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Todd NPM, Govender S, Keller PE, Colebatch JG. Electrophysiological Activity from the Eye Muscles, Cerebellum and Cerebrum During Reflexive (Classical Pavlovian) Versus Voluntary (Ivanov-Smolensky) Eye-Blink Conditioning. Cerebellum 2024; 23:1086-1100. [PMID: 37840094 PMCID: PMC11102391 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-023-01613-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
We report an experiment to investigate the role of the cerebellum and cerebrum in motor learning of timed movements. Eleven healthy human subjects were recruited to perform two experiments, the first was a classical eye-blink conditioning procedure with an auditory tone as conditional stimulus (CS) and vestibular unconditional stimulus (US) in the form of a double head-tap. In the second experiment, subjects were asked to blink voluntarily in synchrony with the double head-tap US preceded by a CS, a form of Ivanov-Smolensky conditioning in which a command or instruction is associated with the US. Electrophysiological recordings were made of extra-ocular EMG and EOG at infra-ocular sites (IO1/2), EEG from over the frontal eye fields (C3'/C4') and from over the posterior fossa over the cerebellum for the electrocerebellogram (ECeG). The behavioural outcomes of the experiments showed weak reflexive conditioning for the first experiment despite the double tap but robust, well-synchronised voluntary conditioning for the second. Voluntary conditioned blinks were larger than the reflex ones. For the voluntary conditioning experiment, a contingent negative variation (CNV) was also present in the EEG leads prior to movement, and modulation of the high-frequency EEG occurred during movement. US-related cerebellar activity was prominent in the high-frequency ECeG for both experiments, while conditioned response-related cerebellar activity was additionally present in the voluntary conditioning experiment. These results demonstrate a role for the cerebellum in voluntary (Ivanov-Smolensky) as well as in reflexive (classical Pavlovian) conditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil P M Todd
- UNSW Clinical School, Randwick Campus, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
- Department of Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QC, UK.
| | - Sendhil Govender
- Neuroscience Research Australia, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Peter E Keller
- MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development, Western Sydney University Penrith, Kingswood, NSW, 2751, Australia
- Center for Music in the Brain, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - James G Colebatch
- UNSW Clinical School, Randwick Campus, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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2
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Chung LKH, Jack BN, Griffiths O, Pearson D, Luque D, Harris AWF, Spencer KM, Le Pelley ME, So SHW, Whitford TJ. Neurophysiological evidence of motor preparation in inner speech and the effect of content predictability. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:11556-11569. [PMID: 37943760 PMCID: PMC10751289 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-generated overt actions are preceded by a slow negativity as measured by electroencephalogram, which has been associated with motor preparation. Recent studies have shown that this neural activity is modulated by the predictability of action outcomes. It is unclear whether inner speech is also preceded by a motor-related negativity and influenced by the same factor. In three experiments, we compared the contingent negative variation elicited in a cue paradigm in an active vs. passive condition. In Experiment 1, participants produced an inner phoneme, at which an audible phoneme whose identity was unpredictable was concurrently presented. We found that while passive listening elicited a late contingent negative variation, inner speech production generated a more negative late contingent negative variation. In Experiment 2, the same pattern of results was found when participants were instead asked to overtly vocalize the phoneme. In Experiment 3, the identity of the audible phoneme was made predictable by establishing probabilistic expectations. We observed a smaller late contingent negative variation in the inner speech condition when the identity of the audible phoneme was predictable, but not in the passive condition. These findings suggest that inner speech is associated with motor preparatory activity that may also represent the predicted action-effects of covert actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence K-h Chung
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Mathews Building, Library Walk, Kensington NSW 2052, Australia
- Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 3/F Sino Building, Chung Chi Road, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Bradley N Jack
- Research School of Psychology, Australian National University, Building 39, Science Road, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Oren Griffiths
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Newcastle, Behavioural Sciences Building, University Drive, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Daniel Pearson
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Griffith Taylor Building, Manning Road, Camperdown NSW 2006, Australia
| | - David Luque
- Department of Basic Psychology and Speech Therapy, University of Malaga, Faculty of Psychology, Dr Ortiz Ramos Street, 29010 Malaga, Spain
| | - Anthony W F Harris
- Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead NSW 2145, Australia
- Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Kevin M Spencer
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, and Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 150 South Huntington Avenue, Boston MA 02130, United States
| | - Mike E Le Pelley
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Mathews Building, Library Walk, Kensington NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Suzanne H-w So
- Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 3/F Sino Building, Chung Chi Road, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Thomas J Whitford
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Mathews Building, Library Walk, Kensington NSW 2052, Australia
- Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead NSW 2145, Australia
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Li L, Hou C, Peng C, Chen Y. Encoding, working memory, or decision: how feedback modulates time perception. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:10355-10366. [PMID: 37522300 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The hypothesis that individuals can accurately represent temporal information within approximately 3 s is the premise of several theoretical models and empirical studies in the field of temporal processing. The significance of accurately representing time within 3 s and the universality of the overestimation contrast dramatically. To clarify whether this overestimation arises from an inability to accurately represent time or a response bias, we systematically examined whether feedback reduces overestimation at the 3 temporal processing stages of timing (encoding), working memory, and decisions proposed by the scalar timing model. Participants reproduced the time interval between 2 circles with or without feedback, while the electroencephalogram (EEG) was synchronously recorded. Behavioral results showed that feedback shortened reproduced times and significantly minimized overestimation. EEG results showed that feedback significantly decreased the amplitude of contingent negative variation (CNV) in the decision stage but did not modulate the CNV amplitude in the encoding stage or the P2-P3b amplitudes in the working memory stage. These results suggest that overestimation arises from response bias when individuals convert an accurate representation of time into behavior. Our study provides electrophysiological evidence to support the conception that short intervals under approximately 3 s can be accurately represented as "temporal gestalt."
