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Diaz-Garrido N, Badia J, Baldomà L. Modulation of Dendritic Cells by Microbiota Extracellular Vesicles Influences the Cytokine Profile and Exosome Cargo. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14020344. [PMID: 35057528 PMCID: PMC8778470 DOI: 10.3390/nu14020344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut bacteria release extracellular vesicles (BEVs) as an intercellular communication mechanism that primes the host innate immune system. BEVs from E. coli activate dendritic cells (DCs) and subsequent T-cell responses in a strain-specific manner. The specific immunomodulatory effects were, in part, mediated by differential regulation of miRNAs. This study aimed to deepen understanding of the mechanisms of BEVs to drive specific immune responses by analyzing their impact on DC-secreted cytokines and exosomes. DCs were challenged with BEVs from probiotic and commensal E. coli strains. The ability of DC-secreted factors to activate T-cell responses was assessed by cytokine quantification in indirect DCs/naïve CD4+ T-cells co-cultures on Transwell supports. DC-exosomes were characterized in terms of costimulatory molecules and miRNAs cargo. In the absence of direct cellular contacts, DC-secreted factors triggered secretion of effector cytokines by T-cells with the same trend as direct DC/T-cell co-cultures. The main differences between the strains influenced the production of Th1- and Treg-specific cytokines. Exosomes released by BEV-activated DCs were enriched in surface proteins involved in antigen presentation and T-cell activation, but differed in the content of immune-related miRNA, depending on the origin of the BEVs. These differences were consistent with the derived immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Diaz-Garrido
- Secció de Bioquímica i Biología Molecular, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (N.D.-G.); (J.B.)
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IRSJD), 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josefa Badia
- Secció de Bioquímica i Biología Molecular, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (N.D.-G.); (J.B.)
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IRSJD), 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Baldomà
- Secció de Bioquímica i Biología Molecular, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (N.D.-G.); (J.B.)
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IRSJD), 08950 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence:
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James CA, Xu Y, Aguilar MS, Jing L, Layton ED, Gilleron M, Minnaard AJ, Scriba TJ, Day CL, Warren EH, Koelle DM, Seshadri C. CD4 and CD8 co-receptors modulate functional avidity of CD1b-restricted T cells. Nat Commun 2022; 13:78. [PMID: 35013257 PMCID: PMC8748927 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27764-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells recognize mycobacterial glycolipid (mycolipid) antigens presented by CD1b molecules, but the role of CD4 and CD8 co-receptors in mycolipid recognition is unknown. Here we show CD1b-mycolipid tetramers reveal a hierarchy in which circulating T cells expressing CD4 or CD8 co-receptor stain with a higher tetramer mean fluorescence intensity than CD4-CD8- T cells. CD4+ primary T cells transduced with mycolipid-specific T cell receptors bind CD1b-mycolipid tetramer with a higher fluorescence intensity than CD8+ primary T cells. The presence of either CD4 or CD8 also decreases the threshold for interferon-γ secretion. Co-receptor expression increases surface expression of CD3ε, suggesting a mechanism for increased tetramer binding and activation. Targeted transcriptional profiling of mycolipid-specific T cells from individuals with active tuberculosis reveals canonical markers associated with cytotoxicity among CD8+ compared to CD4+ T cells. Thus, expression of co-receptors modulates T cell receptor avidity for mycobacterial lipids, leading to in vivo functional diversity during tuberculosis disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte A James
- Molecular Medicine and Mechanisms of Disease PhD Program (M3D), Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yuexin Xu
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Lichen Jing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Erik D Layton
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Martine Gilleron
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Adriaan J Minnaard
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas J Scriba
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Cheryl L Day
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Edus H Warren
- Molecular Medicine and Mechanisms of Disease PhD Program (M3D), Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David M Koelle
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chetan Seshadri
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Tuberculosis Research and Training Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Tomás-Cortázar J, Bossi L, Quinn C, Reynolds CJ, Butler DK, Corcoran N, Murchú MÓ, McMahon E, Singh M, Rongkard P, Anguita J, Blanco A, Dunachie SJ, Altmann D, Boyton RJ, Arnold J, Giltaire S, McClean S. BpOmpW Antigen Stimulates the Necessary Protective T-Cell Responses Against Melioidosis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:767359. [PMID: 34966388 PMCID: PMC8710444 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.767359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Melioidosis is a potentially fatal bacterial disease caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei and is estimated to cause 89,000 deaths per year in endemic areas of Southeast Asia and Northern Australia. People with diabetes mellitus are most at risk of melioidosis, with a 12-fold increased susceptibility for severe disease. Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) responses from CD4 and CD8 T cells, but also from natural killer (NK) and natural killer T (NKT) cells, are necessary to eliminate the pathogen. We previously reported that immunization with B. pseudomallei OmpW (BpOmpW antigen) protected mice from lethal B. pseudomallei challenge for up to 81 days. Elucidating the immune correlates of protection of the protective BpOmpW vaccine is an essential step prior to clinical trials. Thus, we immunized either non-insulin-resistant C57BL/6J mice or an insulin-resistant C57BL/6J mouse model of type 2 diabetes (T2D) with a single dose of BpOmpW. BpOmpW induced strong antibody responses, stimulated effector CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells, and produced higher IFN-γ responses in CD4+, CD8+, NK, and NKT cells in non-insulin-resistant mice. The T-cell responses of insulin-resistant mice to BpOmpW were comparable to those of non-insulin-resistant mice. In addition, as a precursor to its evaluation in human studies, humanized HLA-DR and HLA-DQ (human leukocyte antigen DR and DQ isotypes, respectively) transgenic mice elicited IFN-γ recall responses in an enzyme-linked immune absorbent spot (ELISpot)-based study. Moreover, human donor peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) exposed to BpOmpW for 7 days showed T-cell proliferation. Finally, plasma from melioidosis survivors with diabetes recognized our BpOmpW vaccine antigen. Overall, the range of approaches used strongly indicated that BpOmpW elicits the necessary immune responses to combat melioidosis and bring this vaccine closer to clinical trials.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Bacterial Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Bacterial Vaccines/immunology
- Burkholderia pseudomallei/immunology
- Burkholderia pseudomallei/metabolism
- Burkholderia pseudomallei/physiology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/microbiology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/microbiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/immunology
- Humans
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/microbiology
- Male
- Melioidosis/immunology
- Melioidosis/microbiology
- Melioidosis/prevention & control
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/microbiology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/microbiology
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Julen Tomás-Cortázar
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lorenzo Bossi
- Immunxperts SA, a Nexelis Company, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Conor Quinn
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Catherine J. Reynolds
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Lung Division, Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - David K. Butler
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Lung Division, Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Niamh Corcoran
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Maitiú Ó Murchú
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eve McMahon
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mahavir Singh
- LIONEX Diagnostics and Therapeutics GmbH, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Patpong Rongkard
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand
- Oxford Centre for Global Health Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Juan Anguita
- Inflammation and Macrophage Plasticity Lab, CIC bioGUNE-BRTA (Basque Research and Technology Alliance), Derio, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Alfonso Blanco
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Susanna J. Dunachie
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand
- Oxford Centre for Global Health Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Altmann
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Lung Division, Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rosemary J. Boyton
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Lung Division, Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Johan Arnold
- Immunxperts SA, a Nexelis Company, Gosselies, Belgium
| | | | - Siobhán McClean
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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4
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McDaniel Mims B, Enriquez J, Pires dos Santos A, Jones-Hall Y, Dowd S, Furr KL, Grisham MB. Antibiotic administration exacerbates acute graft vs. host disease-induced bone marrow and spleen damage in lymphopenic mice. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254845. [PMID: 34358240 PMCID: PMC8346256 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is a potential cure for certain life-threatening malignant and nonmalignant diseases. However, experimental and clinical studies have demonstrated that pre-transplant myeloablative conditioning damages the gut leading to translocation of intestinal bacteria and the development of acute graft vs. host disease (aGVHD). The overall objective of this study was to determine whether administration of broad spectrum antibiotics (Abx) affects the onset and/or severity of aGVHD in lymphopenic mice that were not subjected to toxic, pre-transplant conditioning. Results We found that treatment of NK cell-depleted recombination activating gene-1-deficient (-NK/RAG) recipients with an Abx cocktail containing vancomycin and neomycin for 7 days prior to and 4 weeks following adoptive transfer of allogeneic CD4+ T cells, exacerbated the development of aGVHD-induced BM failure and spleen damage when compared to untreated–NK/RAG recipients engrafted with syngeneic or allogeneic T cells. Abx-treated mice exhibited severe anemia and monocytopenia as well as marked reductions in BM- and spleen-residing immune cells. Blinded histopathological analysis confirmed that Abx-treated mice engrafted with allogeneic T cells suffered significantly more damage to the BM and spleen than did untreated mice engrafted with allogeneic T cells. Abx-induced exacerbation of BM and spleen damage correlated with a dramatic reduction in fecal bacterial diversity, marked loss of anaerobic bacteria and remarkable expansion of potentially pathogenic bacteria. Conclusions We conclude that continuous Abx treatment may aggravate aGVHD-induced tissue damage by reducing short chain fatty acid-producing anaerobes (e.g. Clostridium, Blautia) and/or by promoting the expansion of pathobionts (e.g. Akkermansia) and opportunistic pathogens (Cronobacter).
