1
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Kong F, Jin H, Xu Y, Shen J. Behavioral toxicological tracking analysis of Drosophila larvae exposed to polystyrene microplastics based on machine learning. J Environ Manage 2024; 359:120975. [PMID: 38677230 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics, as a pivotal concern within plastic pollution, have sparked widespread apprehension due to their ubiquitous presence. Recent research indicates that these minuscule plastic particles may exert discernible effects on the locomotor capabilities and behavior of insect larvae. This study focuses on the impact of polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs) on the behavior of Drosophila melanogaster larvae, utilizing fruit flies as a model organism. Kinematic analysis methods were employed to assess and extrapolate the toxic effects of PS-MPs on the larvae. Drosophila larvae were exposed to varying concentrations (Control, 0.1 g/L, 1 g/L, 10 g/L, 20 g/L) of 5 μm PS-MPs during their developmental stages. The study involved calculating and evaluating parameters such as the proportion of larvae reaching the edge, distance covered, velocity, and angular velocity within a 5-min timeframe. Across different concentrations, Drosophila larvae exhibit differential degrees of impaired motor function and disrupted locomotor orientation. The proportion of larvae reaching the edge decreased, velocity significantly declined, and angular velocity exhibited a notable increase. These findings strongly suggest that when exposed to a PS-MPs environment, Drosophila larvae exhibit slower movement, increased angular rotation per unit time, leading to a reduction in the proportion of larvae reaching the edge. The altered behavior of Drosophila larvae implies potential damage of microplastics on insect larvae development and activity, consequently impacting the ecosystem and prompting heightened scrutiny regarding microplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanhao Kong
- College of Artificial Intelligence, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Hui Jin
- College of Artificial Intelligence, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Yifan Xu
- College of Artificial Intelligence, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Jie Shen
- College of Artificial Intelligence, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
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2
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Fine JD, Cox-Foster DL, Moor KJ, Chen R, Avalos A. Trisiloxane Surfactants Negatively Affect Reproductive Behaviors and Enhance Viral Replication in Honey Bees. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024; 43:222-233. [PMID: 37861380 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Trisiloxane surfactants are often applied in formulated adjuvant products to blooming crops, including almonds, exposing the managed honey bees (Apis mellifera) used for pollination of these crops and persisting in colony matrices, such as bee bread. Despite this, little is known regarding the effects of trisiloxane surfactants on important aspects of colony health, such as reproduction. In the present study, we use laboratory assays to examine how exposure to field-relevant concentrations of three trisiloxane surfactants found in commonly used adjuvant formulations affect queen oviposition rates, worker interactions with the queen, and worker susceptibility to endogenous viral pathogens. Trisiloxane surfactants were administered at 5 mg/kg in pollen supplement diet for 14 days. No effects on worker behavior or physiology could be detected, but our results demonstrate that hydroxy-capped trisiloxane surfactants can negatively affect queen oviposition and methyl-capped trisiloxane surfactants cause increased replication of Deformed Wing Virus in workers, suggesting that trisiloxane surfactant use while honey bees are foraging may negatively impact colony longevity and growth. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:222-233. © 2023 SETAC. This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia D Fine
- US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Invasive Species and Pollinator Health Research Unit, Davis, California, USA
| | - Diana L Cox-Foster
- US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Pollinating Insect Research Unit, Logan, Utah, USA
| | - Kyle J Moor
- Utah Water Research Laboratory, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
| | - Ruiwen Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Arian Avalos
- US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Honey Bee Breeding, Genetics, and Physiology Research Laboratory, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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3
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Al Shuraiqi A, Abed RMM, Al-Habsi A, Barry MJ. Personality Affects Zebrafish Response to Sertraline. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024; 43:132-146. [PMID: 37861374 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Sertraline is widely prescribed to treat anxiety and depression. Sertraline acts by blocking serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine transporters systems and has been detected in surface waters globally, where it may impact fish behavior. We classified zebrafish personality on three behavioral axes, boldness, anxiety, and sociability, assigning fish as either high or low in each category. The fish were exposed to nominal concentrations of 0, 5, 50, 500, or 5000 ng/L sertraline (measured concentrations: <10, 21.3, 370, and 2200 ng/L, respectively) to assess changes in boldness, anxiety, and sociability after 7 and 28 days. We also measured shoaling behavior and response to an alarm cue, and determined the gut microbiome of a subset of fish. After 7 days there was no overall effect of sertraline on boldness, but there was an interaction between initial personality and sex, with a stronger impact on females classified as low-boldness personality. Sertraline reduced sociability in all treatments compared with the control, but there was again an interaction between sertraline and initial personality. Fish that were classified as low-sociability responded more strongly to sertraline. After 7 days, fish exposed to a nominal concentration of 5000 ng/L (2200 ng/L measured) showed higher anxiety than controls, with the overall pattern of initial behavior retained. After 28 days, similar patterns were observed, but with higher variation. There was only a weak association between the gut microbiome and personality. Overall, the study highlights the importance of considering initial behavior, which can affect response to pollutants. Our results may also be applicable to human studies and provide a mechanism to explain why different individuals respond differently to the drug. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:132-146. © 2023 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raeid M M Abed
- Biology Department, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Aziz Al-Habsi
- Biology Department, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
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4
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Eriksson ANM, Dubiel J, Zink L, Lu Z, Doering JA, Wiseman S. Embryonic Exposure to Benzotriazole Ultraviolet Stabilizer 327 Alters Behavior of Rainbow Trout Alevin. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023. [PMID: 38088253 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Benzotriazole ultraviolet (UV) stabilizers (BUVSs) are used in great quantities during industrial production of a variety of consumer and industrial goods. As a result of leaching and spill, BUVSs are detectable ubiquitously in the environment. As of May 2023, citing concerns related to bioaccumulation, biomagnification, and environmental persistence, (B)UV(S)-328 was recommended to be listed under Annex A of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. However, a phaseout of UV-328 could result in a regrettable substitution because the replacement chemical(s) could cause similar or unpredicted toxicity in vivo, relative to UV-328. Therefore, the influence of UV-327, a potential replacement of UV-328, was investigated with respect to early life development of newly fertilized rainbow trout embryos (Oncorhynchus mykiss), microinjected with environmentally relevant concentrations of UV-327. Developmental parameters (standard length), energy consumption (yolk area), heart function, blue sac disease, mortality, and behavior were investigated. Alevins at 14 days posthatching, exposed to 107 ng UV-327 g-1 egg, presented significant signs of hyperactivity; they moved on average 1.8-fold the distance and at 1.5-fold the velocity of controls. Although a substantial reduction in body burden of UV-327 was observed at hatching, it is postulated that UV-327, due to its lipophilic properties, interfered with neurological development and signaling from the onset of neurogenesis. If these results hold true across multiple taxa and species, a potential contributor to neurodevelopmental disorders might have been identified. These findings suggest that UV-327 poses an unknown hazard to rainbow trout embryos and alevins, rendering UV-327 a potential regrettable substitution to UV-328. However, a qualified statement on a regrettable substitution requires a comparative investigation on the teratogenic effects between the two BUVSs. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;00:1-10. © 2023 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas N M Eriksson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Justin Dubiel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lauren Zink
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Zhe Lu
- Institut des Sciences de la Mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec, Canada
| | - Jon A Doering
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Steve Wiseman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
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Jeninga AJ, Wallace Z, Victoria S, Harrahy E, King-Heiden TC. Chronic Exposure to Environmentally Relevant Concentrations of Imidacloprid Impact Survival and Ecologically Relevant Behaviors of Fathead Minnow Larvae. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023; 42:2184-2192. [PMID: 37401861 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Imidacloprid (IM) has emerged as a contaminant of concern in several areas within the United States due to its frequent detection in aquatic ecosystems and its pseudo-persistence, which pose potential risks to nontarget species. We evaluated the sublethal toxicity of IM to fathead minnow larvae following chronic exposure beginning just after fertilization. Our in silico analysis and in vivo bioassays suggest that IM has a low binding affinity for the vertebrate nicotinate acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), as expected. However, chronic exposure to ≥0.16 µg IM/L reduced survival by 10%, and exposure to ≥18 µg IM/L reduced survival by approximately 20%-40%. Surviving fish exposed to ≥0.16 µg IM/L showed reduced growth, altered embryonic motor activity, and premature hatching. Furthermore, a significant proportion of fish exposed to ≥0.16 µg IM/L were slower to respond to vibrational stimuli and slower to swim away, indicating that chronic exposure to IM has the potential to impair the ability of larvae to escape predation. The adverse health effects we observed indicate that chronic exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of IM may elicit sublethal responses that culminate in a significant increase in mortality during early life stages, ultimately translating to reduced recruitment in wild fish populations. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:2184-2192. © 2023 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anya J Jeninga
- Department of Biology, River Studies Center, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Zion Wallace
- Department of Biology, River Studies Center, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Shayla Victoria
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Elisabeth Harrahy
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, Whitewater, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Tisha C King-Heiden
- Department of Biology, River Studies Center, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, Wisconsin, USA