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Affiliation(s)
- Langyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Faculty of Psychology, Time Psychology Research Center, Center of Studies for Psychology and Social Development, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Chunna Hou
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Faculty of Psychology, Time Psychology Research Center, Center of Studies for Psychology and Social Development, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Chunhua Peng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Emotion and Mental Health, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Youguo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Faculty of Psychology, Time Psychology Research Center, Center of Studies for Psychology and Social Development, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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Aydin M, Carpenelli AL, Lucia S, Di Russo F. The Dominance of Anticipatory Prefrontal Activity in Uncued Sensory-Motor Tasks. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:6559. [PMID: 36081018 PMCID: PMC9460036 DOI: 10.3390/s22176559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Anticipatory event-related potentials (ERPs) precede upcoming events such as stimuli or actions. These ERPs are usually obtained in cued sensory-motor tasks employing a warning stimulus that precedes a probe stimulus as in the contingent negative variation (CNV) paradigms. The CNV wave has been widely studied, from clinical to brain-computer interface (BCI) applications, and has been shown to emerge in medial frontoparietal areas, localized in the cingulate and supplementary motor areas. Several dated studies also suggest the existence of a prefrontal CNV, although this component was not confirmed by later studies due to the contamination of ocular artifacts. Another lesser-known anticipatory ERP is the prefrontal negativity (pN) that precedes the uncued probe stimuli in discriminative response tasks and has been localized in the inferior frontal gyrus. This study aimed to characterize the pN by comparing it with the CNV in cued and uncued tasks and test if the pN could be associated with event preparation, temporal preparation, or both. To achieve these aims, high-density electroencephalographic recording and advanced ERP analysis controlling for ocular activity were obtained in 25 volunteers who performed 4 different visuomotor tasks. Our results showed that the pN amplitude was largest in the condition requiring both time and event preparation, medium in the condition requiring event preparation only, and smallest in the condition requiring temporal preparation only. We concluded that the prefrontal CNV could be associated with the pN, and this activity emerges in complex tasks requiring the anticipation of both the category and timing of the upcoming stimulus. The proposed method can be useful in BCI studies investigating the endogenous neural signatures triggered by different sensorimotor paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Aydin
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Stefania Lucia
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Russo
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy
- Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, 00179 Rome, Italy
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Catalano LT, Wynn JK, Green MF, Gold JM. Reduced neural activity when anticipating social versus nonsocial rewards in schizophrenia: Preliminary evidence from an ERP study. Schizophr Res 2022; 246:7-16. [PMID: 35696860 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2022.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Diminished social motivation is a core feature of schizophrenia that might reflect disturbances in social reward processing. It is not known whether these disturbances reflect anticipatory ("wanting") and/or consummatory ("liking") pleasure deficits. The primary aim of this study was to examine social versus nonsocial reward processing during these temporally distinct substages using event-related potential (ERP) components. Twenty-three schizophrenia participants and 20 healthy participants completed an incentive delay task with social (i.e., smiling expressions) and nonsocial (i.e., money) rewards. We measured two anticipatory ERPs (i.e., "wanting") (target anticipation: Contingent Negative Variation [CNV]; feedback anticipation: Stimulus Preceding Negativity [SPN]) and one consummatory ERP (i.e., "liking") (feedback receipt: P300). As a secondary aim, we examined correlations between the ERPs and interview-rated motivational negative symptoms and social functioning. Schizophrenia participants showed overall less target anticipation (blunted CNV) across all trials (social and nonsocial) than healthy participants. Importantly, schizophrenia participants exhibited less anticipation of social rewards relative to nonsocial rewards (SPN), whereas healthy participants showed similar anticipation for both reward types. Both groups showed similar responses to social and nonsocial reward receipt (P300). Furthermore, social reward anticipation during the incentive delay task was associated with more social approach behaviors in the real-world. Together, these findings provide preliminary evidence for intact social reward "liking" and impaired "wanting" in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren T Catalano
- Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, CA, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
| | - Jonathan K Wynn
- Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, CA, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Michael F Green
- Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, CA, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - James M Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Osborne KJ, Zhang W, Farrens J, Geiger M, Kraus B, Glazer J, Nusslock R, Kappenman ES, Mittal VA. Neural mechanisms of motor dysfunction in individuals at clinical high-risk for psychosis: Evidence for impairments in motor activation. J Psychopathol Clin Sci 2022; 131:375-391. [PMID: 35511525 PMCID: PMC9447290 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Motor abnormalities are a core feature of psychotic disorders observed from the premorbid period through chronic illness, suggesting motor dysfunction may reflect the pathophysiology of psychosis. Electrophysiology research in schizophrenia suggests impaired motor activation and preparation may underlie these motor abnormalities. Despite behavioral studies suggesting similar motor dysfunction in those at clinical high-risk (CHR) for psychosis, there have been no studies examining neural mechanisms of motor dysfunction in the CHR period, where research can inform pathophysiological and risk models. The present study used the lateralized readiness potential (LRP), an event-related potential index of motor activation and preparation, to examine mechanisms of motor dysfunction in 42 CHR and 41 control participants (N = 83, 56% female). Response competition was manipulated to determine whether deficits are secondary to cognitive control impairments or reflect primary motor deficits. Behaviorally, CHR participants exhibited overall slower responses than controls. Further, relative to controls, CHR participants showed reduced activation of correct but not incorrect responses, reflected in blunted LRP amplitude under weak response competition and no difference in amplitude associated with the incorrect response under strong response competition. This pattern of results suggests individuals at CHR for psychosis exhibit primary motor deficits in activating and preparing behavioral responses and are contrary to a deficit in cognitive control. Further, blunted LRP amplitude was associated with worsening of negative symptoms at 12-month follow-up. Together, these findings are consistent with LRP studies in psychosis and implicate motor activation deficits as potential mechanisms of motor dysfunction in the high-risk period. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Juston Osborne
- Northwestern University, Department of Psychology, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Wendy Zhang
- San Diego State University, Department of Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA
- SDSU/UC San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jaclyn Farrens
- San Diego State University, Department of Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - McKena Geiger
- San Diego State University, Department of Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Brian Kraus
- Northwestern University, Department of Psychology, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - James Glazer
- Northwestern University, Department of Psychology, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Robin Nusslock
- Northwestern University, Department of Psychology, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Emily S. Kappenman
- San Diego State University, Department of Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA
- SDSU/UC San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Vijay A. Mittal
- Northwestern University, Department of Psychology, Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Policy Research, Department of Medical Social Sciences, Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences (DevSci), Evanston, Chicago, IL, USA
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Del Popolo Cristaldi F, Mento G, Sarlo M, Buodo G. Dealing with uncertainty: A high-density EEG investigation on how intolerance of uncertainty affects emotional predictions. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254045. [PMID: 34197554 PMCID: PMC8248604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Intolerance of uncertainty (IU) can influence emotional predictions, constructed by the brain (generation stage) to prearrange action (implementation stage), and update internal models according to incoming stimuli (updating stage). However, neurocomputational mechanisms by which IU affects emotional predictions are unclear. This high-density EEG study investigated if IU predicted event-related potentials (ERPs) and brain sources activity developing along the stages of emotional predictions, as a function of contextual uncertainty. Thirty-six undergraduates underwent a S1-S2 paradigm, with emotional faces and pictures as S1s and S2s, respectively. Contextual uncertainty was manipulated across three blocks, each with 100%, 75%, or 50% S1-S2 emotional congruency. ERPs, brain sources and their relationship with IU scores were analyzed for each stage. IU did not affect prediction generation. During prediction implementation, higher IU predicted larger Contingent Negative Variation in the 75% block, and lower left anterior cingulate cortex and supplementary motor area activations. During prediction updating, as IU increased P2 to positive S2s decreased, along with P2 and Late Positive Potential in the 75% block, and right orbito-frontal cortex activity to emotional S2s. IU was therefore associated with altered uncertainty assessment and heightened attention deployment during implementation, and to uncertainty avoidance, reduced attention to safety cues and disrupted access to emotion regulation strategies during prediction updating.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giovanni Mento
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
- Padua Neuroscience Center (PNC), University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Michela Sarlo
- Department of Communication Sciences, Humanities and International Studies, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Giulia Buodo
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
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Kimura T. Approach of visual stimuli facilitates the prediction of tactile events and suppresses beta band oscillations around the primary somatosensory area. Neuroreport 2021; 32:631-635. [PMID: 33843822 PMCID: PMC8048733 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether the approach of visual stimuli influences prediction of subsequent tactile events. For this purpose, we examined electroencephalograms (EEGs) during the prediction of tactile events when visual stimuli did or did not approach. Tactile stimuli were presented with a high probability (80%) of being applied to the left (or right) index finger and a low probability (20%) of being applied to the opposite index finger. In the approach condition, visual stimuli were presented towards the hand to which the high-probability tactile stimuli were presented; in the neutral condition, visual stimuli did not approach. The result of time-frequency analysis for the EEGs showed that beta band event-related spectral perturbation at the electrodes around the primary somatosensory area (C3 and C4) was suppressed about 300 ms before the presentation of a tactile stimulus and that event-related desynchronization (ERD) occurred in all conditions. Moreover, the beta band ERD of the approach condition was larger than that of the neutral condition. These results provide evidence that the approach of visual stimuli facilitates prediction itself for subsequent tactile events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Kimura