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianyell McDaniel Mims
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States of America
| | - Josue Enriquez
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States of America
| | - Andrea Pires dos Santos
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
| | - Yava Jones-Hall
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Scot Dowd
- MR DNA (Molecular Research), Shallowater, TX, United States of America
| | - Kathryn L. Furr
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States of America
| | - Matthew B. Grisham
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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5
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Kiner E, Willie E, Vijaykumar B, Chowdhary K, Schmutz H, Chandler J, Schnell A, Thakore PI, LeGros G, Mostafavi S, Mathis D, Benoist C. Gut CD4 + T cell phenotypes are a continuum molded by microbes, not by T H archetypes. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:216-228. [PMID: 33462454 PMCID: PMC7839314 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-00836-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
CD4+ effector lymphocytes (Teff) are traditionally classified by the cytokines they produce. To determine the states that Teff cells actually adopt in frontline tissues in vivo, we applied single-cell transcriptome and chromatin analyses to colonic Teff cells in germ-free or conventional mice or in mice after challenge with a range of phenotypically biasing microbes. Unexpected subsets were marked by the expression of the interferon (IFN) signature or myeloid-specific transcripts, but transcriptome or chromatin structure could not resolve discrete clusters fitting classic helper T cell (TH) subsets. At baseline or at different times of infection, transcripts encoding cytokines or proteins commonly used as TH markers were distributed in a polarized continuum, which was functionally validated. Clones derived from single progenitors gave rise to both IFN-γ- and interleukin (IL)-17-producing cells. Most of the transcriptional variance was tied to the infecting agent, independent of the cytokines produced, and chromatin variance primarily reflected activities of activator protein (AP)-1 and IFN-regulatory factor (IRF) transcription factor (TF) families, not the canonical subset master regulators T-bet, GATA3 or RORγ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny Kiner
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Immunai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elijah Willie
- Bioinformatics Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brinda Vijaykumar
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kaitavjeet Chowdhary
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hugo Schmutz
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jodie Chandler
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Alexandra Schnell
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pratiksha I Thakore
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Graham LeGros
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Sara Mostafavi
- Departments of Statistics and Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Vector Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Diane Mathis
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Christophe Benoist
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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Barreto-Duarte B, Sterling TR, Fiske CT, Almeida A, Nochowicz CH, Smith RM, Barnett L, Warren C, Blackman A, Lapa e Silva JR, Andrade BB, Kalams SA. Increased Frequency of Memory CD4+ T-Cell Responses in Individuals With Previously Treated Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:605338. [PMID: 33391271 PMCID: PMC7774017 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.605338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extrapulmonary TB (EPTB) occurs with increased frequency in persons with underlying immunodeficiency. Even after recovery from acute illness, differences in immune phenotype and activation persist. Studies defining characteristics of immune responses after recovery from extrapulmonary TB may provide insights into factors that increase TB risk. We performed two case-control studies (in the United States and Brazil) among HIV-seronegative adults with previous EPTB (n = 9; 25), previous pulmonary TB (n = 7; 25), latent M. tuberculosis (Mtb) infection (n = 11; 25), and uninfected TB contacts (n = 10; 25). We assessed the frequency of dual CD4+ interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α responses after stimulation with overlapping Mtb peptides from ESAT-6 or CFP-10, or gamma-irradiated Mtb H37Rv, proliferative responses to Mtb antigens, T-regulatory cell (Treg) frequency and phenotype. In both study populations, individuals with prior EPTB had the highest frequency of intracellular cytokine-producing cells in response to Mtb antigens (p < 0.05; p <.0001). Persons with prior EPTB in Brazil had the highest levels of CD4 proliferation to Mtb antigens (p < 0.0001), and the highest expression of CD39 on Tregs (p < 0.0001). Individuals with treated EPTB maintained high frequencies of Mtb-specific memory responses and active Treg cells, suggesting that susceptibility to EPTB occurs despite the ability to develop and maintain enhanced adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Barreto-Duarte
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
- Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research (MONSTER) Initiative, Salvador, Brazil
- Universidade Salvador (UNIFACS), Laureate Universities, Salvador, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Timothy R. Sterling
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Tuberculosis Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Christina T. Fiske
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Tuberculosis Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Alexandre Almeida
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cynthia H. Nochowicz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Tuberculosis Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Rita M. Smith
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Tuberculosis Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Louise Barnett
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Tuberculosis Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Christian Warren
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Tuberculosis Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Amondrea Blackman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Tuberculosis Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | | | - Bruno B. Andrade
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
- Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research (MONSTER) Initiative, Salvador, Brazil
- Universidade Salvador (UNIFACS), Laureate Universities, Salvador, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Curso de Medicina, Centro Universitário Faculdades de Tecnologia e Ciências (UniFTC), Salvador, Brazil
- Curso de Medicina, Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Spyros A. Kalams
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Tuberculosis Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
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7
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Huang H, Wang C, Rubelt F, Scriba TJ, Davis MM. Analyzing the Mycobacterium tuberculosis immune response by T-cell receptor clustering with GLIPH2 and genome-wide antigen screening. Nat Biotechnol 2020; 38:1194-1202. [PMID: 32341563 PMCID: PMC7541396 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-020-0505-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells are critical to fighting pathogens, but a comprehensive analysis of human T-cell specificities is hindered by the diversity of HLA alleles (>20,000) and the complexity of many pathogen genomes. We previously described GLIPH, an algorithm to cluster T-cell receptors (TCRs) that recognize the same epitope and to predict their HLA restriction, but this method loses efficiency and accuracy when >10,000 TCRs are analyzed. Here we describe an improved algorithm, GLIPH2, that can process millions of TCR sequences. We used GLIPH2 to analyze 19,044 unique TCRβ sequences from 58 individuals latently infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and to group them according to their specificity. To identify the epitopes targeted by clusters of Mtb-specific T cells, we carried out a screen of 3,724 distinct proteins covering 95% of Mtb protein-coding genes using artificial antigen-presenting cells (aAPCs) and reporter T cells. We found that at least five PPE (Pro-Pro-Glu) proteins are targets for T-cell recognition in Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang Huang
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Chunlin Wang
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Florian Rubelt
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Thomas J Scriba
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mark M Davis
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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8
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Yang W, Yu T, Huang X, Bilotta AJ, Xu L, Lu Y, Sun J, Pan F, Zhou J, Zhang W, Yao S, Maynard CL, Singh N, Dann SM, Liu Z, Cong Y. Intestinal microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids regulation of immune cell IL-22 production and gut immunity. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4457. [PMID: 32901017 PMCID: PMC7478978 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18262-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 445] [Impact Index Per Article: 111.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) and CD4+ T cells produce IL-22, which is critical for intestinal immunity. The microbiota is central to IL-22 production in the intestines; however, the factors that regulate IL-22 production by CD4+ T cells and ILCs are not clear. Here, we show that microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) promote IL-22 production by CD4+ T cells and ILCs through G-protein receptor 41 (GPR41) and inhibiting histone deacetylase (HDAC). SCFAs upregulate IL-22 production by promoting aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) expression, which are differentially regulated by mTOR and Stat3. HIF1α binds directly to the Il22 promoter, and SCFAs increase HIF1α binding to the Il22 promoter through histone modification. SCFA supplementation enhances IL-22 production, which protects intestines from inflammation. SCFAs promote human CD4+ T cell IL-22 production. These findings establish the roles of SCFAs in inducing IL-22 production in CD4+ T cells and ILCs to maintain intestinal homeostasis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Butyrates/immunology
- Butyrates/metabolism
- Butyrates/pharmacology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/microbiology
- Citrobacter rodentium
- Colitis/immunology
- Colitis/microbiology
- Colitis/prevention & control
- Enterobacteriaceae Infections/immunology
- Enterobacteriaceae Infections/microbiology
- Enterobacteriaceae Infections/prevention & control
- Fatty Acids, Volatile/immunology
- Fatty Acids, Volatile/metabolism
- Fatty Acids, Volatile/pharmacology
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome/immunology
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome/physiology
- Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Humans
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/metabolism
- Immunity, Innate
- In Vitro Techniques
- Interleukins/biosynthesis
- Interleukins/deficiency
- Interleukins/genetics
- Lymphocytes/drug effects
- Lymphocytes/immunology
- Lymphocytes/microbiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Interleukin-22
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Tianming Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, 200072, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangsheng Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Anthony J Bilotta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Leiqi Xu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Yao Lu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Jiaren Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Fan Pan
- Immunology and Hematopoiesis Division, Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Jia Zhou
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Wenbo Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Suxia Yao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Craig L Maynard
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Nagendra Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Sara M Dann
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Zhanju Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, 200072, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingzi Cong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
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9
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Cheng Y, Kiene NJ, Tatarian A, Eix EF, Schorey JS. Host cytosolic RNA sensing pathway promotes T Lymphocyte-mediated mycobacterial killing in macrophages. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008569. [PMID: 32463840 PMCID: PMC7282665 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterial infection leads to activation of the RIG-I/MAVS/TBK1 RNA sensing pathway in macrophages but the consequences of this activation remains poorly defined. In this study, we determined that activation of this RNA sensing pathway stimulates ICAM-1 expression in M.avium-infected macrophage through the inhibition of the E3 ubiquitin ligase CRL4COP1/DET1. CRL4 when active targets the transcription factor ETV5 for degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. In the absence of the ETV5 transcription factor, ICAM-1 expression is significantly decreased. The M.avium-induced ICAM-1 production is required for the formation of immune synapse between infected macrophages and antigen-specific CD4+ T lymphocytes, and is essential for CD4+ T lymphocyte-mediated mycobacterial killing in vitro and in mice. This study demonstrates a previously undefined mechanism by which a host cytosolic RNA sensing pathway contributes to the interplay between mycobacteria infected macrophages and antigen-specific T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Cheng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Nicholas J. Kiene
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Alexandra Tatarian
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Emily F. Eix
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey S. Schorey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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10
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Bucşan AN, Chatterjee A, Singh DK, Foreman TW, Lee TH, Threeton B, Kirkpatrick MG, Ahmed M, Golden N, Alvarez X, Hoxie JA, Mehra S, Rengarajan J, Khader SA, Kaushal D. Mechanisms of reactivation of latent tuberculosis infection due to SIV coinfection. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:5254-5260. [PMID: 31479428 PMCID: PMC6877319 DOI: 10.1172/jci125810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV is a major driver of tuberculosis (TB) reactivation. Depletion of CD4+ T cells is assumed to be the basis behind TB reactivation in individuals with latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) coinfected with HIV. Nonhuman primates (NHPs) coinfected with a mutant simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVΔGY) that does not cause depletion of tissue CD4+ T cells during infection failed to reactivate TB. To investigate the contribution of CD4+ T cell depletion relative to other mechanisms of SIV-induced reactivation of LTBI, we used CD4R1 antibody to deplete CD4+ T cells in animals with LTBI without lentiviral infection. The mere depletion of CD4+ T cells during LTBI was insufficient in generating reactivation of LTBI. Instead, direct cytopathic effects of SIV resulting in chronic immune activation, along with the altered effector T cell phenotypes and dysregulated T cell homeostasis, were likely mediators of reactivation of LTBI. These results revealed important implications for TB control in HIV-coinfected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ayan Chatterjee
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Dhiraj K. Singh
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | | | - Tae-Hyung Lee
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Breanna Threeton
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | | | - Mushtaq Ahmed
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Nadia Golden
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Xavier Alvarez
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - James A. Hoxie
- Hematology-Oncology Division, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Smriti Mehra
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Jyothi Rengarajan
- Emory Vaccine Center and
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Shabaana A. Khader
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Deepak Kaushal
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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11
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Singh AK, Curtiss R, Sun W. A Recombinant Attenuated Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Vaccine Delivering a Y. pestis YopE Nt138-LcrV Fusion Elicits Broad Protection against Plague and Yersiniosis in Mice. Infect Immun 2019; 87:e00296-19. [PMID: 31331960 PMCID: PMC6759313 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00296-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a novel recombinant attenuated Yersinia pseudotuberculosis PB1+ strain (χ10069) engineered with ΔyopK ΔyopJ Δasd triple mutations was used to deliver a Y. pestis fusion protein, YopE amino acid 1 to 138-LcrV (YopENt138-LcrV), to Swiss Webster mice as a protective antigen against infections by yersiniae. χ10069 bacteria harboring the pYA5199 plasmid constitutively synthesized the YopENt138-LcrV fusion protein and secreted it via the type 3 secretion system (T3SS) at 37°C under calcium-deprived conditions. The attenuated strain χ10069(pYA5199) was manifested by the establishment of controlled infection in different tissues without developing conspicuous signs of disease in histopathological analysis of microtome sections. A single-dose oral immunization of χ10069(pYA5199) induced strong serum antibody titers (log10 mean value, 4.2), secretory IgA in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid from immunized mice, and Yersinia-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells producing high levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), gamma interferon (IFN-γ), and interleukin 2 (IL-2), as well as IL-17, in both lungs and spleens of immunized mice, conferring comprehensive Th1- and Th2-mediated immune responses and protection against bubonic and pneumonic plague challenges, with 80% and 90% survival, respectively. Mice immunized with χ10069(pYA5199) also exhibited complete protection against lethal oral infections by Yersinia enterocolitica WA and Y. pseudotuberculosis PB1+. These findings indicated that χ10069(pYA5199) as an oral vaccine induces protective immunity to prevent bubonic and pneumonic plague, as well as yersiniosis, in mice and would be a promising oral vaccine candidate for protection against plague and yersiniosis for human and veterinary applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit K Singh
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Roy Curtiss
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
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12
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Aulicino A, Rue-Albrecht KC, Preciado-Llanes L, Napolitani G, Ashley N, Cribbs A, Koth J, Lagerholm BC, Ambrose T, Gordon MA, Sims D, Simmons A. Invasive Salmonella exploits divergent immune evasion strategies in infected and bystander dendritic cell subsets. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4883. [PMID: 30451854 PMCID: PMC6242960 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07329-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) are highly prevalent food-borne pathogens. Recently, a highly invasive, multi-drug resistant S. Typhimurium, ST313, emerged as a major cause of bacteraemia in children and immunosuppressed adults, however the pathogenic mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we utilize invasive and non-invasive Salmonella strains combined with single-cell RNA-sequencing to study the transcriptome of individual infected and bystander monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs) implicated in disseminating invasive ST313. Compared with non-invasive Salmonella, ST313 directs a highly heterogeneous innate immune response. Bystander MoDCs exhibit a hyper-activated profile potentially diverting adaptive immunity away from infected cells. MoDCs harbouring invasive Salmonella display higher expression of IL10 and MARCH1 concomitant with lower expression of CD83 to evade adaptive immune detection. Finally, we demonstrate how these mechanisms conjointly restrain MoDC-mediated activation of Salmonella-specific CD4+ T cell clones. Here, we show how invasive ST313 exploits discrete evasion strategies within infected and bystander MoDCs to mediate its dissemination in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Aulicino
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Kevin C Rue-Albrecht
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Lorena Preciado-Llanes
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Giorgio Napolitani
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Neil Ashley
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford and BRC Blood Theme, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Centre, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Adam Cribbs
- MRC WIMM Centre for Computational Biology, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Jana Koth
- MRC Human Immunology Unit and Wolfson Imaging Centre, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - B Christoffer Lagerholm
- MRC Human Immunology Unit and Wolfson Imaging Centre, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Tim Ambrose
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Melita A Gordon
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, 8 W Derby St, Liverpool, L7 3EA, UK
- Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - David Sims
- MRC WIMM Centre for Computational Biology, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Alison Simmons
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.