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Boualit L, Cayuela H, Ballu A, Cattin L, Reis C, Chèvre N. The Amphibian Short-Term Assay: Evaluation of a New Ecotoxicological Method for Amphibians Using Two Organophosphate Pesticides Commonly Found in Nature-Assessment of Behavioral Traits. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023; 42:1595-1606. [PMID: 37097014 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Neurotoxic pesticides are used worldwide to protect crops from insects; they are recognized to impact nontarget organisms that live in areas surrounded by treated crops. Many biochemical and cell-based solutions have been developed for testing insecticide neurotoxicity. Nevertheless, such solutions provide a partial assessment of the impact of neurotoxicity, neglecting important phenotypic components such as behavior. Behavior is the apical endpoint altered by neurotoxicity, and scientists are increasingly recommending including behavioral endpoints in available tests or developing new methods for assessing contaminant-induced behavioral changes. In the present study, we extended an existing protocol (the amphibian short-term assay) with a behavioral test. To this purpose, we developed a homemade device along with an open-source computing solution for tracking trajectories of Xenopus laevis tadpoles exposed to two organophosphates insecticides (OPIs), diazinon (DZN) and chlorpyrifos (CPF). The data resulting from the tracking were then analyzed, and the impact of exposure to DZN and CPF was tested on speed- and direction-related components. Our results demonstrate weak impacts of DZN on the behavioral components, while CPF demonstrated strong effects, notably on speed-related components. Our results also suggest a time-dependent alteration of behavior by CPF, with the highest impacts at day 6 and an absence of impact at day 8. Although only two OPIs were tested, we argue that our solution coupled with biochemical biomarkers is promising for testing the neurotoxicity of this pesticide group on amphibians. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:1595-1606. © 2023 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Boualit
- Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hugo Cayuela
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolution, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Aurélien Ballu
- Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Loïc Cattin
- Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Reis
- Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Chèvre
- Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Gabellone C, Molina G, Arrighetti F, Laino A, Garcia CF. Behavioral, Histological, and Physiological Evaluation of the Effect of Imidacloprid on the Spider Misumenops maculissparsus. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022; 41:2152-2161. [PMID: 35723420 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid (commercial formulation) on juveniles of the spider Misumenops maculissparsus (Keyserling, 1891). We first analyzed whether spiders recognized the presence of the insecticide on surfaces and in drinking water (in the form of droplets). Next, we investigated if the insecticide generated histologic, physiologic, and/or biochemical alterations. We observed that spiders do not detect the insecticide on a surface (e.g., paper) or in the form of droplets. After the imidacloprid ingestion by droplet intake, most spiders exhibited a paralysis that reverted after 48 h. Consequently, we observed histopathologic damage (i.e., pigment accumulation, necrosis, and cuticle detachment), and an increased catalase (CAT) activity and total-protein concentration in the individuals treated. The activities of glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and superoxide dismutase, however, did not undergo significant variations. The results obtained emphasize the need to consider different classes of biomarkers, such as CAT and other proteins, to identify and evaluate the histologic, biologic, and biochemical effects of imidacloprid, one of the most widely used insecticides. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:2152-2161. © 2022 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Gabellone
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y Vectores (CEPAVE), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Gabriel Molina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata "Prof. Dr. Rodolfo R. Brenner", La Plata, Argentina
| | - Florencia Arrighetti
- CONICET-Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Aldana Laino
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata "Prof. Dr. Rodolfo R. Brenner", La Plata, Argentina
| | - Carlos Fernando Garcia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata "Prof. Dr. Rodolfo R. Brenner", La Plata, Argentina
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Liang X, Wang X, Cheng J, Zhang X, Wu T. Ag 2Se quantum dots damage the nervous system of nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2022; 109:279-285. [PMID: 35670839 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-022-03560-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Silver selenide quantum dots (Ag2Se QDs), as a novel type of QDs, are valuable in the biomedical application due to their low-toxic and excellent optical property in near infrared region, but the biosafety assessment of Ag2Se QDs is rare. In this study, the findings suggested that the accumulation of Ag2Se QDs in the body of nematodes decreased the lifespan and damaged normal neurobehaviors of Caenorhabditis elegan (C. elegans). Furthermore, Ag2Se QDs caused excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) productions and altered expressions of several genes associated with redox equilibrium, which might contribute to neurotoxic outcomes in nematode C. elegans. According to this study, it is necessary and important for researchers to pay attention to the biosafety assessment of presumed low-toxic nanomaterials, like Ag2Se QDs, especially on sensitively toxic targets, i.e. the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Liang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, School of Public Health, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, 210009, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, School of Public Health, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, 210009, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Jin Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, School of Public Health, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, 210009, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, School of Public Health, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, 210009, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Tianshu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, School of Public Health, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, 210009, Nanjing, P. R. China.
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Victoria S, Duffy S, Harrahy E, King-Heiden T. Embryonic Exposure to Thiamethoxam Reduces Survival and Alters Neurobehavior of Fathead Minnows. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022; 41:1276-1285. [PMID: 35099087 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Thiamethoxam is a commonly used neonicotinoid insecticide that acts as a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonist. Although vertebrates are less sensitive to neonicotinoid insecticides than invertebrates, some neonicotinoids have been shown to cause neurobehavioral changes in larval fishes. In the present study, we examine the neurobehavioral toxicity of acute and chronic exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of thiamethoxam in fathead minnows at two different life stages. Whereas acute exposure of embryos to thiamethoxam does not appear to stimulate spontaneous contractions within 1 min, chronic exposure of embryos to 1.57 µg or more thiamethoxam/L caused increased mortality as well as a subtle increase in spontaneous contraction frequency (SCF), which was negatively correlated with early hatching success. Chronic exposure of embryos to 155 µg thiamethoxam/L impaired predator escape response, and chronic exposure to 0.02-14.61 µg thiamethoxam/L impaired foraging efficiency of some fish. Fathead minnows exposed to thiamethoxam beginning post hatch did not experience changes to measured health or neurobehavioral indicators. Taken together, our findings indicate that embryonic life stages are more sensitive to thiamethoxam exposure than later larval life stages. Because early exposure to thiamethoxam can cause deficits in predatory escape behaviors and may impair foraging success, further study of the potential direct and nondirect impacts of thiamethoxam on wild fish populations is warranted. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:1276-1285. © 2022 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayla Victoria
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sara Duffy
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Elisabeth Harrahy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, Whitewater, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Tisha King-Heiden
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, Wisconsin, USA
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Reynolds JS, Jackson BL, Madison BN, Elvidge CK, Frank RA, Hasler CT, Headley JV, Hewitt LM, Peru KM, Yakimowski SB, Orihel DM. Fathead Minnows Exposed to Organic Compounds from Oil Sands Tailings as Embryos Have Reduced Survival, Impaired Development, and Altered Behaviors That Persist into Larval Stages. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022; 41:1319-1332. [PMID: 35188283 PMCID: PMC9322567 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Our study evaluated whether exposure to naphthenic acid fraction compounds (NAFCs) extracted from oil sands process-affected waters (OSPW) has adverse effects on fish embryos that persist into later life. We exposed fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) embryos to concentrations of NAFCs found in OSPW (2.5-54 mg/L) for 7 days (1 day postfertilization to hatch), then raised surviving larvae in outdoor mesocosms of uncontaminated lake water for 1 month. Embryos exposed to NAFCs were more likely to exhibit malformations (by up to 8-fold) and had slower heart rates (by up to 24%) compared to controls. Fish raised in uncontaminated lake water following exposure to NAFCs as embryos, were 2.5-fold less likely to survive during the larval stage than control fish. These fish also showed up to a 45% decrease in swim activity and a 36% increase in swim burst events during behavioral tests relative to controls. We conclude that exposure to NAFCs during the embryonic stage can have lasting effects on fish survival, physiology, and behavior that persist at least through the larval stage. These findings of delayed mortalities and persistent sublethal effects of embryonic NAFC exposure are relevant to informing the development of regulations on treated OSPW releases from mining operations. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:1319-1332. © 2022 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Barry N. Madison
- Department of BiologyQueen's UniversityKingstonOntarioCanada
- School of Environmental StudiesQueen's UniversityKingstonOntarioCanada
| | | | - Richard A. Frank
- Water Science and Technology DirectorateEnvironment and Climate Change CanadaBurlingtonOntarioCanada
| | - Caleb T. Hasler
- Department of BiologyUniversity of WinnipegWinnipegManitobaCanada
| | - John V. Headley
- Water Science and Technology DirectorateEnvironment and Climate Change CanadaSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
| | - L. Mark Hewitt
- Water Science and Technology DirectorateEnvironment and Climate Change CanadaBurlingtonOntarioCanada
| | - Kerry M. Peru
- Water Science and Technology DirectorateEnvironment and Climate Change CanadaSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
| | | | - Diane M. Orihel
- Department of BiologyQueen's UniversityKingstonOntarioCanada
- School of Environmental StudiesQueen's UniversityKingstonOntarioCanada
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11
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Campbell KS, Keller PG, Heinzel LM, Golovko SA, Seeger DR, Golovko MY, Kerby JL. Detection of imidacloprid and metabolites in Northern Leopard frog (Rana pipiens) brains. Sci Total Environ 2022; 813:152424. [PMID: 34942261 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoids are a new type of highly water-soluble insecticide used in agricultural practices to eliminate pests. Neonicotinoids bind almost irreversibly to postsynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the central nervous system of invertebrates, resulting in overstimulation, paralysis, and death. Imidacloprid, the most commonly used neonicotinoid, is often transported to nearby wetlands through subsurface tile drains and has been identified as a neurotoxin in several aquatic non-target organisms. The aim of the present study was to determine if imidacloprid could cross the blood-brain barrier in adult Northern Leopard frogs (Rana pipiens) following exposure to 0, 0.1, 1, 5, or 10 μg/L for 21 days. Additionally, we quantified the breakdown product of imidacloprid, imidacloprid-olefin, and conducted feeding trials to better understand how imidacloprid affects foraging behavior over time. Exposure groups had 12 to 313 times more imidacloprid in the brain relative to the control and breakdown products showed a dose-response relationship. Moreover, imidacloprid brain concentrations were approximately 14 times higher in the 10 μg/L treatment compared to the water exposure concentration, indicating imidacloprid can bioaccumulate in the amphibian brain. Reaction times to a food stimulus were 1.5 to 3.2 times slower among treatment groups compared to the control. Furthermore, there was a positive relationship between mean response time and log-transformed imidacloprid brain concentration. These results indicate imidacloprid can successfully cross the blood-brain barrier and bioaccumulate in adult amphibians. Our results also provide insights into the relationship between imidacloprid brain concentration and subsequent altered foraging behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Campbell
- Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA.
