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Christian M, Oosthuizen WC, Bester MN, de Bruyn PJN. Robustly estimating the demographic contribution of immigration: Simulation, sensitivity analysis and seals. J Anim Ecol 2024; 93:632-645. [PMID: 38297453 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.14053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Identifying important demographic drivers of population dynamics is fundamental for understanding life-history evolution and implementing effective conservation measures. Integrated population models (IPMs) coupled with transient life table response experiments (tLTREs) allow ecologists to quantify the contributions of demographic parameters to observed population change. While IPMs can estimate parameters that are not estimable using any data source alone, for example, immigration, the estimated contribution of such parameters to population change is prone to bias. Currently, it is unclear when robust conclusions can be drawn from them. We sought to understand the drivers of a rebounding southern elephant seal population on Marion Island using the IPM-tLTRE framework, applied to count and mark-recapture data on 9500 female seals over nearly 40 years. Given the uncertainty around IPM-tLTRE estimates of immigration, we also aimed to investigate the utility of simulation and sensitivity analyses as general tools for evaluating the robustness of conclusions obtained in this framework. Using a Bayesian IPM and tLTRE analysis, we quantified the contributions of survival, immigration and population structure to population growth. We assessed the sensitivity of our estimates to choice of multivariate priors on immigration and other vital rates. To do so we make a novel application of Gaussian process priors, in comparison with commonly used shrinkage priors. Using simulation, we assessed our model's ability to estimate the demographic contribution of immigration under different levels of temporal variance in immigration. The tLTRE analysis suggested that adult survival and immigration were the most important drivers of recent population growth. While the contribution of immigration was sensitive to prior choices, the estimate was consistently large. Furthermore, our simulation study validated the importance of immigration by showing that our estimate of its demographic contribution is unlikely to result as a biased overestimate. Our results highlight the connectivity between distant populations of southern elephant seals, illustrating that female dispersal can be important in regulating the abundance of local populations even when natal site fidelity is high. More generally, we demonstrate how robust ecological conclusions may be obtained about immigration from the IPM-tLTRE framework, by combining sensitivity analysis and simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murray Christian
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
- Centre for Statistics in Ecology, the Environment and Conservation, Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - W Chris Oosthuizen
- Centre for Statistics in Ecology, the Environment and Conservation, Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Marthán N Bester
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
| | - P J Nico de Bruyn
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
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Premji S, Begum M, Laila K, Jahangir S, Zvric A. The Health and Safety Experiences of Precariously Employed Bangladeshi Immigrant Workers in Toronto During the COVID-19 Pandemic. New Solut 2024; 34:38-51. [PMID: 38483872 PMCID: PMC11003198 DOI: 10.1177/10482911241239263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Racialized immigrants in Canada have been disproportionately impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Our qualitative, community-based study with South Asian Women and Immigrants' Services examined the impact of the second and third waves of the pandemic on the work and health of precariously employed Bangladeshi immigrant women and men in Toronto. Our study is based on interviews and focus group discussions with 45 workers, all conducted in Bangla, and 11 key informants. Interviews reveal work transitions, an increase in precarity, work in essential sectors, exposures at work, home and in transit, workplace prevention and management gaps, and an inability to take time off, with significant impacts on workers' physical and mental health. We discuss the implications of our findings for prevention, preparedness, and response by workplaces and governments to decrease the risk and reduce the impact of infectious diseases emergencies in the precarious work sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Premji
- School of Labour Studies, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Momtaz Begum
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kishower Laila
- South Asian Women and Immigrants’ Services, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Adam Zvric
- School of Labour Studies, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Zeidan A, Cortes J, Marcovitch H, Chicas R, Smith RN, Stevens A, Zambrana E, Anand S. "Caminando Con Riesgo": perceptions of occupational injury, workplace safety and workers rights among Spanish-speaking hospitalized patients. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1347534. [PMID: 38716243 PMCID: PMC11074346 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1347534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Occupational health disparities are well documented among immigrant populations and occupational injury remains a high cause of morbidity and mortality among immigrant populations. There are several factors that contribute to the high prevalence of work-related injury among this population and those without legal status are more likely to experience abusive labor practices that can lead to injury. While the work-related injuries and experiences of Spanish-speaking workers have been explored previously, there is a paucity of literature documenting injury among hospitalized patients. Additionally, there are few documented hospital-based occupational injury prevention programs and no programs that implement workers rights information. The purpose of this study was to further explore the context of work related injuries primarily experienced by Spanish speaking patients and knowledge of their rights in the workplace. Methods This was a semi-structured qualitative interview study with Spanish speaking patients admitted to the hospital for work related injuries. The study team member conducting interviews was bilingual and trained in qualitative methodology. An interview guide was utilized for all interviews and was developed with an immigrant workers rights organization and study team expertise, and factors documented in the literature. Participants were asked about the type and context of the injury sustained, access and perceptions of workplace safety, and knowledge of participants rights as workers. All interviews were conducted in Spanish, recorded, transcribed in Spanish and then translated into English. A codebook was developed and refined iteratively and two independent coders coded all English transcripts using Dedoose. Interviews were conducted until thematic saturation was reached and data was analyzed using a thematic analysis approach. Results A total of eight interviews were completed. All participants reported working in hazardous conditions that resulted in an injury. Participants expressed a relative acceptance that their workplace environment was dangerous and acknowledged that injuries were common, essentially normalizing the risk of injury. There were varying reports of access to and utilization of safety information and equipment and employer engagement in safety was perceived as a facilitator to safety. Most participants did have some familiarity with Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) inspections but were not as familiar with OSHA procedures and their rights as workers. Discussion We identified several themes related to workplace injury among Spanish speaking patients, many of which raise concerns about access to workplace safety, re-injury and long-term recovery. The context around immigration is particularly important to consider and may lead to unique risk factors for injury, recovery, and re-injury both in the workplace and beyond the workplace, suggesting that perhaps immigration status alone may serve as a predisposition to injury. Thus, it is critical to understand the context around work related injuries in this population considering the tremendous impact of employment on one's health and financial stability. Further research on this topic is warranted, specifically the exploration of multiple intersecting layers of exposure to injury among immigrant populations. Future work should focus on hospital-based strategies for injury prevention and know your rights education tailored to Spanish speaking populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Zeidan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Juliana Cortes
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | - Roxana Chicas
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Randi N. Smith
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | | | - Shelly Anand
- Sur Legal Collaborative, Atlanta, GA,United States
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Alves YM, Berra TZ, Tavares RBV, Popolin MAP, da Costa FBP, de Jezus SV, Ferezin LP, Tártaro AF, Serrano-Gallardo MDP, Pinto IC, Maciel ELN, Arcêncio RA. International Migration, Refugees, and Spread of Tuberculosis in Brazil: Analysis of Clusters, Trends, and Associated Factors (2010-2021). Trop Med Infect Dis 2024; 9:82. [PMID: 38668543 PMCID: PMC11053982 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed9040082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND International migration is a global phenomenon with significant implications on the health-disease process due to exposures along transit routes and local/destination epidemiological indicators. We aimed to analyze the transmission and spread of tuberculosis among international migrants and refugees from a spatiotemporal perspective and the associated factors. METHOD This was an ecological study of cases of tuberculosis in international migrants in Brazil, between 2010 and 2021. Annual incidence rates were calculated and spatiotemporal scan techniques were used to identify municipalities at risk. Multiple logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with tuberculosis in international migrants. RESULTS A total of 4037 cases of tuberculosis were reported in Brazil in international migrants. Municipalities at risk for this event were identified using the spatiotemporal scan technique, and a cluster was identified with ITT: +52.01% and ETT: +25.60%. A higher probability of TB infection was identified in municipalities with a TB incidence rate >14.40 cases/100 inhabitants, population >11,042 inhabitants, Gini index >0.49, and illiteracy rate >13.12%. A lower probability was found in municipalities with average per capita household income >BRL 456.43. CONCLUSIONS It is recommended that health authorities implement monitoring and rigorous follow-up in affected areas to ensure proper diagnosis and treatment completion for international migrants, preventing disease spread to other communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Mathias Alves
- Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 14040-902, Brazil; (T.Z.B.); (R.B.V.T.); (M.A.P.P.); (F.B.P.d.C.); (L.P.F.); (A.F.T.); (R.A.A.)
| | - Thaís Zamboni Berra
- Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 14040-902, Brazil; (T.Z.B.); (R.B.V.T.); (M.A.P.P.); (F.B.P.d.C.); (L.P.F.); (A.F.T.); (R.A.A.)
| | - Reginaldo Bazon Vaz Tavares
- Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 14040-902, Brazil; (T.Z.B.); (R.B.V.T.); (M.A.P.P.); (F.B.P.d.C.); (L.P.F.); (A.F.T.); (R.A.A.)
| | - Marcela Antunes Paschoal Popolin
- Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 14040-902, Brazil; (T.Z.B.); (R.B.V.T.); (M.A.P.P.); (F.B.P.d.C.); (L.P.F.); (A.F.T.); (R.A.A.)
- Nursing Department, Federal University of Tocantins, Palmas 77001-090, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Bruzadelli Paulino da Costa
- Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 14040-902, Brazil; (T.Z.B.); (R.B.V.T.); (M.A.P.P.); (F.B.P.d.C.); (L.P.F.); (A.F.T.); (R.A.A.)
| | - Sonia Vivian de Jezus
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Sinop 78550-728, Brazil
| | - Letícia Perticarrara Ferezin
- Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 14040-902, Brazil; (T.Z.B.); (R.B.V.T.); (M.A.P.P.); (F.B.P.d.C.); (L.P.F.); (A.F.T.); (R.A.A.)
| | - Ariela Fehr Tártaro
- Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 14040-902, Brazil; (T.Z.B.); (R.B.V.T.); (M.A.P.P.); (F.B.P.d.C.); (L.P.F.); (A.F.T.); (R.A.A.)
| | | | - Ione Carvalho Pinto
- Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 14040-902, Brazil; (T.Z.B.); (R.B.V.T.); (M.A.P.P.); (F.B.P.d.C.); (L.P.F.); (A.F.T.); (R.A.A.)
| | - Ethel Leonor Noia Maciel
- Ministry of Health, Secretary of Health Surveillance and Environment, Brasília 70058-900, Brazil;
| | - Ricardo Alexandre Arcêncio
- Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 14040-902, Brazil; (T.Z.B.); (R.B.V.T.); (M.A.P.P.); (F.B.P.d.C.); (L.P.F.); (A.F.T.); (R.A.A.)