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13
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Ahmed A, Adiga V, Nayak S, Uday Kumar JAJ, Dhar C, Sahoo PN, Sundararaj BK, Souza GD, Vyakarnam A. Circulating HLA-DR+CD4+ effector memory T cells resistant to CCR5 and PD-L1 mediated suppression compromise regulatory T cell function in tuberculosis. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007289. [PMID: 30231065 PMCID: PMC6166982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic T cell activation is a hallmark of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). The mechanisms underpinning this important phenomenon are however, poorly elucidated, though known to rely on control of T effector cells (Teff) by regulatory T cells (Treg). Our studies show that circulating natural Treg cells in adults with PTB preserve their suppressive potential but Teff cells from such subjects are resistant to Treg-mediated suppression. We found this to be due to expansion of an activated Teff subset identified by Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)-DR expression. Sensitivity to suppression was restored to control levels by depletion of this subset. Comparative transcriptome analysis of Teff cells that contain HLA-DR+ cells versus the fraction depleted of this population identified putative resistance mechanisms linked to IFNG, IL17A, IL22, PD-L1 and β-chemokines CCL3L3, CCL4 expression. Antibody blocking experiments confirmed HLA-DR+ Teff cells, but not the fraction depleted of HLA-DR+ effectors, to be resistant to Treg suppression mediated via CCR5 and PD-L1 associated pathways. In the presence of HLA-DR+ Teff cells, activation of NFκB downstream of CCR5 and PD-L1 was perturbed. In addition, HLA-DR+ Teff cells expressed significantly higher levels of Th1/Th17 cytokines that may regulate Treg function through a reciprocal counter-balancing relationship. Taken together, our study provides novel insight on how activated HLA-DR+CD4+ T cells may contribute to disease associated inflammation by compromising Treg-mediated suppression in PTB. An important marker of progression to PTB following Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection in humans is elevated frequencies of HLA-DR+CD4+ T cells, reflecting chronic T cell activation. However, the mechanisms by which activated HLA-DR+CD4+ T cells contribute to disease process is not known. We show that CD25- HLA-DR+CD4+ memory Teff from PTB patients are resistant to suppression mediated by Treg cells. An unbiased transcriptome analysis identified several key pathways that contribute to this resistance. Specifically, presence of HLA-DR+CD4+ T cells renders the effector population resistant to CCR5 and PD-L1 mediated suppression by Treg cells. In addition, the HLA-DR+CD4+ memory Teff cells express elevated levels of Th1/Th17 cytokines known to counter-regulate and dampen Treg suppression. These findings provide fresh insight to disease process in TB and identify HLA-DR+ Teff resistant to Treg suppression as a potential functional marker of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Ahmed
- Laboratory of Immunology of HIV-TB co-infection, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Vasista Adiga
- Laboratory of Immunology of HIV-TB co-infection, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Soumya Nayak
- Laboratory of Immunology of HIV-TB co-infection, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Chirag Dhar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, St John’s Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - Pravat Nalini Sahoo
- Laboratory of Immunology of HIV-TB co-infection, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Bharath K. Sundararaj
- Laboratory of Immunology of HIV-TB co-infection, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - George D. Souza
- Dept. of Pulmonary Medicine & Division of Infectious Diseases, St John’s Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - Annapurna Vyakarnam
- Laboratory of Immunology of HIV-TB co-infection, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King’s College London, London, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, Guy's Campus, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: ,
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14
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Zhang R, Li S, Zhang XK, Wang Y, Yang LY, Zeng H, Yan DP, Zou QM, Zuo QF. Mechanisms of fibronectin-binding protein A (FnBPA 110-263) vaccine efficacy in Staphylococcus aureus sepsis versus skin infection. Clin Immunol 2018; 194:1-8. [PMID: 29906512 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Increasing rates of life-threatening infections and decreasing susceptibility to antibiotics urge an effective vaccine targeting Staphylococcus aureus. Here we investigate the role of cellular immunity in FnBPA110-263 mediated protection in Staphylococcus aureus infection. This study revealed FnBPA110-263 broadly protected mice from seven FnBPA isotypes strains in the sepsis model. FnBPA110-263 immunized B-cell deficient mice were protected against lethal challenge, while T-cell deficient mice were not. Reconstituting mice with FnBPA110-263 specific CD4+ T-cells conferred antigen specific protection. In vitro assays indicated that isolated FnBPA110-263 specific splenocytes from immunized mice produced abundant IL-17A. IL-17A deficient mice were not protected from a lethal challenge by FnBPA110-263 vaccination. Moreover, neutralizing IL-17A, but not IFN-γ,reverses FnBPA110-263-induced protective efficacy in sepsis and skin infection model. These findings suggest that IL-17A producing Th17 cells play an essential role in FnBPA110-263 vaccine-mediated defense against S. aureus sepsis and skin infection in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory, ChengDu Military General Hospital, Chengdu 610083, PR China
| | - Sun Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Xiao-Kai Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Yu Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Liu-Yang Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Hao Zeng
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Da-Peng Yan
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Quan-Ming Zou
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China..
| | - Qian-Fei Zuo
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China..
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15
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Kuroda MJ, Sugimoto C, Cai Y, Merino KM, Mehra S, Araínga M, Roy CJ, Midkiff CC, Alvarez X, Didier ES, Kaushal D. High Turnover of Tissue Macrophages Contributes to Tuberculosis Reactivation in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Rhesus Macaques. J Infect Dis 2018; 217:1865-1874. [PMID: 29432596 PMCID: PMC5972562 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) profoundly affect the immune system and synergistically accelerate disease progression. It is believed that CD4+ T-cell depletion by HIV is the major cause of immunodeficiency and reactivation of latent TB. Previous studies demonstrated that blood monocyte turnover concurrent with tissue macrophage death from virus infection better predicted AIDS onset than CD4+ T-cell depletion in macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). Methods In this study, we describe the contribution of macrophages to the pathogenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)/SIV coinfection in a rhesus macaque model using in vivo BrdU labeling, immunostaining, flow cytometry, and confocal microscopy. Results We found that increased monocyte and macrophage turnover and levels of SIV-infected lung macrophages correlated with TB reactivation. All Mtb/SIV-coinfected monkeys exhibited declines in CD4+ T cells regardless of reactivation or latency outcomes, negating lower CD4+ T-cell levels as a primary cause of Mtb reactivation. Conclusions Results suggest that SIV-related damage to macrophages contributes to Mtb reactivation during coinfection. This also supports strategies to target lung macrophages for the treatment of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo J Kuroda
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Chie Sugimoto
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Yanhui Cai
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Kristen M Merino
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Smriti Mehra
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
- Center for Experimental Infectious Diseases Research, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Mariluz Araínga
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Chad J Roy
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Cecily C Midkiff
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Xavier Alvarez
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Elizabeth S Didier
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Deepak Kaushal
- Division of Bacteriology and Parasitology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
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16
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Liu Y, Ou Q, Liu Q, Gao Y, Wu J, Zhang B, Weng X, Shao L, Zhang W. The expressions and roles of different forms of IL-22 in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2017; 107:95-103. [PMID: 29050778 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite evidence suggesting an anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis effector function of CD4+ T cells that produce and retain IL-22 in macaques, the general role of IL-22 in tuberculosis infection is still poorly characterized. To explore the immune mechanism in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis in humans, here we evaluated different forms of IL-22 in populations with different tuberculosis infection statuses. We enrolled 156 subjects including 49 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, 27 patients with tuberculous pleurisy (TPE), 38 individuals with latent tuberculous infection (LTBI) and 42 healthy controls (HC). We found significantly higher IL-22 levels at the tuberculosis infection site than in the peripheral blood as well as higher antigen-specific IL-22 levels in the culture supernatant for patients with active tuberculosis than in healthy controls. The proportions of IL-22 + CD4+ T and IL-22 + CD8+ T cells in patients with active tuberculosis were significantly higher than those in the latent tuberculosis infection group and the healthy control group, based on intracellular cytokine staining. However, surprisingly, we found membrane-bound IL-22+ T cells, including CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells, by surface staining, especially in patients with active tuberculosis. Furthermore, the expression of membrane-bound IL-22 significantly decreased after drug therapy. In conclusion, our results suggest that IL-22 has various roles in tuberculosis immune responses. In particular, membrane-bound IL-22+ T cells may play important roles in the human immune response to Mycobacterium.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antitubercular Agents/therapeutic use
- Biomarkers/blood
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/microbiology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/microbiology
- Case-Control Studies
- Cell Membrane/immunology
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cell Membrane/microbiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Female
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Humans
- Interleukins/blood
- Interleukins/immunology
- Latent Tuberculosis/blood
- Latent Tuberculosis/drug therapy
- Latent Tuberculosis/immunology
- Latent Tuberculosis/microbiology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/immunology
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/pathogenicity
- Tuberculosis, Pleural/blood
- Tuberculosis, Pleural/drug therapy
- Tuberculosis, Pleural/immunology
- Tuberculosis, Pleural/microbiology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/blood
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/drug therapy
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/immunology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/microbiology
- Young Adult
- Interleukin-22
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Qinfang Ou
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Wuxi No. 5 People's Hospital, Wuxi 214005, China
| | - Qianqian Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Bingyan Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Xinhua Weng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Lingyun Shao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
| | - Wenhong Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Ministry of Education and Health, Shanghai Medical College, and Institutes of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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17
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Chancellor A, White A, Tocheva AS, Fenn JR, Dennis M, Tezera L, Singhania A, Elliott T, Tebruegge M, Elkington P, Gadola S, Sharpe S, Mansour S. Quantitative and qualitative iNKT repertoire associations with disease susceptibility and outcome in macaque tuberculosis infection. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2017; 105:86-95. [PMID: 28610792 PMCID: PMC6168056 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Correlates of immune protection that reliably predict vaccine efficacy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection are urgently needed. Invariant NKT cells (iNKTs) are CD1d-dependent innate T cells that augment host antimicrobial immunity through production of cytokines, including interferon (IFN)-γ and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α. We determined peripheral blood iNKT numbers, their proliferative responses and iNKT subset proportions after in vitro antigen expansion by α-galactosylceramide (αGC) in a large cohort of mycobacteria-naïve non-human primates, and macaques from Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine and Mtb challenge studies. Animals studied included four genetically distinct groups of macaques within cynomolgus and rhesus species that differ in their susceptibility to Mtb infection. We demonstrate significant differences in ex vivo iNKT frequency between groups, which trends towards an association with susceptibility to Mtb, but no significant difference in overall iNKT proliferative responses. Susceptible animals exhibited a skewed CD4+/CD8+ iNKT subset ratio in comparison to more Mtb-resistant groups. Correlation of iNKT subsets post BCG vaccination with clinical disease manifestations following Mtb challenge in the Chinese cynomolgus and Indian rhesus macaques identified a consistent trend linking increased CD8+ iNKTs with favourable disease outcome. Finally, a similar iNKT profile was conferred by BCG vaccination in rhesus macaques. Our study provides the first detailed characterisation of iNKT cells in macaque tuberculosis infection, suggesting that iNKT repertoire differences may impact on disease outcome, which warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Chancellor
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew White
- Public Health England, National Infections Service, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Anna S Tocheva
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Joe R Fenn
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Dennis
- Public Health England, National Infections Service, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Liku Tezera
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Akul Singhania
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Elliott
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Tebruegge
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom; Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Global Health Research Institute, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Elkington
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom; Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Global Health Research Institute, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Stephan Gadola
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom; Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; F.Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sally Sharpe
- Public Health England, National Infections Service, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Salah Mansour
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom; Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.
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18
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Grayson KM, Blevins LK, Oliver MB, Ornelles DA, Swords WE, Alexander-Miller MA. Activation-dependent modulation of Streptococcus pneumoniae-mediated death in human lymphocytes. Pathog Dis 2017; 75:2966467. [PMID: 28158464 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftx008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn) is a leading cause of community-acquired pneumonia, with infants and the elderly exhibiting significant susceptibility to the development of severe disease. A growing body of evidence supports the ability of Spn to negatively regulate the host response to infection, e.g. the capacity to induce death in numerous cell types. However, our understanding of the ability of Spn to directly impact lymphocytes remains limited. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that lymphocyte type and activation state influences the susceptibility to pneumococcus-mediated death. We show that in the resting state, CD4+ T cells exhibit a modestly increased susceptibility to Spn-induced death compared to CD8+ T cells or NK cells. In the presence of activating stimuli, the situation most reflective of what would occur in vivo during infection, all subsets demonstrated a significant increase in sensitivity to Spn-mediated death. Importantly, the activated subsets diverged dramatically in susceptibility with natural killer cells exhibiting an 8.6-fold greater sensitivity to pneumococcal components compared to the T-cell subsets. These results significantly expand our understanding of the capacity for pneumococcus to negatively regulate lymphocytes.
