Environmentally relevant concentrations of benzophenones exposure disrupt intestinal homeostasis, impair the intestinal barrier, and induce inflammation in mice

The aim of this study is to investigate the adverse effects of benzophenones (BPs) on the intestinal tract of mice and the potential mechanism. F1-generation ICR mice were exposed to BPs (benzophenone-1, benzophenone-2, and benzophenone-3) by breastfeeding from birth until weaning, and by drinking water after weaning until maturity. The offspring mice were executed on postnatal day 56, then their distal colons were sampled. AB-PAS staining, HE staining, immunofluorescence, Transmission Electron Microscope, immunohistochemistry, Western Blot and RT-qPCR were used to study the effects of BPs exposure on the colonic tissues of offspring mice. The results showed that colonic microvilli appeared significantly deficient in the high-dose group, and the expression of tight junction markers Zo-1 and Occludin was significantly down-regulated and the number of goblet cells and secretions were reduced in all dose groups, and the expression of secretory cell markers MUC2 and KI67 were decreased, as well as the expression of intestinal stem cell markers Lgr5 and Bmi1, suggesting that BPs exposure caused disruption of intestinal barrier and imbalance in the composition of the intestinal stem cell pool. Besides, the expression of cellular inflammatory factors such as macrophage marker F4/80 and tumor necrosis factor TNF-α was elevated in the colonic tissues of all dose groups, and the inflammatory infiltration was observed, which means the exposure of BPs caused inflammatory effects in the intestinal tract of F1-generation mice. In addition, the contents of Notch/Wnt signaling pathway-related genes, such as Dll-4, Notch1, Hes1, Ctnnb1and Sfrp2 were significantly decreased in each high-dose group (P < 0.05), suggesting that BPs may inhibit the regulation of Notch/Wnt signaling pathway. In conclusion, exposure to BPs was able to imbalance colonic homeostasis, disrupt the intestinal barrier, and trigger inflammation in the offspring mice, which might be realized through interfering with the Notch/Wnt signaling pathway.

Temporal trends in exposure to parabens, benzophenones, triclosan, and triclocarban in adult females in Kyoto, Japan, from 1993 to 2016

Products used in daily life can contain chemicals such as parabens, benzophenones, triclosan, and triclocarban that have potential endocrine-disrupting effects. Little is known about the temporal trends of exposure levels to some of these chemicals in Japan. Our study assessed the intake and risk associated with exposure to commonly used chemicals. We measured the concentrations of five parabens, four benzophenones, and triclosan and triclocarban in 133 single spot urine samples. The urine samples were collected in 1993, 2000, 2003, 2009, 2011, and 2016 from healthy female residents in Kyoto, Japan. With the exception of methylparaben, ethylparaben, and butylparaben, there were no significant fluctuations in the concentrations of target chemicals over the study period; however, methylparaben, ethylparaben, and butylparaben showed temporal changes in concentrations. Methylparaben concentrations peaked in 2003 with a median value of 309 μg/g creatinine, ethylparaben concentrations peaked in 1993 with a median value of 17.3 μg/g creatinine, and butylparaben showed a decline, with the median values becoming non-detectable in 2009 and 2016. We calculated estimated daily intakes and hazard quotients for each chemical. In the analysis of total samples, 2.3% (3 samples) for butylparaben and 0.8% (1 sample) for propylparaben were found to surpass a hazard quotient of 1. Overall, 3% (n = 4) of the study participants exceeded a hazard index of 1. The potential health risks associated with exposure to butylparaben and propylparaben emphasize the need for further monitoring and research.

Effects of benzophenone-3 and its metabolites on the marine diatom Chaetoceros neogracilis: Underlying mechanisms and environmental implications

The wide application of benzophenones (BPs), such as benzophenone-3 (BP3), as an ingredient in sunscreens, cosmetics, coatings, and plastics, has led to their global contamination in aquatic environments. Using the marine diatom Chaetoceros neogracilis as a model, this study assessed the toxic effects and mechanisms of BP3 and its two major metabolites (BP8 and BP1). The results showed that BP3 exhibited higher toxicity on C. neogracilis than BP8 and BP1, with their 72-h median effective concentrations being 0.4, 0.8 and 4 mg/L, respectively. Photosynthesis efficiencies were significantly reduced after exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of the three benzophenones, while cell viability, membrane integrity, membrane potential, and metabolic activities could be further impaired at their higher concentrations. Comparative transcriptomic analysis, followed by gene ontology and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses unraveled that all the three tested benzophenones disrupted photosynthesis and nitrogen metabolism of the diatom through alteration of similar pathways. The toxic effect of BP3 was also attributable to its unique inhibitory effects on eukaryotic ribosome biosynthesis and DNA replication. Taken together, our findings underscore that benzophenones may pose a significant threat to photosynthesis, oxygen production, primary productivity, carbon fixation, and the nitrogen cycle of diatom in coastal waters worldwide.

Exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals from beverage packaging materials and risk assessment for consumers

This study investigated the influence of beverage packaging materials on the presence of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in plastic, glass, carton, aluminium, and tin canned non-alcoholic beverages. Results showed that 63 EDCs including perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), bisphenols, parabens, benzophenone-type UV-filters, biocides, nitrophenols, and alkylphenols, were detected in 144/162 screened products. Detected ∑63EDC concentrations ranged from 1.3 to 19,600 ng/L. EDC concentrations were higher in beverages packaged in metal cans while lower or no levels were detected in glass, plastic, and carton packaged drinks. Bisphenol levels were higher on average in canned beverages compared to glass (p < 0.01) and plastic products (p < 0.05) produced by the same brand and manufacturer. Two structural isomers of bisphenol A (BPA) were identified in 19 beverages, constituting the first detection in foodstuffs. The calculated daily intake of detected EDCs showed that exposure to BPA from per capita beverage consumption of 364 mL/day are up to 2000-fold higher than the newly revised safety guideline for BPA recommended by the EFSA (European Food Safety Authority). Overall, these findings suggest that BPA exposure poses a potential health hazard for individuals who regularly consume non-alcoholic beverages packaged in aluminium or tin cans, particularly young children.

Inhibitory effects against SARSCoV-2 main protease (Mpro) of biflavonoids and benzophenones from the fruit of Platonia insignis

The SARS-CoV-2 mutation and the limitation of the approved drug against COVID-19 are still a challenge in many country healthcare systems and need to be affronted despite the set of vaccines to prevent this viral infection. To contribute to the identification of new antiviral agents, the present study focused on natural products from an edible fruit with potential inhibitory effects against the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro). First, LC-ESIMS analysis of Platonia insignis fruits was performed and showed the presence of biflavonoids and benzophenones in the seed and pulp, respectively. Then, maceration and chromatographic purification led to the identification of two triglycerides (1 and 2) alongside chamaejasmine (3) and volkensiflavone (4) from the seed and isogarcinol (5) and cycloxanthochymol (6), from the pulp. Compounds 1-6 after evaluating their inhibitory against Mpro, displayed from no to significant activity. Compound 5 was the most potent with an IC50 value of 0.72 μM and was more active than the positive control, Ebselen (IC50 of 3.4 μM). It displayed weak and no cytotoxicity against THP-1 (CC50 of 116.2 μM) and Vero cell lines, respectively. Other active compounds showed no cytotoxicity against THP-1. and Vero cell lines. Molecular docking studies revealed interactions in the catalytic pocket between compound 5 and amino acid residues that composed the catalytic dyads (His 41 and Cyst 145).

Self-assembled Fe3O4-NH2 @g-C3N4 composite for magnetic solid-phase extraction of benzophenones in sea water and lake water coupled with LC-MS/MS determination

Magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) was developed based on a well-designed Fe3O4-NH2 @g-C3N4 nanocomposite as sorbent for a mixture of six benzophenones (BPs) in environmental water samples. The composite fabricated via in-situ self-assembled g-C3N4 shell with homogeneous polymerization of cyanuric chloride and cyanuric acid on Fe3O4-NH2 core. While high adsorption capacity was derived from g-C3N4 via hydrophobic, π-π and hydrogen bonding interactions to the targets, the fast magnetic separation was realized with Fe3O4 core for less solvent consumption. In combination with LC-MS/MS, the Fe3O4-NH2 @g-C3N4 sorbent minimized the interfering components, reduced the matrix effects, and provided the enrichment factors of 121-150 for six BPs with relative standard deviations ≤ 9.7% even after 20 times extraction-desorption cycles. The present method gave the detection limits of 0.3-2.5 ng/L for six BPs with the linear ranges of 1.0-2000 ng/L, and the recoveries of 84.6%-104% in sea water and 86.2%-107% in lake water samples. Thus, the Fe3O4-NH2 @g-C3N4-based MSPE coupled with LC-MS/MS method provided a convenient, efficient, and reliable alternative to monitor trace BPs in environmental water samples.