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR), Osaka University, Ibaraki, Japan
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Takacs A, Bluschke A, Kleimaker M, Münchau A, Beste C. Neurophysiological mechanisms underlying motor feature binding processes and representations. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:1313-1327. [PMID: 33236838 PMCID: PMC7927300 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Coherent, voluntary action requires an integrated representation of these actions and their defining features. Although theories delineate how action integration requiring binding between different action features may be accomplished, the underlying neurophysiological mechanisms are largely elusive. The present study examined the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying binding processes in actions. To this end, we conducted EEG recordings and applied standard event-related potential analyses, temporal EEG signal decomposition and multivariate pattern analyses (MVPA). According to the code occupation account, an overlap between a planned and a to-be-performed action impairs performance. The level, to which performance is attenuated depends on the strength of binding of action features. This binding process then determines the representation of them, the so-called action files. We show that code occupation and bindings between action features specifically modulate processes preceding motor execution as showed by the stimulus-locked lateralized readiness potential (LRP). Conversely, motor execution processes reflected by the response-locked LRP were not modulated by action file binding. The temporal decomposition of the EEG signal, further distinguished between action file related processes: the planned response determining code occupation was reflected in general (voluntary) response selection but not in involuntary (response priming-related) activation. Moreover, MVPA on temporally decomposed neural signals indicated that action files are represented as a continuous chain of activations. Within this chain, inhibitory and response re-activation patterns can be distinguished. Taken together, the neurophysiological correlates of action file binding suggest that parallel, stimulus- and response-related pre-motor processes are responsible for the code occupation in the human motor system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Takacs
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of MedicineTU DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Annet Bluschke
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of MedicineTU DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Maximilian Kleimaker
- Institute of Systems Motor ScienceUniversity of LübeckLübeckGermany
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of LübeckLübeckGermany
| | | | - Christian Beste
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of MedicineTU DresdenDresdenGermany
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Morand-Beaulieu S, Aardema F, O'Connor KP, Lavoie ME. Lateralized readiness potentials and sensorimotor activity in adults with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 104:110061. [PMID: 32781016 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) patients are known to have various functional abnormalities in prefrontal and motor areas. Given the presence of compulsions in many OCD patients, impaired response preparation processes could be a core feature of OCD. Yet, these processes remain understudied from a neurophysiological standpoint. Nineteen OCD patients were matched on age and sex to 19 healthy controls. Continuous EEG was recorded in all participants during a stimulus-response compatibility task. EEG from electrodes C3 and C4 was then averaged into stimulus- and response-locked LRPs. We compared both groups on various LRP measures, such as the LRP onset, the Gratton dip, and the maximum LRP peak. OCD patients showed significantly larger LRP peak than healthy controls, as well as larger Gratton dip. However, there was no group difference regarding LRP onset. Among OCD patients, it seems that motor regions are overactive during response preparation. Such overactivity was found for both incorrect responses that are aborted before execution and responses that are truly executed. These results suggest that regulation of sensorimotor activity should be addressed in the treatment of OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Morand-Beaulieu
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Département de neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Frederick Aardema
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Département de psychiatrie et d'addictologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Kieron P O'Connor
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Département de psychiatrie et d'addictologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Marc E Lavoie
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Département de neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Département de psychiatrie et d'addictologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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11
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Lobo I, Campagnoli RR, Figueira JS, Andrade I, Figueira I, Gama C, Gonçalves RM, Keil A, Pereira MG, Volchan E, Oliveira L, David IA. Hidden wounds of violence: Abnormal motor oscillatory brain activity is related to posttraumatic stress symptoms. Neuroimage 2020; 224:117404. [PMID: 32971264 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Victims of urban violence are at risk of developing Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), one of the most debilitating consequences of violence. Considering that PTSD may be associated with inefficient selection of defensive responses, it is important to understand the relation between motor processing and PTSD. The present study aims to investigate the extent to which the severity of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) is related to motor preparation against visual threat cues in victims of urban violence. Participants performed a choice reaction time task while ignoring a picture that could be threating or neutral. The EEG indices extracted were the motor-related amplitude asymmetry (MRAA) in the alpha frequency range, and the lateralized readiness potential (LRP). We observed a linear relation between longer LRP latency and a slower reaction time, selectively during threat processing (compared to neutral) in low PTSS, but not in high PTSS participants. Alpha MRAA suppression and the PTSS were also linearly related: the smaller the alpha MRAA suppression in the threat condition relative to neutral, the greater the PTSS. These results provide evidence that threatening cues affect motor processing that is modulated by the severity of PTSS in victims of urban violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela Lobo