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19
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Abstract
Emerging evidence shows that microbe interactions with the host immune system impact diverse aspects of cancer development and treatment. As a result, exciting new opportunities exist for engineering diets and microbe cocktails to lower cancer risks with fewer adverse clinical effects than traditional strategies. Microbe-based therapies may ultimately be used to reinforce host immune balance and extinguish cancer for generations to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Erdman
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Theofilos Poutahidis
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
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20
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Yoder AC, Guo K, Dillon SM, Phang T, Lee EJ, Harper MS, Helm K, Kappes JC, Ochsenbauer C, McCarter MD, Wilson CC, Santiago ML. The transcriptome of HIV-1 infected intestinal CD4+ T cells exposed to enteric bacteria. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006226. [PMID: 28241075 PMCID: PMC5344538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Global transcriptome studies can help pinpoint key cellular pathways exploited by viruses to replicate and cause pathogenesis. Previous data showed that laboratory-adapted HIV-1 triggers significant gene expression changes in CD4+ T cell lines and mitogen-activated CD4+ T cells from peripheral blood. However, HIV-1 primarily targets mucosal compartments during acute infection in vivo. Moreover, early HIV-1 infection causes extensive depletion of CD4+ T cells in the gastrointestinal tract that herald persistent inflammation due to the translocation of enteric microbes to the systemic circulation. Here, we profiled the transcriptome of primary intestinal CD4+ T cells infected ex vivo with transmitted/founder (TF) HIV-1. Infections were performed in the presence or absence of Prevotella stercorea, a gut microbe enriched in the mucosa of HIV-1-infected individuals that enhanced both TF HIV-1 replication and CD4+ T cell death ex vivo. In the absence of bacteria, HIV-1 triggered a cellular shutdown response involving the downregulation of HIV-1 reactome genes, while perturbing genes linked to OX40, PPAR and FOXO3 signaling. However, in the presence of bacteria, HIV-1 did not perturb these gene sets or pathways. Instead, HIV-1 enhanced granzyme expression and Th17 cell function, inhibited G1/S cell cycle checkpoint genes and triggered downstream cell death pathways in microbe-exposed gut CD4+ T cells. To gain insights on these differential effects, we profiled the gene expression landscape of HIV-1-uninfected gut CD4+ T cells exposed to bacteria. Microbial exposure upregulated genes involved in cellular proliferation, MAPK activation, Th17 cell differentiation and type I interferon signaling. Our findings reveal that microbial exposure influenced how HIV-1 altered the gut CD4+ T cell transcriptome, with potential consequences for HIV-1 susceptibility, cell survival and inflammation. The HIV-1- and microbe-altered pathways unraveled here may serve as a molecular blueprint to gain basic insights in mucosal HIV-1 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyson C. Yoder
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Kejun Guo
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Stephanie M. Dillon
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Tzu Phang
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
- The Cancer Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Eric J. Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Harper
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Karen Helm
- The Cancer Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - John C. Kappes
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
- Center for AIDS Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Christina Ochsenbauer
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
- Center for AIDS Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Martin D. McCarter
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Cara C. Wilson
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MLS); (CCW)
| | - Mario L. Santiago
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MLS); (CCW)
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21
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Chukwuanukwu RC, Onyenekwe CC, Martinez‐Pomares L, Flynn R, Singh S, Amilo GI, Agbakoba NR, Okoye JO. Modulation of the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis during malaria/M. tuberculosis co-infection. Clin Exp Immunol 2017; 187:259-268. [PMID: 27577087 PMCID: PMC5217870 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) causes significant morbidity and mortality on a global scale. The African region has 24% of the world's TB cases. TB overlaps with other infectious diseases such as malaria and HIV, which are also highly prevalent in the African region. TB is a leading cause of death among HIV-positive patients and co-infection with HIV and TB has been described as a syndemic. In view of the overlapping epidemiology of these diseases, it is important to understand the dynamics of the immune response to TB in the context of co-infection. We investigated the cytokine response to purified protein derivative (PPD) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from TB patients co-infected with HIV or malaria and compared it to that of malaria- and HIV-free TB patients. A total of 231 subjects were recruited for this study and classified into six groups; untreated TB-positive, TB positive subjects on TB drugs, TB- and HIV-positive, TB- and malaria-positive, latent TB and apparently healthy control subjects. Our results demonstrate maintenance of interferon (IFN)-γ production in HIV and malaria co-infected TB patients in spite of lower CD4 counts in the HIV-infected cohort. Malaria co-infection caused an increase in the production of the T helper type 2 (Th2)-associated cytokine interleukin (IL)-4 and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in PPD-stimulated cultures. These results suggest that malaria co-infection diverts immune response against M. tuberculosis towards a Th-2/anti-inflammatory response which might have important consequences for disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. C. Chukwuanukwu
- Medical Laboratory Science DepartmentNnamdi Azikiwe UniversityNnewi CampusNigeria
| | - C. C. Onyenekwe
- Medical Laboratory Science DepartmentNnamdi Azikiwe UniversityNnewi CampusNigeria
| | | | - R. Flynn
- School of Veterinary Medicine and ScienceUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - S. Singh
- School of LifeUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - G. I. Amilo
- Haematology DepartmentNnamdi Azikiwe UniversityNnewi CampusNigeria
| | - N. R. Agbakoba
- Medical Laboratory Science DepartmentNnamdi Azikiwe UniversityNnewi CampusNigeria
| | - J. O. Okoye
- Medical Laboratory Science DepartmentNnamdi Azikiwe UniversityNnewi CampusNigeria
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22
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Moderzynski K, Papp S, Rauch J, Heine L, Kuehl S, Richardt U, Fleischer B, Osterloh A. CD4+ T Cells Are as Protective as CD8+ T Cells against Rickettsia typhi Infection by Activating Macrophage Bactericidal Activity. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0005089. [PMID: 27875529 PMCID: PMC5119731 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rickettsia typhi is an intracellular bacterium that causes endemic typhus, a febrile disease that can be fatal due to complications including pneumonia, hepatitis and meningoencephalitis, the latter being a regular outcome in T and B cell-deficient C57BL/6 RAG1-/- mice upon Rickettsia typhi infection. Here, we show that CD4+ TH1 cells that are generated in C57BL/6 mice upon R. typhi infection are as protective as cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. CD4+- as well as CD8+-deficient C57BL/6 survived the infection without showing symptoms of disease at any point in time. Moreover, adoptively transferred CD8+ and CD4+ immune T cells entered the CNS of C57BL/6 RAG1-/- mice with advanced infection and both eradicated the bacteria. However, immune CD4+ T cells protected only approximately 60% of the animals from death. They induced the expression of iNOS in infiltrating macrophages as well as in resident microglia in the CNS which can contribute to bacterial killing but also accelerate pathology. In vitro immune CD4+ T cells inhibited bacterial growth in infected macrophages which was in part mediated by the release of IFNγ. Collectively, our data demonstrate that CD4+ T cells are as protective as CD8+ T cells against R. typhi, provided that CD4+ TH1 effector cells are present in time to support bactericidal activity of phagocytes via the release of IFNγ and other factors. With regard to vaccination against TG Rickettsiae, our findings suggest that the induction of CD4+ TH1 effector cells is sufficient for protection. Endemic typhus caused by Rickettsia typhi usually is a relatively mild disease. However, CNS inflammation and neurological symptoms are complications that can occur in severe cases. This outcome of disease is regularly observed in T and B cell-deficient C57BL/6 RAG1-/- mice upon infection with R. typhi. We show here that CD4+ T cells are as protective as cytotoxic CD8+ T cells against R. typhi as long as they are present in time. This is evidenced by the fact that neither CD8+ nor CD4+ T cell-deficient C57BL/6 mice develop disease which is also true for R. typhi-infected C57BL/6 RAG1-/- mice that receive immune CD8+ or CD4+ at an early point in time. Moreover, adoptive transfer of immune CD4+ T cells still protects approximately 60% of C57BL/6 RAG1-/- mice when applied later in advanced infection when the bacteria start to rise. Although CD8+ T cells are faster and more efficient in bacterial elimination, R. typhi is not detectable in CD4+ T cell recipients anymore. We further show that immune CD4+ T cells activate bactericidal functions of microglia and macrophages in the CNS in vivo and inhibit bacterial growth in infected macrophages in vitro which is in part mediated by the release of IFNγ. Collectively, we demonstrate for the first time that CD4+ T cells alone are sufficient to protect against R. typhi infection. With regard to vaccination our findings suggest that the induction of R. typhi-specific CD4+ TH1 effector T cells may be as effective as the much more difficult targeting of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Moderzynski
- Department of Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Papp
- Department of Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jessica Rauch
- Department of Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Liza Heine
- Department of Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Svenja Kuehl
- Department of Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ulricke Richardt
- Department of Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Fleischer
- Department of Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anke Osterloh
- Department of Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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23
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Diedrich CR, O'Hern J, Gutierrez MG, Allie N, Papier P, Meintjes G, Coussens AK, Wainwright H, Wilkinson RJ. Relationship Between HIV Coinfection, Interleukin 10 Production, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Human Lymph Node Granulomas. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:1309-1318. [PMID: 27462092 PMCID: PMC5079364 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV)-infected persons are more susceptible to tuberculosis than HIV-uninfected persons. Low peripheral CD4+ T-cell count is not the sole cause of higher susceptibility, because HIV-infected persons with a high peripheral CD4+ T-cell count and those prescribed successful antiretroviral therapy (ART) remain more prone to active tuberculosis than HIV-uninfected persons. We hypothesized that the increase in susceptibility is caused by the ability of HIV to manipulate Mycobacterium tuberculosis-associated granulomas. METHODS We examined 71 excised cervical lymph nodes (LNs) from persons with HIV and M. tuberculosis coinfection, those with HIV monoinfection, and those with M. tuberculosis monoinfection with a spectrum of peripheral CD4+ T-cell counts and ART statuses. We quantified differences in M. tuberculosis levels, HIV p24 levels, cellular response, and cytokine presence within granulomas. RESULTS HIV increased M. tuberculosis numbers and reduced CD4+ T-cell counts within granulomas. Peripheral CD4+ T-cell depletion correlated with granulomas that contained fewer CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, less interferon γ, more neutrophils, more interleukin 10 (IL-10), and increased M. tuberculosis numbers. M. tuberculosis numbers correlated positively with IL-10 and interferon α levels and fewer CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. ART reduced IL-10 production. CONCLUSIONS Peripheral CD4+ T-cell depletion correlated with increased M. tuberculosis presence, increased IL-10 production, and other phenotypic changes within granulomas, demonstrating the HIV infection progressively changes these granulomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin R Diedrich
- Clinical Infectious Diseases Research Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine
| | - Jennifer O'Hern
- Clinical Infectious Diseases Research Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine
| | | | | | | | - Graeme Meintjes
- Clinical Infectious Diseases Research Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anna K Coussens
- Clinical Infectious Diseases Research Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine
| | - Helen Wainwright
- Division of Anatomical Pathology
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Robert J Wilkinson
- Clinical Infectious Diseases Research Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
- Francis Crick Institute Mill Hill Laboratory
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
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24
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Abstract
Trillions of beneficial bacteria inhabit the intestinal tract of healthy mammals from birth. Accordingly, mammalian hosts have evolved a series of complementary and redundant pathways to limit pathologic immune responses against these bacteria, while simultaneously protecting against enteric pathogen invasion. These pathways can be generically responsive to the presence of any commensal bacteria and innate in nature, as for IL-22-related pathways. Alternatively, specific bacterial antigens can drive a distinct set of adaptive immune cell responses, including IgA affinity maturation and secretion, and a recently described pathway of intestinal selection whereby MHCII(+) ILC3 deletes commensal bacteria-reactive CD4 T cells. These pathways can either promote or inhibit colonization by specific subsets of commensal bacteria, and cooperatively maintain intestinal homeostasis. In this review, we will highlight recent developments in understanding how these diverse pathways complement each other to cooperatively shape the symbiotic relationship between commensal bacteria and mammalian hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Bessman
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gregory F Sonnenberg
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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25
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Seiffart V, Zoeller J, Klopfleisch R, Wadwa M, Hansen W, Buer J, Riedel C, Westendorf AM. IL10-Deficiency in CD4⁺ T Cells Exacerbates the IFNγ and IL17 Response During Bacteria Induced Colitis. Cell Physiol Biochem 2016; 36:1259-73. [PMID: 26160212 DOI: 10.1159/000430295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS IL10 is a key inhibitor of effector T cell activation and a mediator of intestinal homeostasis. In addition, IL10 has emerged as a key immunoregulator during infection with various pathogens, ameliorating the excessive T-cell responses that are responsible for much of the immunopathology associated with the infection. Because IL10 plays an important role in both intestinal homeostasis and infection, we studied the function of IL10 in infection-associated intestinal inflammation. METHODS Wildtype mice and mice deficient in CD4+ T cell-derived or regulatory T cells-derived IL10 were infected with the enteric pathogen Citrobacter (C.) rodentium and analyzed for the specific immune response and pathogloy in the colon. RESULTS We found that IL10 expression is upregulated in colonic tissue after infection with C. rodentium, especially in CD4+ T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. Whereas the deletion of IL10 in regulatory T cells had no effect on C. rodentium induced colitis, infection of mice deficient in CD4+ T cell-derived IL10 exhibited faster clearance of the bacterial burden but worse colitis, crypt hyperplasia, and pathology than did WT mice. In addition, the depletion of CD4+ T cell-derived IL10 in infected animals was accompanied by an accelerated IFNγ and IL17 response in the colon. CONCLUSION Thus, we conclude that CD4+ T cell-derived IL10 is strongly involved in the control of C. rodentium-induced colitis. Interference with this network could have implications for the treatment of infection-associated intestinal inflammation.