Relationship between exposure to parabens and benzophenones and prostate cancer risk in the EPIC-Spain cohort

The etiology of prostate cancer is not fully elucidated. Among environmental risk factors, endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) deserve special mention, as they alter metabolic pathways involved in hormone-dependent cancers. Epidemiological evidence assessing the carcinogenicity of EDCs is scarce. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between exposure to parabens and benzophenones and prostate cancer risk. We conducted a case-cohort study nested within the EPIC-Spain prospective multi-center cohort. Study population comprised 1,838 sub-cohort participants and 467 non-sub-cohort prostate cancer cases. Serum concentrations of four parabens and two benzophenones were assessed at recruitment. Covariates included age, physical activity, tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, body mass index, educational level and diabetes. Borgan II weighted Cox proportional hazard models stratified by study center were applied. Median follow-up time was 18.6 years (range = 1.0-21.7 years). Most sub-cohort participants reached primary education at most (65.5%), were overweight (57.7%) and had a low level of physical activity (51.3%). Detection percentages varied widely, being lowest for butyl-paraben (11.3%) and highest for methyl-paraben (80.7%), which also showed the highest geometric mean (0.95 ng/ml). Cases showed significantly higher concentrations of methyl-paraben (p = 0.041) and propyl-paraben (p < 0.001). In the multivariable analysis, methyl-paraben - log-transformed (HR = 1.07; 95%CI = 1.01-1.12) and categorized into tertiles (HR = 1.60 for T3; 95%CI = 1.16-2.20) -, butyl-paraben - linear (HR = 1.19; 95%CI = 1.14-1.23) and log-transformed (HR = 1.17; 95%CI = 1.01-1.35) - and total parabens - log-transformed (HR = 1.09; 95%CI = 1.02-1.17) and categorized into tertiles (HR = 1.62 for T3; 95%CI = 1.10-2.40) - were associated with an increased prostate cancer risk. In this study, higher concentrations of methyl-, butyl-, and total parabens were positively associated with prostate cancer risk. Further research is warranted to confirm these findings.

Easy determination of benzophenone and its derivatives in sunscreen samples by direct-immersion solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Benzophenones (BPs) absorb different sun radiation wavelengths, making them effective UVA and UVB filters, widely used in industry. In Europe, sunscreen products contain regulated amounts (6 % w/w) of benzophenone-3 (BP-3), usually combined with other filters like octocrylene. BPs are mutagens in UV radiation, and octocrylene may degrade into BPs, making their monitoring crucial. The present manuscript proposed a novel procedure based on liquid-liquid extraction followed by direct-immersion solid-phase microextraction (LLE-DI-SPME) to isolate and determine 10 BPs in sunscreen lotions with potential results. Parameters like extraction solvent, pH, adsorption, desorption time, stirring, sating effect, and presence of organic solvents were optimized and compared with different SPME fibers, being polyacrylate (PA) fiber the most effective. Detection and quantification were performed by gas chromatography-mass-spectrometry. Analytical parameters as limits of detection were 0.05-0.10 µg kg-1, while the linear range was 0.16 up to 2000 µg kg-1. In terms of recovery, the method ranged from 83 % to 103 %; the precision of the method was good in terms of relative standard deviation (RSD) from 3.2 % to 18.7 % and without a remarkable matrix effect (-15.06-8.45 %). Despite the complexity of the samples and the difficulty posed by the DI-SPME technique, the method proved robust. The proposed method successfully detected 10 BPs in 6 different sunscreen lotions. The total presence of BPs in sunscreens ranged from 165 to 931 mg kg-1, with BP-3 detected in all samples from 4.2 to 740 mg kg-1.

The environmental sources of benzophenones: Distribution, pretreatment, analysis and removal techniques

Benzophenones (BPs) have wide practical applications in real human life due to its presence in personal care products, UV-filters, drugs, food packaging bags, etc. It enters the wastewater by daily routine activities such as showering, impacting the whole aquatic system, then posing a threat to human health. Due to this fact, the monitoring and removal of BPs in the environment is quite important. In the past decade, various novel analytical and removal techniques have been developed for the determination of BPs in environmental samples including wastewater, municipal landfill leachate, sewage sludge, and aquatic plants. This review provides a critical summary and comparison of the available cutting-edge pretreatment, determination and removal techniques of BPs in environment. It also focuses on novel materials and techniques in keeping with the concept of "green chemistry", and describes on challenges associated with the analysis of BPs, removal technologies, suggesting future development strategies.

Production of (hydroxy)benzoate-derived polyketides by engineered Pseudomonas with in situ extraction

Polyketides from (hydroxy)benzoates are an interesting group of plant polyphenolic compounds, whose biotechnological production is so far underrepresented due to their challenging heterologous biosynthesis. Efficient heterologous production of 2,4,6-tri- and 2,3',4,6-tetrahydroxybenzophenone, 3,5-dihydroxybiphenyl, and 4-hydroxycoumarin by whole-cell biocatalysis in combination with in situ product extraction with an organic solvent was demonstrated. Production was highly dependent on the used CoA ligase and polyketide synthase type III. Therefore, different combinations of polyketide synthases and benzoate-CoA ligases were evaluated for their biosynthesis performance in the solvent-tolerant Pseudomonas taiwanensis VLB120. A solvent screening yielded 2-undecanone as biocompatible, extraction-efficient solvent with good phase separation. In aqueous-organic two-phase cultivations, this solvent extraction circumvents product instability in the aqueous cultivation medium, and it increases yields by reducing inhibitory effects. Complete de novo synthesis from glucose of all (hydroxy)benzoate-derived polyketides was achieved in two-phase cultivations with metabolically engineered strains. Additionally, mutasynthesis was applied to obtain fluorinated benzophenone derivatives.

Toxic effects and molecular mechanisms of estuarian crustaceans (Scylla paramamosain) exposed to five commonly used benzophenones

Benzophenones (BPs) are commonly used in personal care products like sunscreens and are increasingly being released into the environment, raising concerns about their potential ecotoxic effects. BPs as emerging environmental contaminants, little is known about their toxic effects on estuarine organisms. This study firstly investigated the toxic effects of five commonly used BPs on mud crabs (Scylla paramamosain). The crabs were exposed to varying concentrations of BPs for 14 days. The results showed that BPs caused damage to antioxidant systems in crabs. Transcriptome sequencing revealed that BP-3 and BP-1 had a greater impact on the crabs compared to the other BPs. Specifically, BP-1 and BP-3 caused severe damage to organelles and ribosomes. BP affected catalytic activity and hydrolase activity, BP-2 affected phosphoenolpyruate carboxykinase activity, and BP-4 affected tRNA aminoacylation and hydrolase activity. These findings can enhance our understanding of the ecotoxicity of BPs and may help to protect estuarine ecosystems.

Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel bioactive indane scaffold 2-(diphenylmethylene)c-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-one with potential anticancer activity

Over the past decades, designing of privileged structures has emerged as a useful approach to the discovery and optimisation of novel biologically active molecules, and many have been successfully exploited across and within different target families. Examples include indole, quinolone, isoquinoline, benzofuran and chromone, etc. In the current study, we focus on synthesising a novel hybrid scaffold constituting naturally occurring benzophenone (14) and indanone (22) ring systems, leading to a general structure of 2-(diphenylmethylene)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-one (23). It was hypothesised this new hybrid system would provide enhanced anti-cancer activity owing to the presence of the common features associated with the tubulin binding small molecule indanocine (10) and the estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist tamoxifen (24). Key hybrid molecules were successfully synthesised and characterised, and the in vitro cytotoxicity assays were performed against cancer cell lines: MCF7 (breast) and SKBR3 (breast), DU145 (prostate) and A549 (lung). The methyl-, chloro- and methoxy-, para-substituted benzophenone hybrids displayed the greatest degree of cytotoxicity and the E-configuration derivatives 45, 47 and 49 being significantly most potent. We further verified that the second benzyl moiety of this novel hybrid scaffold is fundamental to enhance the cytotoxicity, especially in the SKBR3 (HER2+) by the E-methyl lead molecule 47, MCF7 (ER+) by 45 and 49, and A549 (NSCLC) cell lines by 49. These hybrid molecules also showed a significant accumulation of SKBR3 cells at S-phase of the cell cycle after 72 hrs, which demonstrates besides of being cytotoxic in vitro against SKBR3 cells, 47 disturbs the replication and development of this type of cancer causing a dose-dependent cell cycle arrest at S-phase. Our results suggest that DNA damage might be involved in the induction of SKBR3 cell death caused by the hybrid molecules, and therefore, this novel system may be an effective suppressor of HER2+/Neu-driven cancer growth and progression. The present study points to potential structural optimisation of the series and encourages further focussed investigation of analogues of this scaffold series toward their applications in cancer chemoprevention or chemotherapy.

Benzophenone-2 exerts reproductive toxicity in male rats

Benzophenone derivatives such as benzophenone-2 (BP-2) belong to the group of endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs). Increased exposure to EDCs is considered to be an important factor behind the decline of human fertility. The main aim of the present study was to determine the effect of BP-2 on testicular function specified by sperm analysis, the level of sex hormones and their receptors. Since BP-2 has been shown to activate the immune system, another aim of the research was to verify the hypothesis that the immune system may be contributing to the testis toxicity of this compound and for this purpose changes in macrophage and lymphocyte populations in the testes were determined. BP-2 at a dose of 100 mg/kg was administered dermally, twice daily at a dose of 100 mg/kg for 4-weeks. It was shown that BP-2 reduced the number and motility of sperm and increased the number of sperm showing morphological changes. By determining the concentration of sex hormones, a significant decrease in testosterone levels and an increase in the blood levels of 17β-estradiol were demonstrated. Similar to the results obtained from the blood samples, testosterone levels in the testes were lowered, which could affect sperm parameters. The effect of BP-2 on lowering testosterone levels and the number of sperm cells may be due to immunoactivation in the testes, because it has been detected that this compound significantly decreased the number of the immunosuppressive resident testicular macrophages (TMs) (CD68-CD163+), but increased pro-inflammatory TMs with monocyte-like properties (CD68+CD163-).