| | - P G Keller
- Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
| | - L M Heinzel
- Department of Biology, Cornell College, Mount Vernon, IA 52314, USA
| | - S A Golovko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA
| | - D R Seeger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA
| | - M Y Golovko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA
| | - J L Kerby
- Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
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Chagas TQ, Freitas ÍN, Montalvão MF, Nobrega RH, Machado MRF, Charlie-Silva I, Araújo APDC, Guimarães ATB, Alvarez TGDS, Malafaia G. Multiple endpoints of polylactic acid biomicroplastic toxicity in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). Chemosphere 2021; 277:130279. [PMID: 34384178 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although the toxicity of conventional microplastic types (i.e., petroleum derivatives) in different organisms is already known, knowledge about the effects of alternative biopolymers on aquatic vertebrates remains incipient. Thus, the aim of the present study is to test the hypothesis that the exposure of adult Danio rerio individuals to this pollutant for 30 days is enough to cause polylactic acid biomicroplastics (BioMPs of PLA) accumulation in their bodies, which leads to behavioral/neurotoxic, biochemical, and morphological changes. Based on our results, PLA BioMPs at concentrations of 2.5 and 5 mg/L accumulated in the liver, brain, gills and carcass of the assessed animals. However, such an accumulation was not able to cause locomotor damages or to trigger anxiety-like behavior in them. On the other hand, it was enough to cause behavioral changes (in shoal) predictive of co-specific social interaction and anti-predatory defensive response deficit likely related to cholinergic changes inferred by increased acetylcholinesterase activity and REDOX imbalance. This imbalance was featured by increased production of reactive species. We observed that the treatments have affected animals' pigmentation pattern. Therefore, our study highlights the toxicological potential of the herein assessed biopolymer, and this finding puts in check the innocuousness of this material, as well as expands our knowledge about how PLA BioMPs can affect the ichthyofauna in freshwater environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thales Quintão Chagas
- Post-Graduation Program in Cerrado Natural Resources Conservation, Goiano Federal University, Urutaí Campus, Urutaí, Brazil
| | | | - Mateus Flores Montalvão
- Post-Graduation Program in Ecology and Natural Resources Conservation, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Rafael Henrique Nobrega
- Reproductive and Molecular Biology Group, Morphology Department, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Monica Rodrigues Ferreira Machado
- Department of Biological Sciences, Zebrafish Research and Reproduction Laboratory (LABFISH), Federal University of Jataí, Jataí, Brazil
| | - Ives Charlie-Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amanda Pereira da Costa Araújo
- Post-Graduation Program in Cerrado Natural Resources Conservation, Goiano Federal University, Urutaí Campus, Urutaí, Brazil; Biological Research Laboratory, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí Campus, Urutaí, Brazil
| | - Abraão Tiago Batista Guimarães
- Post-Graduation Program in Cerrado Natural Resources Conservation, Goiano Federal University, Urutaí Campus, Urutaí, Brazil; Biological Research Laboratory, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí Campus, Urutaí, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Biotechnology and Biodiversity, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | - Guilherme Malafaia
- Post-Graduation Program in Cerrado Natural Resources Conservation, Goiano Federal University, Urutaí Campus, Urutaí, Brazil; Biological Research Laboratory, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí Campus, Urutaí, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Ecology and Natural Resources Conservation, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Biotechnology and Biodiversity, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil.
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Adams E, Gerstle V, Brühl CA. Dermal Fungicide Exposure at Realistic Field Rates Induces Lethal and Sublethal Effects on Juvenile European Common Frogs (Rana temporaria). Environ Toxicol Chem 2021; 40:1289-1297. [PMID: 33348437 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Viticulture is one of the most pesticide-intensive agricultures in Europe, leading to a spatiotemporal overlap of amphibian migration and pesticide applications. Because postmetamorphic, terrestrial amphibian stages are mostly neglected in ecotoxicological studies, we investigated acute effects of viticultural fungicides on juvenile common frogs (Rana temporaria). Tadpoles from an uncontaminated pond were placed in enclosures in 8 ponds with an increasing degree of pesticide contamination in southwest Germany to represent different aquatic exposure backgrounds. After metamorphosis, juveniles were exposed to soil contaminated with 50% of the recommended field rates of the fungicides Folpan® 80 water dispersible granule (WDG) and Folpan® 500 suspension concentrate with the same amount of folpet as active ingredient and differing additives. After 48 h, effects on the survival, body mass, and behavior were investigated. No effect of the aquatic exposure background on terrestrial sensitivity could be detected. Acute terrestrial exposure led to mean mortality rates of 14% (13-17%, suspension concentrate) and 60% (17-100%, WDG) and resulted in adverse effects on locomotor activity as well as feeding behavior. Moreover, the results suggest that the toxicity of the 2 tested folpet formulations depends on their additives. Because the identified effects may result in severe impairments and thus in declines of amphibian populations, a more protective risk assessment of pesticides is needed for postmetamorphic amphibians to ensure proper conservation of amphibian populations. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:1289-1297. © 2020 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Adams
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Verena Gerstle
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Carsten A Brühl
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz Landau, Landau, Germany
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14
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Fitzgerald JA, Könemann S, Krümpelmann L, Županič A, Vom Berg C. Approaches to Test the Neurotoxicity of Environmental Contaminants in the Zebrafish Model: From Behavior to Molecular Mechanisms. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021; 40:989-1006. [PMID: 33270929 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of neuroactive chemicals in the aquatic environment is on the rise and poses a potential threat to aquatic biota of currently unpredictable outcome. In particular, subtle changes caused by these chemicals to an organism's sensation or behavior are difficult to tackle with current test systems that focus on rodents or with in vitro test systems that omit whole-animal responses. In recent years, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) has become a popular model organism for toxicological studies and testing strategies, such as the standardized use of zebrafish early life stages in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development's guideline 236. In terms of neurotoxicity, the zebrafish provides a powerful model to investigate changes to the nervous system from several different angles, offering the ability to tackle the mechanisms of action of chemicals in detail. The mechanistic understanding gained through the analysis of this model species provides a good basic knowledge of how neuroactive chemicals might interact with a teleost nervous system. Such information can help infer potential effects occurring to other species exposed to neuroactive chemicals in their aquatic environment and predicting potential risks of a chemical for the aquatic ecosystem. In the present article, we highlight approaches ranging from behavioral to structural, functional, and molecular analysis of the larval zebrafish nervous system, providing a holistic view of potential neurotoxic outcomes. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:989-1006. © 2020 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Fitzgerald
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Könemann
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- EPF Lausanne, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laura Krümpelmann
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anže Županič
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Colette Vom Berg
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
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15
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Mundy PC, Huff Hartz KE, Fulton CA, Lydy MJ, Brander SM, Hung TC, Fangue NA, Connon RE. Exposure to permethrin or chlorpyrifos causes differential dose- and time-dependent behavioral effects at early larval stages of an endangered teleost species. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2021; 44:89-103. [PMID: 34354772 PMCID: PMC8336651 DOI: 10.3354/esr01091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrethroid and organophosphate pesticides are two of the most commonly used classes of insecticide worldwide. At sublethal concentrations, permethrin (a pyrethroid) and chlorpyrifos (an organophosphate) impact behavior in model fish species. We investigated behavioral effects of environmentally relevant concentrations of permethrin or chlorpyrifos on early larval delta smelt Hypomesus transpacificus, a Critically Endangered teleost species endemic to the San Francisco Bay Delta, California, USA. Using a photomotor behavioral assay of oscillating light and dark periods, we measured distance moved, turn angle, meander, angular velocity, rotations, thigmotaxis (time spent in the border versus center), and swim speed duration and frequency. The lowest concentrations of permethrin used in the tests (0.05 and 0.5 μg l−1) caused significant increases in distance moved at 72 and 96 h, respectively. At 48, 72, and 96 h of exposure, 5 μg l−1 of permethrin caused a hyperactive state in which the larvae significantly decreased thigmotaxis, quickly turning in short bouts of activity, characterized by significant increases in rotations and freezing events. Larvae exposed to 0.05 μg l−1 chlorpyrifos significantly increased thigmotaxis at 72 and 96 h. In response to 5 μg l−1 chlorpyrifos, larvae significantly increased velocity at 72 h exposure, and significantly increased freezing events at 96 h. Behavioral data on larval delta smelt exposed to contaminants present in their limited habitat have the potential to aid evaluations of the suitability of spawning and rearing habitats for this endangered species, thus improving conservation management strategies focused on this sensitive life stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige C Mundy
- Anatomy, Physiology & Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kara E Huff Hartz
- Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Corie A Fulton
- Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Michael J Lydy
- Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Susanne M Brander
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Tien-Chieh Hung
- Fish Conservation and Culture Laboratory, Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Nann A Fangue
- Department of Wildlife, Fish & Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Richard E Connon
- Anatomy, Physiology & Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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16
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Ye X, Rountos KJ, Lee CS, Fisher NS. Effects of methylmercury on the early life stages of an estuarine forage fish using two different dietary sources. Mar Environ Res 2021; 164:105240. [PMID: 33418125 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Marine fish accumulate methylmercury (MeHg) to elevated concentrations, often higher than in freshwater systems. As a neurotoxic compound, high MeHg tissue concentrations could affect fish behavior which in turn could affect their populations. We examined the sublethal effects of MeHg on larvae of the Sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus), an estuarine fish, using artificial or natural diets with varying MeHg concentrations (0-4.8 ppm). Larvae were fed control and MeHg-contaminated diets at low or normal (10% of their body mass) daily food rations from 7 to 29 days when they reached juvenile stage. Growth, respiration, swimming activity and prey capture ability were assessed. Food ration affected Hg toxicity in our study. Natural diets containing 3.2 ppm MeHg had no impacts on growth and swimming in fish that were fed normal food rations but depressed growth and swimming at low food rations. MeHg toxicity did not differ between artificial and natural foods, however fish accumulated more MeHg from the former. Artificial food containing 4.8 ppm MeHg only affected prey capture after 21 days of exposure. Sheepshead minnows, a forage fish species occupying a low trophic level in coastal waters, can be MeHg tolerant, especially when food is abundant, and can serve as an enriched Hg source for higher trophic level predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiayan Ye
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA.