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Lunia P, Krishnan K, Irani F, Hundal JS, Arastu S, Vonk JMJ, Sunderaraman P. A scoping review of neuropsychological assessment for Asian Indians in the United States - research and clinical recommendations. Clin Neuropsychol 2024:1-21. [PMID: 38565847 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2024.2327674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Objective: There is an increasing focus on understanding health disparities among various cultural groups in the United States. The need for heterogeneity in norms and test stimuli across ethnically diverse individuals are being increasingly recognized. However, to date it remains unknown whether and to what extent differences in cognitive norms and tests exist in Asian Indians, a fast-growing population in the U.S. It is essential to understand these differences to improve diagnostic accuracy and provide timely and appropriate clinical care. Method: In this study, we conducted a scoping review of available cognitive tests that were normed, developed, or adapted for Asian Indians living in the U.S. Results: The results suggested a paucity of norms and tests specifically examining cognition in this community. Conclusions: Based on the findings, we provide suggestions for research directions focusing on the development of culturally sensitive neuropsychological tools, normative data representative of this demographic, and interventions addressing healthcare access barriers. Overall, this review provides readers with relevant clinical information to immediately enhance patient care as well as provide actionable items in research to improve the future utility of neuropsychology for Asian Indians in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palak Lunia
- Thomas Jefferson Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kamini Krishnan
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Sana Arastu
- Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Jet M J Vonk
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Preeti Sunderaraman
- Department of Neurology, Medical Campus, Boston, MA, USA
- The Framingham Heart Study - Brain Aging Program, Framingham, MA, USA
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Pingel ES. Seeing Inside: How Stigma and Recognition Shape Community Health Worker Home Visits in São Paulo, Brazil. Community Health Equity Res Policy 2024; 44:303-313. [PMID: 36322964 DOI: 10.1177/2752535x221137384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Community Health Worker (CHW) home visits are central to primary care provision in São Paulo, Brazil. Yet CHWs receive little training prior to conducting these visits. In the neighborhood where I conducted ethnographic fieldwork, nearly half of patients were immigrants to Brazil, adding a layer of sociocultural and linguistic difference. I thus investigated how interactions between CHWs and patients unfolded and were shaped by cultural processes. Analyzing fieldnotes and interview data, I found that CHWs cherished relationships with older adult Portuguese-speaking patients, while expressing exasperation and even disgust with more recent immigrants and patients living with stigmatized health conditions. The cultural processes of recognition and stigma shaped CHWs' perceptions of and interactions with patients. I ground these analyses in the history of state-sponsored discourse linking immigrants with poor hygiene, concluding that home visits deserve greater scrutiny as a public health tool that may increase access to care at the expense of health equity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Pingel
- Department of Sociology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Vander Zanden HB, Nelson DM, Conkling TJ, Allison TD, Diffendorfer JE, Dietsch TV, Fesnock AL, Loss SR, Ortiz PA, Paulman R, Rogers KH, Sanzenbacher PM, Katzner TE. The geographic extent of bird populations affected by renewable-energy development. Conserv Biol 2024; 38:e14191. [PMID: 38180844 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.14191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Bird populations are declining globally. Wind and solar energy can reduce emissions of fossil fuels that drive anthropogenic climate change, yet renewable-energy production represents a potential threat to bird species. Surveys to assess potential effects at renewable-energy facilities are exclusively local, and the geographic extent encompassed by birds killed at these facilities is largely unknown, which creates challenges for minimizing and mitigating the population-level and cumulative effects of these fatalities. We performed geospatial analyses of stable hydrogen isotope data obtained from feathers of 871 individuals of 24 bird species found dead at solar- and wind-energy facilities in California (USA). Most species had individuals with a mix of origins, ranging from 23% to 98% nonlocal. Mean minimum distances to areas of likely origin for nonlocal individuals were as close as 97 to >1250 km, and these minimum distances were larger for species found at solar-energy facilities in deserts than at wind-energy facilities in grasslands (Cohen's d = 6.5). Fatalities were drawn from an estimated 30-100% of species' desingated ranges, and this percentage was significantly smaller for species with large ranges found at wind facilities (Pearson's r = -0.67). Temporal patterns in the geographic origin of fatalities suggested that migratory movements and nonmigratory movements, such as dispersal and nomadism, influence exposure to fatality risk for these birds. Our results illustrate the power of using stable isotope data to assess the geographic extent of renewable-energy fatalities on birds. As the buildout of renewable-energy facilities continues, accurate assessment of the geographic footprint of wildlife fatalities can be used to inform compensatory mitigation for their population-level and cumulative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah B Vander Zanden
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Boise, Idaho, USA
| | - David M Nelson
- Appalachian Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Frostburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Tara J Conkling
- Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Boise, Idaho, USA
| | - Taber D Allison
- Renewable Energy Wildlife Institute, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Jay E Diffendorfer
- Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Thomas V Dietsch
- Carlsbad Fish and Wildlife Office, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Carlsbad, California, USA
| | - Amy L Fesnock
- Bureau of Land Management, Palm Springs, California, USA
| | - Scott R Loss
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Patricia A Ortiz
- Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Boise, Idaho, USA
- Pacific Region Migratory Birds and Habitat Program, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Boise, Idaho, USA
| | - Robin Paulman
- Appalachian Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Frostburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Krysta H Rogers
- Wildlife Health Laboratory, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Rancho Cordova, California, USA
| | - Peter M Sanzenbacher
- Palm Springs Fish and Wildlife Office, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Palm Springs, California, USA
| | - Todd E Katzner
- Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Boise, Idaho, USA
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Espinoza S, Davis S, Seshadri G. Perceptions of the effect of parental deportation on adult intimate relationships. J Marital Fam Ther 2024; 50:390-406. [PMID: 38426704 DOI: 10.1111/jmft.12697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Research has shown that children of undocumented Latinx parents in the United States are at greater risk for negative long-term effects on their mental health and overall well-being. Chief among these concerns are the negative effects of disrupted attachment processes, as deported parents are often taken from their families by force and required to parent from afar, if they can continue parenting at all. Despite the ubiquity of deported families, little is known about the effects of deportation on the attachment of left-behind children and the subsequent potential disruptive effect of deportation on their adult relationships. This phenomenological study aims to understand how adults who have experienced parental deportation in their childhood describe the effects of that event on their adult intimate relationships. Themes of (1) ambiguous loss; (2) inability to trust others; (3) fear of separation from loved ones; and (4) shame emerged and are discussed considering existing literature on attachment theory, immigration, and the Latinx population. Treatment implications are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Espinoza
- Couple and Family Therapy Program, Alliant International University, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sean Davis
- Couple and Family Therapy Program, Alliant International University, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Gita Seshadri
- Couple and Family Therapy Program, Alliant International University, Sacramento, California, USA
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Azad S, McCague A, Henken-Siefken A. A Retrospective Study on the Outcomes of Injuries From Border Wall Falls. Cureus 2024; 16:e57411. [PMID: 38694678 PMCID: PMC11062623 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.57411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Our retrospective cohort study focuses on the outcomes of injuries sustained from falls from the USA-Mexico border wall. The purpose of this study is to understand and predict the types of injuries that will be present in patients who fall from the border wall. This can further help trauma response teams to better predict and prepare for the care of these patients. Methods This retrospective cohort study included all patients that were admitted to Desert Regional Medical Center, a trauma I center, after a fall from the border wall that ranged from heights of 15 to 30 feet. The admissions occurred between March 2016 to December 2021. Results Of the 108 patients included, 38.2% (78) sustained at least one lower extremity injury, of which the most common was injury to the calcaneus bone. Additionally, there were several concomitant injuries, of which the combination of lower extremity and lumbar injury was found to be the most common (11.2%). The injury severity score (ISS) was found to not be statistically significant (ɑ=0.05) between groups of patients whose length of stay (LOS) in the hospital was greater than 10 days and less than 10 days. There was 1% fatality (1 of 108) and 92.5% required surgical intervention (100 of 108). Conclusions Patients injured from border wall falls are more likely to sustain lower extremity injuries than injuries to other parts of the body. Additionally, patients with lower extremity injuries sustained lumbar spinal injuries concomitantly, which can be most likely attributed to the axial compression of the spine during these falls. Most of these injuries required surgery and hospital admissions to treat. Understanding the patterns of injury from border wall falls can further help trauma response teams treat patients with efficient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmeen Azad
- Surgery, Desert Regional Medical Center, Palm Springs, USA
- Surgery, Western University of Health Sciences, Lebanon, USA
| | - Andrew McCague
- Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Desert Regional Medical Center, Palm Springs, USA
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Wong V, Franke T, McKay H, Tong C, Macdonald H, Sims-Gould J. Adapting an Effective Health-Promoting Intervention-Choose to Move-for Chinese Older Adults in Canada. J Aging Phys Act 2024; 32:151-162. [PMID: 37917970 DOI: 10.1123/japa.2023-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Evidence is sparse on how community-based health-promoting programs can be culturally adapted for racially minoritized, immigrant older adult populations. Choose to Move (CTM) is an evidence-based health-promoting program that enhances physical activity and mobility and diminished social isolation and loneliness in older adults in British Columbia, Canada. However, racially minoritized older adults were not reached in initial offerings. We purposively sampled CTM delivery staff (n = 8) from three not-for-profit organizations, in Metro Vancouver, British Columbia, that serve Chinese older adults. We used semistructured interviews, ethnographic observations, and meeting minutes to understand delivery staff's perspectives on factors that influence CTM adaptations for Chinese older adults. Deductive framework analysis guided by an adaptation framework, Framework for Reporting Adaptations and Modifications-Enhanced, found three dominant cultural- and immigration-related factors influenced CTM adaptations for Chinese older adults: (a) prioritizations, (b) familiarity, and (c) literacy. Findings may influence future program development and delivery to meet the needs of racially minoritized older adult populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venessa Wong
- Active Aging Research Team, Vancouver, BC,Canada
| | - Thea Franke
- Active Aging Research Team, Vancouver, BC,Canada
| | | | - Catherine Tong
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON,Canada
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Brooks CV, Maupomé G. Social support associated with restorative treatment, professionally applied fluoride and flossing: A cross-sectional analysis including recent immigrants from Central America and Mexico in the Midwest USA. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2024; 52:187-195. [PMID: 37779340 PMCID: PMC10939981 DOI: 10.1111/cdoe.12912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study examined how Mexican and Central American immigrants' social support was associated with three selected dental outcomes among recent immigrants, prior to the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS Using baseline wave data from the 2017-2022 VidaSana study about the health and social networks of Mexican and Central American immigrants living in Indiana, this study utilized logistic and ordinal logistic regression to predict lifetime fluoride use, lifetime dental restoration and flossing frequency, across levels of social support and differences between Mexican and Central American immigrants. RESULTS Data from 547 respondents were included in the present analysis (68% women; mean age 34.4 years [SD 11.2]; Central American 42%; Mexican 58%). Results show a high level of social support was associated with increased probability of fluoride use, dental restoration and higher flossing frequency for Mexican immigrants. However, social support for Central American immigrants was associated with a decreased likelihood of fluoride use, more infrequent flossing, and had no significant association with dental restorations experience. What would be a negative association between Central American immigrants and dental restoration was accounted for by education level and never having been to a dentist. CONCLUSIONS While higher social support was linked to beneficial outcomes for oral health in Mexican immigrants, the opposite was found in Central Americans. These findings highlighted the complexities of social relationships among new immigrants, and potential heterogeneity within the Hispanic population, particularly regarding social and behavioural measures as they pertain to oral health. Further research is needed to identify the underlying mechanisms producing both differences in social support and oral health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline V. Brooks
- Indiana University, Department of Sociology, 1020 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Gerardo Maupomé
- Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, 1050 Wishard Blvd., Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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12
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Hamad R. Immigrants to the United States contribute to society: Here are 3 ways to support their transition. Health Aff Sch 2024; 2:qxae019. [PMID: 38435810 PMCID: PMC10906102 DOI: 10.1093/haschl/qxae019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
The number of migrants entering the United States in 2023 shattered records. Despite prevailing narratives, immigrants, on average, contribute substantially to US society. Rather than slamming the door in the faces of newcomers, federal, state, and local policymakers should provide services to these individuals to ensure they have the maximum opportunity to thrive, both for their own benefit and for the greater social good. Public health and social science research provides ample rigorous evidence on the benefits of different types of investments in these vulnerable individuals upon their arrival in our country. In this Commentary, I review 3 examples of potential evidence-based investments: social inclusion, meeting basic needs, and supportive neighborhoods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Hamad
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, United States
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13