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Jones C, Sadarangani M, Lewis S, Payne I, Saleem M, Derrick JP, Pollard AJ. Characterisation of the Immunomodulatory Effects of Meningococcal Opa Proteins on Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells and CD4+ T Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154153. [PMID: 27111850 PMCID: PMC4844130 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Opa proteins are major surface-expressed proteins located in the Neisseria meningitidis outer membrane, and are potential meningococcal vaccine candidates. Although Opa proteins elicit high levels of bactericidal antibodies following immunisation in mice, progress towards human clinical trials has been delayed due to previous findings that Opa inhibits T cell proliferation in some in vitro assays. However, results from previous studies are conflicting, with different Opa preparations and culture conditions being used. We investigated the effects of various Opa+ and Opa- antigens from N. meningitidis strain H44/76 in a range of in vitro conditions using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and purified CD4+ T cells, measuring T cell proliferation by CFSE dilution using flow cytometry. Wild type recombinant and liposomal Opa proteins inhibited CD4+ T cell proliferation after stimulation with IL-2, anti-CD3 and anti-CD28, and these effects were reduced by mutation of the CEACAM1-binding region of Opa. These effects were not observed in culture with ex vivo PBMCs. Opa+ and Opa- OMVs did not consistently exert a stimulatory or inhibitory effect across different culture conditions. These data do not support a hypothesis that Opa proteins would be inhibitory to T cells if given as a vaccine component, and T cell immune responses to OMV vaccines are unlikely to be significantly affected by the presence of Opa proteins.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, Bacterial/genetics
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Antigens, Bacterial/pharmacology
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/pharmacology
- Binding Sites
- CD28 Antigens/antagonists & inhibitors
- CD28 Antigens/genetics
- CD28 Antigens/immunology
- CD3 Complex/genetics
- CD3 Complex/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/microbiology
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/genetics
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/immunology
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Separation
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- Immunomodulation/drug effects
- Interleukin-2/pharmacology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/microbiology
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Meningitis, Meningococcal/immunology
- Meningitis, Meningococcal/microbiology
- Meningitis, Meningococcal/prevention & control
- Meningococcal Vaccines/biosynthesis
- Neisseria meningitidis/genetics
- Neisseria meningitidis/immunology
- Primary Cell Culture
- Protein Binding
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- Protein Isoforms/immunology
- Protein Isoforms/pharmacology
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
- Vaccination
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Jones
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Manish Sadarangani
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Lewis
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Isabelle Payne
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Muhammad Saleem
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy P. Derrick
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Marino S, Gideon HP, Gong C, Mankad S, McCrone JT, Lin PL, Linderman JJ, Flynn JL, Kirschner DE. Computational and Empirical Studies Predict Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Specific T Cells as a Biomarker for Infection Outcome. PLoS Comput Biol 2016; 12:e1004804. [PMID: 27065304 PMCID: PMC4827839 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying biomarkers for tuberculosis (TB) is an ongoing challenge in developing immunological correlates of infection outcome and protection. Biomarker discovery is also necessary for aiding design and testing of new treatments and vaccines. To effectively predict biomarkers for infection progression in any disease, including TB, large amounts of experimental data are required to reach statistical power and make accurate predictions. We took a two-pronged approach using both experimental and computational modeling to address this problem. We first collected 200 blood samples over a 2- year period from 28 non-human primates (NHP) infected with a low dose of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We identified T cells and the cytokines that they were producing (single and multiple) from each sample along with monkey status and infection progression data. Machine learning techniques were used to interrogate the experimental NHP datasets without identifying any potential TB biomarker. In parallel, we used our extensive novel NHP datasets to build and calibrate a multi-organ computational model that combines what is occurring at the site of infection (e.g., lung) at a single granuloma scale with blood level readouts that can be tracked in monkeys and humans. We then generated a large in silico repository of in silico granulomas coupled to lymph node and blood dynamics and developed an in silico tool to scale granuloma level results to a full host scale to identify what best predicts Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection outcomes. The analysis of in silico blood measures identifies Mtb-specific frequencies of effector T cell phenotypes at various time points post infection as promising indicators of infection outcome. We emphasize that pairing wetlab and computational approaches holds great promise to accelerate TB biomarker discovery. Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease that is caused by infection after inhaling the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Not everyone infected with TB bacteria becomes sick. As a result, two TB-related conditions have been categorized: latent TB infection (not sick but still harboring the bacteria) and active TB disease. If not treated properly, active TB disease can be fatal. Almost 1.3 million die of TB worldwide each year, with ~8,6 million new infections in 2013. No effective vaccine is available to protect against TB and treatment of infection with multiple antibiotics is lengthy (6–9 months), with non-compliance being a major factor for the emergence of drug-resistant strains. A key step in developing effective vaccines and possibly shorter treatment regimens is the ability to identify biomarkers that correlate prognosis and progression to infection (similar to how cholesterol levels are a measure of heart health). In this study we show how pairing computer modeling, statistics and mathematics with datasets derived from non-human primate studies can accelerate biomarker discovery, and offer a new approach to identifying correlates of protection that will be useful in clinical practice, particularly in developing countries where TB is most prevalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simeone Marino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Hannah P. Gideon
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Chang Gong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Shawn Mankad
- Robert H. Smith School of Business, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John T. McCrone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Philana Ling Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of the University of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jennifer J. Linderman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - JoAnne L. Flynn
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Denise E. Kirschner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
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28
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Dixon BREA, Radin JN, Piazuelo MB, Contreras DC, Algood HMS. IL-17a and IL-22 Induce Expression of Antimicrobials in Gastrointestinal Epithelial Cells and May Contribute to Epithelial Cell Defense against Helicobacter pylori. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148514. [PMID: 26867135 PMCID: PMC4750979 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori colonization of the human stomach can lead to adverse clinical outcomes including gastritis, peptic ulcers, or gastric cancer. Current data suggest that in addition to bacterial virulence factors, the magnitude and types of immune responses influence the outcome of colonization. Specifically, CD4+ T cell responses impact the pathology elicited in response to H. pylori. Because gastritis is believed to be the initiating host response to more detrimental pathological outcomes, there has been a significant interest in pro-inflammatory T cell cytokines, including the cytokines produced by T helper 17 cells. Th17 cells produce IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21 and IL-22. While these cytokines have been linked to inflammation, IL-17A and IL-22 are also associated with anti-microbial responses and control of bacterial colonization. The goal of this research was to determine the role of IL-22 in activation of antimicrobial responses in models of H. pylori infection using human gastric epithelial cell lines and the mouse model of H. pylori infection. Our data indicate that IL-17A and IL-22 work synergistically to induce antimicrobials and chemokines such as IL-8, components of calprotectin (CP), lipocalin (LCN) and some β-defensins in both human and primary mouse gastric epithelial cells (GEC) and gastroids. Moreover, IL-22 and IL-17A-activated GECs were capable of inhibiting growth of H. pylori in vitro. While antimicrobials were activated by IL-17A and IL-22 in vitro, using a mouse model of H. pylori infection, the data herein indicate that IL-22 deficiency alone does not render mice more susceptible to infection, change their antimicrobial gene transcription, or significantly change their inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverly R. E. A. Dixon
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jana N. Radin
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - M. Blanca Piazuelo
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Diana C. Contreras
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Holly M. Scott Algood
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare Services, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
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29
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Pollock KM, Montamat-Sicotte DJ, Grass L, Cooke GS, Kapembwa MS, Kon OM, Sampson RD, Taylor GP, Lalvani A. PD-1 Expression and Cytokine Secretion Profiles of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Specific CD4+ T-Cell Subsets; Potential Correlates of Containment in HIV-TB Co-Infection. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146905. [PMID: 26756579 PMCID: PMC4710462 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV co-infection is an important risk factor for tuberculosis (TB) providing a powerful model in which to dissect out defective, protective and dysfunctional Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB)-specific immune responses. To identify the changes induced by HIV co-infection we compared MTB-specific CD4+ responses in subjects with active TB and latent TB infection (LTBI), with and without HIV co-infection. CD4+ T-cell subsets producing interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin-2 (IL-2) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and expressing CD279 (PD-1) were measured using polychromatic flow-cytometry. HIV-TB co-infection was consistently and independently associated with a reduced frequency of CD4+ IFN-γ and IL-2-dual secreting T-cells and the proportion correlated inversely with HIV viral load (VL). The impact of HIV co-infection on this key MTB-specific T-cell subset identifies them as a potential correlate of mycobacterial immune containment. The percentage of MTB-specific IFN-γ-secreting T-cell subsets that expressed PD-1 was increased in active TB with HIV co-infection and correlated with VL. This identifies a novel correlate of dysregulated immunity to MTB, which may in part explain the paucity of inflammatory response in the face of mycobacterial dissemination that characterizes active TB with HIV co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina M. Pollock
- Tuberculosis Research Centre, Respiratory Infections Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Damien J. Montamat-Sicotte
- Tuberculosis Research Centre, Respiratory Infections Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Grass
- Tuberculosis Research Centre, Respiratory Infections Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Graham S. Cooke
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Moses S. Kapembwa
- Department of GU and HIV Medicine, The North West London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Onn M. Kon
- Tuberculosis Service, St Mary’s Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert D. Sampson
- Centre for Respiratory Infection, Flow Cytometry Facility, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Graham P. Taylor
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ajit Lalvani
- Tuberculosis Research Centre, Respiratory Infections Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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30
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Buckner LR, Amedee AM, Albritton HL, Kozlowski PA, Lacour N, McGowin CL, Schust DJ, Quayle AJ. Chlamydia trachomatis Infection of Endocervical Epithelial Cells Enhances Early HIV Transmission Events. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146663. [PMID: 26730599 PMCID: PMC4701475 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis causes a predominantly asymptomatic, but generally inflammatory, genital infection that is associated with an increased risk for HIV acquisition. Endocervical epithelial cells provide the major niche for this obligate intracellular bacterium in women, and the endocervix is also a tissue in which HIV transmission can occur. The mechanism by which CT infection enhances HIV susceptibility at this site, however, is not well understood. Utilizing the A2EN immortalized endocervical epithelial cell line grown on cell culture inserts, we evaluated the direct role that CT-infected epithelial cells play in facilitating HIV transmission events. We determined that CT infection significantly enhanced the apical-to-basolateral migration of cell-associated, but not cell-free, HIVBaL, a CCR5-tropic strain of virus, across the endocervical epithelial barrier. We also established that basolateral supernatants from CT-infected A2EN cells significantly enhanced HIV replication in peripheral mononuclear cells and a CCR5+ T cell line. These results suggest that CT infection of endocervical epithelial cells could facilitate both HIV crossing the mucosal barrier and subsequent infection or replication in underlying target cells. Our studies provide a mechanism by which this common STI could potentially promote the establishment of founder virus populations and the maintenance of local HIV reservoirs in the endocervix. Development of an HIV/STI co-infection model also provides a tool to further explore the role of other sexually transmitted infections in enhancing HIV acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndsey R. Buckner
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States of America
| | - Angela M. Amedee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States of America
| | - Hannah L. Albritton
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States of America
| | - Pamela A. Kozlowski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States of America
| | - Nedra Lacour
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States of America
| | - Chris L. McGowin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, 70112, United States of America
| | - Danny J. Schust
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women’s Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, United States of America
| | - Alison J. Quayle
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States of America
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31