| | - Konstantine J Rountos
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA; Department of Biology, St. Joseph's College, Patchogue, NY, 11772, USA
| | - Cheng-Shiuan Lee
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA; New York State Center for Clean Water Technology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11790, USA
| | - Nicholas S Fisher
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
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17
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Oliveri AN, Knuth M, Glazer L, Bailey J, Kullman SW, Levin ED. Zebrafish show long-term behavioral impairments resulting from developmental vitamin D deficiency. Physiol Behav 2020; 224:113016. [PMID: 32561170 PMCID: PMC7737556 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D has been shown in a wide variety of species to play critical roles in neurodevelopment. Vitamin D deficiency disrupts development of the brain and can cause lasting behavioral dysfunction. Zebrafish have become an important model for the study of development in general and neurodevelopment in particular. Zebrafish were used in the current study to characterize the effects of developmental vitamin D deficiency on behavioral function. Adult zebrafish that had been chronically fed a vitamin D deficient or replete diets were bred and the offspring were continued on those diets. The offspring were behaviorally tested as adults. In the novel tank diving test the vitamin D deficient diet significantly lowered the vertical position of fish indicative of more anxiety-like behavior. In the novel tank diving test swimming activity was also significantly decreased by vitamin D deficiency. Startle response was increased by developmental vitamin D deficiency during the early part of the test. No significant effects of vitamin D deficiency were seen with social affiliation and predatory stimulus avoidance tests. These results indicate a phenotype of vitamin D deficiency characterized by more anxiety-like behavior. This result was relatively specific inasmuch as few or no behavioral effects were seen in other behavioral tests.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Megan Knuth
- Toxicology Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Lilah Glazer
- Duke University Medical Center, Box 104790, Durham 27710, NC, USA
| | - Jordan Bailey
- Duke University Medical Center, Box 104790, Durham 27710, NC, USA
| | - Seth W Kullman
- Toxicology Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Center for Human Heath and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Edward D Levin
- Duke University Medical Center, Box 104790, Durham 27710, NC, USA.
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18
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Kataba A, Botha TL, Nakayama SMM, Yohannes YB, Ikenaka Y, Wepener V, Ishizuka M. Acute exposure to environmentally relevant lead levels induces oxidative stress and neurobehavioral alterations in larval zebrafish (Danio rerio). Aquat Toxicol 2020; 227:105607. [PMID: 32861022 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitous contamination of environmental lead (Pb) remains a worldwide threat. Improper Pb mine waste disposal from an abandoned lead-zinc mine has recently unearthed widespread Pb poisoning in children in Kabwe Zambia. Although the adverse effects of Pb on human health have begun to receive attention, the ecotoxicological effects on aquatic vertebrates still need further investigation. In addition, there is paucity in the knowledge on the behavioural and molecular subcellular responses in larval zebrafish exposed to Pb within the range of environmental relevant concentration (average 3 μg/L with maximum of 94 μg/L) on aquatic organisms such as zebrafish. The adverse effects of environmentally relevant levels of Pb on larval zebrafish was evaluated by measuring swimming behaviour under alternating dark and light conditions. Larval zebrafish acutely exposed to environmentally relevant Pb exhibited neuro-behavioural alteration including enhanced hyperactivity under light conditions evidenced by increased distanced covered and speed compared to the control. The alteration of entire behavioral profiles was further associated with the disturbed expression patterns of mRNA level of key genes associated with antioxidant (HO-1, Ucp-2 and CoxI), proapoptotic gene (TP53), and antiapoptotic gene (Bcl-2). To our knowledge, this is the first report on the effects of environmentally relevant Pb levels from Kabwe, Zambia and their adverse neurobehavioural effects and subcellular molecular oxidative responses in larval zebrafish acutely exposed within a 30 min period. The current results would be beneficial in our understanding of the effects of low Pb levels acutely discharged into an aquatic environment and the life of aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Kataba
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan; Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, P. O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Tarryn L Botha
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan; Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Shouta M M Nakayama
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yared B Yohannes
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan; Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Science, University of Gondar, P. O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Yoshinori Ikenaka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan; Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Victor Wepener
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan; Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Mayumi Ishizuka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan.
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19
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Chaudhuri A, Johnson R, Rakshit K, Bednářová A, Lackey K, Chakraborty SS, Krishnan N, Chaudhuri A. Exposure to Spectracide® causes behavioral deficits in Drosophila melanogaster: Insights from locomotor analysis and molecular modeling. Chemosphere 2020; 248:126037. [PMID: 32018111 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study was focused on gaining insights into the mechanism by which the herbicide- Spectracide®, induces oxidative stress and alters behavior in Drosophila melanogaster. Exposure to Spectracide® (50%) significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the negative geotaxis response, jumping behavior and dampened locomotor activity rhythm in adult flies compared to non-exposed flies. Protein carbonyl levels indicative of oxidative damage increased significantly coupled with down-regulation of Sniffer gene expression encoding carbonyl reductase (CR) and its activity in Spectracide®-exposed flies. In silico modeling analysis revealed that the active ingredients of Spectracide® (atrazine, diquat dibromide, fluazifop-p-butyl, and dicamba) have significant binding affinity to the active site of CR enzyme, with atrazine having comparatively greater affinity. Our results suggest a mechanism by which ingredients in Spectracide® induce oxidative damage by competitive binding to the active site of a protective enzyme and impair its ability to prevent damage to proteins thereby leading to deficits in locomotor behavior in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Chaudhuri
- Department of Microbiology, West Bengal State University, Barasat, Kolkata, 126, India
| | | | - Kuntol Rakshit
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Andrea Bednářová
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, MS, 39762, USA; Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budĕjovice, Czech Republic
| | - Kimberly Lackey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
| | | | - Natraj Krishnan
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, MS, 39762, USA.
| | - Anathbandhu Chaudhuri
- Biology Department, Stillman College, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35404, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA.
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20
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Oliveri AN, Glazer L, Mahapatra D, Kullman SW, Levin ED. Developmental exposure of zebrafish to vitamin D receptor acting drugs and environmental toxicants disrupts behavioral function. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2020; 81:106902. [PMID: 32473203 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2020.106902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D receptor (VDR) signaling is important for optimal neurobehavioral development. Disruption of VDR signaling by environmental toxicants during early development might contribute to the etiology of behavioral dysfunction. In the current set of studies, we examined ten compounds known to affect VDR function in vitro for neurobehavioral effects in vivo in zebrafish. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to concentrations of the compounds in their water during the first 5 days post-fertilization. On day 5, the embryos were tested in an alternating light-dark locomotor assay using a computerized video tracking system. We found that most of the compounds produced significant changes in locomotor behavior in exposed zebrafish larvae, although the direction of the effect (i.e., hypo- or hyperactivity) and the sensitivity of the effect to changes in illumination condition varied across the compounds. The nature of the behavioral effects generally corresponded to the effects these compounds have been shown to exert on VDR. These studies lay a foundation for further investigation to determine whether behavioral dysfunction persists into adulthood and if so which behavioral functions are affected. Zebrafish can be useful for screening compounds identified in high throughput in vitro assays to provide an initial test for how those compounds would affect construction and behavioral function of a complex nervous system, helping to bridge the gap between in vitro neurotoxicity assays and mammalian models for risk assessment in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony N Oliveri
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Lilah Glazer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Debabrata Mahapatra
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Seth W Kullman
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Edward D Levin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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21
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Valles S, Hernández-Sánchez J, Dipp VR, Huerta-González D, Olivares-Bañuelos TN, González-Fraga J, Bardullas U. Exposure to low doses of inorganic arsenic induces transgenerational changes on behavioral and epigenetic markers in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 396:115002. [PMID: 32277946 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The ability of environmental pollutants to alter the epigenome with resultant development of behavioral alterations has received more attention in recent years. These alterations can be transmitted and affect later generations that have not been directly in contact with the contaminant. Arsenic (As) is a neurotoxicant and potent epigenetic disruptor that is widespread in the environment; however, the precise potential of As to produce transgenerational effects is unknown. Our study focused on the possible transgenerational effects on behavior by ancestral exposure to doses relevant to the environment of As, and the epigenetic mechanisms that could be involved. Embryos of F0 (ancestral generation) were directly exposed to 50 or 500 ppb of As for 150 days. F0 adults were raised to produce the F1 generation (intergeneration) and subsequently the F2 generation (transgeneration). We evaluated motor and cognitive behavior, neurodevelopment-related genes, and epigenetic markers on the F0 and F2 generation. As proposed in our hypothesis, ancestral arsenic exposure altered motor activity through the development and increased anxiety-like behaviors which were transmitted to the F2 generation. Additionally, we found a reduction in brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression between the F0 and F2 generation, and an increase in methylation on histone H3K4me3 in the nervous system.