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Pehlivan M, Eker F. Determination of the Mental Adjustment Status of Refugee Children in Primary School Age: The Case of Turkey. J Transcult Nurs 2024; 35:100-111. [PMID: 38044668 DOI: 10.1177/10436596231213345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This research was conducted as a descriptive study to determine the mental adjustment status of refugee children aged 6 to 14 in Duzce. METHOD The sample of the study consisted of 163 refugee children. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews with primary caregivers of children using the Hacettepe Mental Adjustment Scale. The collected data were analyzed in the SPSS 22.0 database using percentages, Mann Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis H, and chi-square tests. RESULTS Adjustment problems were detected in 25.8% of the children participating and behavioral problems were detected in over half (52.4%). DISCUSSION In line with the findings obtained from the research, it has been suggested to form a team of mental health experts, including psychiatric nurses, who have adopted the principles of transcultural care to make early diagnosis and effective treatment of psychiatric diseases of refugee children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fatma Eker
- Cyprus International University, Nicosia, North Cyprus
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14
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Shekriladze I, Javakhishvili N. Sociocultural predictors of immigrant adjustment and well-being. Front Sociol 2024; 9:1251871. [PMID: 38487370 PMCID: PMC10937526 DOI: 10.3389/fsoc.2024.1251871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Research shows that culture change may pose risks to immigrant wellbeing. Our study examined adult Georgians (N = 431) residing in Greece, Italy, and Germany, and explored associations between their demographic characteristics, sociocultural adjustment, and psychological well-being outcomes. Methods Conducted via electronic self-report survey, the cross-sectional study measured participants' levels of sociocultural adjustment, psychological adjustment, and depression along with the willingness to interact with host nationals, perceived sense of discrimination, history of being undocumented, age and length of relocation, and fluency in host language. The study also examined differences in three subsamples from the standpoint of intercultural distance. Sociocultural Adjustment Scale, Brief Psychological Adaptation Scale, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale and Host Interaction Scale were used to measure the corresponding variables. Perceived history of discrimination was measured by a Likert-scale question about discrimination in a host country. Intercultural distance was established by Hofstede cultural compass and was estimated to be the smallest with Greece and the largest with Germany. Results Depression was positively predicted by histories of discrimination and illegal immigration, host language fluency upon relocation, and was negatively predicted by sociocultural adjustment. Psychological adjustment was positively predicted by sociocultural adjustment, willingness to interact with host nationals, and ongoing language fluency, while perceived sense of discrimination, age, and poor financial state acted as negative predictors. Finally, sociocultural adjustment acted as the strongest determinant of wellbeing predicting both lower depression and higher psychological adjustment. Discussion Our findings suggested that adjustment in diverse sociocultural domains was the most critical for the immigrants' psychological well-being along with the lack of perceived discrimination. Additional factors associated with the better adaptation outcomes included younger age, willingness to interact with host nationals, language fluency, better financial standing and no history of being undocumented. The results also indicated that host language proficiency upon relocation may contribute to migrant susceptibility, whereas intercultural distance may be overshadowed in importance by acculturation conditions. The findings illustrate the complexity of migration and culture change and point to the superiority of wholistic policies and practices in promoting smooth transition of immigrant populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ia Shekriladze
- D. Uznadze Institute of Psychology, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
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15
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Pandya SP. Religiosity, Aging in the Homeland, and Growing Old in the Diaspora: A Longitudinal Study of Two Cohorts of Indian Older Adults. Int J Aging Hum Dev 2024:914150241235081. [PMID: 38389277 DOI: 10.1177/00914150241235081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
This article reports a longitudinal study comparing religiosity among two cohorts of Indian older adults-those who age in the homeland of India (AIH cohort) and immigrants (to the USA) or diaspora older adults (DOA). Results indicated that AIH and DOA cohorts' religiosity outcomes were comparable at baseline but there was a statistically significant increase in all outcomes of the DOA cohort at subsequent time points. Women and single older adults in both the cohorts had higher religiosity scores at baseline. Religiosity scores were higher among those in the DOA cohort who migrated following marital disruption (widowhood, divorce) or grandchild birth and lived with adult immigrant children and their families. The immigration process can have an impact on religious orientation of older adults and place is a significant variable impacting religiosity possibly for augmenting the sense of self, acquire social capital and preserve cultural identity in the foreign land.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samta P Pandya
- Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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16
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Bird JP, Fuller RA, Shaw JD. Patterns of recovery in extant and extirpated seabirds after the world's largest multipredator eradication. Conserv Biol 2024:e14239. [PMID: 38375602 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.14239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Eradicating invasive predators from islands can result in substantial recovery of seabirds, but the mechanisms that drive population changes remain poorly understood. Meta-analyses have recently revealed that immigration is surprisingly important to the recovery of philopatric seabirds, but it is not known whether dispersal and philopatry interact predictably to determine rates of population growth and changes of distribution. We used whole-island surveys and long-term monitoring plots to study the abundance, distribution, and trends of 4 burrowing seabird species on Macquarie Island, Australia, to examine the legacy impacts of invasive species and ongoing responses to the world's largest eradication of multiple species of vertebrates. Wekas (Gallirallus australis) were eradicated in 1988; cats (Felis catus) in 2001; and rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), black rats (Rattus rattus), and mice (Mus mus) in 2011-2014. We compared surveys from 1976-1979 and 2017-2018 and monitoring from the 1990s and 2000s onward. Antarctic prions (Pachyptila desolata) and white-headed petrels (Pterodroma lessonii) increased ∼1% per year. Blue petrels (Halobaena caerulea) and gray petrels (Procellaria cinerea) recolonized following extirpation from the main island in the 1900s but remained spatially and numerically rare in 2018. However, they increased rapidly at 14% and 10% per year, respectively, since cat eradication in 2001. Blue and gray petrel recolonization occurred on steep, dry, west-facing slopes close to ridgelines at low elevation (i.e., high-quality petrel habitat). They overlapped <5% with the distribution of Antarctic prion and white-headed petrels which occurred in suboptimal shallow, wet, east-facing slopes at high elevation. We inferred that the speed of population growth of recolonizing species was related to their numerically smaller starting size compared with the established species and was driven by immigration and selection of ideal habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy P Bird
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Richard A Fuller
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Justine D Shaw
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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17
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Kanwar K, Margo CE, French DD. Self-Reported Visual Disability and Unemployment: Findings from the National Health Interview Survey. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2024:1-3. [PMID: 38315792 DOI: 10.1080/09286586.2024.2310841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the association between visual impairment and employment status due to disability, utilizing data from the 2022 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). METHODS Adults 18 years of age and older were extracted from the 2022 NHIS dataset. A multivariable logistic regression model was created to evaluate the odds of unemployment ("laid off" and "looking for work"). Persons over the age of 65, as well as persons retired, going to school, self-employed, seasonal, or contract workers were excluded. Independent variables for the model included gender, race, Hispanic ethnicity, urban residency, level of education, citizenship, and self-reported vision. The latter variable was categorized as seeing with "some" difficulty, with "severe" difficulty, "can't see at all," and "a lot of difficulty." Outcomes were reported as odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS Associations with unemployment included education less than high school (OR 6.05, 95% CI: 3.98-9.18) and high school (OR 3.80, 95% CI 2.78-5.21); severe vision difficulty (OR 3.68 95% CI 1.73-7.86); Asian race (OR 2.53, 95% CI 1.64-3.89); and Black race (OR 1.78, 95% CI 1.31-2.41). The odds of unemployment were marginally elevated for those living in large metropolitan areas, while being born in the United States had a modest protective effect (OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.42-0.66). CONCLUSION The degree of visual impairment in this post-COVID-19 pandemic survey substantially affects employment, which is consistent with historical studies. Education among those with impaired vision is an important and modifiable variable that can positively influence the chances of employment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunal Kanwar
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Curtis E Margo
- Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Dustin D French
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Center for Health Services and Outcomes Research, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Health Services Research and Development Service, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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18
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Parent C, Martinez DA, Venkataramani M, Yang C, Page KR. Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Glycemic Control Among Patients With SARS-CoV-2 in the Baltimore-Washington, District of Columbia Region. AJPM Focus 2024; 3:100156. [PMID: 38149079 PMCID: PMC10749874 DOI: 10.1016/j.focus.2023.100156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Diabetes is a leading risk factor for COVID-19, disproportionally impacting marginalized populations. We analyzed racial/ethnic differences in glycemic control among patients who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 in the Baltimore-Washington, District of Columbia region. Methods Glycemic control measured by HbA1c was compared by race and ethnicity among patients with a positive SARS-CoV-2 test at the Johns Hopkins Health System between March 1, 2020, and March 31, 2022. Risk factors associated with poor glycemic control (HbA1c≥8) were identified using logistic regression. Results Black, Latino, and Asian patients had a higher rate of prediabetes (HbA1c=5.7%-6.49%) and diabetes (HbA1c≥6.5%) than non-Hispanic White patients. Among patients with diabetes, poor glycemic control (HbA1c≥8%) was significantly higher among young adults (aged ≤44 years), Latino patients (AOR=1.5; 95% CI=1.1, 1.9), Black patients (AOR=1.2; 95% CI=1.0, 1.5), uninsured patients (AOR=1.5; 95% CI=1.2, 1.9), and those with limited English proficiency (AOR=1.3; 95% CI=1.0, 1.6) or without a primary care physician (AOR=1.6; 95% CI=1.3, 2.1). Conclusions Disparities in glycemic control among patients who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 were associated with underlying structural factors such as access to care, health insurance, and language proficiency. There is a need to implement accessible, culturally and language-appropriate preventive and primary care programs to engage socioeconomically disadvantaged populations in diabetic screening and care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Parent
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Diego A. Martinez
- School of Industrial Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Maya Venkataramani
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Cui Yang
- Department of Health Behavior, Society and Policy, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Kathleen R. Page
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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19
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Lightman N. Converging economies of care? Immigrant women workers across 17 countries and four care regimes. J Ind Relat 2024; 66:79-103. [PMID: 38456187 PMCID: PMC10914593 DOI: 10.1177/00221856231221639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
This study analyses 17 care economies using 2016 Luxembourg Income Study data to contribute to extant debate regarding the ongoing utility of care regimes as a classificatory schema for cross-national comparison. Examining similarities and differences in the provision of low-status work in health, education, social work, and domestic services - the 'care economy' - the data reveal devaluation of the labour done by immigrant women care workers, net of national and regime-level variation. In addition, numerous similarities across liberal, corporatist, social democratic, and central and eastern European care regimes emerge, in terms of the overrepresentation of immigrant women in low status care work, and the disproportionate financial penalties these workers incur. Together, findings suggest that notwithstanding national and policy-specific differences, there has been considerable convergence across economies of care towards a 'migrant in the market' model of employment. Such large-scale evidence of this trend calls into question the ongoing efficacy of care regimes for national comparisons of migrant care work under conditions of neoliberal globalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Lightman
- Associate Professor of Sociology, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria St, Toronto, ON, Canada
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20
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Potter BI, Thijssen M, Trovão NS, Pineda-Peña A, Reynders M, Mina T, Alvarez C, Amini-Bavil-Olyaee S, Nevens F, Maes P, Lemey P, Van Ranst M, Baele G, Pourkarim MR. Contemporary and historical human migration patterns shape hepatitis B virus diversity. Virus Evol 2024; 10:veae009. [PMID: 38361827 PMCID: PMC10868554 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veae009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Infection by hepatitis B virus (HBV) is responsible for approximately 296 million chronic cases of hepatitis B, and roughly 880,000 deaths annually. The global burden of HBV is distributed unevenly, largely owing to the heterogeneous geographic distribution of its subtypes, each of which demonstrates different severity and responsiveness to antiviral therapy. It is therefore crucial to the global public health response to HBV that the spatiotemporal spread of each genotype is well characterized. In this study, we describe a collection of 133 newly sequenced HBV strains from recent African immigrants upon their arrival in Belgium. We incorporate these sequences-all of which we determine to come from genotypes A, D, and E-into a large-scale phylogeographic study with genomes sampled across the globe. We focus on investigating the spatio-temporal processes shaping the evolutionary history of the three genotypes we observe. We incorporate several recently published ancient HBV genomes for genotypes A and D to aid our analysis. We show that different spatio-temporal processes underlie the A, D, and E genotypes with the former two having originated in southeastern Asia, after which they spread across the world. The HBV E genotype is estimated to have originated in Africa, after which it spread to Europe and the Americas. Our results highlight the use of phylogeographic reconstruction as a tool to understand the recent spatiotemporal dynamics of HBV, and highlight the importance of supporting vulnerable populations in accordance with the needs presented by specific HBV genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barney I Potter