Hammett correlation in competition experiments in dissociation of ionised substituted benzophenones and dibenzylideneacetones

A convenient method of applying competition experiments to devise a Hammett correlation in the dissociation by α-cleavage of 17 ionised 3- and 4-substituted benzophenones, YC6H4COC6H5 [Y=F, Cl, Br, CH3, CH3O, NH2, CF3, OH, NO2, CN and N(CH3)2] is reported and discussed. The results given by this approach, which rely on the relative abundance of [M-C6H5]+ and [M-C6H4Y]+ ions in the electron ionisation spectra of the substituted benzophenones, are compared with those obtained by previous methods. Various refinements of the method are considered, including reducing the ionising electron energy, making allowance for the relative abundance of ions such as C6H5+ and C6H4Y+, which may be formed to some extent by secondary fragmentation, and using substituent constants other than the standard σ constants. The reaction constant, ρ, of 1.08, which is in good agreement with that deduced previously, is consistent with a considerable reduction in electron density (corresponding to an increase in positive charge) at the carbon of the carbonyl group during fragmentation. This method has been successfully extended to the corresponding cleavage of 12 ionised substituted dibenzylideneacetones, YC6H4CH=CHCOCH=CHC6H5 (Y=F, Cl, CH3, OCH3, CF3, and NO2), which may fragment to form either a substituted cinnamoyl cation, [YC6H4CH=CHCO]+, or the cinnamoyl cation, [C6H5CH=CHCO]+. The derived ρ value of 0.76 indicates that the substituent, Y, influences the stability of the cinnamoyl cation somewhat less strongly than it does the analogous benzoyl cation.

Cell cycle, apoptosis, cell differentiation, and lipid metabolism gene expression in endometriotic tissue and exposure to parabens and benzophenones

AIM

To describe the expression profile in endometriotic tissue of genes involved in four signaling pathways related to the development and progression of endometriosis (cell cycle, apoptosis, cell differentiation and lipid metabolism) and to explore its relationship with the women exposure to chemicals with hormonal activity released from cosmetics and personal care products (PCPs).

METHODS

This cross-sectional study, encompassed within the EndEA study, comprised a subsample of 33 women with endometriosis. Expression levels of 13 genes (BMI1, CCNB1, CDK1, BAX, BCL2L1, FOXO3, SPP1, HOXA10, PDGFRA, SOX2, APOE, PLCG1 and PLCG2) in endometriotic tissue and urinary concentrations of 4 paraben (PB) and 3 benzophenone (BP) congeners were quantified. Bivariate linear and logistic regression analyses were performed to explore the associations between exposure and gene expression levels.

RESULTS

A total of 8 out 13 genes (61.5 %) were expressed in >75 % of the samples. Exposure to congeners of PBs and/or BPs was associated with the overexpression of CDK1 gene (whose protein drives cells through G2 phase and mitosis), HOXA10 and PDGFRA genes (whose proteins favor pluripotent cell differentiation to endometrial cells), and APOE (whose protein regulates the transport and metabolism of cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids in multiple tissues) and PLCG2 genes (whose protein creates 1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and diacylglycerol, two important second messengers).

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings suggest that women exposure to cosmetic and PCP-released chemicals might be associated with the promotion of cell cycle and cell differentiation as well as with lipid metabolism disruption in endometriotic tissue, three crucial signaling pathways in the development and progression of endometriosis. However, further studies should be accomplished to confirm these preliminary data.

Urinary concentration of selected nonpersistent endocrine disrupting chemicals-reproductive outcomes among women from a fertility clinic

Parabens and benzophenones are compounds widely used in cosmetics and personal care products. Although human exposure is widespread there is a limited number of epidemiological studies assessing the relationship between exposure to these chemicals and female reproductive health. The aim of the study is to explore the relationship between paraben and benzophenone concentrations and reproductive outcomes among women attending a fertility center. This prospective cohort included 450 women undergoing in vitro treatment (IVF) at fertility clinic in Poland. The validated gas chromatography ion-tap mass spectrometry to assess concentrations of parabens in urine (methyl (MP), ethyl (EP), propyl (PP), butyl paraben (BP)) and benzophenone-3 (BP-3) was used. To explore the relationship between concentrations of examined chemicals and reproductive outcomes (methaphase II (MII) oocyte yield, total oocyte yield, implantation rate, fertilization rate, clinical pregnancy, live births), multivariable generalized linear mixed model was used for the analysis. Increased exposure to butyl paraben was associated with a significant decrease in MII oocyte count (p = 0.007) when exposure to BP was treated as the continuous variable. Additionally, the exposure to BP in the highest quartile of exposure also decreases MII oocyte count (p = 0.02) compared to the lowest quartile. Urinary concentrations of BP were not related to total oocyte count, fertilization and implantation rate, clinical pregnancy, and live birth when the exposure variable was continuous variable or in the quartiles of exposure. Exposure to MP, EP, PP, the sum of examined parabens, and benzophenone-3 were not related to any of the examined reproductive outcomes. Exposure to butyl paraben was associated with a decrease in MII oocyte count among women attending fertility clinic rinsing concerns that exposure may have a potential adverse impact on embryological outcomes. The results emphasize the importance to reduce chemicals in the environment in order to minimize exposure. As this is the first study showing such an association, further research is needed to confirm these novel results in other populations.

Low concentrations of benzophenone-type UV-filters impair testis development in the amphibian Xenopus laevis

Benzophenone-type UV filters (BPs) are ubiquitous contaminants in aquatic environments, possibly posing ecological risks to aquatic populations. So far, little is known about the potential adverse effects of BPs on amphibians. Given their potential estrogenic property, we investigated the detrimental effects of the commonly used BPs, BP-3, BP-2, and BP-1, on testis development in amphibians using Xenopus laevis as a model species. Following exposure to 10, 100, 1000 nM BP-3, BP-2, or BP-1 from stages 45/46 to 52, tadpoles presented morphological abnormal testes, characterized by reduced gonomere size and testis area, coupled with suppressed cell proliferation. Meanwhile, the downregulation of testis-biased gene expression and the upregulation of ovary-biased gene expression were observed in BPs-treated testes. Moreover, the estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist ICI 182780 significantly antagonized ovary-biased gene upregulation caused by BPs, suggesting that the effects of BPs on testis differentiation could be mediated by ER, at least partially. Of note, the effects of BPs were not concentration-dependent, but the lowest concentration generally exerted significant effects. Altogether, these observations indicate that the three BPs inhibited testis differentiation and exerted feminizing effects. Importantly, when BP-2 exposure was extended to two months post-metamorphosis, testes of froglets were generally less-developed, with relatively fewer spermatocytes, more spermatogonia, and poorly formed seminiferous tubules. Considering the fact that the lowest concentration (10 nM) of BPs in this study are detectable in aquatic environments, we conclude that BP-3, BP-2, and BP-1, even at environmentally relevant concentrations, can retard testis differentiation at pre-metamorphic stages and cause testis dysgenesis after metamorphosis in the amphibian X. laevis. Our findings suggest that ubiquitous BPs in aquatic environments could pose a potential risk to amphibians.

Occurrence and profile characteristics of environmental phenols in human urine from a rural area in Northwestern China

Many environmental phenols, such as bisphenols, benzophenones and parabens, are known as endocrine disruptors and can adversely affect human health. However, the knowledge of human exposure to common environmental phenols in Chinese rural areas is insufficient. In this context, 181 urine samples were collected from participants in a rural area in Northwest China and were analyzed for nine bisphenols, three benzophenones and four parabens. Bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol S, benzophenone-1 (BP-1), benzophenone-3 (BP-3), 4-hydroxybenzophenone, methylparaben (MeP), ethylparaben and propylparaben (PrP) were detected in more than 50% of the urine samples, with median concentrations of 0.938 ng/mL, 0.0111 ng/mL, 0.191 ng/mL, 1.30 ng/mL, 0.0320 ng/mL, 25.9 ng/mL, 4.31 ng/mL and 1.94 ng/mL, respectively. A significant positive correlation was observed between BP-1 and BP-3, as well as between MeP and PrP, indicating metabolic transformation and combined use, respectively. The concentrations of MeP and PrP in females were significantly higher than those in males, suggesting that females were exposed to more MeP and PrP than males. Urinary concentrations of BPA, BP-3, MeP and PrP could be influenced by age. Other demographic information, such as annual household income, education and occupation was not associated with the exposure level of the targeted phenols in adults. The estimated daily intakes of the analytes except BPA were all below their respective tolerable/acceptable daily intake levels. This study profiles the demographic differences in the exposure to environmental phenols in general populations from rural areas and provides information on risk assessments.

Environmental contamination status with common ingredients of household and personal care products exhibiting endocrine-disrupting potential

The continuous use of household and personal care products (HPCPs) produces an immense amount of chemicals, such as parabens, bisphenols, benzophenones and alkylphenol ethoxylates, which are of great concern due to their well-known endocrine-disrupting properties. These chemicals easily enter the environment through man-made activities, thus contaminating the biota, including soil, water, plants and animals. Thus, on top of the direct exposure on account of their presence in HPCPs, humans are also susceptible to secondary indirect exposure attributed to the ubiquitous environmental contamination. The aim of this review was therefore to examine the sources and occurrence of these noteworthy contaminants (i.e. parabens, bisphenols, benzophenones, alkylphenol ethoxylates), to summarise the available research on their environmental presence and to highlight their bioaccumulation potential. The most notable environmental contaminants appear to be MeP and PrP among parabens, BPA and BPS among bisphenols, BP-3 among benzophenones and NP among alkylphenols. Their maximum detected concentrations in the environment are mostly in the range of ng/L, while in human tissues, their maximum concentrations achieved μg/L due to bioaccumulation, with BP-3 and nonylphenol showing the highest potential to bioaccumulate. Finally, of another great concern is the fact that even the unapproved parabens and benzophenones have been detected in the environment.