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22
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Frankel TE, Bohannon ME, Frankel JS. Assessing the Impacts of Methoxychlor Exposure on the Viability, Reproduction, and Locomotor Behavior of the Seminole Ramshorn Snail (Planorbella duryi). Environ Toxicol Chem 2020; 39:220-228. [PMID: 31610606 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the effects of short-term methoxychlor exposure on the viability, reproduction, and locomotor behavior of adult seminole ramshorn snails (Planorbella duryi) was assessed. To examine impacts on viability and behavior, individuals were exposed to a water control, vehicle control, or 12.5, 50, 100, 250, 500, or 1000 μg/L of methoxychlor for 48 h; and differences in mortality and locomotor behavior assessed using the freely available ToxTrac software. To determine impacts on reproduction, pairs of snails were exposed to a vehicle control and 12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 250 μg/L of methoxychlor for 9 d; and the number of clutches and eggs laid quantified every 24 h. Methoxychlor concentrations in treatments were determined using gas chromatography. Complete mortality was observed in the 500 μg/L and 1000 μg/L treatments after 48 h and in the 250 μg/L treatment after 9 d. Decreases in the number of egg clutches were observed in all treatments, and the number of eggs laid decreased starting in the 25 μg/L treatment. Decreases in average speed, mobile speed, and total distance traveled, as well as a significant increase in frozen events, were also observed. Our results suggest that methoxychlor exposure causes detrimental effects on several nonlethal endpoints in a nonmodel aquatic invertebrate species and that the analysis of locomotor behaviors serves as a reliable, sensitive endpoint for ecotoxicology testing. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;39:220-228. © 2019 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler E Frankel
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Mary Washington, Fredericksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Meredith E Bohannon
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Jack S Frankel
- Department of Biology, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
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Nielsen SV, Frausing M, Henriksen PG, Beedholm K, Baatrup E. The Psychoactive Drug Escitalopram Affects Foraging Behavior in Zebrafish (Danio rerio). Environ Toxicol Chem 2019; 38:1902-1910. [PMID: 31389079 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are psychoactive pharmaceuticals that have been detected intact in natural waters globally. Laboratory experiments have reported that several SSRIs inhibit fish foraging behavior, but data for the SSRI escitalopram are lacking. The objectives of the present study were to determine whether escitalopram affects feeding behavior in zebrafish and whether possible sex differences exist. We exposed female and male zebrafish (Danio rerio) to 0.00, 0.10, and 1.50 µg/L of escitalopram in flow-through tanks for a 3-wk exposure period. We used a video tracking system with high temporal and spatial resolution to collect data on zebrafish swimming patterns in test tanks containing a food source. The results show a more pronounced effect of escitalopram in males compared with females. At the assumed most environmentally relevant concentration (0.10 µg/L), male average feeding time/visit and maximum feeding duration were significantly reduced by 27 and 42%, respectively. In addition, male total feeding duration was also significantly reduced (by 73%) at the highest concentration (1.50 µg/L). In females, only the maximum feeding duration was significantly reduced (by 41%) in the 0.10 µg/L treatment group. Hence, we reject our initial hypothesis that female feeding behavior is more vulnerable to escitalopram. There was no effect of escitalopram on length or weight among the experimental groups. The present study demonstrates that escitalopram, like other SSRIs, can inhibit fish foraging behavior and therefore potentially disturb natural food chains. Finally, our study suggests that SSRIs can both be sex and behavior specific. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:1902-1910. © 2019 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marie Frausing
- Zoophysiology Research, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Kristian Beedholm
- Zoophysiology Research, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Erik Baatrup
- Zoophysiology Research, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Dehnert GK, Karasov WH, Wolman MA. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid containing herbicide impairs essential visually guided behaviors of larval fish. Aquat Toxicol 2019; 209:1-12. [PMID: 30684730 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic herbicides are used worldwide to eradicate nuisance and invasive plants despite limited knowledge of their toxicity to non-target organisms. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is a common active ingredient in commercial herbicide formulations, which triggers plant cell death by mimicking the plant-specific hormone auxin. Application practices of 2,4-D commercial herbicides typically coincide with yearly freshwater fish spawning periods. This practice exposes fish to xenobiotics at their vulnerable larval stages. The full impacts of 2,4-D on larval fish remains poorly understood, and hence, whether it may alter larval survival, larval behavior, fish populations, and ecosystem dynamics. In the present study, we exposed embryonic and larval zebrafish (Danio rerio) to the active ingredient 2,4-D (pure 2,4-D) or a 2,4-D containing commercial herbicide DMA4®IVM (DMA4) and evaluated morphology, survival, behavior, and nervous system function. At 2,4-D concentrations producing no overt morphological defects during embryonic or early larval stages, we observed reduced survival throughout a 21-day larval assay (4-8 ppm DMA4 and 0.75-4 ppm pure 2,4-D). Notably, prey capture, a behavior essential to survival, was reduced in 2,4-D-exposed larval zebrafish (4-8 ppm DMA4 and 0.75-4 ppm pure 2,4-D) and yellow perch (Perca flavescens) (4-20 ppm DMA4). In zebrafish, 8 ppm DMA4 exposure reduced prey capture when exposure was restricted to the period of visual system development. Consistent with these results, larval zebrafish exposed to 8 ppm DMA4 showed reduced neural activity within the optic tectum following prey exposure. Together, our results suggest that 2,4-D alters the development and function of neural circuits underlying vision of larval fish, and thereby reduces visually guided behaviors required for survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin K Dehnert
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - William H Karasov
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Marc A Wolman
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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Gainer A, Akre R, Owojori OJ, Siciliano SD. Protecting vulnerable individuals in a population: is the avoidance response of juvenile soil invertebrates more sensitive than the adults response? Chemosphere 2019; 220:658-667. [PMID: 30599324 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.12.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Juveniles are generally considered more sensitive to contaminants than adults. However, it is unknown if the behavioral responses of juvenile soil invertebrates is different than the adults. The absence of juvenile or adult soil invertebrates in contaminated soils due to avoidance adversely impacts the soil quality. Here, we assessed the avoidance response in two life stages (juvenile and adult) of three standardized soil toxicity test invertebrates (Folsomia candida, Enchytraeus crypticus and Eisenia fetida) exposed to phenanthrene, copper and sodium chloride contaminated soil. Interestingly, we found the juvenile's avoidance response could be more sensitive, less sensitive and the same as the adult's avoidance response, depending on the contaminant and test species. The juvenile avoidance response of E. fetida to sodium chloride, and E. crypticus and E. fetida to copper was more sensitive than the adult's response. In contrast, the avoidance response of juvenile F. candida to sodium chloride was less sensitive than the adult's response. No life stage differences were observed in the avoidance response of E. crypticus individuals exposed to sodium chloride, F. candida individuals exposed to copper and E. fetida individuals exposed to phenanthrene. Although life stage differences in avoidance responses were evident for some species and contaminants, it was not consistent. In terms of avoidance, the assumptions that juveniles are the most sensitive individuals in a population is not always true.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Gainer
- Toxicology Group, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Soil Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
| | - Robyn Akre
- Toxicology Group, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Soil Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Olugbenga J Owojori
- Department of Soil Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Steven D Siciliano
- Toxicology Group, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Soil Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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26
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Cunha DL, Mendes MP, Marques M. Environmental risk assessment of psychoactive drugs in the aquatic environment. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:78-90. [PMID: 30397754 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3556-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The consumption of psychoactive pharmaceuticals has increased worldwide, and wastewater treatment plants are not able to eliminate them from the effluent. An extensive review was carried out to assess the environmental risk (ERA model) based on secondary data about potential impacts on non-target organisms of seven psychoactive drugs consumed worldwide (alprazolam, bromazepam, citalopram, clonazepam, diazepam, lorazepam, and oxazepam). Risk quotients (RQs) were calculated according to the European Medicines Agency (EMA) on ERA of Medicinal Products For Human Use based on (i) the predicted and measured environmental concentrations (PEC and MEC, respectively) of the psychoactive drug in surface water, groundwater, and wastewater effluent and (ii) the predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) derived from ecotoxicological assays or ECOSAR software. Furthermore, this study reviews and discusses non-standardized ecotoxicity assays, such as sublethal and behavioral effects on different organisms. In total, 903 MEC entries of psychoactive drugs and 162 data on ecotoxicological assays were gathered from the literature survey addressing behavioral effects (115), acute/chronic effects (35), and sublethal effects (12). Citalopram and diazepam were the only substances that are likely to pose an environmental risk (RQ > 1) to surface waters. Even though there is considerable amount of data on behavioral effects of psychoactive drugs to aquatic species, results are currently not integrated into the EMA risk assessment framework. The large amount of data on psychoactive drug concentrations and effects on non-target organisms collected, interpreted, and discussed in the present study should be used as a baseline for future improvement of ERA strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deivisson L Cunha
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), R. São Francisco Xavier, 524, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 20550-900, Brazil.