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Rega Institute, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Herestraat 49, Leuven BE-3000, Belgium
| | - Marijn Thijssen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Rega Institute, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Herestraat 49, Leuven BE-3000, Belgium
| | - Nídia Sequeira Trovão
- Division of International Epidemiology and Population Studies, Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Andrea Pineda-Peña
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT; Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Portugal Rua da Junqueira No 100, Lisbon 1349-008, Portugal
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundacion Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC); Faculty of Animal Science, Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales (U.D.C.A.), Avenida 50 No. 26-20, Bogota 0609, Colombia
| | - Marijke Reynders
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical Microbiology, AZ Sint-Jan Brugge-Oostende AV, Ruddershove 10, Bruges B-8000, Belgium
| | - Thomas Mina
- Nonis Lab Microbiology—Virology Unit, Gregori Afxentiou 5, Limassol 4003, Cyprus
| | - Carolina Alvarez
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Rega Institute, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Herestraat 49, Leuven BE-3000, Belgium
| | - Samad Amini-Bavil-Olyaee
- Cellular Sciences Department, Process Virology, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Frederik Nevens
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Leuven, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Piet Maes
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Rega Institute, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Herestraat 49, Leuven BE-3000, Belgium
| | - Philippe Lemey
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Rega Institute, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Herestraat 49, Leuven BE-3000, Belgium
| | - Marc Van Ranst
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Rega Institute, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Herestraat 49, Leuven BE-3000, Belgium
| | - Guy Baele
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Rega Institute, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Herestraat 49, Leuven BE-3000, Belgium
| | - Mahmoud Reza Pourkarim
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Rega Institute, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Herestraat 49, Leuven BE-3000, Belgium
- Health Policy Research Centre, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-14336, Iran
- Blood Transfusion Research Centre, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion, Hemmat Exp.Way, Tehran 14665-1157, Iran
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21
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Reid JM, Dickel L, Keller LF, Nietlisbach P, Arcese P. Multi-generation genetic contributions of immigrants reveal cryptic elevated and sex-biased effective gene flow within a natural meta-population. Ecol Lett 2024; 27:e14377. [PMID: 38361472 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Impacts of immigration on micro-evolution and population dynamics fundamentally depend on net rates and forms of resulting gene flow into recipient populations. Yet, the degrees to which observed rates and sex ratios of physical immigration translate into multi-generational genetic legacies have not been explicitly quantified in natural meta-populations, precluding inference on how movements translate into effective gene flow and eco-evolutionary outcomes. Our analyses of three decades of complete song sparrow (Melospiza melodia) pedigree data show that multi-generational genetic contributions from regular natural immigrants substantially exceeded those from contemporary natives, consistent with heterosis-enhanced introgression. However, while contributions from female immigrants exceeded those from female natives by up to three-fold, male immigrants' lineages typically went locally extinct soon after arriving. Both the overall magnitude, and the degree of female bias, of effective gene flow therefore greatly exceeded those which would be inferred from observed physical arrivals, altering multiple eco-evolutionary implications of immigration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane M Reid
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Lisa Dickel
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Lukas F Keller
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Natural History Museum, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pirmin Nietlisbach
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois, USA
| | - Peter Arcese
- Department of Forest & Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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22
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Barajas-Gonzalez RG, Hoque S, Gutkin SL. Impact of the 2016 Presidential election and restrictive immigration climate on the work and wellbeing of Bangladeshi immigrant community frontline workers in New York City, U.S.A. J Community Pract 2024; 32:68-85. [PMID: 38736564 PMCID: PMC11086678 DOI: 10.1080/10705422.2024.2310313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Community-based organizations (CBOs) are key players in mitigating the impact of restrictive policy changes on immigrant communities. The ability of these organizations to help diffuse the stress caused by restrictive, rapidly changing immigration policies depends, in part, on the capacity and health of their workforce. This study presents findings from a qualitative study conducted with 10 Bangladeshi community frontline workers working in various CBOs and advocacy organizations to understand their experience navigating a heightened anti-immigrant, anti-Muslim climate. Through thematic analyses, we inferred that the 2016 presidential election increased stress and mobilization among community frontline workers, with a meaningful distinction between participants working for immigration-focused institutions versus those in institutions where immigration issues were not the primary focus (e.g. health services, cultural programming). For those working in immigration-focused institutions, work burden increased due to challenges in managing misinformation, making sense of policy changes, and meeting the needs of families impacted by deportation. A toll on frontline workers' own physical health and mental health was discussed, as well as the need for culturally congruent mental health supports for the South Asian community.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sharmin Hoque
- Center for Early Childhood Health and Development, Department of Population Health, NYU Langone Health
| | - Stephanie L Gutkin
- Center for Early Childhood Health and Development, Department of Population Health, NYU Langone Health
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23
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Frydenlund J, Valentin JB, Norredam M, Bøggild H, Kragholm KH, Riahi S, Frost L, Johnsen SP. Incidence of atrial fibrillation and flutter in Denmark in relation to country of origin: a nationwide register-based study. Scand J Public Health 2024:14034948231205822. [PMID: 38179955 DOI: 10.1177/14034948231205822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atrial fibrillation and flutter (AF) is the most common sustained arrhythmia with an increasing prevalence in Western countries. However, little is known about AF among immigrants compared to non-immigrants. AIM To examine the incidence of hospital-diagnosed AF according to country of origin. METHOD Immigrants were defined as individuals born outside Denmark by parents born outside Denmark. AF was defined as first-time diagnosis of AF. All individuals were followed from the age of 45 years from 1998 to 2017. The analyses were adjusted for sex, age, comorbidity, contact with the general practitioner and socioeconomic variables. Adjustment was conducted using standardised morbidity ratio weights, standardised to the Danish population in a marginal structural model. RESULTS The study population consisted of 3,489,730 Danish individuals free of AF and 108,914 immigrants free of AF who had emigrated from the 10 most represented countries. A total of 323,005 individuals of Danish origin had an incident hospital diagnosis of AF, among the immigrants 7,300 developed AF. Adjusted hazard rate ratios (HRRs) of AF for immigrants from Iran (0.48 [95%CI:0.35;0.64]), Turkey (0.74 [95%CI:0.67;0.82]) and Bosnia-Herzegovina (0.42 [95%CI:0.22;0.79]) were low compared with Danish individuals. Immigrants from Sweden, Germany and Norway had an adjusted HRR of 1.13 [95%CI:1.03;1.23], 1.12 [95%CI:1.05;1.18] and 1.11 [95%CI:1.03;1.21], respectively (Danish individuals as reference). CONCLUSIONS Substantial variation in the incidence of hospital-diagnosed AF according to country of origin was observed. The results may reflect true biological differences but could also reflect barriers to AF diagnosis for immigrants. Further efforts are warranted to determine the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Frydenlund
- Danish Center for Clinical Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark
| | - Jan Brink Valentin
- Danish Center for Clinical Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark
| | - Marie Norredam
- Danish Research Center for Migration, Ethnicity and Health, Section of Health Services Research, Denmark
- Section of Immigrant Health, Department of Infectious diseases, Hvidovre University Hospital Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Bøggild
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Denmark
| | | | - Sam Riahi
- Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark
| | - Lars Frost
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Søren Paaske Johnsen
- Danish Center for Clinical Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark
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Chaudhry A, Hebert-Beirne J, Hanneke R, Alessi EJ, Mitchell U, Molina Y, Chebli P, Abboud S. The Health Needs of Sexual and Gender Minority Migrant Women in the United States: A Scoping Review. LGBT Health 2024; 11:1-19. [PMID: 37540144 DOI: 10.1089/lgbt.2022.0392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: This scoping review characterizes the peer-reviewed evidence on the health of first-generation sexual and gender minority (SGM) migrant women to the United States and identifies research gaps and future priorities. Methods: On February 1, 2022, the following databases were searched: PubMed (MEDLINE), Embase, CINAHL Plus with Full Text, APA PsycINFO, and PAIS Index. Primary research studies based in the United States, in English, on first-generation SGM migrants (i.e., immigrants, refugees, asylum seekers) were included. Gray literature and review articles were excluded. Health outcome data were not extracted from nonbinary populations nor transgender men. Themes were generated using qualitative content analysis. Results: Thirty-three studies were reviewed, most were qualitative, and 11 focused on transgender women migrants (especially from Latin America), while only one was exclusively on sexual minority women (SMW) migrants. Premigration experiences of violence and discrimination were linked to high prevalence rates of post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety. Postmigration stressors included lack of educational and employment opportunities, reduced access to social services, and experiences of stigma and discrimination, which were also associated with the development of depressive symptoms. Transgender women migrants reported not seeking formal medical care, given a lack of gender-affirming services and insurance resulting in reliance on unsafe informal care networks for hormone therapy and feminization procedures. Conclusion: Future interventions should focus on fostering social support networks of SGM migrant women to help improve their mental health outcomes. Research priorities should include studies on SMW migrants and more quantitative research that could identify additional health needs (i.e., sexual health) of SGM migrant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aeysha Chaudhry
- Division of Community Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jeni Hebert-Beirne
- Division of Community Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Rosie Hanneke
- Department of Information Services & Research, Library of the Health Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Edward J Alessi
- School of Social Work, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Uchechi Mitchell
- Division of Community Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yamile Molina
- Division of Community Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Perla Chebli
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sarah Abboud
- Department of Human Development Nursing Science, College of Nursing, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Vangay P, Ward T, Lucas S, Beura LK, Sabas D, Abramson M, Till L, Hoops SL, Kashyap P, Hunter RC, Masopust D, Knights D. Industrialized human gut microbiota increases CD8+ T cells and mucus thickness in humanized mouse gut. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2266627. [PMID: 37853762 PMCID: PMC10588527 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2266627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Immigration to a highly industrialized nation has been associated with metabolic disease and simultaneous shifts in microbiota composition, but the underlying mechanisms are challenging to test in human studies. Here, we conducted a pilot study to assess the differential effects of human gut microbiota collected from the United States (US) and rural Thailand on the murine gut mucosa and immune system. Colonization of germ-free mice with microbiota from US individuals resulted in an increased accumulation of innate-like CD8 T cells in the small intestine lamina propria and intra-epithelial compartments when compared to colonization with microbiota from Thai individuals. Both TCRγδ and CD8αα T cells showed a marked increase in mice receiving Western microbiota and, interestingly, this phenotype was also associated with an increase in intestinal mucus thickness. Serendipitously, an accidentally infected group of mice corroborated this association between elevated inflammatory response and increased mucus thickness. These results suggest that Western-associated human gut microbes contribute to a pro-inflammatory immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pajau Vangay
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Tonya Ward
- BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sarah Lucas
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Lalit K. Beura
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Dominique Sabas
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Max Abramson
- Department of Neuroscience, Macalester College, St. Paul, MN, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Lisa Till
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Susan L. Hoops
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Purna Kashyap
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ryan C. Hunter
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - David Masopust
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Dan Knights
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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26
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Nakayama DK. The Immigrant Backstories of Asian American Surgeons. Am Surg 2023; 89:6460-6466. [PMID: 37923322 DOI: 10.1177/00031348231212869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The stories of Asian immigrants have both shared themes and ones that are unique to the histories of their homelands. Their labor was essential to the settlement and economic development of America, yet their presence incited riots and official restrictions to their rights to immigration and citizenship. Chinese laborers mined the Gold Country, built the transcontinental railroad, and reclaimed tillable land in the Central Valley. Yet they were denied the immense bounty they created, and their immigration was blocked by the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882.Japanese, Asian Indians, and Filipinos replaced them on farms as migrant laborers. As foreign nationals they were not allowed to own land, but they thrived as independent farmers on leased plots. Their success attracted discrimination and racist violence. They, too, were barred from immigration and citizenship (Johnson-Reed Act, 1924).World War II was a watershed event for Asians in America. Japanese Americans, ethnically identical to the enemy, were imprisoned in concentration camps in the American interior. China, the Philippines, and India, all allies of the US, were rewarded with naturalization rights for their nationals. In 1965 Congress liberalized immigration quotas and reversed the 1924 restrictions, with priority given to those with advanced technical ability in science, including medicine. Asians from Taiwan and India took advantage of the new regulations and predominated among the newcomers. After the fall of Saigon in 1975, America accommodated yet another Asian population in the country, the tens of thousands of refugees from Southeast Asia.