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Dillon SM, Lee EJ, Kotter CV, Austin GL, Gianella S, Siewe B, Smith DM, Landay AL, McManus MC, Robertson CE, Frank DN, McCarter MD, Wilson CC. Gut dendritic cell activation links an altered colonic microbiome to mucosal and systemic T-cell activation in untreated HIV-1 infection. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:24-37. [PMID: 25921339 PMCID: PMC4626441 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1-associated disruption of intestinal homeostasis is a major factor contributing to chronic immune activation and inflammation. Dendritic cells (DCs) are crucial in maintaining intestinal homeostasis, but the impact of HIV-1 infection on intestinal DC number and function has not been extensively studied. We compared the frequency and activation/maturation status of colonic myeloid DC (mDC) subsets (CD1c(+) and CD1c(neg)) and plasmacytoid DCs in untreated HIV-1-infected subjects with uninfected controls. Colonic mDCs in HIV-1-infected subjects had increased CD40 but decreased CD83 expression, and CD40 expression on CD1c(+) mDCs positively correlated with mucosal HIV-1 viral load, with mucosal and systemic cytokine production, and with frequencies of activated colon and blood T cells. Percentage of CD83(+)CD1c(+) mDCs negatively correlated with frequencies of interferon-γ-producing colon CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. CD40 expression on CD1c(+) mDCs positively associated with abundance of high prevalence mucosal Prevotella copri and Prevotella stercorea but negatively associated with a number of low prevalence mucosal species, including Rumminococcus bromii. CD1c(+) mDC cytokine production was greater in response to in vitro stimulation with Prevotella species relative to R. bromii. These findings suggest that, during HIV infection, colonic mDCs become activated upon exposure to mucosal pathobiont bacteria leading to mucosal and systemic immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Dillon
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - E J Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - C V Kotter
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - G L Austin
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - S Gianella
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - B Siewe
- Department of Immunology-Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - D M Smith
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - A L Landay
- Department of Immunology-Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - M C McManus
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - C E Robertson
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- University of Colorado Microbiome Research Consortium, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - D N Frank
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- University of Colorado Microbiome Research Consortium, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - M D McCarter
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - C C Wilson
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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32
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Zenk SF, Vollmer M, Schercher E, Kallert S, Kubis J, Stenger S. Hypoxia promotes Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific up-regulation of granulysin in human T cells. Med Microbiol Immunol 2015; 205:219-29. [PMID: 26613797 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-015-0442-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen tension affects local immune responses in inflammation and infection. In tuberculosis mycobacteria avoid hypoxic areas and preferentially persist and reactivate in the oxygen-rich apex of the lung. Oxygen restriction activates antimicrobial effector mechanisms in macrophages and restricts growth of intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.Tb). The effect of oxygen restriction on T cell-mediated antimicrobial effector mechanisms is unknown. Therefore we determined the influence of hypoxia on the expression of granulysin, an antimicrobial peptide of lymphocytes. Hypoxia increased the antigen-specific up-regulation of granulysin mRNA and protein in human CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes. This observation was functionally relevant, because oxygen restriction supported the growth-limiting effect of antigen-specific T cells against virulent M.Tb residing in primary human macrophages. Our results provide evidence that oxygen restriction promotes the expression of granulysin and suggest that this effect-in conjunction with additional T cell-mediated immune responses-supports protection against mycobacteria. The therapeutic modulation of oxygen availability may offer a new strategy for the host-directed therapy of infectious diseases with intracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian F Zenk
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Vollmer
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Esra Schercher
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stephanie Kallert
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jan Kubis
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Steffen Stenger
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
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33
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Cardoso F, Castro F, Moreira-Teixeira L, Sousa J, Torrado E, Silvestre R, Castro AG, Saraiva M, Pais TF. Myeloid Sirtuin 2 Expression Does Not Impact Long-Term Mycobacterium tuberculosis Control. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131904. [PMID: 26135889 PMCID: PMC4489762 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirtuins (Sirts) regulate several cellular mechanisms through deacetylation of several transcription factors and enzymes. Recently, Sirt2 was shown to prevent the development of inflammatory processes and its expression favors acute Listeria monocytogenes infection. The impact of this molecule in the context of chronic infections remains unknown. We found that specific Sirt2 deletion in the myeloid lineage transiently increased Mycobacterium tuberculosis load in the lungs and liver of conditional mice. Sirt2 did not affect long-term infection since no significant differences were observed in the bacterial burden at days 60 and 120 post-infection. The initial increase in M. tuberculosis growth was not due to differences in inflammatory cell infiltrates in the lung, myeloid or CD4+ T cells. The transcription levels of IFN-γ, IL-17, TNF, IL-6 and NOS2 were also not affected in the lungs by Sirt2-myeloid specific deletion. Overall, our results demonstrate that Sirt2 expression has a transitory effect in M. tuberculosis infection. Thus, modulation of Sirt2 activity in vivo is not expected to affect chronic infection with M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Cardoso
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Flávia Castro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Lúcia Moreira-Teixeira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Jeremy Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Egídio Torrado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Silvestre
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - António Gil Castro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Margarida Saraiva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Teresa F. Pais
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, Lisbon, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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Panackal AA, Wuest SC, Lin YC, Wu T, Zhang N, Kosa P, Komori M, Blake A, Browne SK, Rosen LB, Hagen F, Meis J, Levitz SM, Quezado M, Hammoud D, Bennett JE, Bielekova B, Williamson PR. Paradoxical Immune Responses in Non-HIV Cryptococcal Meningitis. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004884. [PMID: 26020932 PMCID: PMC4447450 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungus Cryptococcus is a major cause of meningoencephalitis in HIV-infected as well as HIV-uninfected individuals with mortalities in developed countries of 20% and 30%, respectively. In HIV-related disease, defects in T-cell immunity are paramount, whereas there is little understanding of mechanisms of susceptibility in non-HIV related disease, especially that occurring in previously healthy adults. The present description is the first detailed immunological study of non-HIV-infected patients including those with severe central nervous system (s-CNS) disease to 1) identify mechanisms of susceptibility as well as 2) understand mechanisms underlying severe disease. Despite the expectation that, as in HIV, T-cell immunity would be deficient in such patients, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) immunophenotyping, T-cell activation studies, soluble cytokine mapping and tissue cellular phenotyping demonstrated that patients with s-CNS disease had effective microbiological control, but displayed strong intrathecal expansion and activation of cells of both the innate and adaptive immunity including HLA-DR+ CD4+ and CD8+ cells and NK cells. These expanded CSF T cells were enriched for cryptococcal-antigen specific CD4+ cells and expressed high levels of IFN-γ as well as a lack of elevated CSF levels of typical T-cell specific Th2 cytokines -- IL-4 and IL-13. This inflammatory response was accompanied by elevated levels of CSF NFL, a marker of axonal damage, consistent with ongoing neurological damage. However, while tissue macrophage recruitment to the site of infection was intact, polarization studies of brain biopsy and autopsy specimens demonstrated an M2 macrophage polarization and poor phagocytosis of fungal cells. These studies thus expand the paradigm for cryptococcal disease susceptibility to include a prominent role for macrophage activation defects and suggest a spectrum of disease whereby severe neurological disease is characterized by immune-mediated host cell damage. Cryptococcus is an important cause of fungal meningitis with significant mortality globally. Susceptibility to the fungus in humans has been related to T-lymphocyte defects in HIV-infected individuals, but little is known about possible immune defects in non HIV-infected patients including previously healthy individuals. This latter group also has some of the worst response rates to therapy with almost a third dying in the United States, despite available therapy. Here we conducted the first detailed immunological analysis of non-HIV apparently immunocompetent individuals with active cryptococcal disease. In contrast to HIV-infected individuals, these studies identified a highly activated antigen-presenting dendritic cell population within CSF, accompanied by a highly active T-lymphocyte population with potentially damaging inflammatory cytokine responses. Furthermore, elevated levels of CSF neurofilament light chains (NFL), a marker of axonal damage in severe central nervous system infections suggest a dysfunctional role to this acute inflammatory state. Paradoxically, CSF macrophage proportions were reduced in patients with severe disease and biopsy and autopsy samples identified alternatively activated tissue macrophage populations that failed to appropriately phagocytose fungal cells. Our study thus provides new insights into the susceptibility to human cryptococcal disease and identifies a paradoxically active T-lymphocyte response that may be amenable to adjunctive immunomodulation to improve treatment outcomes in this high-mortality disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil A. Panackal
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, F. Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Simone C. Wuest
- Neuroimmunological Diseases Unit, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yen-Chih Lin
- Neuroimmunological Diseases Unit, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tianxia Wu
- Neuroimmunological Diseases Unit, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nannan Zhang
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter Kosa
- Neuroimmunological Diseases Unit, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mika Komori
- Neuroimmunological Diseases Unit, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Andrew Blake
- Neuroimmunological Diseases Unit, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sarah K. Browne
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lindsey B. Rosen
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ferry Hagen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques Meis
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Stuart M. Levitz
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Martha Quezado
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Dima Hammoud
- Center for Infectious Disease Imaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, National Institutes of Health/Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John E. Bennett
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bibi Bielekova
- Neuroimmunological Diseases Unit, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (BB); (PRW)
| | - Peter R. Williamson
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (BB); (PRW)
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Mondal K, Mandal R. Cytopathological and Microbiological Profile of Tuberculous Lymphadenitis in HIV-Infected Patients with Special Emphasis on Its Corroboration with CD4+ T-Cell Counts. Acta Cytol 2015; 59:156-62. [PMID: 25896853 DOI: 10.1159/000380938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study was performed to evaluate various cytological patterns and acid fast bacillus (AFB) grades in HIV-infected patients with tuberculous lymphadenitis and to correlate these with each other as well as with peripheral CD4+ T-cell counts. STUDY DESIGN Ninety-two HIV-seropositive patients, cytologically diagnosed with tuberculous lymphadenitis, were evaluated. Fine needle aspiration cytology was performed as an outpatient procedure. Sonographic guidance was sought for internally sited lymph nodes. Cytopathological details were assessed on routinely stained and Ziehl-Neelsen-stained smears. Appropriate AFB grades were assigned. CD4+ T-cell counts were obtained immediately. Finally, the cytopathological findings, AFB grades and CD4+ T-cell counts were corroborated with each other. RESULTS Epithelioid cell granuloma in the presence of caseation appeared to be the most frequent (66.3%) cytomorphology on aspirated smears. AFB grades 3+ (37%) and 4+ (35.9%) were the commonest patterns of bacillary involvement. The mycobacterial density and cytological features significantly correlated with CD4+ T-cell counts. CONCLUSIONS In HIV-associated tuberculous lymphadenitis, AFB grade and CD4+ T-cell counts worsen with the appearance of necrosis. Here, the peripheral CD4+ T-cell counts inversely correlated with bacillary load. Collectively, peripheral CD4+ T-cell counts, cytological findings and AFB grade exemplify the immune status in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnendu Mondal
- Department of Pathology, North Bengal Medical College and Hospital, Darjeeling, India
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36
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Iwai H, Funatogawa K, Matsumura K, Kato-Miyazawa M, Kirikae F, Kiga K, Sasakawa C, Miyoshi-Akiyama T, Kirikae T. MicroRNA-155 knockout mice are susceptible to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2015; 95:246-50. [PMID: 25846955 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, conserved, non-coding RNA molecules that repress translation, followed by the decay of miRNA-targeted mRNAs that encode molecules involved in cell differentiation, development, immunity and apoptosis. At least six miRNAs, including microRNA-155 (miR-155), were up-regulated when born marrow-derived macrophages from C57BL/6 mice were infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis Erdman. C57BL/6 mice intravenously infected with Erdman showed up-regulation of miR-155 in livers and lungs. Following infection, miR-155-deficient C57BL/6 mice died significantly earlier and had significantly higher numbers of CFU in lungs than wild-type mice. Moreover, fewer CD4(+) T cells, but higher numbers of monocytes and neutrophils, were present in the lungs of Erdman-infected miR-155 knockout (miR-155(-/-)) than of wild-type mice. These findings indicated that miR-155 plays a critical role in immune responses to M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Iwai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Keiji Funatogawa
- Tochigi Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Tochigi 329-1196, Japan
| | - Kazunori Matsumura
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Masako Kato-Miyazawa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Fumiko Kirikae
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Kotaro Kiga
- Division of Bacterial Infection, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Chihiro Sasakawa
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, Tokyo 198-0024, Japan; Division of Bacterial Infection, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8673, Japan
| | - Tohru Miyoshi-Akiyama
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Teruo Kirikae
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan.