| | - Maíra P Mendes
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Marcia Marques
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), R. São Francisco Xavier, 524, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 20550-900, Brazil
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27
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Puglis HJ, Calfee RD, Little EE. Behavioral effects of copper on larval white sturgeon. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019; 38:132-144. [PMID: 30298941 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Early-life stage white sturgeon are sensitive to copper (Cu), with adverse behavioral responses observed during previous studies. The objectives of the present study were to quantify the effects of Cu exposure on white sturgeon swimming and feeding behaviors and determine their time to response. Larval sturgeon (1-2, 28, or 35 d posthatch [dph]) were exposed to Cu (0.5-8 μg/L) for 4 to 14 d. Abnormal behavioral changes were observed within the first few days of exposure including loss of equilibrium and immobilization. Digital video tracking software revealed decreased swimming activity with increasing Cu concentration. Significant changes in behavior and mortality occurred at concentrations of Cu between 1 and 8 μg/L. Juvenile white sturgeon, 58 dph, exposed to 12 μg/L Cu consumed 37 to 60% less food than controls after 3 d of exposure. The present results indicate that behavioral endpoints were more sensitive than some standard toxicity test endpoints and can effectively expand the sensitivity of standard toxicity tests for white sturgeon. Swimming behavior was impaired to the extent that survival in the field would likely be jeopardized. Such data would provide managers a useful metric for characterizing the risks of Cu contamination to white sturgeon. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:132-144. Published 2018 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly J Puglis
- US Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, Missouri
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Robin D Calfee
- US Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Edward E Little
- US Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, Missouri
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Thoré ESJ, Steenaerts L, Philippe C, Grégoir AF, Brendonck L, Pinceel T. Improving the reliability and ecological validity of pharmaceutical risk assessment: Turquoise killifish (Nothobranchius furzeri) as a model in behavioral ecotoxicology. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019; 38:262-270. [PMID: 30357889 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals are essential for human well-being, but their increasing and continuous use pollutes the environment. Although behavioral ecotoxicology is increasingly advocated to assess the effects of pharmaceutical pollution on wildlife and ecosystems, a consensus on the actual environmental risks is lacking for most compounds. The main limitation is the lack of standardized reproducible tests that are based on sensitive behavioral endpoints and that accommodate a high ecological relevance. In the present study, we assessed the impact of a 3-wk exposure to the antidepressant fluoxetine on multiple behavioral traits in the promising new model organism Nothobranchius furzeri (turquoise killifish). Overall, our study shows that fluoxetine can impact feeding behavior, habitat choice in a novel environment, and antipredator response of N. furzeri individuals; effects on spontaneous activity and exploration tendency were less pronounced. However, effects became only apparent when individuals were exposed to fluoxetine concentrations that were 10 times higher than typical concentrations in natural aquatic environments. Ecotoxicologists are challenged to maximize both the reliability and ecological validity of risk assessments of pollutants. Our study contributes to the development of a time- and cost-efficient, standardized ecotoxicological test based on sensitive, ecologically relevant behavioral endpoints in N. furzeri. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:262-270. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli S J Thoré
- Animal Ecology, Global Change and Sustainable Development, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laure Steenaerts
- Animal Ecology, Global Change and Sustainable Development, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Philippe
- Animal Ecology, Global Change and Sustainable Development, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Arnout F Grégoir
- Animal Ecology, Global Change and Sustainable Development, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luc Brendonck
- Animal Ecology, Global Change and Sustainable Development, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Tom Pinceel
- Animal Ecology, Global Change and Sustainable Development, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Centre for Environmental Management, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
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29
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Lee-Jenkins SSY, Robinson SA. Effects of neonicotinoids on putative escape behavior of juvenile wood frogs (Lithobates sylvaticus) chronically exposed as tadpoles. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018; 37:3115-3123. [PMID: 30358909 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoids are water-soluble neurotoxic insecticides widely used in agriculture that are being detected in nontarget aquatic environments. Nontarget aquatic wildlife, such as amphibians, may be at risk of exposure. Studies using larval stages suggest neonicotinoids are a minor concern to amphibians; however, behavioral effects manifesting later in life are not often considered. Behavioral endpoints could further our understanding of potential sublethal neurotoxic effects after exposure has ended. Using juvenile wood frogs (Lithobates sylvaticus), we investigated the effects of chronic larval exposure to 3 concentrations (1, 10, and 100 μg/L) of formulations containing imidacloprid or thiamethoxam on the putative escape response to a simulated heron attack. We found that control frogs actively responded (i.e., moved or jumped) to the simulated predator attack but frogs exposed to imidacloprid at 10 and 100 μg/L were less likely to respond. The exposed frogs, specifically from the imidacloprid treatment at 10 μg/L (tendency at 100 μg/L) were less likely to leave the attack area compared with controls. However, frogs used refuge similarly among all treatments. Finally, there were no differences in locomotor performance, as measured by total number of jumps and distance traveled during a trial among treatments. In conclusion, our study suggests that exposure to neonicotinoids during amphibian larval development may affect a juvenile frog's ability to perceive or respond to a predator, potentially increasing their vulnerability to predation. Future studies should validate and explore this potential effect further. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:3115-3123. © 2018 Crown in the right of Canada. Published by Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey S Y Lee-Jenkins
- National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stacey A Robinson
- National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Malinich TD, Chou N, Sepúlveda MS, Höök TO. No evidence of microplastic impacts on consumption or growth of larval Pimephales promelas. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018; 37:2912-2918. [PMID: 30125981 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics are an abundant pollutant in aquatic systems, but little is known regarding their effects on larval fish. We conducted foraging and growth experiments to observe how increasing densities of microplastics (polyethylene microspheres) impact the foraging and growth of Pimephales promelas larvae. We found minimal impacts on larval consumption of Artemia nauplii in the consumption study, as well as little impact on total length after 30 d of the growth experiment. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:2912-2918. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy David Malinich
- Department of Forestry & Natural Resources, College of Agriculture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Nathan Chou
- Department of Forestry & Natural Resources, College of Agriculture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Maria S Sepúlveda
- Department of Forestry & Natural Resources, College of Agriculture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Tomas O Höök
- Department of Forestry & Natural Resources, College of Agriculture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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Blévin P, Shaffer SA, Bustamante P, Angelier F, Picard B, Herzke D, Moe B, Gabrielsen GW, Bustnes JO, Chastel O. Organochlorines, perfluoroalkyl substances, mercury, and egg incubation temperature in an Arctic seabird: Insights from data loggers. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018; 37:2881-2894. [PMID: 30094864 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In birds, incubation-related behaviors and brood patch formation are influenced by hormonal regulation such as prolactin secretion. Brood patch provides efficient heat transfer between the incubating parent and the developing embryo in the egg. Importantly, several environmental contaminants are already known to have adverse effects on avian reproduction. However, relatively little is known about the effect of contaminants on incubation temperature (Tinc ) in wild birds. By using temperature thermistors placed into artificial eggs, we investigated whether the most contaminated parent birds are less able to provide appropriate egg warming and thus less committed to incubating their clutch. Specifically, we investigated the relationships among 3 groups of contaminants (organochlorines, perfluoroalkyl substances [PFASs], and mercury [Hg]) with Tinc and also with prolactin concentrations and brood patch size in incubating Arctic black-legged kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla). Our results reveal that among the organochlorines considered, only blood levels of oxychlordane, the main metabolite of chlordane, a banned pesticide, were negatively related to the minimum incubation temperature in male kittiwakes. Levels of PFASs and Hg were unrelated to Tinc in kittiwakes. Moreover, our study suggests a possible underlying mechanism: since we reported a significant and negative association between blood oxychlordane concentrations and the size of the brood patch in males. Finally, this reduced Tinc in the most oxychlordane-contaminated kittiwakes was associated with a lower egg hatching probability. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:2881-2894. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Blévin
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR 7372-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de La Rochelle, Villiers-en-Bois, France
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés, UMR 7266-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de La Rochelle, La Rochelle, France
| | - Scott A Shaffer
- Department of Biological Sciences, San Jose State University, San Jose, California, USA
| | - Paco Bustamante
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés, UMR 7266-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de La Rochelle, La Rochelle, France
| | - Frédéric Angelier
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR 7372-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de La Rochelle, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Baptiste Picard
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR 7372-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de La Rochelle, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Dorte Herzke
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Børge Moe
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | | | - Olivier Chastel
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR 7372-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de La Rochelle, Villiers-en-Bois, France
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DeForest DK, Gensemer RW, Gorsuch JW, Meyer JS, Santore RC, Shephard BK, Zodrow JM. Effects of copper on olfactory, behavioral, and other sublethal responses of saltwater organisms: Are estimated chronic limits using the biotic ligand model protective? Environ Toxicol Chem 2018; 37:1515-1522. [PMID: 29442368 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
There is concern over whether regulatory criteria for copper (Cu) are protective against chemosensory and behavioral impairment in aquatic organisms. We compiled Cu toxicity data for these and other sublethal endpoints in 35 tests with saltwater organisms and compared the Cu toxicity thresholds with biotic ligand model (BLM)-based estimated chronic limits (ECL values, which are 20% effect concentrations [EC20s] for the embryo-larval life stage of the blue mussel [Mytilus edulis], a saltwater species sensitive to Cu that has historically been used to derive saltwater Cu criteria). Only 8 of the 35 tests had sufficient toxicity and chemistry data to support unequivocal conclusions (i.e., a Cu EC20 or no-observed-effect concentration could be derived, and Cu and dissolved organic carbon [DOC] concentrations were measured [or DOC concentrations could be inferred from the test-water source]). The BLM-based ECL values would have been protective (i.e., the ECL was lower than the toxicity threshold) in 7 of those 8 tests. In the remaining 27 tests, this meta-analysis was limited by several factors, including 1) the Cu toxicity threshold was a "less than" value in 19 tests because only a lowest-observed-effect concentration could be calculated and 2) Cu and/or DOC concentrations often were not measured. In 2 of those 27 tests, the ECL would not have been protective if based only on a conservatively high upper-bound DOC estimate. To facilitate future evaluations of the protectiveness of aquatic life criteria for metals, we urge researchers to measure and report exposure-water chemistry and test-metal concentrations that bracket regulatory criteria. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:1515-1522. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joseph W Gorsuch