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Nakayama DK. Asian American Surgery: A Short History of Immigration, Naturalization, and Refugee Laws and Policies that Brought Asians to America. Am Surg 2023; 89:6452-6459. [PMID: 37867389 DOI: 10.1177/00031348231209874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Chinese immigration in America in the mid-nineteenth century incited violence and governmental sanctions to restrict Asian immigration and reject citizenship rights. In 1870, Chinese strikebreakers in Massachusetts ignited nationwide demonstrations against Chinese immigration, which ended altogether with the Chinese Exclusion Act (1882). Japanese schoolchildren in San Francisco public schools sparked rioting in 1907, leading Japan to unilaterally limit emigration to the United States (Gentlemen's Agreement, 1908). Congress responded to anti-Punjabi riots (Bellingham, WA, 1907) by refusing naturalization rights to Asians (Barred Zone Act, 1917), policies supported by the Supreme Court (Ozawa, 1922; Thind, 1923). All immigration from Asia was soon prohibited (Johnson-Reed Act, 1924). Anti-Asian measures peaked in 1942 with imprisonment of Japanese in concentration camps, including those with birthright citizenship. Anti-Asian policies unwound in the last half of the 20th century, culminating in sweeping changes in US immunization policy. Naturalization rights were granted to wartime allies against Japan (China, 1943; the Philippines and India, 1946) and the Japanese themselves (1952). Asian women marrying American servicemen were allowed entry into the country (1945, 1950). Prohibitions against Asian immigration were lifted in 1965 (Hart-Celler Act), with preference for those trained in science, technology, and medicine. The refugee crisis that followed the fall of Saigon (1975) drove humanitarian policies that brought evacuees from Southeast Asia and others from throughout the world seeking freedom from persecution (Refugee Act, 1980). Hundreds of thousands from China, South Asia, the Philippines, and Southeast Asia thus settled in the United States, changing American society and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don K Nakayama
- Columbus Campus, Mercer University School of Medicine, Columbus, GA, USA
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28
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Botsas G, Koidou E, Chatzinikolaou K, Grouios G. Environmental Influences on Individuals with Autistic Spectrum Disorders with Special Emphasis on Seasonality: An Overview. Children (Basel) 2023; 10:1851. [PMID: 38136053 PMCID: PMC10742301 DOI: 10.3390/children10121851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
This paper offers an in-depth exploration of the intricate relationship between environmental factors and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), with a special emphasis on seasonality. It reviews existing research, providing a comprehensive summary of findings and highlighting the multifaceted dimensions of several environmental factors influencing the etiology of ASD. The discussion encompasses various elements, including birth months, maternal health, dietary choices, and vitamin D deficiency, delving into the intricate interplay of seasonality with environmental influences such as viral infections and solar radiation. The present study raises essential questions regarding the timing of environmental influences and the factors contributing to the rising prevalence of ASD. Ultimately, it underscores the need for future epidemiological research to incorporate more extensive investigations of environmental risk factors and employ advanced statistical analyses. This comprehensive overview contributes to a deeper understanding of how environmental factors, particularly seasonality, may be linked to the occurrence of ASD and its increasing prevalence, recognizing the multifaceted and diverse nature of these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Botsas
- Department of Early Childhood and Care, School of Social Sciences, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Education, School of Education and Social Sciences, Frederick University, 3080 Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Eirini Koidou
- Department of Human Performance, School of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.K.); (K.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Konstantinos Chatzinikolaou
- Department of Human Performance, School of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.K.); (K.C.); (G.G.)
| | - George Grouios
- Department of Human Performance, School of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.K.); (K.C.); (G.G.)
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Peixoto Gomes L. Tweets don't vote - Twitter discourse from Wales and England during Brexit. Front Sociol 2023; 8:1176732. [PMID: 38045536 PMCID: PMC10690362 DOI: 10.3389/fsoc.2023.1176732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The Welsh vote for "leave" in the Brexit referendum surprised some academics and analysts due to its strong preference for Labor and its close financial ties to the EU. It also brought up a debate about apparent differences in Welsh and English attitudes towards race, ethnicity, and migration, with the former often claiming to have a more positive stance regarding the presence of ethnic minorities and foreign nationalities. This paper proposes to analyze discourse posted on Twitter during June 2016, specifically targeting Wales and England with the aim to offer insight into the perceptions and beliefs of Welsh and English individuals on the platform and if attitudes on race, ethnicity, and migration played a significant role. Counterfactuals are checked with posts from the first few weeks of the refugee crisis in Afghanistan in 2021, the war on Ukraine, and the announcement of the Rwanda policy. The current discussion of Welsh national identity includes its claims as a "nation of sanctuary" and that understands oppression and marginalization. Thus, Welsh perspectives on Brexit become an interesting viewpoint to comprehending ethnic minorities and foreigners as it creates a possible conflict between the institutional discourse, cultural views, and perceived economic needs. In this context, this paper takes the view that Twitter is an area where individuals post their thoughts uninhibited, and where we can conduct an aggregate analysis of that public sentiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Peixoto Gomes
- Wales Governance Centre, Cardiff University, Wales, United Kingdom
- Institute for Globally Distributed Open Research and Education (IGDORE), Gothenburg, Sweden
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30
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Ng E. Sex differences in COVID-19 deaths in the early months of the pandemic in Canada: An examination with an immigration lens. Health Rep 2023; 34:3-11. [PMID: 37988110 DOI: 10.25318/82-003-x202301100001-eng] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Background At the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, there was an overrepresentation of males in COVID-19 deaths worldwide, with Canada reporting more female COVID-19 deaths. This paper examines the overrepresentation of female COVID-19 deaths in Canada, with an immigration lens. Data and methods Data were extracted from the COVID-19 Sex-Disaggregated Data Tracker to compare the sex distribution of COVID-19 deaths in Canada with that of other countries. A linkage of deaths to the Longitudinal Immigration Database (IMDB) allows for the comparison of sex-specific COVID-19 death rates by immigrant status for age and geography, as well as by major employment sector among immigrants, using the tax data from the IMDB. Results While there were proportionately more female than male COVID-19 deaths in Canada in the early months of the pandemic, this trend was mainly a phenomenon among non-immigrants aged 85 and older. In addition, COVID-19-specific death rates for males were higher than those for females across age groups by immigrant status, except for those aged 85 and older among the non-immigrant population. Among immigrants, the death rate among health care and social assistance workers was higher among males than among females (10.7 vs. 2.9 per 100,000 population). The initially observed overrepresentation of female COVID-19 deaths to male COVID-19 deaths in Canada evened out in the summer of 2021. Interpretation The higher proportion of female COVID-19 deaths was likely related to the high concentration of COVID-19 deaths in long-term care facilities, where a lower institutionalization rate for immigrants had been observed. Since the implementation of vaccination targeting long-term care facility residents in Canada, the overrepresentation of female COVID-19 deaths ceased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Ng
- Health Analysis Division, Analytical Studies and Modelling Branch, Statistics Canada
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31
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Magnan MO, Soares R, Bizimungu S, Leduc JM. Between agency and systemic barriers: Pathways to medicine and health sciences among Black students with immigrant parents from the Caribbean or Sub-Saharan Africa in Quebec, Canada. Med Teach 2023; 45:1268-1274. [PMID: 37256541 DOI: 10.1080/0142159x.2023.2215911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This qualitative study, based on life stories, documents the pathways to medicine and health sciences of Black students with immigrant parents from the Caribbean or Sub-Saharan Africa in Quebec, Canada. The aim of this study is to investigate the factors that shape their educational pathways using Doray's framework. Even among students from families with substantial levels of education, the educational pathways to medicine or health sciences may be described as non-linear. Several obstacles can arise along these pathways, depending on various social markers. Many of the interviewees first enroll in a program other than their desired program, either to ensure their financial security or to improve their grades for a limited-enrollment program. Medicine and pharmacy studies remain a dream for most participants and their parents. However, in some cases, this dream is not coming true, and interviewees' aspirations are sometimes stifled. These results shed light on the possible changes to be made within certain programs' admissions policies. Nevertheless, the students (n = 12) demonstrate agency in facing a seemingly unfair admissions system for highly selective programs. We conclude with recommendations on how to better accommodate the so-called non-traditional pathways of Black students with immigrant parents from the Caribbean or Sub-Saharan Africa.[Box: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberta Soares
- Educational Sciences, Université de Montréal, Outremont, Canada
| | - Samantha Bizimungu
- Educational Sciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Jean-Michel Leduc
- Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
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Bernard A, Vidal S. Linking internal and international migration over the life course: A sequence analysis of individual migration trajectories in Europe. Popul Stud (Camb) 2023; 77:515-537. [PMID: 37581320 DOI: 10.1080/00324728.2023.2231913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Because internal and international migration are typically conceptualized and measured separately, empirical evidence on the links between these two forms of population movement remains partial. This paper takes a step towards integration by establishing how internal and international migration precede one another in various sequenced relationships from birth to age 50 in 20 European countries. We apply sequence and cluster analysis to full retrospective migration histories collected as part of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe in 2008-09 and 2017, for individuals born between 1950 and 1965. The results show that nearly all international migrants engage in internal mobility at some point in their lives. However, individual migration trajectories are delineated by the order of internal and international moves, the duration and timing of stays abroad, and the extent to which individuals engage in return international migration. Institutional and economic conditions shape the diversity of migration experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergi Vidal
- Centre d'Estudis Demogràfics (CERCA Center)
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
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Feng RY, Krygsman A, Vaillancourt T, Vitoroulis I. Experiences of racial microaggression among immigrant and Canadian-born young adults: Effects of double stigma on mental health and service use. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2023; 69:1723-1735. [PMID: 37326034 PMCID: PMC10657499 DOI: 10.1177/00207640231174374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Significant disparities in utilization of mental health services exist among immigrant and Canadian-born populations. These gaps may be associated with a 'double stigma' - stigma related to being from a racialized background exacerbated by mental health stigma. Immigrant young adults may be particularly susceptible to this phenomenon, given developmental and social transitions from adolescence to adulthood. AIMS To investigate the joint effects of racial microaggression and mental health stigma on mental health and service use among first-generation immigrant and Canadian-born university students. METHOD We conducted an online cross-sectional study among first-generation immigrant and Canadian-born university students (N = 1,280, Mage = 19.10, SD = 1.50). RESULTS Despite no differences in anxiety or depression symptoms, first-generation (foreign-born) immigrants were less likely to have received therapy and to have taken medication for mental health issues compared to Canadian-born participants. First-generation immigrants also reported experiencing higher levels of racial microaggression and stigma toward service use. Results suggest the presence of a double stigma, mental health stigma and racial microaggression, each explained significant additional variance in symptoms of anxiety and depression and medication use. No effects of double stigma for therapy use were found - while higher mental health stigma predicted lower use of therapy, racial microaggression did not predict unique variance in therapy use. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight the joint effects of racial microaggression and stigma toward mental health and service as barriers to help-seeking among immigrant young adults. Mental health intervention and outreach programmes should target overt and covert forms of racial discrimination while incorporating culturally sensitive anti-stigma approaches to help reduce disparities in mental health service use among immigrants in Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo Ying Feng
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Amanda Krygsman
- Counselling Psychology, Faculty of Education, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Tracy Vaillancourt
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Counselling Psychology, Faculty of Education, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Irene Vitoroulis