- Grupo de Psicobiologia, Laboratório Integrado de Morfologia. Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rafaela R Campagnoli
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia do Comportamento, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Hernani Pires de Mello, 101, Niterói, RJ 24210-130, Brazil; Departamento de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jéssica S Figueira
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia do Comportamento, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Hernani Pires de Mello, 101, Niterói, RJ 24210-130, Brazil; Center for the Study of Emotion and Attention, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Isabela Andrade
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia do Comportamento, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Hernani Pires de Mello, 101, Niterói, RJ 24210-130, Brazil; Departamento de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ivan Figueira
- Laboratório Integrado de Pesquisa do Estresse. Instituto de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Camila Gama
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia do Comportamento, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Hernani Pires de Mello, 101, Niterói, RJ 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Raquel M Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia do Comportamento, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Hernani Pires de Mello, 101, Niterói, RJ 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Andreas Keil
- Center for the Study of Emotion and Attention, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Mirtes G Pereira
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia do Comportamento, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Hernani Pires de Mello, 101, Niterói, RJ 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Eliane Volchan
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia II. Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Leticia Oliveira
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia do Comportamento, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Hernani Pires de Mello, 101, Niterói, RJ 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Isabel A David
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia do Comportamento, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Hernani Pires de Mello, 101, Niterói, RJ 24210-130, Brazil; Departamento de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
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12
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Andrews NCZ, Motz M, Pepler DJ. Developing and testing a readiness tool for interpersonal violence prevention partnerships with community-based projects. J Community Psychol 2020; 48:1715-1731. [PMID: 32275062 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.22361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Community-based projects that serve vulnerable families have the opportunity to identify and respond to interpersonal violence (IPV). We developed a readiness assessment tool to support selection of projects to participate in an initiative that involved implementing a community-based IPV intervention for mothers. The overarching aim of the current study was to describe the development of this tool and examine the reliability of coding, validity, and utility of the tool. After developing and refining the tool, 41 community-based projects completed the tool. Responses were coded and scored; scores were used to select projects for the initiative. Preliminary validation for the tool included (a) expert opinion, (b) uptake/implementation of the intervention, and (c) feedback and responses from service providers in terms of the usefulness and importance of the tool. This tool can be used by both researchers and service providers to assess community project readiness and capacity to provide trauma-informed services for vulnerable families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi C Z Andrews
- Department of Child and Youth Studies, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mary Motz
- Early Intervention Department, Mothercraft, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Debra J Pepler
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Vermylen JH, Wayne DB, Cohen ER, McGaghie WC, Wood GJ. Promoting Readiness for Residency: Embedding Simulation-Based Mastery Learning for Breaking Bad News Into the Medicine Subinternship. Acad Med 2020; 95:1050-1056. [PMID: 32576763 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0000000000003210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE It is challenging to add rigorous, competency-based communication skills training to existing clerkship structures. The authors embedded a simulation-based mastery learning (SBML) curriculum into a medicine subinternship to demonstrate feasibility and determine the impact on the foundational skill of breaking bad news (BBN). METHOD All fourth-year students enrolled in a medicine subinternship at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine from September 2017 through August 2018 were expected to complete a BBN SBML curriculum. First, students completed a pretest with a standardized patient using a previously developed BBN assessment tool. Learners then participated in a 4-hour BBN skills workshop with didactic instruction, focused feedback, and deliberate practice with simulated patients. Students were required to meet or exceed a predetermined minimum passing standard (MPS) at posttest. The authors compared pretest and posttest scores to evaluate the effect of the intervention. Participant demographic characteristics and course evaluations were also collected. RESULTS Eighty-five students were eligible for the study, and 79 (93%) completed all components. Although 55/79 (70%) reported having personally delivered serious news to actual patients, baseline performance was poor. Students' overall checklist performance significantly improved from a mean of 65.0% (SD = 16.2%) items correct to 94.2% (SD = 5.9%; P < .001) correct. There was also statistically significant improvement in scaled items assessing quality of communication, and all students achieved the MPS at mastery posttest. All students stated they would recommend the workshop to colleagues. CONCLUSIONS It is feasible to embed SBML into a required clerkship. In the context of this study, rigorous SBML resulted in uniformly high levels of skill acquisition, documented competency, and was positively received by learners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia H Vermylen