Benzoresorcinol induces developmental neurotoxicity and injures exploratory, learning and memorizing abilities in zebrafish

Benzophenones (BPs) are a class of UV absorber commonly used in skin care products like sunscreens. With its wide range of application, its environmental and human hazards have received much attention in recent days. Previous studies on the toxicity of BPs mainly focused on its endocrine-disrupting effects, but there are limited studies on its neurodevelopment and neurotoxicity. Herein, using the zebrafish model we studied the neurodevelopmental- and neuro-toxicity of benzophenone 1 (BP1) (0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.6, and 2.4 μg/mL). As a result, BP1 led to an increase of embryo mortality, a decrease in hatching rate, and an increase in the rate of developmental abnormalities in a concentration-dependent manner. BP1 also caused developmental defects in the central nervous system (CNS) and dopaminergic (DA) neurons. Accordingly, BP1 injured larval zebrafish general locomotion and response to stimuli in light/dark challenge. In adult zebrafish, BP1 exposure (1, 10, 100, 1000 μg/L) caused inhibition of learning and memory abilities in the T-maze tests, and inhibited exploratory behavior and activity in the novel tank diving tests. Further, transcription levels of genes related to neurotoxicity, neurodevelopment, and anxiety revealed that BP1 may affect the development and function of the myelin sheath, inducing structural and functional defects of CNS, manifested as abnormal behaviors such as anxiety. Hence, the current study revealed the neurodevelopmental toxicity and neurotoxicity of BP1, expanded our knowledge about the toxic effects of BP1 on organisms, posing a possible threat to the environment and human health.

Biomonitoring bisphenols, parabens, and benzophenones in breast milk from a human milk bank in Southern Spain

BACKGROUND

Human breast milk is considered the optimal source of nutrition for infants. Milk from breast milk banks offers an alternative to infant formulas for vulnerable hospitalized neonates most likely to benefit from exclusive human milk feeding. However, breast milk can also be a source of exposure to environmental contaminants, including endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs).

AIM

To evaluate concentrations of phenolic EDCs, including bisphenols, parabens (PBs), and benzophenones (BPs), in samples from a human milk bank in Granada, Southern Spain and to explore sociodemographic, reproductive, and lifestyle factors related to their concentrations in the milk.

METHODS

Concentrations of three bisphenols [bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol F (BPF), and bisphenol S (BPS)], four PBs [methyl- (MeP), ethyl- (EtP), propyl- (n-PrP), and butyl-paraben (n-BuP)], and six BPs [BP-1, BP-2, BP-3, BP-6, BP-8, and 4-hydroxy-BP] were determined in milk samples from 83 donors. Information on potential explanatory variables was gathered using the milk bank donor form and an ad hoc questionnaire. Multiple linear and logistic regression models were fitted.

RESULTS

Detectable concentrations were found of at least one of the analyzed compounds in all donor breast milk samples and at least five compounds in one-fifth of them. The most frequently detected compounds were MeP (90.5%), BP-3 (75.0%), EtP (51.2%), n-PrP (46.4%), and BPA (41.7%). Median concentrations ranged between <0.10 ng/mL (n-PrP, n-BuP, BP-1) and 0.59 ng/mL (BP-3). No sample contained detectable concentrations of BPF, BPS, or most BPs (BP-2, BP-6, BP-8, and 4- hydroxy-BP). Breast milk phenol concentrations were associated with parity, the utilization of deodorants, mouthwash, skin care products, and cosmetics, and the intake of nutritional supplements.

CONCLUSIONS

Results reveal the widespread presence of BPA, PBs, and BP-3 in donor breast milk samples, highlighting the need for preventive measures to enhance the benefits of breast milk from milk banks and from breastfeeding women in general.

Environmentally relevant concentrations of benzophenones triggered DNA damage and apoptosis in male Chinese rare minnows (Gobiocypris rarus)

Benzophenone-type ultraviolet (UV) filters (BPs) are commonly used as sunscreen agents, fragrance enhancers and plastic additives, and are great threats to aquatic organisms due to their high detected concentrations in the aquatic environment. However, few studies on their toxicity and mechanism in fish have been clearly reported. In this study, Chinese rare minnows (Gobiocypris rarus) were exposed to benzophenone (BP), 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone (BP-1), and 5-benzoyl-4-hydroxy-2-methoxybenzenesulfonic acid (BP-4) at 5, 50, 500 µg/L for 28 d to assess their toxicity. Transcriptomics screening showed that cell cycle, DNA replication and repair were significantly altered pathways (p < 0.05). The altered transcripts were similar to those identified by RNA-seq. DNA damage and 8-OHdG levels were significantly increased at 50 and 500 μg/L groups (p < 0.05). The DNA methylcytosine level was not significantly changed exposure to BP, BP-1 and BP-4. TUNEL assays indicated that hepatic apoptosis was significantly improved at 500 μg/L BP and BP-4 and 50 and 500 μg/L BP-1 (p < 0.05), with the significantly increasing the activity of caspase-3, -8 and -9 (p < 0.05). Molecular docking analysis revealed that BP, BP-1 and BP-4 could bind differently to caspase-3 through different binding interactions. Therefore, BP-1 induced more serious oxidative DNA damage and apoptosis by activating caspase-3 than BP and BP-4, which will provide theoretical basis and data support for ecological evaluation of aquatic organisms induced by BPs.

Photoaffinity labeling and bioorthogonal ligation: Two critical tools for designing "Fish Hooks" to scout for target proteins

Small molecules remain an important category of therapeutic agents. Their binding to different proteins can lead to both desired and undesired biological effects. Identification of the proteins that a drug binds to has become an important step in drug development because it can lead to safer and more effective drugs. Parent bioactive molecules can be converted to appropriate probes that allow for visualization and identification of their target proteins. Typically, these probes are designed and synthesized utilizing some or all of five major tools; a photoactivatable group, a reporter tag, a linker, an affinity tag, and a bioorthogonal handle. This review covers two of the most challenging tools, photoactivation and bioorthogonal ligation. We provide a historical and theoretical background along with synthetic routes to prepare them. In addition, the review provides comparative analyses of the available tools that can assist decision making when designing such probes. A survey of most recent literature reports is included as well to identify recent trends in the field.

The association of prenatal exposure to benzophenones with gestational age and offspring size at birth

In recent decades, emerging environmental pollutants such as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have become a particular concern. This study examined the association of maternal exposure to benzophenones as one of the EDCs with gestational age and evaluated their effects on birth outcomes including birth weight, birth length, head circumference, and Ponderal Index. We assessed 166 pregnant mothers of the PERSIAN cohort population of Isfahan, Iran, in the 1st and 3rd trimesters of pregnancy and their infants at birth. Four common benzophenones (BPs) including 2,4-dihydroxy benzophenone (BP-1), 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy benzophenone (BP-3), 4-hydroxy benzophenone (4-OH-BP), and 2,2'-dihydroxy-4-methoxy benzophenone (BP-8) were measured in maternal urine samples. The median urinary concentrations of 4-OH-BP, BP-3, BP-1, and BP-8 in the 1st trimester were 6.62, 7.5, 4.39, and 1.32 µg/g creatinine and those in the 3rd trimester were 3.15, 16.98, 9.95, and 1.04 µg/g creatinine, respectively. BP-3 was the predominant metabolite in both trimesters. There was a significant correlation between BP-3, BP-1, and 4-OH-BP levels (p < 0.05) but not BP-8. BP-1 showed a significant positive association with gestational age (GA) in all infants in the 1st trimester, but a negative association was observed between BP-3 and BP-1 levels and GA in girls. Classification of infants' birth weight for different GAs represented that the majority of them were appropriate for GA. However, boys' weights were heavier than girls. Also, birth outcomes of preterm (< 37 weeks) infants were noticeably lower than term infants (37-42 weeks). This study demonstrated that benzophenone derivatives especially BP-3 can affect the duration of pregnancy and consequently fetal growth in the early and late stages of pregnancy. This is more pronounced in girls; however, more investigations in a different population are needed to prove the results. Therefore, the application of these compounds as a UV protector requires precise regulation to reduce exposure, especially in pregnant women.

The ethnobotanical relevance of the tribe Symphonieae (Clusiaceae) around the world

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The tribe Symphonieae (Clusiaceae) encompasses 48 species accommodated in seven genera (Lorostemon, Montrouziera, Moronobea, Pentadesma, Platonia, Symphonia and Thysanostemon). Parts of these plants, mainly the exudates and the seeds oil are useful for different purposes, especially for treating dermatological conditions. In addition to the role in the folk medicine, some species are of great economic and cultural importance for native people from different continents.

AIM OF THE REVIEW

The goal of this review is to critically summarize the current knowledge on systematics, ethnobotanical, chemical and pharmacological aspects of species from the tribe Symphonieae, as well as to provide support for future taxonomic and phylogenetic studies on the Clusiaceae family.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The available information was gathered from many different databases (Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Pubmed, ChemSpider, SciFinder, ACS Publications, Wiley Online Library, Useful Tropical Plants Database, Google Scholar). Additional data from books, theses and dissertations were also included in this review.