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Counselling Psychology, Faculty of Education, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Adigun S. Toward an emerging model of healthcare access: A theoretical framework. Int Nurs Rev 2023. [PMID: 37784163 DOI: 10.1111/inr.12867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
AIM To conceptualize an emerging framework of healthcare access for foreign-born persons based on well-known access models in the United States. BACKGROUND The COVID-19 outbreak significantly impacted all global communities, disproportionately affecting people of color and highlighting preexisting health disparities. Health and immigration policies concerning healthcare access for foreign-born people were examined. Regarding access to social benefits in the United States, the Affordable Care Act underscored initial restrictions imposed by the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 and the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act in 1996 on certain underserved groups. METHODS Guided by the study's aim, electronic databases, including Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and CINAHL, were queried for relevant nursing-related literature published on Penchansky's and Andersen's models from 1968 to 2022. Compared with Penchansky's model, Andersen's model outcome measures have evolved over the years in response to dynamic health policy issues. RESULTS Penchansky's model has five constructs in its original form, whereas Andersen's model has three. The current study shows that each existing access model provides a unique method for evaluating various policies. In some cases, the studies are limited to a simple application of the original model with few modifications in studies specific to foreign-born groups in the United States. DISCUSSION There is a dearth of systematic theorization of access that incorporates social justice and health equity. Health disparities were further explained using metrics from existing access models. CONCLUSIONS An emerging access model conceptualizing existing access models was proposed, using constructs framed within the basic tenets of health equity and social justice. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING AND HEALTH POLICY Applying the emerging model's constructs to future studies is anticipated to highlight opportunities for stakeholders such as policymakers, healthcare providers, nursing professionals, and community leaders to support programs that could further reduce health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shade Adigun
- College of Nursing, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
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35
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Shahbaz R, Williams A, Sethi B, Wahoush O. Commonalities and Differences in the Experiences of Visible Minority Transnational Carer-Employees: A Qualitative Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:6800. [PMID: 37754659 PMCID: PMC10531478 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20186800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
This qualitative study explored the commonalities and differences among the experiences of visible minority Transnational Carer-Employees (TCEs) before and after COVID-19. TCEs are immigrants who live and work in the country of settlement while providing caregiving across international borders. Purposive and snowball sampling resulted in the participation of 29 TCEs of Pakistani, Syrian, African, and South American origin living in London, Ontario. Thematic analysis of the dataset using the ATLAS.ti software, Version 23.2.1., generated three themes: (1) feelings associated with transnational care; (2) employment experiences of TCEs; and (3) coping strategies for well-being. The results of the secondary analysis conducted herein suggested that there are more similarities than differences across the four cohorts. Many participants felt a sense of satisfaction at being able to fulfill their care obligations; however, a different outlook was observed among some Syrian and African origin respondents, who disclosed that managing care and work is overwhelming. Most TCEs also reported facing limited job options because of language barriers. While various interviewees experienced a lack of paid work and reduced income after COVID-19, a distinct perspective was noted from African descent TCEs as they expressed facing increased work demands after the pandemic. Participants additionally revealed four common coping strategies such as keeping busy, praying, family support, and staying active. Study implications include the promotion of Carer-Friendly Workplace Policies (CFWPs) that can facilitate the welfare of unpaid caregivers. This research is important as it may inform policymakers to create opportunities that may not only foster economic stability of TCEs and the Canadian economy, but also contribute towards a more equitable society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reemal Shahbaz
- Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Allison Williams
- Faculty of Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada;
| | - Bharati Sethi
- Department of Political Studies, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9L 0G2, Canada;
| | - Olive Wahoush
- School of Nursing, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada;
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Buttiler MB, Zhou Q, Uchikoshi Y. Reasons for migration, parental acculturation, and language: the case of Chinese American and Mexican American parents and dual language learners. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1237143. [PMID: 37744593 PMCID: PMC10513063 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1237143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Migration is a complex process associated with a range of social, economic, and political reasons. In the U.S., almost one-quarter of the total population of parents are immigrant parents of children ages 0-10. Immigrant parents transmit values from their culture of origin as well as their language to their children. Additionally, they may undergo a process of cultural and psychological change known as acculturation. Research has shown that acculturation can be linked to parenting styles and adolescents' psychological well-being and behavioral problems. However, little is known about the associations among immigrant parents' acculturation, their home language and literacy practices, and their bilingual children's language skills. This study explores the relationships among reasons for migration, parental acculturation, home language and literacy practices, and child expressive vocabulary in English and their heritage language (HL). A group of 190 Spanish-English (N = 66) and Chinese-English (N = 124) dual language learners (DLLs) (mean age = 48.98 months) and their Chinese and Mexican parents (mean age of migration = 18.57 and 21.38 years old respectively participated. Frequency counts revealed that Mexican American families migrated to the U.S. mostly for multiple reasons, including joining family members, getting married, and looking for better education or job opportunities, whereas most Chinese American families migrated for family reasons only. Path analysis models showed that, for both cultural groups, language input in Spanish and Chinese mediated the relationship between parents' cultural orientations and DLLs' HL expressive vocabulary. These findings emphasize that despite the heterogeneity of immigrant families and the variability in DLLs' vocabulary skills in preschool, there exist some similarities across immigrant parents and bilingual children. A deeper understanding of acculturation practices and home language use can help educators better support children from diverse backgrounds and promote cultural awareness and sensitivity in the classroom.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qing Zhou
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Yuuko Uchikoshi
- School of Education, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Pais J, Sexer LP. The Effectiveness of a Parents as Teachers Home Visitation Program on School Readiness: An Application of Complier Average Causal Effect Analysis. J Evid Based Soc Work (2019) 2023; 20:637-652. [PMID: 37461306 DOI: 10.1080/26408066.2023.2201233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to evaluate an encouragement trial of a Parents as Teachers (PAT) home visitation intervention on the school readiness of preschool children using an innovative analysis to address issues of selective enrollment. METHOD Families were given the opportunity to enroll in a PAT program through a randomized lottery. The PAT program is assessed using standardized measures of school readiness before and after the two-year program. A comparison of three different analyses is used to evaluate the program - Average Treatment Effect (ATE) analysis, Intent-to-Treat (ITT) analysis, and Complier Average Causal Effect (CACE) analysis. CACE is an innovative analysis developed specifically to diagnose bias arising from selective enrollment in the context of an encouragement trial. RESULT All three analyses (ATE, ITT, and CACE) provide statistically significant evidence of an effective PAT program. However, the effect sizes for the CACE analysis are over twice as large as the other two analyses. The Cohen's D for CACE is .934 compared to .424 for ATE and .381 for ITT. CONCLUSION This study provides evidence of an effective PAT program. The comparison of ATE, ITT, and CACE analyses reveals the potential for meaningful under-reporting of the program's impact if selective enrollment is ignored. CACE analysis demonstrates how selective enrollment can bias evaluations of home visitation interventions in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Pais
- Department of Sociology, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, United States
| | - Leslie P Sexer
- Social Work, Family Centers Inc Chief Program Officer, Madison, Connecticut, United States
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Abdo Sanmartino IJ, Guerrero-Moreno RA, Mouriño AM. Changes in the epidemiological pattern of chronic B hepatitis amongst inmates in Catalonia: current prevalence and predictive variables. Rev Esp Sanid Penit 2023; 25:89-97. [PMID: 38289170 PMCID: PMC10910326 DOI: 10.18176/resp.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epidemiology of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) in Spain has changed due to migratory movements and the implementation of vaccination programs. The objective is to determine if prevalence has also changed amongst in Catalonia and the potential predictive variables of the infection. MATERIAL AND METHOD Observational cross-sectional multi-centre study of CHB prevalence. Epidemiological and clinical variables were included, and their predictive capacity is analysed by means of a multivariable logistic regression model. RESULTS A total of 6508 prisoners were studied. CHB prevalence was 1.7%, much less than in studies carried out in previous years. In inmates from North Africa, Asia, Eastern Europe, and Sub-Saharan Africa the CHB rate was 2.8, 4.2, 4.9 and 16.2 times higher, respectively, than amongst those born in Spain, which was 0.6%, the same as in the general population. CHB was associated with: a) being an immigrant [2.6%; OR: 4.18 (CI: 2.50-6.90; P <0.001); b) being unvaccinated (3.1%; OR: 0.13; CI: 0.06-0.26; P <0.001); and c) being infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) [3.9%; OR: 3.23; CI: 1.24-8.40; P = 0.016]. CONCLUSION Vaccination against HBV (hepatitis B virus) has greatly reduced CHB prevalence in inmates over the past 30 years but remains high in immigrants and those with HIV. We recommend: a) maintaining HBV screening amongst inmates; b) continuing with vaccination programmes; and c) referring CHB cases to specialized programs for further study and treatment if needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indiana Jesús Abdo Sanmartino
- Prison Primary Healthcare Team. Figueres. GironaPrison Primary Healthcare TeamPrison Primary Healthcare TeamFigueresGironaSpain
| | - Rafael A. Guerrero-Moreno
- Prison Health Programme. Catalan Health Institute. CataloniaCatalan Health InstitutePrison Health ProgrammeCatalan Health InstituteCataloniaSpain
| | - Andrés Marco Mouriño
- Prison Health Programme. Catalan Health Institute. CataloniaCatalan Health InstitutePrison Health ProgrammeCatalan Health InstituteCataloniaSpain
- Online Biomedical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Network (CIBERESP)Online Biomedical Epidemiology and Public Health Research NetworkOnline Biomedical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Network (CIBERESP)Spain
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Ruiz López M, Mayoral Gonzalo N, Ruiz Zaldibar C, Pérez Manchón D, Jiménez Díaz-Benito V, Hervás Pérez JP. The Lived Experiences of Female Immigrant Carers in Madrid, Spain: A Phenomenological Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:2206. [PMID: 37570446 PMCID: PMC10418687 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11152206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immigration and population ageing represent circumstances with important sociocultural and economic repercussions. METHODS A qualitative study using interpretative phenomenological analysis was conducted to understand the daily lives and the work of immigrant women dedicated to caring for older citizens. In-depth interviews and discussion groups were carried out in a group of 40 immigrant carers. Data were analysed via the constant comparative method. RESULTS Three qualitative themes emerged from the data: 'difficult lives', 'working in the home', and 'the vision of the other'. This study highlights the many difficulties encountered by this population. A sense of vulnerability was described while fulfilling their professional duties due to their migrant condition, experiences of gender inequality, and work status. An emotional connection is necessary to provide care, which is impossible in cases of discrimination. DISCUSSION Administrative regularisation is necessary to improve the quality of immigrant carers' working conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Ruiz López
- Centro Universitario Saius, Grupo Metrodora Education, Magallanes nº 3, 28004 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Noemí Mayoral Gonzalo
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health, Camilo José Cela University, Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, Calle Castillo de Alarcón, 49, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain; (N.M.G.); (C.R.Z.); (D.P.M.)
| | - Cayetana Ruiz Zaldibar
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health, Camilo José Cela University, Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, Calle Castillo de Alarcón, 49, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain; (N.M.G.); (C.R.Z.); (D.P.M.)
| | - David Pérez Manchón
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health, Camilo José Cela University, Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, Calle Castillo de Alarcón, 49, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain; (N.M.G.); (C.R.Z.); (D.P.M.)
| | - Victor Jiménez Díaz-Benito
- Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain;
| | - Juan Pablo Hervás Pérez
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health, Camilo José Cela University, Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, Calle Castillo de Alarcón, 49, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain; (N.M.G.); (C.R.Z.); (D.P.M.)