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37
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Drummond RA, Wallace C, Reid DM, Way SS, Kaplan DH, Brown GD. Cutting edge: Failure of antigen-specific CD4+ T cell recruitment to the kidney during systemic candidiasis. J Immunol 2014; 193:5381-5. [PMID: 25344471 PMCID: PMC4238746 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans is the leading cause of systemic candidiasis, a fungal disease associated with high mortality and poor treatment options. The kidney is the target organ during infection and whose control is largely dependent on innate immunity, because lymphocytes appear redundant for protection. In this article, we show that this apparent redundancy stems from a failure of Ag-specific CD4(+) T cells to migrate into infected kidneys. In contrast, Ag-specific CD8(+) T cells are recruited normally. Using Ag-loaded immunoliposomes to artificially reverse this defective migration, we show that recruited Ag-specific CD4(+) T cells polarize toward a Th17 phenotype in the kidney and are protective during fungal infection. Therefore, our data explain the redundancy of CD4(+) T cells for defense against systemic infection with C. albicans and have important implications for our understanding of antifungal immunity and the control of renal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Drummond
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Carol Wallace
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Delyth M Reid
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Sing Sing Way
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229; and
| | - Daniel H Kaplan
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Gordon D Brown
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom;
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38
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Figueiredo MM, Deoti B, Amorim IF, Pinto AJW, Moraes A, Carvalho CS, da Silva SM, de Assis ACB, de Faria AMC, Tafuri WL. Expression of regulatory T cells in jejunum, colon, and cervical and mesenteric lymph nodes of dogs naturally infected with Leishmania infantum. Infect Immun 2014; 82:3704-12. [PMID: 24935975 PMCID: PMC4187817 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01862-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Using flow cytometry, we evaluated the frequencies of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells and Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) in mononuclear cells in the jejunum, colon, and cervical and mesenteric lymph nodes of dogs naturally infected with Leishmania infantum and in uninfected controls. All infected dogs showed chronic lymphadenitis and enteritis. Despite persistent parasite loads, no erosion or ulcers were evident in the epithelial mucosa. The colon harbored more parasites than the jejunum. Frequencies of total CD4(+), total Foxp3, and CD4(+) Foxp3(+) cells were higher in the jejunum than in the colon. Despite negative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) serum results for cytokines, levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10), gamma interferon (IFN-γ), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were higher in the jejunum than in the colon for infected dogs. However, IL-4 levels were higher in the colon than in the jejunum for infected dogs. There was no observed correlation between clinical signs and histopathological changes or immunological and parasitological findings in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of canines with visceral leishmaniasis. However, distinct segments of the GIT presented different immunological and parasitological responses. The jejunum showed a lower parasite load, with increased frequencies and expression of CD4, Foxp3, and CD8 receptors and IL-10, TGF-β, IFN-γ, and TNF-α cytokines. The colon showed a higher parasite load, with increasing expression of IL-4. Leishmania infantum infection increased expression of CD4, Foxp3, IL-10, TGF-β, IFN-γ, and TNF-α and reduced CD8 and IL-4 expression in both the jejunum and the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Figueiredo
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Beatriz Deoti
- Departamento de Cirurgia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Izabela F Amorim
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Aldair J W Pinto
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Andrea Moraes
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Carolina S Carvalho
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Sydnei Magno da Silva
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Ana C B de Assis
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Ana M C de Faria
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Wagner L Tafuri
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brasil
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39
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Ross EA, Flores-Langarica A, Bobat S, Coughlan RE, Marshall JL, Hitchcock JR, Cook CN, Carvalho-Gaspar MM, Mitchell AM, Clarke M, Garcia P, Cobbold M, Mitchell TJ, Henderson IR, Jones ND, Anderson G, Buckley CD, Cunningham AF. Resolving Salmonella infection reveals dynamic and persisting changes in murine bone marrow progenitor cell phenotype and function. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:2318-30. [PMID: 24825601 PMCID: PMC4209805 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The generation of immune cells from BM precursors is a carefully regulated process. This is essential to limit the potential for oncogenesis and autoimmunity yet protect against infection. How infection modulates this is unclear. Salmonella can colonize systemic sites including the BM and spleen. This resolving infection has multiple IFN-γ-mediated acute and chronic effects on BM progenitors, and during the first week of infection IFN-γ is produced by myeloid, NK, NKT, CD4(+) T cells, and some lineage-negative cells. After infection, the phenotype of BM progenitors rapidly but reversibly alters, with a peak ∼ 30-fold increase in Sca-1(hi) progenitors and a corresponding loss of Sca-1(lo/int) subsets. Most strikingly, the capacity of donor Sca-1(hi) cells to reconstitute an irradiated host is reduced; the longer donor mice are exposed to infection, and Sca-1(hi) c-kit(int) cells have an increased potential to generate B1a-like cells. Thus, Salmonella can have a prolonged influence on BM progenitor functionality not directly related to bacterial persistence. These results reflect changes observed in leucopoiesis during aging and suggest that BM functionality can be modulated by life-long, periodic exposure to infection. Better understanding of this process could offer novel therapeutic opportunities to modulate BM functionality and promote healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewan A Ross
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Microbiology and Infection, School of Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of BirminghamEdgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Adriana Flores-Langarica
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Microbiology and Infection, School of Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of BirminghamEdgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Saeeda Bobat
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Microbiology and Infection, School of Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of BirminghamEdgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ruth E Coughlan
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Microbiology and Infection, School of Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of BirminghamEdgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jennifer L Marshall
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Microbiology and Infection, School of Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of BirminghamEdgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jessica R Hitchcock
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Microbiology and Infection, School of Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of BirminghamEdgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Charlotte N Cook
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Microbiology and Infection, School of Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of BirminghamEdgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Manuela M Carvalho-Gaspar
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Microbiology and Infection, School of Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of BirminghamEdgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Andrea M Mitchell
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Microbiology and Infection, School of Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of BirminghamEdgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mary Clarke
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Microbiology and Infection, School of Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of BirminghamEdgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Paloma Garcia
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Microbiology and Infection, School of Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of BirminghamEdgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mark Cobbold
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Microbiology and Infection, School of Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of BirminghamEdgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Tim J Mitchell
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Microbiology and Infection, School of Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of BirminghamEdgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ian R Henderson
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Microbiology and Infection, School of Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of BirminghamEdgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Nick D Jones
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Microbiology and Infection, School of Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of BirminghamEdgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Graham Anderson
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Microbiology and Infection, School of Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of BirminghamEdgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Christopher D Buckley
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Microbiology and Infection, School of Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of BirminghamEdgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Adam F Cunningham
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Microbiology and Infection, School of Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of BirminghamEdgbaston, Birmingham, UK
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40
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Agak GW, Qin M, Nobe J, Kim MH, Krutzik SR, Tristan GR, Elashoff D, Garbán HJ, Kim J. Propionibacterium acnes Induces an IL-17 Response in Acne Vulgaris that Is Regulated by Vitamin A and Vitamin D. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:366-373. [PMID: 23924903 PMCID: PMC4084940 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Acne vulgaris is the most common skin disorder affecting millions of people worldwide and inflammation resulting from the immune response targeting Propionibacterium acnes has a significant role in its pathogenesis. In this study, we have demonstrated that P. acnes is a potent inducer of T helper 17 (Th17) and Th1, but not Th2 responses in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). P. acnes stimulated expression of key Th17-related genes, including IL-17A, RORα, RORc, IL-17RA, and IL-17RC, and triggered IL-17 secretion from CD4(+), but not from CD8(+) T cells. Supernatants from P. acnes-stimulated PBMCs were sufficient to promote the differentiation of naive CD4(+)CD45RA T cells into Th17 cells. Furthermore, we found that the combination of IL-1β, IL-6, and transforming growth factor-β-neutralizing antibodies completely inhibited P. acnes-induced IL-17 production. Importantly, we showed that IL-17-expressing cells were present in skin biopsies from acne patients but not from normal donors. Finally, vitamin A (all-trans retinoic acid) and vitamin D (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) inhibited P. acnes-induced Th17 differentiation. Together, our data demonstrate that IL-17 is induced by P. acnes and expressed in acne lesions and that both vitamin A and D could be effective tools to modulate Th17-mediated diseases such as acne.
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MESH Headings
- Acne Vulgaris/immunology
- Acne Vulgaris/microbiology
- Acne Vulgaris/pathology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/microbiology
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections/immunology
- Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections/pathology
- Humans
- Interleukin-17/immunology
- Interleukin-17/metabolism
- Interleukins/immunology
- Interleukins/metabolism
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 1/immunology
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 1/metabolism
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/immunology
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/metabolism
- Propionibacterium acnes/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-17/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin-17/metabolism
- Th1 Cells/cytology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/microbiology
- Th17 Cells/cytology
- Th17 Cells/immunology
- Th17 Cells/microbiology
- Vitamin A/metabolism
- Vitamin D/immunology
- Interleukin-22
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Affiliation(s)
- George W Agak
- Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Min Qin
- Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jennifer Nobe
- Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Myung-Hwa Kim
- Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Stephan R Krutzik
- Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Grogan R Tristan
- Department of Medicine Statistics Core, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - David Elashoff
- Department of Medicine Statistics Core, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Hermes J Garbán
- Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jenny Kim
- Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System Veterans Affairs, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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41
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Abstract
Animal model of intestinal inflammation is essential for the understanding of the pathomechanisms of inflammatory bowel diseases like Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Typically, naïve T-cells were transferred into immunocompromised mice and develop gut inflammation because of inappropriate downregulation. Here, we describe the isolation, purification, and transfer of CD4(+)CD25(-) T-cells into recipients to obtain an experimental colitis model for the analysis of pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benno Weigmann
- Medical Clinic I, Research-Campus, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Hartmannstr. 14, 91052, Erlangen, Germany,
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42
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Yamasaki M, Araki K, Nakanishi T, Nakayasu C, Yamamoto A. Role of CD4(+) and CD8α(+) T cells in protective immunity against Edwardsiella tarda infection of ginbuna crucian carp, Carassius auratus langsdorfii. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2014; 36:299-304. [PMID: 24316500 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Edwardsiella tarda is an intracellular pathogen that causes edwardsiellosis in fish. Our previous study suggests that cell-mediated immunity (CMI) plays an essential role in protection against E. tarda infection. In the present study, we adoptively transferred T-cell subsets sensitized with E. tarda to isogenic naïve ginbuna crucian carp to determination the T-cell subsets involved in protecting fish from E. tarda infection. Recipients of CD4(+) and CD8α(+) cells acquired significant resistance to infection with E. tarda 8 days after sensitization, indicating that helper T cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes plays crucial roles in protective immunity to E. tarda. Moreover, transfer of sensitized CD8α(+) cells up-regulated the expression of genes encoding interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and perforin, suggesting that protective immunity to E. tarda involves cell-mediated cytotoxicity and interferon-γ-mediated induction of CMI. The results establish that CMI plays a crucial role in immunity against E. tarda. These findings provide novel insights into understanding the role of CMI to intracellular pathogens of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Yamasaki
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-8580, Japan
| | - Kyosuke Araki
- Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, 4-50-20 Shimoarata, Kagoshima 890-0056, Japan.