- J.H. Vermylen is assistant professor, Department of Medicine and Department of Medical Education, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois. D.B. Wayne is professor, Department of Medicine and Department of Medical Education, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois. E.R. Cohen is research associate, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois. W.C. McGaghie is professor, Department of Medical Education and Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois. G.J. Wood is associate professor, Department of Medicine and Department of Medical Education, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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14
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Di Lemma LCG, Stancak A, Soto V, Fallon N, Field M. Event-related and readiness potentials when preparing to approach and avoid alcohol cues following cue avoidance training in heavy drinkers. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:1343-1358. [PMID: 32103280 PMCID: PMC7196951 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05462-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Cue avoidance training (CAT) reduces alcohol consumption in the laboratory. However, the neural mechanisms that underlie the effects of this intervention are poorly understood. OBJECTIVES The present study investigated the effects of a single session of CAT on event-related and readiness potentials during preparation of approach and avoidance movements to alcohol cues. METHODS Heavy drinking young adults (N = 60) were randomly assigned to complete either CAT or control training. After training, we recorded participants' event-related and motor readiness potentials as they were preparing to respond. RESULTS In the CAT group, N200 amplitude was higher when preparing to approach rather than avoid alcohol pictures. In the control group, N200 amplitudes did not differ for approach and avoidance to alcohol pictures. Regarding the late positive potential (LPP), in the CAT group, the negativity of this was blunted when preparing to avoid alcohol pictures relative to when preparing to avoid control pictures. In the control group, the negativity of the LPP was blunted when preparing to approach alcohol pictures relative to when preparing to approach control pictures. There were no effects on motor readiness potentials. Behavioural effects indicated short-lived effects of training on reaction times during the training block that did not persist when participants were given time to prepare their motor response before executing it during the EEG testing block. CONCLUSIONS After a single session of CAT, the enhanced N200 when approaching alcohol cues may indicate the engagement of executive control to overcome the associations learned during training. These findings clarify the neural mechanisms that may underlie the effects of CAT on drinking behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa C G Di Lemma
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Liverpool, UK.
- Faculty of Health and Social Care, University of Chester, Chester, UK.
| | - Andrej Stancak
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Vicente Soto
- Centre for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nick Fallon
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Matt Field
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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15
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Sardari S, Pourrahimi AM, Talebi H, Mazhari S. Symmetrical electrophysiological brain responses to unilateral and bilateral auditory stimuli suggest disrupted spatial processing in schizophrenia. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16454. [PMID: 31712599 PMCID: PMC6848080 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52931-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Research has found auditory spatial processing deficits in patients with schizophrenia (SCZ), but no study has examined SCZ patients' auditory spatial processing at both pre-attentional and attentional stages. To address this gap, we investigated schizophrenics' brain responses to sounds originating from different locations (right, left, and bilateral sources). The event-related potentials (ERPs) of 25 chronic schizophrenic patients and 25 healthy subjects were compared. Mismatch negativity (MMN) in response to frequency and duration deviants was assessed. Two P3 components (P3a and P3b) were elicited via a frequency discrimination task, and MMN and P3 were recorded through separate monaural and dichotic stimulation paradigms. Our results corroborated the previously published finding that MMN, P3a, and P3b amplitudes are reduced in SCZ patients, but they showed no significant effect of stimulus location on either MMN or P3. These results indicated similarity between the SCZ patients and healthy individuals as regards patterns of ERP responses to stimuli that come from different directions. No evidence of auditory hemispatial bias in the SCZ patients was found, supporting the existence of non-lateralized spatial processing deficits in such patients and suggesting compensatory changes in the hemispheric laterality of patients' brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sardari
- Neuroscience Research center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ali Mohammad Pourrahimi
- Neuroscience Research center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hossein Talebi
- Audiology department, Rehabilitation faculty, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shahrzad Mazhari
- Neuroscience Research center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
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16