RESULTS

Chemical studies of Symphonieae have demonstrated that the genera are a source of benzophenones, xanthones and biflavonoids. Components as sesquiterpenoids, triterpenoids, flavonoids, free fatty acids, among others, have also been reported. Extracts and compounds isolated from a variety of species have been exhibiting antimicrobial, cytotoxic and antiprotozoal activities, corroborating part of their medicinal uses. In addition, certain species produce edible fruits and a kind of "butter" with economic importance. All species produce exudate, which often has great relevance in the daily lives of local people.

CONCLUSION

Several species of Symphonieae have potential therapeutic applications and some of them have been investigated to scientifically validate their popular uses. In addition, a number of species have proved to be a rich source of promising pharmacologically active compounds. Finally, the value of fruits, exudate and butter, for instance, should serve as a stimulus for the sustainable development of products that aim to take advantage of these natural resources.

Concentrations of bisphenols, parabens, and benzophenones in human breast milk: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Breast milk is the main source of nutrition for infants but may be responsible for their exposure to environmental chemicals, including endocrine-disrupting chemicals.

AIM

To review available evidence on the presence and concentrations of bisphenols, parabens (PBs), and benzophenones (BPs) in human milk and to explore factors related to exposure levels.

METHODS

A systematic review was carried out using Medline, Web of Science, and Scopus databases, conducting a comprehensive search of peer-reviewed original articles published during the period 2000-2020, including epidemiological and methodological studies. Inclusion criteria were met by 50 studies, which were compiled by calculating weighted detection frequencies and arithmetic mean concentrations of the chemicals. Their risk of bias was assessed using the ROBINS-I checklist.

RESULTS

Among the 50 reviewed studies, concentrations of bisphenols were assessed by 37 (74.0%), PBs by 21 (42.0%), and BPs by 10 (20.0%). Weighted detection frequencies were 63.6% for bisphenol-A (BPA), 27.9-63.4% for PBs, and 39.5% for benzophenone-3 (BP-3). Weighted mean concentrations were 1.4 ng/mL for BPA, 0.2-14.2 ng/mL for PBs, and 24.4 ng/mL for BP-3. Mean concentrations ranged among studies from 0.1 to 3.9 ng/mL for BPA, 0.1 to 1063.6 ng/mL for PBs, and 0.5 to 72.4 ng/mL for BP-3. The highest concentrations of BPA and PBs were reported in samples from Asia (versus America and Europe). Higher BPA and lower methyl-paraben concentrations were observed in samples collected after 2010. Elevated concentrations of these chemicals were associated with socio-demographic and lifestyle factors in eight studies (16.0%). Two epidemiological studies showed moderate/serious risk of bias.

CONCLUSIONS

This systematic review contributes the first overview of the widespread presence and concentrations of bisphenols, PBs, and BPs in human breast milk, revealing geographical and temporal variations. The methodological heterogeneity of published studies underscores the need for well-conducted studies to assess the magnitude of exposure to these chemicals from human milk.

ct-28 of Corydlis tomentella and their cytotoxic activity

One new xanthone, griseophenexanthone A (1), one new benzophenone, digriseophene A (2), and 14 previously reported compounds were isolated from the culture of Penicillium sp. ct-28, an endophytic fungus of Corydlis tomentella. The structures of the isolated compounds were identified by an extensive analysis of HRESIMS, 1D and 2D NMR. MTT assay showed that six xanthones (1 and 3-7) significantly inhibited cell proliferation in four cancer cell lines, with IC₅₀ values ranging from 18.12 ± 2.42 to 85.55 ± 7.66 μM. Our results showed that slight structural changes led to obvious activity differences among these compounds. We also investigated the effects of the six xanthones on cell cycle and apoptosis in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. Compound 7 caused cell cycle arrest at G1 phase, compounds 5 and 6 caused cell cycle arrest at S phase, whereas compounds 1, 3 and 4 had no effects on cell cycle distribution. All six xanthones induced apoptosis in dose-dependent manners in HepG2 cells accompanied by degradation of PARP and activation of caspase 3. The structure-activity relationship analysis revealed that the effects of these xanthones on cell cycle and apoptosis in HepG2 cells were closely related to the substituent groups on their skeleton. Our studies provide novel insights for the structural optimization of xanthones in the development of new anticancer drugs.

Covalent organic framework-V modified porous polypropylene hollow fiber with detachable dumbbell-shaped structure for stir bar sorptive extraction of benzophenones

Polypropylene hollow fiber is a kind of ideal material for stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) which possesses the advantages of porous structure, large specific surface area, high mechanical strength, and good solvent resistance. In this work, a novel SBSE device using the polypropylene hollow fiber-based stir bar with the detachable dumbbell-shaped structure was designed and prepared. Covalent organic framework-V (COF-V), which possesses porous structure, sphere shape with large specific surface area, was synthesized at room temperature and grown on polypropylene hollow fiber by polydopamine modification method. Compared with previous studies which used etched poly(ether ether ketone) as supporting material, polypropylene hollow fiber omitted the complicated, difficult and dangerous pretreatment process with high concentrated sulfuric acid. The immobilization of COF-V on the polypropylene hollow fiber significantly endows them with multiple interaction abilities including hydrophobic interaction and π-π interaction. The stir bar showed good performance and stability for the extraction of four benzophenones including BP-1, BP-6, BP-3 and Ph-BP. By coupling with HPLC-UV, the COF-V@polypropylene hollow fiber based SBSE method showed wide linear range (0.1-200 ng/mL), excellent linearity (R² ≥ 0.9979), high sensitivity (LODs in the range of 0.02-0.03 ng/mL), and good repeatability (RSD ≤ 5.21%). This method was successfully applied to the analysis of benzophenones in soil and sunscreen samples.

Photodegradation of benzophenones sensitized by nitrite

Benzophenone UV filters (BPs) are a group of contaminants of emerging concern due to their widespread occurrence and adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems. In this study, the transformation of BPs by nitrite sensitized photodegradation was comprehensively investigated. OH and NO₂ generated by nitrite photolysis reacted with BPs, forming hydroxylated and nitrated products, respectively. Kinetic modeling revealed that the steady-state concentrations of NO₂ were approximately six orders of magnitude higher than those of OH in the UV/nitrite process, although the second-order rate constants of NO₂ reactions with BPs were six orders of magnitude lower. With the increase in nitrite concentration, BPs degradation was accelerated, and the contribution of NO₂ increased as well. At initial nitrite concentration of 10 μM, the contributions of OH and NO₂ to the degradation of 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone (BP1) were 66.1% and 21.5%, respectively. However, NO₂ only contributed a tiny fraction to the degradation of 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone-5-sulfonic acid (BP4), due to the presence of an electron-withdrawing sulfonate group in the molecule. Natural organic matter (NOM) inhibited the nitrite sensitized degradation of BPs, due to light screening and radical scavenging effects. This study suggests that BPs can be effectively transformed in sunlit waters in the presence of nitrite, leading to nitrated products.

Urinary benzophenones and synthetic progestin in Chinese adults and children: concentration, source and exposure

The endocrine-disrupting activities of UV filters and synthetic progestin have raised concerns about their adverse risks. In this study, 208 urine samples were collected from Shanghai residents for the determination of seven benzophenones (BPs) and six synthetic progestins. The highest median concentration (6.21ng g^-1 Cr) was observed in young adults (21-50 years), followed by a concentration of 3.86 ng g^-1 Cr in elderly adults (over 50 years old), and the lowest median concentration (1.32 ng g^-1 Cr) was found in children (8-11 years old). The detection rates of BP-3 and EE2 in adults were 97% and 82%, and in children were 31% and 24%, respectively. Synthetic progestin levels in Shanghai, China, were relatively low compared to other countries. And the urinary BPs level showed an increasing trend in Chinese in the past 5 years. The principal component analysis suggested that adults' exposure to BP-1 and BP-3 was related, which occurs through food or dermal absorption of these chemicals present in cosmetic products and coatings. And diet was an important exposure pathway for children exposed to BPs. Despite relatively high levels of synthetic progestin for female and obese, the total estimated daily intake (EDI) was still lower than acceptable daily intake adopted by America. In the Monte-Carlo analysis, the 95th percentile of hazard quotients (HQs) was 0.83, which indicated that potential health risks were appreciated in the studied population.

Development of a sensitive analytical method for the simultaneous analysis of Benzophenone-type UV filters and paraben preservatives in umbilical cord blood

UV filters and parabens are compounds used in large quantities in modern societies and have become ubiquitous in the environment. They are considered compounds of emerging concern due to the unwanted effects they cause in the environment and their bioaccumulation potential in humans. Considering their endocrine disrupting activity and their so far unknown effects in newborns, a continuous monitoring of these substances is required. In this work, we developed and validated a new sensitive methodology for the analysis of 8 UV filters and metabolites, and 4 parabens in umbilical cord blood samples. The method consisted of a liquid-liquid extraction and phase separation by freezing. Then, the organic extract was further analyzed at alkaline pH using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) using a QqLIT hybrid mass spectrometer as analyzer. The low limits of detection achieved (0.01–0.42 ng/mL) allowed the reliable simultaneous quantification of UV filters and parabens in this complex biological matrix.•

Simple, fast and sensitive analysis of UV filters and parabens in cord blood samples.

•

First simultaneous analysis of UV filters and parabens in cord blood.

•

Allows the evaluation of perinatal transfer of UV filters and parabens from the mother to the fetus.