- Gorsuch Environmental Management Services, Webster, New York, USA
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33
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Moyson S, Vissenberg K, Fransen E, Blust R, Husson SJ. Mixture effects of copper, cadmium, and zinc on mortality and behavior of Caenorhabditis elegans. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018; 37:145-159. [PMID: 28786503 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity effects of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and cadmium (Cd), both as single metals and in combination, were examined in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Metal effects on lethality were analyzed in a time-dependent manner using different concentrations in K-medium. To investigate the effects on locomotion and chemosensation, lethal concentration at 20% (LC20) values were used. The results showed that Cu toxicity was higher compared with Cd and Zn, resulting in higher mortality rates and a more reduced locomotion. Lethality increased over time for all metals. When Cd was added to Cu, and vice versa, significant increases in toxicity were noted. Different interaction effects were observed for the mixtures ZnCd, ZnCu, CuCd, and ZnCuCd. Zinc seemed to have a neutral toxic effect on Cd, while in combination with Cu, a similar additive effect was seen as for the CuCd combination. Binary and tertiary metal mixtures caused a strong decrease in locomotion, except for the ZnCd combination, where Zn seemed to have a neutral effect. After LC2024 h exposure, reduced crawling speed (except for Zn) and reduced thrashing behavior (except for Zn and the ZnCd mixture) were observed. Almost no significant effects were observed on chemosensation. Because the same trend of mixture effects was noted in locomotion and in lethality tests, locomotion can probably be considered a sensitive endpoint for metal toxicities. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:145-159. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Moyson
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kris Vissenberg
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Plant Biochemistry & Biotechnology Lab, Department of Agriculture, School of Agriculture, Food & Nutrition, University of Applied Sciences Crete-Technological Educational Institute, Stavromenos, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Erik Fransen
- StatUa Center for Statistics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ronny Blust
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Steven J Husson
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Bridges K, Venables B, Roberts A. Effects of dietary methylmercury on the dopaminergic system of adult fathead minnows and their offspring. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017; 36:1077-1084. [PMID: 27677528 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant and potent neurotoxin, which may be transformed by bacteria in aquatic ecosystems to methylmercury (MeHg), an organic form which bioaccumulates and biomagnifies. Consequently, long-lived organisms at the top of the food web are at risk of dietary MeHg exposure, which can be actively transferred from mother to offspring. Exposure during neurodevelopment can lead to serious, irreversible neurological dysfunction, associated with a variety of cognitive and motor abnormalities. At low dietary concentrations, MeHg exposure has been associated with deficits in attention and hyperactivity in multiple species. Pathways associated with cognitive function and motor activity are primarily associated with the dopaminergic system. The present study used a model fish species, Pimephales promelas, to examine the effects of MeHg exposure on dopamine concentrations and monoamine oxidase activity in embryos and adult brains. Adult fatheads were exposed for 30 d to either a control or a treated diet (0.72 ppm Hg). Embryonic and larval exposures were a result of maternal transfer of dietary MeHg. The authors confirmed hyperactive behaviors in embryos and detected significant changes in embryonic dopamine concentrations. Similar effects on dopamine concentrations were seen in the telencephalon of adult brains. Exposure to MeHg also corresponded with a significant decrease in monoamine oxidase activity in both embryos and brain tissue. Collectively, these results suggest that current exposure scenarios in North America are sufficient to induce alterations to this highly conserved neurochemical pathway in offspring, which may have adverse effects on fish behavior and cognition. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:1077-1084. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Bridges
- Department of Biological Sciences and Institute of Applied Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - Barney Venables
- Department of Biological Sciences and Institute of Applied Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - Aaron Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences and Institute of Applied Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
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Sponsler DB, Johnson RM. Mechanistic modeling of pesticide exposure: The missing keystone of honey bee toxicology. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017; 36:871-881. [PMID: 27769096 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The role of pesticides in recent honey bee losses is controversial, partly because field studies often fail to detect effects predicted by laboratory studies. This dissonance highlights a critical gap in the field of honey bee toxicology: there exists little mechanistic understanding of the patterns and processes of exposure that link honey bees to pesticides in their environment. The authors submit that 2 key processes underlie honey bee pesticide exposure: 1) the acquisition of pesticide by foraging bees, and 2) the in-hive distribution of pesticide returned by foragers. The acquisition of pesticide by foraging bees must be understood as the spatiotemporal intersection between environmental contamination and honey bee foraging activity. This implies that exposure is distributional, not discrete, and that a subset of foragers may acquire harmful doses of pesticide while the mean colony exposure would appear safe. The in-hive distribution of pesticide is a complex process driven principally by food transfer interactions between colony members, and this process differs importantly between pollen and nectar. High priority should be placed on applying the extensive literature on honey bee biology to the development of more rigorously mechanistic models of honey bee pesticide exposure. In combination with mechanistic effects modeling, mechanistic exposure modeling has the potential to integrate the field of honey bee toxicology, advancing both risk assessment and basic research. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:871-881. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reed M Johnson
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, USA
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36
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Salmelin J, Leppänen MT, Karjalainen AK, Vuori KM, Gerhardt A, Hämäläinen H. Assessing ecotoxicity of biomining effluents in stream ecosystems by in situ invertebrate bioassays: A case study in Talvivaara, Finland. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017; 36:147-155. [PMID: 27253991 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Mining of sulfide-rich pyritic ores produces acid mine drainage waters and has induced major ecological problems in aquatic ecosystems worldwide. Biomining utilizes microbes to extract metals from the ore, and it has been suggested as a new sustainable way to produce metals. However, little is known of the potential ecotoxicological effects of biomining. In the present study, biomining impacts were assessed using survival and behavioral responses of aquatic macroinvertebrates at in situ exposures in streams. The authors used an impedance conversion technique to measure quantitatively in situ behavioral responses of larvae of the regionally common mayfly, Heptagenia dalecarlica, to discharges from the Talvivaara mine (Sotkamo, Northern Finland), which uses a biomining technique. Behavioral responses measured in 3 mine-impacted streams were compared with those measured in 3 reference streams. In addition, 3-d survival of the mayfly larvae and the oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus was measured in the study sites. Biomining impacts on stream water quality included increased concentrations of sulfur, sulfate, and metals, especially manganese, cadmium, zinc, sodium, and calcium. Survival of the invertebrates in the short term was not affected by the mine effluents. In contrast, apparent behavioral changes in mayfly larvae were detected, but these responses were not consistent among sites, which may reflect differing natural water chemistry of the study sites. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:147-155. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Salmelin
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Matti T Leppänen
- Laboratory Center/Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment, Finnish Environment Institute, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Anna K Karjalainen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Kari-Matti Vuori
- Laboratory Center/Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment, Finnish Environment Institute, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Lappeenranta University of Technology, Lappeenranta, Finland
| | | | - Heikki Hämäläinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyväskylä, Finland
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37
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Stolpe C, Müller C. Effects of single and combined heavy metals and their chelators on aphid performance and preferences. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016; 35:3023-3030. [PMID: 27167884 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
When present at elevated levels in the environment, heavy metals are toxic for most organisms. However, so-called hyperaccumulator plants tolerate heavy metals and use chelators for their internal long-distance transport. Thus, phloem-sucking insects may come in contact with the chelated metals. In the present study, the effects of individual and combined heavy metals, zinc (Zn) and cadmium (Cd), as well as of common chelators, nicotianamine and phytochelatin, were investigated on the performance, preferences, and metal accumulation of the generalist aphid Myzus persicae, using artificial diets. Added Zn increased aphid growth, whereas Cd reduced the survival of aphids. Chelators had neither protective nor negative effects on aphids. The combination of the 2 heavy metals in chelated or nonchelated form caused a potentiation effect that led to an extinction of the aphids within less than 2 wk, before they could reproduce. Both Cd and Zn accumulated in the aphids, indicating a possible biomagnification. In choice assays, aphids preferred diets amended with Zn with or without nicotianamine compared to a control diet. In contrast, a Cd-containing diet led to neither attraction nor aversion. The present study provides insight into how mixtures of heavy metals and their chelators influence the life history of a generalist aphid. The results have implications for the use of phytoremediation to remove heavy metals from contaminated soils. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:3023-3030. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Stolpe
- Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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38
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Sun L, Tan H, Peng T, Wang S, Xu W, Qian H, Jin Y, Fu Z. Developmental neurotoxicity of organophosphate flame retardants in early life stages of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). Environ Toxicol Chem 2016; 35:2931-2940. [PMID: 27146889 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Because brominated flame retardants are being banned or phased out worldwide, organophosphate flame retardants have been used as alternatives on a large scale and have thus become ubiquitous environmental contaminants; this raises great concerns about their environmental health risk and toxicity. Considering that previous research has identified the nervous system as a sensitive target, Japanese medaka were used as an aquatic organism model to evaluate the developmental neurotoxicity of 4 organophosphate flame retardants: triphenyl phosphate, tri-n-butyl phosphate, tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate, and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP). The embryo toxicity test showed that organophosphate flame retardant exposure could decrease hatchability, delay time to hatching, increase the occurrence of malformations, reduce body length, and slow heart rate. Regarding locomotor behavior, exposure to the tested organophosphate flame retardants (except TCEP) for 96 h resulted in hypoactivity for medaka larvae in both the free-swimming and the dark-to-light photoperiod stimulation test. Changes of acetylcholinesterase activity and transcriptional responses of genes related to the nervous system likely provide a reasonable explanation for the neurobehavioral disruption. Overall, the present study clearly demonstrates the developmental neurotoxicity of various organophosphate flame retardants with very different potency and contribute to the determination of which organophosphate flame retardants are appropriate substitutes, as well as the consideration of whether regulations are reasonable and required. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:2931-2940. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Sun
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hana Tan
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tao Peng