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Szumska I, Baran W, Pinkas E, Van der Lubbe RHJ. Does the influence of near-threshold primes depend on the type of task? Conscious Cogn 2019; 76:102827. [PMID: 31622883 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2019.102827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Most studies investigating the influence of primes on the processing of subsequent targets involve a main task in which responses are made to the targets, and a task that tests prime awareness. If the participant is not aware of the prime location/identity but an influence of the prime is observed in the main task, researchers conclude that this influence can be ascribed to unconscious processing of the prime. This implies the assumption that the prime's influence is independent of task instructions: a prime consciously perceived in the prime task is consciously perceived in the main task. In the metacontrast-masking study, we compared motor- and attention-related electroencephalographic (EEG) components in three tasks with the same stimuli but different instructions and showed that early posterior contralateral negativities (PCNs) and lateralized readiness potentials (LRPs) were smaller when primes were task-relevant than when targets were task-relevant. This suggests that early components may depend on task instruction and are not purely prime-related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Szumska
- Clinical Neuroscience Lab, Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Weronika Baran
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Economics and Human Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Pinkas
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Economics and Human Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rob H J Van der Lubbe
- Cognitive Psychology and Ergonomics, University of Twente, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Vision Science and Optometry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
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17
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Riesel A, Klawohn J, Grützmann R, Kaufmann C, Heinzel S, Bey K, Lennertz L, Wagner M, Kathmann N. Error-related brain activity as a transdiagnostic endophenotype for obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety and substance use disorder. Psychol Med 2019; 49:1207-1217. [PMID: 30744714 PMCID: PMC6498788 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291719000199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased neural error-signals have been observed in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), anxiety disorders, and inconsistently in depression. Reduced neural error-signals have been observed in substance use disorders (SUD). Thus, alterations in error-monitoring are proposed as a transdiagnostic endophenotype. To strengthen this notion, data from unaffected individuals with a family history for the respective disorders are needed. METHODS The error-related negativity (ERN) as a neural indicator of error-monitoring was measured during a flanker task from 117 OCD patients, 50 unaffected first-degree relatives of OCD patients, and 130 healthy comparison participants. Family history information indicated, that 76 healthy controls were free of a family history for psychopathology, whereas the remaining had first-degree relatives with depression (n = 28), anxiety (n = 27), and/or SUD (n = 27). RESULTS Increased ERN amplitudes were found in OCD patients and unaffected first-degree relatives of OCD patients. In addition, unaffected first-degree relatives of individuals with anxiety disorders were also characterized by increased ERN amplitudes, whereas relatives of individuals with SUD showed reduced amplitudes. CONCLUSIONS Alterations in neural error-signals in unaffected first-degree relatives with a family history of OCD, anxiety, or SUD support the utility of the ERN as a transdiagnostic endophenotype. Reduced neural error-signals may indicate vulnerability for under-controlled behavior and risk for substance use, whereas a harm- or error-avoidant response style and vulnerability for OCD and anxiety appears to be associated with increased ERN. This adds to findings suggesting a common neurobiological substrate across psychiatric disorders involving the anterior cingulate cortex and deficits in cognitive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Riesel
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Klawohn
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Rosa Grützmann
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Kaufmann
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Heinzel
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Psychology, Freie University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Bey
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Leonhard Lennertz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Wagner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Norbert Kathmann
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Abstract
The ability to constantly anticipate events in the world is critical to human survival. It has been suggested that predictive processing originates from the motor system and that incoming sensory inputs can be altered to facilitate sensorimotor integration. In the current study, we investigated the role of the readiness potentials, i.e. the premotor brain activity registered within the fronto-parietal areas, in sensorimotor integration. We recorded EEG data during three conditions: a motor condition in which a simple action was required, a visual condition in which a visual stimulus was presented on the screen, and a visuomotor condition wherein the visual stimulus appeared in response to a button press. We measured evoked potentials before the motor action and/or after the appearance of the visual stimulus. Anticipating a visual feedback in response to a voluntary action modulated the amplitude of the readiness potentials. We also found an enhancement in the amplitude of the visual N1 and a reduction in the amplitude of the visual P2 when the visual stimulus was induced by the action rather than externally generated. Our results suggest that premotor brain activity might reflect predictive processes in sensory-motor binding and that the readiness potentials may possibly represent a neural marker of these predictive mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Vercillo
- Ernest J. Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
| | - Sean O'Neil
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Reno, USA
| | - Fang Jiang
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Reno, USA
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19