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Eser E, Cil E, Sen Gundogan NE, Col M, Yildirim Ozturk EN, Thomas DT, Sunter AT, Arslan HN, Citil R, Onder Y, Picakciefe M, Dede B, Demirel C, Aydin N, Caglayan C, Aker AA, Borlu A, Durmus H, Can G, Siddikoglu E, Sumer EH, Uygun T, Alkoy S, Aktas Aycan K, Koruk İ, Kuzan R, Demir LS, Hacilar E, Sari H, Kilinc Z, Onal O, Dogan E, Emek M, Terzioglu R, Yapici G, Erdal D, Eser S, Ayhan Akman E, Kosan Z, Yilmaz S, Ayoglu FN, Acikgoz B, Musal B, Suner AF, Erdogan A, Cilburunoglu İ, Saygun M, Daymaz D, Arslantas D, Onsuz MF, Beyhun NE, Ustundag MG, Ekuklu G, Ozder Tas F, Abacigil F, Oncu S, Hıdıroğlu S, Ozaydin AN, Pirincci E, Bulut I, Tozun M, Eskiocak M, Gunel P, Torun SD, Yavuz M, Hasde M, Camur D, Gunes G, Kurt B, Guler Baysoy N, Bakirci N, Demir F, Catak B, Ozyurda F, Turan M. Push and Pull Factors of Why Medical Students Want to Leave Türkiye: A Countrywide Multicenter Study. Teach Learn Med 2023:1-13. [PMID: 37530502 DOI: 10.1080/10401334.2023.2229810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Phenomenon: Physician immigration from other countries is increasing as developed countries continue to be desirable destinations for physicians; however, the determinants of Turkish physicians' migration decisions are still unclear. Despite its wide coverage in the media and among physicians in Türkiye, and being the subject of much debate, there is insufficient data to justify this attention. With this study, we aimed to investigate the tendency of senior medical students in Türkiye to pursue their professional careers abroad and its related factors. Approach: This cross-sectional study involved 9881 senior medical students from 39 different medical schools in Türkiye in 2022. Besides participants' migration decision, we evaluated the push and pull factors related to working, social environment and lifestyle in Türkiye and abroad, medical school education inadequacy, and personal insufficiencies, as well as the socioeconomic variables that may affect the decision to migrate abroad. The analyses were carried out with a participation rate of at least 50%. Findings: Of the medical students, 70.7% had emigration intentions. Approximately 60% of those want to stay abroad permanently, and 61.5% of them took initiatives such as learning a foreign language abroad (54.5%) and taking relevant exams (18.9%). Those who wanted to work in the field of Research & Development were 1.37 (95% CI: 1.22-1.54) times more likely to emigrate. The push factor that was related to emigration intention was the "working conditions in the country" (OR: 1.89, 95% CI: 1.56-2.28) whereas the "social environment/lifestyle abroad" was the mere pull factor for the tendency of emigration (OR: 1.73, 95% CI: 1.45-2.06). In addition, the quality problem in medical schools also had a significant impact on students' decisions (OR: 2.20, 95% CI: 1.83-2.65). Insights: Although the percentage of those who want to emigrate "definitely" was at the same level as in the other developing countries, the tendency to migrate "permanently" was higher in Türkiye. Improving working conditions in the country and increasing the quality of medical faculties seem vital in preventing the migration of physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erhan Eser
- Department of Public Health, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Türkiye
| | - Elif Cil
- Department of Public Health, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Türkiye
| | | | - Meltem Col
- Department of Public Health, Ankara University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | | | - David Terence Thomas
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Maltepe University, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Medical Education, Maltepe University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | | | | | - Riza Citil
- Department of Public Health, Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University, Tokat, Türkiye
| | - Yalcin Onder
- Department of Public Health, Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University, Tokat, Türkiye
| | - Metin Picakciefe
- Department of Public Health, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla, Türkiye
| | - Bahadir Dede
- Department of Public Health, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla, Türkiye
| | - Can Demirel
- Department of Biophysics, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Türkiye
- Department of Medical Education, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Türkiye
| | - Neriman Aydin
- Department of Medical Education, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Türkiye
- Department of Public Health, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Türkiye
| | - Cigdem Caglayan
- Department of Public Health, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Türkiye
| | - Ahmet Alp Aker
- Department of Public Health, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Türkiye
| | - Arda Borlu
- Department of Public Health, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Türkiye
| | - Hasan Durmus
- Department of Public Health, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Türkiye
| | - Gunay Can
- Department of Public Health, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Esin Siddikoglu
- Department of Public Health, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Ergun Haldun Sumer
- Department of Public Health, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Türkiye
| | - Tunahan Uygun
- Department of Public Health, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Türkiye
| | - Seval Alkoy
- Department of Public Health, Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University, Bolu, Türkiye
| | - Kubra Aktas Aycan
- Department of Public Health, Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University, Bolu, Türkiye
| | - İbrahim Koruk
- Department of Public Health, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Türkiye
| | - Rustem Kuzan
- Department of Public Health, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Türkiye
| | - Lutfi Saltuk Demir
- Department of Public Health, Necmettin Erbakan University Meram, Konya, Türkiye
| | - Esra Hacilar
- Department of Public Health, Necmettin Erbakan University Meram, Konya, Türkiye
| | - Hidir Sari
- Department of Public Health, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Türkiye
| | - Zehra Kilinc
- Department of Public Health, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Türkiye
| | - Ozgur Onal
- Department of Public Health, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Türkiye
| | - Edanur Dogan
- Department of Public Health, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Türkiye
| | - Mestan Emek
- Department of Public Health, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Türkiye
| | - Rıdvan Terzioglu
- Department of Public Health, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Türkiye
| | - Gulcin Yapici
- Department of Public Health, Mersin University, Mersin, Türkiye
| | - Deniz Erdal
- Department of Public Health, Mersin University, Mersin, Türkiye
| | - Sultan Eser
- Department of Public Health, Balikesir University, Balikesir, Türkiye
| | - Emine Ayhan Akman
- Department of Public Health, Balikesir University, Balikesir, Türkiye
| | - Zahide Kosan
- Department of Public Health, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Türkiye
| | - Sinan Yilmaz
- Department of Public Health, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Türkiye
| | - Ferruh Niyazi Ayoglu
- Department of Public Health, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit Universitesi, Zonguldak, Türkiye
| | - Bilgehan Acikgoz
- Department of Public Health, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit Universitesi, Zonguldak, Türkiye
| | - Berna Musal
- Department of Medical Education, Dokuz Eylul University Izmir, Türkiye
| | | | - Aysegul Erdogan
- Department of Public Health, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Türkiye
| | - İdris Cilburunoglu
- Department of Public Health, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Türkiye
| | - Meral Saygun
- Department of Public Health, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Türkiye
| | - Didem Daymaz
- Department of Public Health, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Türkiye
| | - Didem Arslantas
- Department of Public Health, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Türkiye
| | | | | | | | - Galip Ekuklu
- Department of Public Health, Trakya University, Edirne, Türkiye
| | - Fulya Ozder Tas
- Department of Public Health, Trakya University, Edirne, Türkiye
| | - Filiz Abacigil
- Department of Public Health, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Türkiye
| | - Selcen Oncu
- Department of Medical Education, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Türkiye
| | - Seyhan Hıdıroğlu
- Department of Public Health, Marmara University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | | | - Edibe Pirincci
- Department of Public Health, Firat University, Elazig, Türkiye
| | - Irem Bulut
- Department of Public Health, Firat University, Elazig, Türkiye
| | - Mustafa Tozun
- Department of Public Health, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Muzaffer Eskiocak
- Department of Public Health, SANKO University, Gaziantep, Türkiye
- Department of Medical Education, SANKO University, Gaziantep, Türkiye
| | - Pinar Gunel
- Department of Medical Education, SANKO University, Gaziantep, Türkiye
- Department of Biostatistics, SANKO University, Gaziantep, Türkiye
| | | | - Melike Yavuz
- Department of Public Health, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Metin Hasde
- Department of Public Health, University of Health Sciences - Gulhane Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Derya Camur
- Department of Public Health, University of Health Sciences - Gulhane Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Gulsen Gunes
- Department of Public Health, Yuksek Ihtisas University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Burak Kurt
- Department of Public Health, Yuksek Ihtisas University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | | | - Nadi Bakirci
- Department of Public Health, Acibadem University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Figen Demir
- Department of Public Health, Acibadem University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Binali Catak
- Department of Public Health, Kafkas University, Kars, Türkiye
| | - Ferda Ozyurda
- Department of Public Health, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Mustafa Turan
- Department of Medical Education, TOBB University of Economics and Technology University, Ankara, Türkiye
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Bakely L, Correa-Salazar C, Rangel Gómez MG, González-Fagoaga JE, González AAA, Parrado EA, Riosmena F, Martinez-Donate AP. Exploring the Association Between Detention Conditions, Detention-Related Abuse, and Mental Health Among Deported Mexican Migrants. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2023; 34:1021-1036. [PMID: 38009112 PMCID: PMC10671122 DOI: 10.1353/hpu.2023.a903060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Migration, detention, and deportation are often rife with violence. This study sought to examine associations between pre-migration experiences, detention conditions, and mental health among Mexicans deported from the U.S. to Mexico between 2020 and 2021. Data from the Migrante Project (N=306, weighted N=14,841) were analyzed using descriptive statistics and unadjusted and adjusted multivariate regression models. The prevalence of a lifetime mental health diagnosis was 18.5%. Exposure to adverse conditions in detention (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=17.56, p<.001) and having been detained in both immigration and non-immigration facilities (AOR=9.70, p=.042) were significantly associated with increased odds of experiencing abuse during migrants' most recent detention. Experiencing abuse during migrants' most recent detention was, in turn, associated with increased odds of a lifetime mental health diagnosis (AOR=4.72, p<.005). Targeted, trauma-informed mental health services are needed for deported Mexican migrants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Bakely
- Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University
| | | | - María Gudelia Rangel Gómez
- Executive Secretary, Mexico Section of the United States-Mexico Border Health Commission, Research Professor, El Colegio de la Frontera Norte
| | | | | | - Emilio A Parrado
- Dorothy Swaine Thomas Professor of Sociology, Director, Population Studies Center, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Fernando Riosmena
- Professor, Demography and Sociology, Director, Institute for Health Disparities Research
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Flores A. The Volunteer State: Latinx youth and the making of membership in Nashville, Tennessee. J Anthropol N Am 2023; 26:7-20. [PMID: 38179462 PMCID: PMC10764034 DOI: 10.1002/nad.12176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Volunteering has long held a vaunted position in the United States, which has only increased in the wake of welfare reform and the retraction of the state from the provision of public goods. This article explores how immigrant-origin Latinx youth in Nashville, Tennessee, who are active community volunteers linked volunteering to moral personhood and their claims to national membership. This linkage is based on an internalized deficit perception of the Latinx immigrant person as an immoral national interloper and a stigmatization and racialization of economic need. However, youth also engaged in a reframing of the meanings of membership and volunteering rooted in their relational commitments to each other and their undocumented peers' blocked paths to citizenship. These socially reproductive and more transformative understandings of volunteering, and their links to self-as-citizen, reveal the contingent value of civic engagement for immigrant-origin Latinx youth. It also reveals their central roles in defining the parameters of membership in an era of increased nativist racism and decreased state social service provision in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Flores
- Brown University Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
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Jester DJ, Thomas ML, Sturm ET, Harvey PD, Keshavan M, Davis BJ, Saxena S, Tampi R, Leutwyler H, Compton MT, Palmer BW, Jeste DV. Review of Major Social Determinants of Health in Schizophrenia-Spectrum Psychotic Disorders: I. Clinical Outcomes. Schizophr Bull 2023; 49:837-850. [PMID: 37022779 PMCID: PMC10318890 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbad023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social determinants of health (SDoHs) are receiving growing attention and are particularly relevant to persons with schizophrenia-spectrum psychotic disorders (SSPDs), considering their heightened risk of comorbidities, cognitive and functional decline, and early mortality. Yet, we did not find any comprehensive review of multiple SDoHs in SSPD. STUDY DESIGN We conducted a scoping review of meta-analyses and systematic reviews of nine major SDoHs in SSPD. STUDY RESULTS Childhood abuse, parental psychopathology, parental communication problems, bullying, and urban settings with lower socioeconomic status were major risk factors for the greater incidence of SSPD and/or worse health. Social network size was inversely associated with overall psychopathology and negative symptoms. Experiences of racial/ethnic discrimination correlated with the prevalence of psychotic symptoms and experiences. Compared to native populations, the risk of psychosis was higher in immigrants, refugees, and asylees. Social fragmentation was associated with an increased prevalence of schizophrenia. Homeless populations had a 30-fold higher prevalence of schizophrenia than the general population. Seriously mentally ill people were 2.7 times more likely to report food insecurity than controls. The prevalence of non-affective psychosis in prisoners was 2.0%-6.5%, compared to 0.3% in the general population. Certain potentially positive factors like family and community resilience remain poorly studied. CONCLUSIONS SDoHs are associated with higher rates of and worse outcomes in SSPD. Well-designed longitudinal studies are needed to understand SDoHs' contribution to health in persons with SSPD, to develop interventions, and to implement changes in clinical care and public health policies that would reduce adverse health impacts of SDoHs. Positive SDoHs deserve greater attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan J Jester
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michael L Thomas
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Emily T Sturm
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Philip D Harvey
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, and Research Service, Bruce W. Carter Miami VA Medical Center, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Matcheri Keshavan
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Beshaun J Davis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shekhar Saxena
- Global Health and Population, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rajesh Tampi
- Department of Psychiatry, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Heather Leutwyler
- Department of Physiological Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael T Compton
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Barton W Palmer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Dilip V Jeste
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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Anyawie M, Lichter DT. Children of immigrants: Racial assortative mating and the transition to adulthood. Popul Stud (Camb) 2023; 77:291-309. [PMID: 36822228 DOI: 10.1080/00324728.2023.2174268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have followed immigrant-origin individuals from adolescence to adulthood or examined their spousal choices. Using longitudinal data from Add Health, we present a life-course model that examines the differences in racial assortative mating between children of immigrants and non-immigrants. The results reveal substantial variation in racial endogamy from generation to generation. Racial endogamy was highest in the third generation, but this is due entirely to high racial endogamy among whites. Out-marriage was most pronounced among first- and second-generation immigrants. Our life-course approach shows that the effects of race and generation on intermarriage were mediated by family background (e.g. language proficiency and residence) and educational attainment (at time of marriage), a finding largely indicative of processes of marital assimilation that unfold over time and generation. Evidence of acculturation and structural assimilation, however, could not fully account for the large, persistent, and uneven effects of race and generation on interracial marriage.