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sisi Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenbin Xu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haifeng Qian
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuanxiang Jin
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhengwei Fu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
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Schoenfuss HL, Furlong ET, Phillips PJ, Scott TM, Kolpin DW, Cetkovic-Cvrlje M, Lesteberg KE, Rearick DC. Complex mixtures, complex responses: Assessing pharmaceutical mixtures using field and laboratory approaches. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016; 35:953-65. [PMID: 26561986 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals are present in low concentrations (<100 ng/L) in most municipal wastewater effluents but may be elevated locally because of factors such as input from pharmaceutical formulation facilities. Using existing concentration data, the authors assessed pharmaceuticals in laboratory exposures of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) and added environmental complexity through effluent exposures. In the laboratory, larval and mature minnows were exposed to a simple opioid mixture (hydrocodone, methadone, and oxycodone), an opioid agonist (tramadol), a muscle relaxant (methocarbamol), a simple antidepressant mixture (fluoxetine, paroxetine, venlafaxine), a sleep aid (temazepam), or a complex mixture of all compounds. Larval minnow response to effluent exposure was not consistent. The 2010 exposures resulted in shorter exposed minnow larvae, whereas the larvae exposed in 2012 exhibited altered escape behavior. Mature minnows exhibited altered hepatosomatic indices, with the strongest effects in females and in mixture exposures. In addition, laboratory-exposed, mature male minnows exposed to all pharmaceuticals (except the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor mixture) defended nest sites less rigorously than fish in the control group. Tramadol or antidepressant mixture exposure resulted in increased splenic T lymphocytes. Only male minnows exposed to whole effluent responded with increased plasma vitellogenin concentrations. Female minnows exposed to pharmaceuticals (except the opioid mixture) had larger livers, likely as a compensatory result of greater prominence of vacuoles in liver hepatocytes. The observed alteration of apical endpoints central to sustaining fish populations confirms that effluents containing waste streams from pharmaceutical formulation facilities can adversely impact fish populations but that the effects may not be temporally consistent. The present study highlights the importance of including diverse biological endpoints spanning levels of biological organization and life stages when assessing contaminant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko L Schoenfuss
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, St. Cloud State University, St. Cloud, Minnesota, USA
| | - Edward T Furlong
- National Water Quality Laboratory, US Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Pat J Phillips
- New York Science Center, US Geological Survey, Troy, New York, USA
| | - Tia-Marie Scott
- New York Science Center, US Geological Survey, Troy, New York, USA
| | - Dana W Kolpin
- Iowa Water Science Center, US Geological Survey, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | | | - Kelsey E Lesteberg
- Laboratory for Immunology, St. Cloud State University, St. Cloud, Minnesota, USA
| | - Daniel C Rearick
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, St. Cloud State University, St. Cloud, Minnesota, USA
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Marteinson SC, Letcher RJ, Fernie KJ. Exposure to the androgenic brominated flame retardant 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)-cyclohexane alters reproductive and aggressive behaviors in birds. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015; 34:2395-2402. [PMID: 26013366 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Detected in environmental samples, 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl) cyclohexane (DBE-DBCH) is a bioaccumulative isomer of a current-use brominated flame retardant. All 4 structural isomers are androgen agonists; however, little toxicological information exists for this compound. The objective of the present study was to determine if β-DBE-DBCH, the isomer found most prominently in animal tissue, affects androgen-dependent behavior of breeding American kestrels (Falco sparverius). The authors hypothesized that if β-DBE-DBCH acts as an androgen agonist in kestrels, androgen-dependent behaviors (i.e., copulation, courtship, aggression) would increase and behaviors inhibited by androgens (i.e., parental care behaviors) would decrease. Sixteen captive experimental kestrel pairs were exposed to 0.239 ng β-DBE-DBCH/g kestrel/d by diet from 4 wk prior to pairing until their nestlings hatched (mean 82 d) and compared with vehicle only-exposed control pairs (n = 15). Androgen-dependent behaviors were significantly increased in β-DBE-DBCH-exposed birds, consistent with the authors' hypothesis. These behavioral changes included copulation and other sexual behaviors in males and females and aggression in males, suggesting that β-DBE-DBCH may have acted like an androgen agonist in these birds. Parental behaviors were not reduced in exposed birds as predicted, although dietary exposure had ceased before chicks hatched. Further assessment of β-DBE-DBCH is recommended given these behavioral changes and the previously reported reproductive changes in the same birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Marteinson
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kimberly J Fernie
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
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Stanley JK, Lotufo GR, Biedenbach JM, Chappell P, Gust KA. Toxicity of the conventional energetics TNT and RDX relative to new insensitive munitions constituents DNAN and NTO in Rana pipiens tadpoles. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015; 34:873-879. [PMID: 25586961 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
An initiative within the US military is targeting the replacement of traditional munitions constituents with insensitive munitions to reduce risk of accidental detonation. The purpose of the present study was to comparatively assess toxicity of the traditional munitions constituents 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) with the new insensitive munitions constituents 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) and 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO). The following exposure durations were performed with Rana pipiens (leopard frog) tadpoles: TNT and DNAN, 96 h and 28 d; RDX, 10 d and 28 d; NTO, 28 d. The 96-h 50% lethal concentration (LC50) values and 95% confidence intervals for TNT and DNAN were 4.4 mg/L (4.2 mg/L, 4. 7 mg/L) and 24.3 mg/L (21.3 mg/L, 27.6 mg/L), respectively. No significant impacts on survival were observed in the 10-d exposure to RDX up to 25.3 mg/L. Effects on tadpole swimming distance were observed with a lowest-observed-effect concentration (LOEC) of 5.9 mg/L RDX. In the 28-d exposures, the LOECs for survival for TNT, DNAN, and NTO were 0.003 mg/L, 2.4 mg/L, and 5.0 mg/L, respectively. No significant mortality was observed in the RDX chronic 28-d exposure up to the highest treatment level tested of 28.0 mg/L. Neither tadpole developmental stage nor growth was significantly affected in any of the 28-d exposures. Rana pipiens were very sensitive to chronic TNT exposure, with an LOEC 3 orders of magnitude lower than those for insensitive munitions constituents DNAN and NTO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob K Stanley
- Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi, USA
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Stanley JK, Coleman JG, Brasfield SM, Bednar AJ, Ang CY. Environmental assessment of depleted uranium used in military armor-piercing rounds in terrestrial systems. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014; 33:1308-1314. [PMID: 24549573 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Depleted uranium (DU) from the military testing and use of armor-piercing kinetic energy penetrators has been shown to accumulate in soils; however, little is known about the toxicity of DU geochemical species created through corrosion or weathering. The purpose of the present study was to assess the toxic effects and bioaccumulation potential of field-collected DU oxides to the model terrestrial invertebrates Eisenia fetida (earthworm) and Porcellio scaber (isopod). Earthworm studies were acute (72 h) dermal exposures or 28-d spiked soil exposures that used noncontaminated field-collected soils from the US Army's Yuma and Aberdeen Proving Grounds. Endpoints assessed in earthworm testing included bioaccumulation, growth, reproduction, behavior (soil avoidance), and cellular stress (neutral red uptake in coelomocytes). Isopod testing used spiked food, and endpoints assessed included bioaccumulation, survival, and feeding behavior. Concentration-dependent bioaccumulation of DU in earthworms was observed with a maximum bioaccumulation factor of 0.35; however, no significant reductions in survival or impacts to cellular stress were observed. Reproduction lowest-observed-effect concentrations (LOEC) of 158 mg/kg and 96 mg/kg were observed in Yuma Proving Ground and a Mississippi reference soil (Karnac Ferry), respectively. Earthworm avoidance of contaminated soils was not observed in 48-h soil avoidance studies; however, isopods were shown to avoid food spiked with 12.7% by weight DU oxides through digital tracking studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob K Stanley
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi, USA
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Agatz A, Ashauer R, Brown CD. Imidacloprid perturbs feeding of Gammarus pulex at environmentally relevant concentrations. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014; 33:648-53. [PMID: 24375767 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Changes in food uptake by detritivorous macroinvertebrates could disrupt the ecosystem service of leaf litter breakdown, necessitating the study of shredding under anthropogenic influences. The impact of the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid on the feeding rate of individual Gammarus pulex was measured at a daily resolution both during and after a 4-d exposure period. The authors found that imidacloprid inhibits feeding of G. pulex during exposure at concentrations ≥ 30 µg/L and that there was no recovery in feeding on transfer into clean media for 3 d. Exposure to imidacloprid at concentrations ≥ 0.81 µg/L and ≤ 9.0 µg/L resulted in increased feeding after exposure even though there was no significant effect on feeding during the exposure itself. Comparison with the literature shows that concentrations found to influence feeding lie within the range of estimated and measured environmental concentrations. Additionally, effects on feeding rate were observed at concentrations 2 orders of magnitude lower than those causing mortality. The lethal concentration for 50% of test organisms after 4 d of exposure (270 µg/L, literature data) and the effect concentration for a reduction in feeding by 50% (5.34 µg/L) were used for this comparison. The present study discusses the potential that effects on feeding may evoke effects at the population level or disturb leaf litter breakdown in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Agatz
- Environment Department, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom; Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York, United Kingdom
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Grashow R, Miller MW, McKinney A, Nie LH, Sparrow D, Hu H, Weisskopf MG. Lead exposure and fear-potentiated startle in the VA Normative Aging Study: a pilot study of a novel physiological approach to investigating neurotoxicant effects. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2013; 38:21-8. [PMID: 23603705 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physiologically-based indicators of neural plasticity in humans could provide mechanistic insights into toxicant actions on learning in the brain, and perhaps prove more objective and sensitive measures of such effects than other methods. OBJECTIVES We explored the association between lead exposure and classical conditioning of the acoustic startle reflex (ASR)-a simple form of associative learning in the brain-in a population of elderly men. Fifty-one men from the VA Normative Aging Study with cumulative bone lead exposure measurements made with K-X-Ray-Fluorescence participated in a fear-conditioning protocol. RESULTS The mean age of the men was 75.5years (standard deviation [sd]=5.9) and mean patella lead concentration was 22.7μg/g bone (sd=15.9). Baseline ASR eyeblink response decreased with age, but was not associated with subsequent conditioning. Among 37 men with valid responses at the end of the protocol, higher patella lead was associated with decreased awareness of the conditioning contingency (declarative learning; adjusted odds ratio [OR] per 20μg/g patella lead=0.91, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.84, 0.99, p=0.03). Eyeblink conditioning (non-declarative learning) was 0.44sd less (95% CI: -0.91, 0.02; p=0.06) per 20μg/g patella lead after adjustment. Each result was stronger when correcting for the interval between lead measurement and startle testing (awareness: OR=0.88, 95% CI: 0.78, 0.99, p=0.04; conditioning: -0.79sd less, 95% CI: -1.56, 0.03, p=0.04). CONCLUSIONS This initial exploration suggests that lead exposure interferes with specific neural mechanisms of learning and offers the possibility that the ASR may provide a new approach to physiologically explore the effects of neurotoxicant exposures on neural mechanisms of learning in humans with a paradigm that is directly comparable to animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Grashow
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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