASH, Huang RJ, O'Dowd C, Ovadnevaite J. Characterization of Primary Organic Aerosol from Domestic Wood, Peat, and Coal Burning in Ireland. Environ Sci Technol 2017; 51:10624-10632. [PMID: 28816442 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b01926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
An aerosol chemical speciation monitor (ACSM) was deployed to study the primary nonrefractory submicron particulate matter emissions from the burning of commercially available solid fuels (peat, coal, and wood) typically used in European domestic fuel stoves. Organic mass spectra (MS) from burning wood, peat, and coal were characterized and intercompared for factor analysis against ambient data. The reference profiles characterized in this study were used to estimate the contribution of solid fuel sources, along with oil combustion, to ambient pollution in Galway, Ireland using the multilinear engine (ME-2). During periods influenced by marine air masses, local source contribution had dominant impact and nonsea-spray primary organic emissions comprised 88% of total organic aerosol mass, with peat burning found to be the greatest contributor (39%), followed by oil (21%), coal (17%), and wood (11%). In contrast, the resolved oxygenated organic aerosol (OOA) dominated the aerosol composition in continental air masses, with contributions of 50%, compared to 12% in marine air masses. The source apportionment results suggest that the use of domestic solid fuels (peat, wood, and coal) for home heating is the major source of evening and night-time particulate pollution events despite their small use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunshui Lin
- School of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway , University Road, H91CF50 Galway, Ireland
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 710061 Xi'an, China
| | - Darius Ceburnis
- School of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway , University Road, H91CF50 Galway, Ireland
| | - Stig Hellebust
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork , T23XE10 Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul Buckley
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork , T23XE10 Cork, Ireland
| | - John Wenger
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork , T23XE10 Cork, Ireland
| | - Francesco Canonaco
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) , 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | | | - Ru-Jin Huang
- School of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway , University Road, H91CF50 Galway, Ireland
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 710061 Xi'an, China
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) , 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Colin O'Dowd
- School of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway , University Road, H91CF50 Galway, Ireland
| | - Jurgita Ovadnevaite
- School of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway , University Road, H91CF50 Galway, Ireland
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