| | - Teruyuki Nakanishi
- College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Chihaya Nakayasu
- National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Fisheries Research Agency, Minami-ise, Mie 516-0193, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yamamoto
- Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, 4-50-20 Shimoarata, Kagoshima 890-0056, Japan
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43
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Kirvan CA, Galvin JE, Hilt S, Kosanke S, Cunningham MW. Identification of streptococcal m-protein cardiopathogenic epitopes in experimental autoimmune valvulitis. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2013; 7:172-81. [PMID: 24346820 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-013-9526-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The M protein of rheumatogenic group A streptococci induces carditis and valvulitis in Lewis rats and may play a role in pathogenesis of rheumatic heart disease. To identify the epitopes of M5 protein that produce valvulitis, synthetic peptides spanning A, B, and C repeat regions contained within the extracellular domain of the streptococcal M5 protein were investigated. A repeat region peptides NT4, NT5/6, and NT7 induced valvulitis similar to the intact pepsin fragment of M5 protein. T cell lines from rats with valvulitis recognized M5 peptides NT5/6 and NT6. Passive transfer of an NT5/6-specific T cell line into naïve rats produced valvulitis characterized by infiltration of CD4+ cells and upregulation of VCAM-1, while an NT6-specific T cell line did not target the valve. Our new data suggests that M protein-specific T cells may be important mediators of valvulitis in the Lewis rat model of rheumatic carditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Kirvan
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Sacramento, CA, USA
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44
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Jung E, Perrone EE, Brahmamdan P, McDonough JS, Leathersich AM, Dominguez JA, Clark AT, Fox AC, Dunne WM, Hotchkiss RS, Coopersmith CM. Inhibition of intestinal epithelial apoptosis improves survival in a murine model of radiation combined injury. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77203. [PMID: 24204769 PMCID: PMC3810465 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
World conditions place large populations at risk from ionizing radiation (IR) from detonation of dirty bombs or nuclear devices. In a subgroup of patients, ionizing radiation exposure would be followed by a secondary infection. The effects of radiation combined injury are potentially more lethal than either insult in isolation. The purpose of this study was to determine mechanisms of mortality and possible therapeutic targets in radiation combined injury. Mice were exposed to IR with 2.5 Gray (Gy) followed four days later by intratracheal methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). While either IR or MRSA alone yielded 100% survival, animals with radiation combined injury had 53% survival (p = 0.01). Compared to IR or MRSA alone, mice with radiation combined injury had increased gut apoptosis, local and systemic bacterial burden, decreased splenic CD4 T cells, CD8 T cells, B cells, NK cells, and dendritic cells, and increased BAL and systemic IL-6 and G-CSF. In contrast, radiation combined injury did not alter lymphocyte apoptosis, pulmonary injury, or intestinal proliferation compared to IR or MRSA alone. In light of the synergistic increase in gut apoptosis following radiation combined injury, transgenic mice that overexpress Bcl-2 in their intestine and wild type mice were subjected to IR followed by MRSA. Bcl-2 mice had decreased gut apoptosis and improved survival compared to WT mice (92% vs. 42%; p<0.01). These data demonstrate that radiation combined injury results in significantly higher mortality than could be predicted based upon either IR or MRSA infection alone, and that preventing gut apoptosis may be a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enjae Jung
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Erin E. Perrone
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Pavan Brahmamdan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jacquelyn S. McDonough
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Ann M. Leathersich
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jessica A. Dominguez
- Department of Basic Sciences, Bastyr University California, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Andrew T. Clark
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Amy C. Fox
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - W. Michael Dunne
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Richard S. Hotchkiss
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Craig M. Coopersmith
- The Emory Center for Critical Care and Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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45
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Carbo A, Bassaganya-Riera J, Pedragosa M, Viladomiu M, Marathe M, Eubank S, Wendelsdorf K, Bisset K, Hoops S, Deng X, Alam M, Kronsteiner B, Mei Y, Hontecillas R. Predictive computational modeling of the mucosal immune responses during Helicobacter pylori infection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73365. [PMID: 24039925 PMCID: PMC3764126 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
T helper (Th) cells play a major role in the immune response and pathology at the gastric mucosa during Helicobacter pylori infection. There is a limited mechanistic understanding regarding the contributions of CD4+ T cell subsets to gastritis development during H. pylori colonization. We used two computational approaches: ordinary differential equation (ODE)-based and agent-based modeling (ABM) to study the mechanisms underlying cellular immune responses to H. pylori and how CD4+ T cell subsets influenced initiation, progression and outcome of disease. To calibrate the model, in vivo experimentation was performed by infecting C57BL/6 mice intragastrically with H. pylori and assaying immune cell subsets in the stomach and gastric lymph nodes (GLN) on days 0, 7, 14, 30 and 60 post-infection. Our computational model reproduced the dynamics of effector and regulatory pathways in the gastric lamina propria (LP) in silico. Simulation results show the induction of a Th17 response and a dominant Th1 response, together with a regulatory response characterized by high levels of mucosal Treg) cells. We also investigated the potential role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) activation on the modulation of host responses to H. pylori by using loss-of-function approaches. Specifically, in silico results showed a predominance of Th1 and Th17 cells in the stomach of the cell-specific PPARγ knockout system when compared to the wild-type simulation. Spatio-temporal, object-oriented ABM approaches suggested similar dynamics in induction of host responses showing analogous T cell distributions to ODE modeling and facilitated tracking lesion formation. In addition, sensitivity analysis predicted a crucial contribution of Th1 and Th17 effector responses as mediators of histopathological changes in the gastric mucosa during chronic stages of infection, which were experimentally validated in mice. These integrated immunoinformatics approaches characterized the induction of mucosal effector and regulatory pathways controlled by PPARγ during H. pylori infection affecting disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adria Carbo
- Nutritional Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
- Center for Modeling Immunity to Enteric Pathogens Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Josep Bassaganya-Riera
- Nutritional Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
- Center for Modeling Immunity to Enteric Pathogens Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Mireia Pedragosa
- Nutritional Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
- Center for Modeling Immunity to Enteric Pathogens Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Monica Viladomiu
- Nutritional Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
- Center for Modeling Immunity to Enteric Pathogens Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Madhav Marathe
- Center for Modeling Immunity to Enteric Pathogens Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
- Network Dynamics and Simulation Science Laboratory, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Stephen Eubank
- Center for Modeling Immunity to Enteric Pathogens Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
- Network Dynamics and Simulation Science Laboratory, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Katherine Wendelsdorf
- Center for Modeling Immunity to Enteric Pathogens Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
- Network Dynamics and Simulation Science Laboratory, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Keith Bisset
- Center for Modeling Immunity to Enteric Pathogens Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
- Network Dynamics and Simulation Science Laboratory, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Stefan Hoops
- Nutritional Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
- Center for Modeling Immunity to Enteric Pathogens Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Xinwei Deng
- Center for Modeling Immunity to Enteric Pathogens Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Statistics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Maksudul Alam
- Center for Modeling Immunity to Enteric Pathogens Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
- Network Dynamics and Simulation Science Laboratory, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Barbara Kronsteiner
- Nutritional Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
- Center for Modeling Immunity to Enteric Pathogens Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Yongguo Mei
- Nutritional Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
- Center for Modeling Immunity to Enteric Pathogens Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Raquel Hontecillas
- Nutritional Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
- Center for Modeling Immunity to Enteric Pathogens Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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46
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Billeskov R, Christensen JP, Aagaard C, Andersen P, Dietrich J. Comparing adjuvanted H28 and modified vaccinia virus ankara expressingH28 in a mouse and a non-human primate tuberculosis model. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72185. [PMID: 23977248 PMCID: PMC3747044 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report for the first time on the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a vaccine strategy involving the adjuvanted fusion protein “H28” (consisting of Ag85B-TB10.4-Rv2660c) and Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara expressing H28. We show that a heterologous prime-boost regimen involving priming with H28 in a Th1 adjuvant followed by boosting with H28 expressed by MVA (H28/MVA28) induced the highest percentage of IFN-γ expressing T cells, the highest production of IFN-γ per single cell and the highest induction of CD8 T cells compared to either of the vaccines given alone. In contrast, in mice vaccinated with adjuvanted recombinant H28 alone (H28/H28) we observed the highest production of IL-2 per single cell and the highest frequency of antigen specific TNF-α/IL-2 expressing CD4 T cells pre and post infection. Interestingly, TNF-α/IL-2 expressing central memory-like CD4 T cells showed a significant positive correlation with protection at week 6 post infection, whereas the opposite was observed for post infection CD4 T cells producing only IFN-γ. Moreover, as a BCG booster vaccine in a clinically relevant non-human primate TB model, the H28/H28 vaccine strategy induced a slightly more prominent reduction of clinical disease and pathology for up to one year post infection compared to H28/MVA28. Taken together, our data showed that the adjuvanted subunit and MVA strategies led to different T cell subset combinations pre and post infection and that TNF-α/IL-2 double producing but not IFN-γ single producing CD4 T cell subsets correlated with protection in the mouse TB model. Moreover, our data demonstrated that the H28 vaccine antigen was able to induce strong protection in both a mouse and a non-human primate TB model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Billeskov
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan P. Christensen
- Institute of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus Aagaard
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Andersen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jes Dietrich
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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47
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Iseri VJ, Klasing KC. Dynamics of the systemic components of the chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) immune system following activation by Escherichia coli; implications for the costs of immunity. Dev Comp Immunol 2013; 40:248-257. [PMID: 23500513 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 02/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The immune response is thought to be costly and deters from growth and reproduction, but the magnitude and sources of these costs are unknown. Thus, we quantified the changes in mass of leukocytes (CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, Bu1(+) IgM(+) and Bu1(+) IgG(+) B cells, monocytes/macrophages, heterophils and thrombocytes) and protective plasma proteins in systemic (non-mucosal) components of adult chickens injected intravenously with dead Escherichia coli. During the first day after E. coli injection most types of blood leukocytes decreased and α-1-acid glycoprotein increased. Specific IgM, specific IgY, total IgM, Bu1(+) lymphocytes in the spleen and bone marrow and thymic CD8(+) lymphocytes increased at 5d post-injection. Quantitatively, the increases in the weight of cells and antibodies due to E. coli were dwarfed by the increase in the weight of the liver and acute phase proteins. Thus the acute phase response was markedly more costly than the subsequent adaptive response. The weight of the cells and proteins of the systemic immune system prior to challenge was 0.14% of body weight. Following E. coli injection, the additional weight of the immune components and the hypertrophy of the liver resulted in a 3.6-fold increase in weight which is equivalent to 18.5% of a large egg.
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Affiliation(s)
- V J Iseri
- Department of Animal Science, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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48
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Malott RJ, Keller BO, Gaudet RG, McCaw SE, Lai CCL, Dobson-Belaire WN, Hobbs JL, St. Michael F, Cox AD, Moraes TF, Gray-Owen SD. Neisseria gonorrhoeae-derived heptose elicits an innate immune response and drives HIV-1 expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:10234-9. [PMID: 23733950 PMCID: PMC3690901 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1303738110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical and epidemiological synergy exists between the globally important sexually transmitted infections, gonorrhea and HIV. Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which causes gonorrhea, is particularly adept at driving HIV-1 expression, but the molecular determinants of this relationship remain undefined. N. gonorrhoeae liberates a soluble factor that potently induces expression from the HIV-1 LTR in coinfected cluster of differentiation 4-positive (CD4(+)) T lymphocytes, but this factor is not a previously described innate effector. A genome-wide mutagenesis approach was undertaken to reveal which component(s) of N. gonorrhoeae induce HIV-1 expression in CD4(+) T lymphocytes. A mutation in the ADP-heptose biosynthesis gene, hldA, rendered the bacteria unable to induce HIV-1 expression. The hldA mutant has a truncated lipooligosaccharide structure, contains lipid A in its outer membrane, and remains bioactive in a TLR4 reporter-based assay but did not induce HIV-1 expression. Mass spectrometry analysis of extensively fractionated N. gonorrhoeae-derived supernatants revealed that the LTR-inducing fraction contained a compound having a mass consistent with heptose-monophosphate (HMP). Heptose is a carbohydrate common in microbes but is absent from the mammalian glycome. Although ADP-heptose biosynthesis is common among Gram-negative bacteria, and heptose is a core component of most lipopolysaccharides, N. gonorrhoeae is peculiar in that it effectively liberates HMP during growth. This N. gonorrhoeae-derived HMP activates CD4(+) T cells to invoke an NF-κB-dependent transcriptional response that drives HIV-1 expression and viral production. Our study thereby shows that heptose is a microbial-specific product that is sensed as an innate immune agonist and unveils the molecular link between N. gonorrhoeae and HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J. Malott
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and
- Centre for Understanding and Preventing Infection in Children, Department of Pediatrics, and
| | - Bernd O. Keller
- Child and Family Research Institute, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 4H4; and
| | | | | | | | | | - J. Leigh Hobbs
- Centre for Understanding and Preventing Infection in Children, Department of Pediatrics, and
| | - Frank St. Michael
- Vaccine Program, National Research Council, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - Andrew D. Cox
- Vaccine Program, National Research Council, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - Trevor F. Moraes
- Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 1A8
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49
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Pavić I, Cekinović D, Begovac J, Maretić T, Civljak R, Troselj-Vukić B. Cryptococcus neoformans meningoencephalitis in a patient with idiopathic CD4+ T lymphocytopenia. Coll Antropol 2013; 37:619-623. [PMID: 23941014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans is a leading cause of invasive cryptoccocal infections which include meningitis/meningoencephalitis, cerebral cryptococcoma, invasive pulmonary and mediastinal infection. Invasive infection is mainly diagnosed in immunocompromised patients, especially in HIV-infected individuals. There is a rising number of patients with invasive cryptococcal infections in immunocompromised patients who are HIV-negative. Among several primary immunodeficiency syndromes, considered as possible reasons for these invasive infections, idiopathic CD4+ T lymphocytopenia (ICL) is most frequently diagnosed. The pathogenesis of this rare syndrome is still unknown, while its clinical spectrum ranges from an asymptomatic laboratory abnormality to life-threatening opportunistic infections. Here we present an HIV-negative young man suffering from cryptococcal meningoencephalitis in whom ICL was diagnosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivica Pavić
- University of Rijeka, Rijeka University Hospital Center, Clinic for Infectious Diseases, Rijeka, Croatia.
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50
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Yang D, Liu Q, Ni C, Li S, Wu H, Wang Q, Xiao J, Zhang Y. Gene expression profiling in live attenuated Edwardsiella tarda vaccine immunized and challenged zebrafish: insights into the basic mechanisms of protection seen in immunized fish. Dev Comp Immunol 2013; 40:132-141. [PMID: 23434462 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite the importance and success of vaccine immunization against bacterial diseases in fish, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of vaccine-induced immune protection in teleost fish. In this study, the live attenuated Edwardsiella tarda vaccine strain WED, which has been shown to evoke efficacious protection against edwardsiellosis and ascites diseases in fish, was extensively evaluated for multiple parameters in a 5-week immunization and challenge experiment in zebrafish. The parameters evaluated included the immunologic potency (relative percent survival, RPS), the specific IgM antibody titers and the expression profiles of multiple immune-related gene markers at multiple time points following immunization and challenge. During the 4-week immunization phase, the toll-like receptor (TLR) 5 signaling pathway, the MHC-I antigen processing pathway and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses were activated in succession. In contrast, the MHC-II antigen processing pathway and the markers of CD4(+) T lymphocyte activation were down-regulated, and IgM transcription and specific IgM antibody titers were not significantly induced following immunization. During the 1-week challenge phase, the induction of MHC-I and CTL responses and the inhibition of MHC-II and CD4(+) T cell responses were similarly observed in immunized zebrafish following challenge with wild E. tarda. With the 5-week immunization and challenge model, our data suggest the basic mechanism that underlying the long-lasting protective immunity elicited by WED in zebrafish. This mechanism involved the induction of the TLR-5 signaling pathway, the MHC-I antigen processing pathway and CTL effector function, and CTL function seems play a major role in the protection against E. tarda infection in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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