Determination of bisphenols, parabens, and benzophenones in placenta by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Human exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) is of particular concern during development. Bisphenols, parabens, and benzophenones are EDCs widely used in the manufacture of numerous goods, personal care products, and cosmetics. The aim of this study was to develop a new and practical method for determining three bisphenols, four parabens, and five benzophenones in placenta samples. It uses dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) in combination with gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Several chemometric approaches were employed to optimize the experimental parameters. Limits of detection ranged from 0.04 to 0.08 ng g^-1 and inter-day variabilities (evaluated as relative standard deviation) from 4.2% to 13.4%. The method was validated using matrix-matched standard calibration followed by a recovery assay with spiked samples. Recovery percentages ranged from 87.1% to 113.2%. Finally, the method was used to measure target compounds in 20 placental tissue samples from voluntary donors. This analytical procedure can provide information on the exposure of the fetus to non-persistent EDCs.

Cosmetic and personal care product use, urinary levels of parabens and benzophenones, and risk of endometriosis: results from the EndEA study

AIM

To explore the relationship of urinary concentrations of different congeners of benzophenones and parabens with the utilization of cosmetics and personal care products (PCPs) and their impact on the risk of endometriosis, and to evaluate the influence of oxidative stress on associations found.

METHODS

This case-control study comprised a subsample of 124 women (35 cases; 89 controls). Endometriosis was confirmed (cases) or ruled out (controls) by laparoscopy, with visual inspection of the pelvis and biopsy of suspected lesions (histological diagnosis). Urinary concentrations of benzophenone-1 (BP-1), benzophenone-3 (BP-3), 4-hydroxibenzophenone (4-OH-BP), methyl- (MeP), ethyl- (EtP), propyl- (PrP), and butyl-paraben (BuP), and biomarkers of oxidative stress [lipid peroxidation (TBARS) and total antioxidant power (TAP)] were quantified. Information was gathered on the frequency of use of cosmetics and PCPs. Associations between the frequency of cosmetics/PCP use, urinary concentrations of benzophenones and parabens, oxidative stress, and endometriosis risk were explored in logistic and linear multivariable regression analyses.

RESULTS

The frequency of utilization of certain cosmetics and PCPs was significantly associated with urinary concentrations of benzophenones and parabens. After adjustment for potential confounders, the risk of endometriosis was increased in women in the second versus first terciles of MeP (OR = 5.63; p-value<0.001), BP-1 (OR = 5.12; p-value = 0.011), BP-3 (OR = 4.98; p-value = 0.008), and ƩBPs (OR = 3.34; p-value = 0.032). A close-to-significant relationship was observed between TBARS concentrations and increased endometriosis risk (OR = 1.60, p-value = 0.070) and an inverse association between TAP concentrations and this risk (OR = 0.15; p-value = 0.048). Oxidative stress results did not modify associations observed between benzophenone/paraben exposure and endometriosis risk.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings indicate that the frequency of cosmetics and PCP utilization is a strong predictor of exposure to certain benzophenone and paraben congeners. These compounds may increase the risk of endometriosis in an oxidative stress-independent manner. Further studies are warranted to corroborate these findings.

Serum levels of non-persistent environmental pollutants and risk of incident hypertension in a sub-cohort from the EPIC study

BACKGROUND

The prevalence of arterial hypertension (AHT), a well-known risk factor for cardiovascular disease, has considerably increased over last decades. Non-persistent environmental pollutants (npEPs) are a group of ubiquitous chemicals, widely used in consumer products such as food packaging and cosmetics, which have been identified as endocrine disrupting chemicals and obesogens. The aim of this study was to assess the potential associations of serum levels of three groups of npEPs with the risk of incident AHT.

METHODS

Cohort study within a sub-cohort of Granada EPIC-Spain center (n = 670). We quantified serum concentrations of three groups of npEPs, i.e., bisphenol A (BPA), four parabens: methylparaben (MP), ethylparaben (EP), propylparaben (PP) and butylparaben (BP), and two benzophenones: benzophenone 1 (BP1), benzophenone 3 (BP3), in samples collected at recruitment. Statistical analyses were performed by means of Cox Proportional Hazard Models.

RESULTS

Median follow-up time was 23 years. BPA and MP were found in >80% of the study population. Individuals within the 4th PP quartile (0.53-9.24 ng/ml) showed a statistically significant increased risk of AHT (HR = 1.40, p = 0.015). No associations were found for the rest of pollutants.

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, we evidenced no associations of most npEPs with AHT risk, with the exception of an increased risk in the highest PP percentiles. Considering the limitations of using one spot serum sample for exposure characterization, further research on the potential contribution of npEPs on the development of AHT risk is warranted.

Comparative acute toxicity of benzophenone derivatives and bisphenol analogues in the Asian clam Corbicula fluminea

Among UV-filters, benzophenones are one of the most abundantly used and detected groups in the environment. Bisphenols are also one of the most widely used chemicals in plastics, but their demonstrated deleterious effects on several organisms and humans have led to the production of alternative analogues. However, few comparative studies on the ecotoxicological effects of these derivatives or analogues have been carried out. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of two benzophenones (BP-3 and BP-4) and two bisphenols (BPA and BPS) in a short-term exposure of the freshwater endobenthic bivalve Corbicula fluminea. Clams were exposed for 96 h to several concentrations of the four pollutants: BP-3 (0.63; 1.25; 2.5; 5 mg l^-1), BP-4 (4.75; 9.5; 19; 38 mg l^-1), BPA (3.75; 7.5; 15; 30 mg l^-1), and BPS (2.5; 5; 10; 20 mg l^-1). The comparative acute toxicity of these pollutants was evaluated by the analysis of the post-exposure filtering capacity of clams, lipid peroxidation (LP) levels and the activity of the antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GR). After the exposure period, except for BP-4, the chemicals tested seemed to be detected by clams and provoked valve closure, decreasing filter-feeding in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, C. fluminea exposed to the highest concentrations of BP-3, BP-4 and BPA showed a significant increase in LP, CAT and GR activities with respect to their controls. BP-3 and BPA were the most toxic compounds showing significant differences in all the parameters analysed at the highest concentrations assayed. However, clams exposed to BPS showed only significant alterations in filtration parameters and in GR activity, in the two highest concentrations tested, indicating that this compound was the least toxic to clams. Obtained results highlight the importance of investigating the effects that emerging pollutants have on aquatic organisms.

Microplastic fibres from synthetic textiles: Environmental degradation and additive chemical content

Microplastic fibres (MPFs) often make up the largest fraction of microplastic pollution in aquatic environments, yet little is known about their degradative fate and persistence. This study investigates the environmentally relevant photodegradation of common MPFs: polyester (PET), polyamide (PA) and polyacrylonitrile (PAN), their respective additive chemical profile, together with their potential for additive leaching. MPFs were subject to ultraviolet (UV) exposure in seawater and freshwater media over 10 months. PET and PA MPFs showed significant fragmentation and surface changes following UV exposure, additionally PA showed evidence of chemical changes. PAN did not undergo significant photodegradation in the same exposure period. Chemicals tentatively identified in MPFs and aqueous leachates via non-target gas chromatography-mass spectrometry include monomers, UV stabilisers and degradation products. Characterisation of several bisphenols (BPs) and benzophenones (BzPs) was performed via ultraperformance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Bisphenol A, bisphenol S and benzophenone-3 were quantified in all MPFs and wool at concentrations between 4.3 and 501 ng/g, with wool displaying the highest sum concentration of BPs and BzPs at 863 and 27 ng/g, respectively.

Free available chlorine initiated Baeyer-Villiger oxidation: A key mechanism for chloroform formation during aqueous chlorination of benzophenone UV filters

Chloroform, a regulated disinfection by-product in water, is often generated during chlorination disinfection treatment. However, the formation of chloroform is heavily dependent on the molecular structures of precursors. Moreover, compounds containing ketone moiety are ubiquitous in water environments. However, it is unclear if they can generate chloroform during chlorination. In this study, 14 benzophenones (BPs), efficient and widely used UV filters, with different substituents were selected to explore chloroform formation during chlorination. All 14 BPs generated chloroform, with yields dependent on their molecular structures and operational conditions. Compounds 2,2',4,4'-tetrahydroxy-BP and benzophenone produced the highest and lowest chloroform of 0.313 and 0.013 g/g, respectively, corresponding to the fastest and slowest formation rate constants of 1.41 × 10^-1 and 2.71 × 10^-2 min^-1. Alkaline conditions and high chlorine dosages were favorable to chloroform formation. Three reactions played key roles in chloroform formation from BPs: (1) chlorine initiated Baeyer-Villiger oxidation converted ketone moieties of BP molecules into esters; (2) the esters further underwent hydrolysis and formed phenolic and benzoic products; and (3) benzoic acids underwent decarboxylation and hydrolysis to form phenolic products. Subsequently, these phenolic products could further generate chloroform in the chlorination system. More importantly, BPs could generate chloroform in the ambient water matrices during practical chlorination treatment. This work emphasized the critical role of Baeyer-Villiger oxidation for chloroform formation, implying that pollutants containing aromatic ketone moieties generate chloroform during chlorination disinfection, and their potential risk should therefore be reviewed.