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Shi C, Dutt A, Jacquez F, Wright B. Transformative impacts of a civic leadership program created by and for refugees and immigrants. J Community Psychol 2023; 51:2300-2318. [PMID: 36932981 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.23028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Immigrants and refugees are severely underrepresented at all levels of political decision-making in the United States. These groups face significant barriers to civic and political participation and leadership, despite a frequent commitment to community care and engagement. There is an urgent need to address immigrant integration and underrepresentation through transformative means that go beyond voting to create a more inclusive and socially just society. We investigated outcomes associated with participation in an immigrant integration program designed to increase immigrants' access to civic engagement through a community-based participatory research and action process that centered the voices, experiences, and wisdom of refugees and immigrants. Thirty immigrants and refugees representing at least eight different communities participated in semi-structured interviews. Results illustrate how the program assisted in transforming participants' consciousness, skills, and relationships related to meaningful civic engagement and realizing their voice, power, and rights. These results emphasize the impact and potential of community based participatory research to transform individual and collective efficacy, consciousness, and capabilities-a vital first step in transformative justice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Shi
- Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Anjali Dutt
- Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- CARE: Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Farrah Jacquez
- Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- CARE: Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Bryan Wright
- CARE: Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Cincinnati Compass, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Charpantidis S, Siopi M, Pappas G, Theodoridou K, Tsiamis C, Samonis G, Chryssou SE, Gregoriou S, Rigopoulos D, Tsakris A, Vrioni G. Changing Epidemiology of Tinea Capitis in Athens, Greece: The Impact of Immigration and Review of Literature. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:703. [PMID: 37504692 PMCID: PMC10381159 DOI: 10.3390/jof9070703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mass population movements have altered the epidemiology of tinea capitis (TC) in countries receiving refugees. Periodic monitoring of the local pathogen profiles may serve as a basis for both the selection of appropriate empirical antifungal therapy and the implementation of preventive actions. Therefore, we investigated the impact of an unprecedented immigration wave occurring in Greece since 2015 on the epidemiological trends of TC. All microbiologically confirmed TC cases diagnosed during the period 2012-2019 in a referral academic hospital for dermatological disorders in Athens, Greece, were retrospectively reviewed. A total of 583 patients were recorded, where 348 (60%) were male, 547 (94%) were children and 160 (27%) were immigrants from Balkan, Middle Eastern, Asian as well as African countries. The overall annual incidence of TC was 0.49, with a significant increase over the years (p = 0.007). M. canis was the predominant causative agent (74%), followed by T. violaceum (12%), T. tonsurans (7%) and other rare dermatophyte species (7%). M. canis prevalence decreased from 2014 to 2019 (84% to 67%, p = 0.021) in parallel with a three-fold increase in T. violaceum plus T. tonsurans rates (10% to 32%, p = 0.002). An increasing incidence of TC with a shift towards anthropophilic Trichophyton spp. in Greece could be linked to the immigration flows from different socioeconomic backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanos Charpantidis
- Department of Microbiology, "Elena Venizelou" Maternity Hospital, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Siopi
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, "Attikon" University General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Pappas
- Institute of Continuing Medical Education of Ioannina, 45333 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Theodoridou
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Department of Microbiology, "Andreas Syggros" Hospital for Skin and Venereal Diseases, 16121 Athens, Greece
| | - Constantinos Tsiamis
- Department of Public and Integrated Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - George Samonis
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion Crete, Greece
| | - Stella-Eugenia Chryssou
- Department of Microbiology, "Andreas Syggros" Hospital for Skin and Venereal Diseases, 16121 Athens, Greece
| | - Stamatios Gregoriou
- 1st Department of Dermatology and Venereology, "Andreas Syggros" Hospital for Skin and Venereal Diseases, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 16121 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Rigopoulos
- 1st Department of Dermatology and Venereology, "Andreas Syggros" Hospital for Skin and Venereal Diseases, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 16121 Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Tsakris
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia Vrioni
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Department of Microbiology, "Andreas Syggros" Hospital for Skin and Venereal Diseases, 16121 Athens, Greece
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Corra M. Immigration from Africa to the United States: key insights from recent research. Front Sociol 2023; 8:1171818. [PMID: 37359213 PMCID: PMC10285403 DOI: 10.3389/fsoc.2023.1171818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Immigration from Africa to the United States has increased dramatically in the past three decades. This paper summarizes recent findings on the growth of African immigration to the United States in recent years. In doing so, it highlights shifting sociodemographic profiles of these "new African Americans" or "new Americans," profiling the increasing diversity, yet also racialized portrait of this group. Key patterns of immigration shown include the changing racial and gender composition of immigrants, as well as rising immigration from a wider range of African countries. Some key theoretical and practical implications are outlined.
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48
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Lehtinen RM. Empirical Evidence for the Rescue Effect from a Natural Microcosm. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1907. [PMID: 37370418 DOI: 10.3390/ani13121907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ecological theory predicts that populations which receive immigrants are less vulnerable to extinction than those that do not receive immigrants (the "rescue effect"). A parallel but opposite process may also exist, where emigration increases the risk of local extinction (the "abandon-ship effect"). Using a natural microcosm of plant-specialist frogs from Madagascar, empirical evidence for both processes is provided. Populations receiving immigrants were less extinction-prone than those without immigration, and those populations losing individuals through emigration were more extinction-prone than those in which no emigration occurred. The number of immigrants and emigrants was also elevated and depressed (respectively) in patches that did not go extinct. These data provide some of the first definitive empirical evidence for the rescue effect and provide suggestive initial data on the abandon-ship effect. Both of these processes may be important to understanding the dynamics of populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Lehtinen
- Division of Reptiles and Amphibians, University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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49
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Townsend AK, Jones ML, Chen N, Chivily C, McAndrews C, Clark AB, McGowan KJ, Eimes J. Increased genetic diversity and immigration after West Nile virus emergence in American crows: No evidence for a genetic bottleneck. Mol Ecol 2023. [PMID: 37277931 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases can cause steep declines in wildlife populations, leading to changes in genetic diversity that may affect the susceptibility of individuals to infection and the overall resilience of populations to pathogen outbreaks. Here, we examine evidence for a genetic bottleneck in a population of American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) before and after the emergence of West Nile virus (WNV). More than 50% of marked birds in this population were lost over the 2-year period of the epizootic, representing a 10-fold increase in adult mortality. Using analyses of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and microsatellite markers, we tested for evidence of a genetic bottleneck and compared levels of inbreeding and immigration in the pre- and post-WNV populations. Counter to expectations, genetic diversity (allelic diversity and the number of new alleles) increased after WNV emergence. This was likely due to increases in immigration, as the estimated membership coefficients were lower in the post-WNV population. Simultaneously, however, the frequency of inbreeding appeared to increase: Mean inbreeding coefficients were higher among SNP markers, and heterozygosity-heterozygosity correlations were stronger among microsatellite markers, in the post-WNV population. These results indicate that loss of genetic diversity at the population level is not an inevitable consequence of a population decline, particularly in the presence of gene flow. The changes observed in post-WNV crows could have very different implications for their response to future pathogen risks, potentially making the population as a whole more resilient to a changing pathogen community, while increasing the frequency of inbred individuals with elevated susceptibility to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melissa L Jones
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Nancy Chen
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | | | - Casey McAndrews
- Department of Biology, Hamilton College, Clinton, New York, USA
| | - Anne B Clark
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Kevin J McGowan
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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50
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Fuentes-Balderrama J, Vanderziel A, Parra-Cardona JR. Building a nest in a storm: The impact of immigration-related stress on Latino mothers' parenting. Fam Process 2023; 62:687-701. [PMID: 35698277 PMCID: PMC10371205 DOI: 10.1111/famp.12797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Latina/o immigrant mothers in the United States (U.S.) often experience discrimination, which results in deleterious impacts on their parenting practices. Because of the cumulative impact of immigration-related stress, there is a need for research aimed at identifying specific contextual stressors that have the greatest impact on Latina/o immigrant parenting. Further, given significant barriers to access mental health services, there is an urgency to comprehend how pre-existing family strengths might counteract these parenting shortcomings in Latina/o families. Accordingly, we examined in these investigation-specific pathways through which immigration-related stress affects maternal parenting practices, and how emotional and relational processes within families might act as predecessors to positive parenting practices within a context of adversity. This study is embedded within a larger program of research aimed at culturally adapting evidence-based parenting programs for low-income Latina/o immigrants. Our sample consisted of 71 Mexican-origin Latina/o mothers, residents of an urban setting in the Midwest. According to Bayesian estimated path analysis, immigration-related stress was associated with parenting stress and emotional support, while emotional support, parenting stress, and the co-parenting alliance were associated with positive parenting practices. Indirect effects demonstrate that immigration-related stress is negatively associated with positive parenting practices when mediated by parenting stress and emotional support. Current findings highlight the need to carefully examine the impact of immigration-related stress on the parenting practices of Latina/o immigrant families and the need to inform parent training interventions accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alyssa Vanderziel
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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