Toxic effects and transcriptome analyses of zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae exposed to benzophenones

Sunscreen chemicals, such as benzophenones (BPs), are common environmental contaminants that are posing a growing health concern due to their increasing presence in water, fish, and human systems. Benzoresorcinol (BP1), oxybenzone (BP3), and dioxybenzone (BP8) are the most commonly used BPs for their ability to protect from sunburn by absorbing a broad spectrum of ultraviolet radiation. In this study, zebrafish larvae were used as an in vivo model to investigate the potential risks and molecular mechanisms of the toxic effects of BPs. The effects of these BPs on the gene expression in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway, estrogen receptor pathway, and sex differentiation were detected using quantitative real-time PCR. All BPs were found to function as agonists of the estrogen receptors α and β1, indicating that these BPs likely undergo similar molecular metabolism in vivo, whereby they can activate cytochrome P450 genes and promote the expression of CYP19A and DMRT1. Furthermore, the gene expression profile of larvae after BP3 exposure was evaluated using a whole transcriptome sequencing approach. BP3 affected estradiol biosynthesis and sex differentiation. It also regulated gonadotropin-releasing hormone, thus interfering with the endocrine system. As a xenobiotic toxicant, BP3 upregulated the expression of cytochrome P450 genes (CYP1A and CYP3A65) and glutathione metabolism-related genes (GSTA, GSTM, and GSTP). It also interfered with the nervous system by regulating the calcium signaling pathway. These findings will be useful for understanding the toxicity mechanisms and metabolism of BPs in aquatic organisms and promote the regulation of these chemicals in the environment.

Historical exposure to non-persistent environmental pollutants and risk of type 2 diabetes in a Spanish sub-cohort from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study

BACKGROUND

Environmental factors are believed to account for a substantial burden of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Non-persistent environmental pollutants (npEPs) are a group of widely-used chemicals identified as endocrine/metabolic disrupting chemicals and obesogens. The aim of this study was to analyse the potential associations of serum levels of three groups of npEPs with the risk of incident T2DM.

METHODS

This is a longitudinal study within a sub-sample of Granada EPIC-Spain cohort (n = 670). We quantified serum concentrations of 7 npEPs: four parabens (Methylparaben (MP) ethylparaben (EP), propylparaben (PP) and butilparaben (BP); two benzophenones: Benzophenone 1 (BP1), Benzophenone 3 (BP3); and Bisphenol A (BPA). Exposure was assessed by means of chemical analyses of serum samples collected at recruitment, and information on potential confounders was gathered by using validated questionnaires at baseline. Follow-up was performed by review of patients' clinical records. Cox Proportional Hazards Models were used for the statistical analyses.

RESULTS

Median follow-up time was 23 years. There were 182 (27%) incident T2DM diagnoses in our sub-cohort. MP was the most frequently detected npEP, 88.42% samples above the limit of detection, and BP showed the lowest percentage of detection (19.21%). Those individuals within the fourth PP quartile (0.53-9.24 ng/ml) showed a statistically significant increased risk of T2DM (HR = 1.668 p = 0.012), while BP1 concentrations showed an inverse non-significant trend with the risk.

CONCLUSIONS

We evidenced a potential contribution of npEP exposure on T2DM, but no clear trend was observed. However, limitations in relation to exposure estimation might influence our findings and further research is warranted to confirm our results.

Menstrual blood concentrations of parabens and benzophenones and related factors in a sample of Spanish women: An exploratory study

AIM

To evaluate concentrations of parabens (PBs) and benzophenones (BzPs) in menstrual blood and explore related sociodemographic/lifestyle factors, and to compare between menstrual and peripheral blood concentrations in a subset of samples.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Concentrations of 4 PBs [methyl- (MeP), ethyl- (EtP), propyl- (PrP) and butyl-paraben (BuP)] and 6 BzPs [BzP-1, BzP-2, BzP-3, BzP-6, BzP-8 and 4-OH-BzP] were determined in menstrual blood from 57 women and in both menstrual and peripheral blood samples from 12 women, all healthy Spanish women of reproductive age. Socio-demographic characteristics and lifestyle habits [diet and use of cosmetics and personal care products (PCPs)] were gathered using an online questionnaire. Spearman correlation analysis was performed to examine the relationship between menstrual and peripheral blood concentrations, while multivariable linear regression was used to identify potential explanatory variables for menstrual PB and BzP concentrations.

RESULTS

Globally, all menstrual blood samples had detectable levels of ≥3 compounds, and 52.6% of the samples contained ≥6 compounds. MeP, PrP, and BzP-3 were the most frequently detected compounds (detection frequencies >90.0%), with median concentrations of 1.41, 0.63, and 1.70 ng/mL of menstrual blood, respectively. Age, the use of PCPs, and consumption of some food items (meat, pasta, cheese, or dairy products) were related to the menstrual blood concentrations of some PBs/BzPs. Serum:menstrual blood ratios of PBs/BzPs ranged from 1.7 to 3.6, with no inter-matrix correlations.

CONCLUSIONS

This study reveals, to our knowledge for the first time, the widespread presence of several PBs and BzPs in intimate contact with gynecological tissues, although their concentrations in menstrual blood were not correlated with those in peripheral blood from the same women. These results shed light on the information provided by the menstrual blood as a potential matrix for characterizing exposure to PBs and BzPs, whose consequences for women's reproductive health need to be addressed.

Predicted no-effect concentrations determination and ecological risk assessment for benzophenone-type UV filters in aquatic environment

Benzophenones (BPs), a group of widely used ultraviolet filters, have been frequently detected out in multiple environment matrices even in organism bodies. Although a variety of toxicological effects of BPs have been disclosed recently, it is barely to evaluate the potential ecological risk of BPs due to lack of reference criteria. Therefore, the determination of predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) values is necessary for assessing ecological risk of BPs and for protecting safety of aquatic organisms. The toxicological data of 14 BPs from both in vivo tests on aquatic organisms and in vitro tests on strains/cell lines were collected from previous reports, and two methods including assessment factor (AF) and species sensitivity distribution (SSD) were applied to calculate PNECs, respectively. Four groups of PNECs were obtained and compared, a final PNEC value was recommended for each BP based on reliable and conservative consideration. With these PNECs values, the risk quotients of 8 BPs from 35 ambient freshwater samples were calculated, the results demonstrated that 3 BPs including 2,2',4,4'-tetrahydroxyl-BP, 2-hydroxyl-4-methoxyl- BP, and 2-hydroxyl-4-methoxyl-5-sulfonic acid-BP exhibited high ecological risk, and the ecological risk posed by BPs in River Tiff in UK was great. It is anticipated that these results would provide useful reference for assessing and managing BP-type compounds, and for selecting toxicity data and methods to derive PNECs for emerging contaminants.

Potential of benzophenones and flavanones to modulate the bitter intensity of Cyclopia genistoides herbal tea

Variation in the bitter taste of Cyclopia genistoides (honeybush) herbal tea and reported modulation between its major xanthones, mangiferin and isomangiferin, prompted further investigation into the potential modulatory effects of honeybush phenolics. Combinations of crude benzophenone (BF)-, xanthone (XF)-, and flavanone (FF)-rich fractions and their major individual phenolic compounds were analysed by descriptive sensory analysis. The fractions were prepared from a bitter, hot water extract of green C. genistoides. Fraction BF, which is below the bitter threshold (intensity 10 on 100-point scale), enhanced the bitter intensity of XF and FF slightly (p < 0.05), although none of the major individual benzophenones retained this bitter enhancing effect. On the contrary, 3-β-d-glucopyranosyl-4-β-d-glucopyranosyloxyiriflophenone, the major benzophenone in BF, significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the bitter taste of XF, at a low concentration, whereas FF suppressed the bitter intensity of XF and mangiferin, the major xanthone present in XF. Hesperidin, however, had no effect on the bitter intensity of XF. In contrast, (2S)-5-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-d-glucopyranosyloxy]-naringenin, the major compound of FF, significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced the bitter taste of XF when added at concentrations comparable to that of 'fermented' honeybush tea infusions. The concentration-dependence of these bitter taste interactions may be responsible for the variable bitter intensity of C. genistoides herbal tea.

Prenatal exposure to benzophenones, parabens and triclosan and neurocognitive development at 2 years

BACKGROUND

Benzophenones (BPs), parabens, and triclosan (TCS) are widely used in personal care products and may be neurotoxic to children, but limited studies have estimated the associations between exposure to these potential endocrine disrupting chemicals during pregnancy and child neurocognitive development.

OBJECTIVE

Our aim was to evaluate the relationships of prenatal exposure to BPs, parabens and TCS with child neurocognitive development at age 2.

METHODS

From 2014 to 2015, 478 mother-child pairs from a longitudinal prenatal cohort in China were included in present study. We quantified BPs, parabens and TCS in three spot urine samples during pregnancy (in the first, second, and third trimester). The Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID) test to children was performed at 2 years. Multivariate linear regression models and generalized estimating equations were used to examine changes in mental developmental index (MDI) and psychomotor development index (PDI) per 2-fold increase in averaged and trimester-specific maternal urinary phenols, respectively.

RESULTS

In the adjusted models, each 2-fold increase in average prenatal paraben concentration was associated with lower MDI scores among girls [-1.08 (95% CI: -2.10, -0.06) and - 1.51 (95% CI: -2.69, -0.32) for methyl paraben (Mep) and Σparabens, respectively], but the association was not statistically significant among boys [-0.24 (95% CI: -1.46, 0.99), P_sex-int = 0.37 and 0.18 (95% CI: -1.28, 1.64), P_sex-int = 0.10 for Mep and Σparabens, respectively]. Increasing urinary 4-hydroxybenzophenone (4-OH-BP) concentration was associated with lower PDI scores among boys [-2.96 (95% CI: -4.48, -1.45)], not girls [-0.07 (95% CI: -1.57, 1.43)] and the association was significantly different in boys and girls (P_sex-int = 0.01). No significant associations were observed between the average prenatal TCS exposure and BSID results. In trimester-specific analyses, increasing parabens was associated with lower girls' MDI only in the second trimester, while increasing 4-OH-BP was associated with lower boys' PDI in each trimester.

CONCLUSION

Our results suggest that prenatal exposure to BPs and parabens may be associated with impairment in child cognitive abilities at 2 years. Further human and animal studies are needed to verify our results and elucidate the biological mechanisms involved in these associations.

Photochemical behavior of benzophenone sunscreens induced by nitrate in aquatic environments

Benzophenones (BPs), which are widely used UV filters, have aroused considerable public concern owing to their potential endocrine-disrupting activities. Herein, we systematically investigated their photochemical behavior and fate, which is mediated by nitrate in aquatic environments. The results showed that 10 μM of 3 BPs can be completely degraded within 4 h of simulated sunlight irradiation in a 10 mM nitrate solution at pH 8.0, and 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone (BP-1) has a 31.6% mineralization rate after 12 h irradiation. Their photolytic rates (k_obs) presented a significant linear correlation with the logarithmic values of the nitrate concentration for 0.1-10 mM (R² > 0.98), and in three actual waters, the rates of BP-1 were also positively related to the intrinsic nitrate concentration. Furthermore, higher transformation rates under alkaline condition were observed, especially for BP-1, with its k_obs at pH 10 being 8.3-fold higher than that at pH 6.0. Moreover, dissolved oxygen (DO) also has an impact on the reaction kinetics to some degree. According to the quenching experiments, we found that three reactive oxygen species (ROS), namely, •OH, •NO, and •NO₂, participated in this photolysis of BPs, and the contribution of •OH accounted for 32.1%. Furthermore, we selected BP-1 as the model molecule to study the transformation pathways and toxicity changes in this system. Four main transformation pathways including hydroxylation, nitrosylation, nitration, and dimerization were proposed, based on liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF-MS) analysis and density functional theory (DFT). According to the toxicity test, the formed intermediates were more toxic to Photobacterium phosphoreum than the parent BP-1. Therefore, these results can help reveal primary phototransformation mechanisms and evaluate the potential ecological risks of BPs in aquatic environments.

Urinary metabolites of dibutyl phthalate and benzophenone-3 are potential chemical risk factors of chronic kidney function markers among healthy women

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global health threat of growing concern. Recently, exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) such as phthalates and bisphenol A has been suggested as a risk factor for CKD. However, most epidemiological studies have focused on a limited number of urinary chemicals. This study aimed to identify chemical determinants of the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR), which is a kidney function marker, among multiple major EDCs including phthalate metabolites, bisphenols, and benzophenones in a Korean female population (20-45 years old, n = 441). First, the creatinine-adjusted urinary concentration of each urinary chemical was associated with ACR in a linear regression model (single-pollutant model). Then, compounds with a significant association with ACR in the single-pollutant model were added in a multi-pollutant model and evaluated for their association with ACR. Moreover, to prevent potential reverse causality due to impaired kidney function, quartile analyses were performed for the subjects with healthy renal function (ACR < 9.71 mg/g). In addition to creatinine adjustment, the statistical analysis was also conducted with specific gravity-adjusted concentrations of urinary chemicals, and the results were compared. Several compounds measured in the urine showed a significant association with ACR in the single-pollutant model. In the multi-pollutant model, however, only monobutyl phthalate and benzophenone-1, which are metabolites of dibutyl phthalate and benzophenone-3, respectively, showed significant positive associations. The association of these chemicals remained significant in a couple of the sensitivity analyses with a different adjustment of urine dilution and in a subpopulation with normal ACR. In conclusion, among dozens of urinary chemicals, monobutyl phthalate and benzophenone-1 consistently showed a strong association with urinary ACR. Confirmation of our observation in other human populations and experimental studies is warranted.

Maternal urinary benzophenones and infant birth size: Identifying critical windows of exposure

Benzophenones (BPs) are widely used as ultraviolet absorbers and fragrance retention agents. Evidences from animal studies have suggested that exposure to BPs may affect fetal growth, but human data is limited and no study is concerning critical windows of BPs exposure throughout pregnancy in relation to fetal growth. We aimed to investigate the associations of prenatal exposure to BPs with birth size and examine the critical exposure windows of fetus development. We measured BPs (including 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone (BP-1), 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (BP-3) and 4-hydroxybenzophenone (4-OH-BP)) in maternal urine samples collected in the first, second, and third trimester from 847 mothers recruited in Wuhan, China. The general estimation equations were used to analyze the relationships between maternal exposure to BPs levels and birth size. In all newborns, we found each log unit increase in maternal urinary concentrations of BP-1 and 4-OH-BP in the 1st trimester were associated with decreases in birth length by 0.06 cm (95% confidence interval (CI): -0.11, -0.01) and 0.08 cm (95% CI: -0.15, -0.01), respectively, but only the association with BP-1 in the boys remained significant in the stratified analysis by infant sex. In girls, urinary concentrations of BP-1 and BP-3 in the 3rd trimester were associated with decreased birth weight (adjusted β = -27.99 g, 95% CI: -50.66, -5.31 and -19.75 g, 95% CI: -37.31, -2.19, respectively) and length (adjusted β = -0.08 cm, 95% CI: -0.17, 0.00 and -0.08 cm, 95% CI: -0.15, -0.02) (p for interaction = 0.04). Our findings indicate that maternal urinary levels of BPs in the early and late periods during pregnancy may have impacts on delayed fetal growth, and the effects were more pronounced in girls.

Species-specific accumulation and temporal trends of bisphenols and benzophenones in mollusks from the Chinese Bohai Sea during 2006-2015

Information on the occurrence and bioaccumulation of bisphenols and benzophenones in coastal marine invertebrates is limited. In this study, concentrations of eight bisphenol and five benzophenone analogues were determined in 186 mollusks collected from coastal areas of the Chinese Bohai Sea during the period 2006-2015. Total concentrations of bisphenols and benzophenones were in range of not detected (nd)-58 (geometric mean: 13.0 ng/g) and nd-59.1 (2.06 ng/g) on a dry-weight basis, respectively. BPA and BPF were the major bisphenols, collectively accounting for >90% of the total concentrations. BP-3 was the predominant benzophenone, representing 74% of the total concentrations. The mollusk species, Meretrix meretrix, accumulated high concentrations of both bisphenols and benzophenones. A steady increase in bisphenol concentrations in mollusks was observed in recent years, whereas no obvious temporal trend was found for benzophenones. The estimated daily intakes of bisphenols through consumption of mollusks were lower than the current reference dose. This study establishes a baseline concentration for bisphenols and benzophenones in mollusks in Chinese coastal waters.

Two new benzophenones from endohydric moss Polytrichum Commune

Two new benzophenones (1 and 2), were isolated from the endohydric moss Polytrichum commune. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods including extensive 2 D NMR techniques. Compound 2 is the first example of benzophenone with a rare cyclopropylacetamide from the natural resources. Compounds 1 and 2 were screened their cytotoxicity against five cancer cell lines (HCT-116, A-549, MCF-7, HepG2, A-375,), and no cytotoxic activities were observed (IC₅₀ > 100 μM).

Occurrence of benzophenones, parabens and triclosan in the Yangtze River of China, and the implications for human exposure

Humans could be exposed to ingredients in personal care products (PCPs) via ingestion of water originated from contaminated water source, yet little attention has been focused on the distribution of benzophenones, parabens and triclosan in the Yangtze River water from China so far. Benzophenones, parabens and triclosan were analyzed in the water samples from 20 various sites in the middle reach of the Yangtze River, China from March to July, and September during 2015. Among the targeted compounds, p-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA, a paraben metabolite) was found with the highest concentration (median: 510 ng/L), followed by benzophenone-1 (2.79 ng/L), methylparaben (MeP, median 2.72 ng/L) and triclosan (median: 1.85 ng/L). Significant differences were observed in seasonal variations for most observed compounds. Parabens and benzophenones showed higher concentrations in spring while triclosan and PHBA showed higher concentration in summer. Spatial variations of benzophenone-1 were observed among 20 sampling sites, whereas other benzophenones, parabens and triclosan distributed evenly comparatively. Human exposure assessment showed higher estimated daily intake of the detected compounds for infants and toddlers from water than adults, implicating that infants may experience a higher exposed risk than adults. This study provides evidence that parabens, benzophenones and triclosan commonly occurred in the Yangtze River.

Cytotoxic garcimultiflorones K-Q, lavandulyl benzophenones from Garcinia multiflora branches

Seven undescribed lavandulyl benzophenones garcimultiflorones K-Q, and fourteen known compounds were isolated from the CHCl₃ soluble fraction of 95% EtOH extract of Garcinia multiflora branches. Their structures and absolute configurations were determined by spectroscopic techniques including NMR spectroscopy, MS analysis, and ECD calculations. Seven isolated compounds expect for garcimultiflorone L and garcimultiflorone O exhibited cytotoxic activities in vitro against five cancer cell lines (HL-60, A549, SMMC-7721, MCF-7, and SW480). It is worth mentioning that garcimultiflorone Q exhibited most significant cytotoxicities against five cancer cell lines with IC₅₀ values ranging from 3.07-12.56 μM.