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Greber M, Rogenmoser L, Elmer S, Jäncke L. Electrophysiological Correlates of Absolute Pitch in a Passive Auditory Oddball Paradigm: a Direct Replication Attempt. eNeuro 2018; 5:ENEURO.0333-18.2018. [PMID: 30637328 PMCID: PMC6327942 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0333-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans with absolute pitch (AP) are able to effortlessly name the pitch class of a sound without an external reference. The association of labels with pitches cannot be entirely suppressed even if it interferes with task demands. This suggests a high level of automaticity of pitch labeling in AP. The automatic nature of AP was further investigated in a study by Rogenmoser et al. (2015). Using a passive auditory oddball paradigm in combination with electroencephalography, they observed electrophysiological differences between musicians with and without AP in response to piano tones. Specifically, the AP musicians showed a smaller P3a, an event-related potential (ERP) component presumably reflecting early attentional processes. In contrast, they did not find group differences in the mismatch negativity (MMN), an ERP component associated with auditory memory processes. They concluded that early cognitive processes are facilitated in AP during passive listening and are more important for AP than the preceding sensory processes. In our direct replication study on a larger sample of musicians with (n = 54, 27 females, 27 males) and without (n = 50, 24 females, 26 males) AP, we successfully replicated the non-significant effects of AP on the MMN. However, we could not replicate the significant effects for the P3a. Additional Bayes factor analyses revealed moderate to strong evidence (Bayes factor > 3) for the null hypothesis for both MMN and P3a. Therefore, the results of this replication study do not support the postulated importance of cognitive facilitation in AP during passive tone listening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marielle Greber
- Division Neuropsychology, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, CH-8050 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lars Rogenmoser
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience and Cognition, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007
| | - Stefan Elmer
- Division Neuropsychology, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, CH-8050 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lutz Jäncke
- Division Neuropsychology, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, CH-8050 Zurich, Switzerland
- University Research Priority Program (URPP), Dynamics of Healthy Aging, University of Zurich, CH-8050 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Special Education, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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20
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De Pascalis V, Sommer K, Scacchia P. Extraversion and behavioural approach system in stimulus analysis and motor response initiation. Biol Psychol 2018; 137:91-106. [PMID: 30012464 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we attempt to validate previous findings on extraversion-related differences in speed of sensorimotor processing and to extend them into Behavioural Approach System (BAS) subtraits within the framework of the revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (rRST) of personality. Here, we assessed psychological traits of extraversion (E), four BAS facets (Goal-Drive Persistence, BAS-GDP; Reward Interest, BAS-RI; Reward Reactivity, BAS-RR; Impulsivity, BAS-I), Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS), and Fight-Flight-Freeze System (FFFS) in 51 volunteers (28 women). Stimulus-locked lateralized readiness potential (S-LRP), response-locked LRP (R-LRP), stimulus-locked and response-locked forearm electromyogram (S-EMG and R-EMG), and P3 components of the event-related potentials (ERPs), were recorded during the performance of a two-choice Go/NoGo visual letter-digit discrimination task varying in task difficulty. High extraverts, relative to introverts and individuals high relative to low on BAS-RI, were more likely to exhibit shorter S-LRP latencies and stimulus- and response-locked EMG latencies. Additionally, high BAS-I had a shorter R-RLP latency than low BAS-I participants for the difficult task. High FFFS levels were associated with longer S-LRP and S-EMG latencies, while high BIS levels had larger response accuracy. Extraverts, relative to introverts, along with those high relative to low on BAS-RR and BAS-I, exhibited smaller P3 amplitudes. The faster cortical premotor initiation, found in individuals high on extraversion, BAS-RI and low on FFFS, may account for their faster peripheral motor response initiation and execution. Smaller P3 amplitudes in extraverts and individuals high on BAS-RR and BAS-I may indicate reduced perceptual processing capacity in these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathrin Sommer
- Department of Psychology, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Scacchia
- Department of Psychology, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
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21
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Takashima S, Cravo AM, Sameshima K, Ramos RT. The effect of conscious intention to act on the Bereitschaftspotential. Exp Brain Res 2018; 236:2287-2297. [PMID: 29860629 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-018-5302-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The current study investigated the effect of conscious intention to act on the Bereitschaftspotential. Situations in which the awareness of acting is minimally expressed were generated by asking 16 participants to press a button after performing a mental imagery task based on animal pictures (automatic condition). The affective responses induced by the pictures were controlled by selecting the animals according to different valences, threatening and neutral. The Bereitschaftspotential associated with the button presses was compared to the observed when similar movements were performed under the basic instructions of the self-paced movement paradigm (willed condition). Enhanced Bereitschaftspotential amplitudes were observed in the willed condition with respect to the automatic condition. This effect was manifested as a negative slope at medial frontocentral sites during the last 500 ms before movement onset. The valence of the pictures did not affect the motor preparatory potentials. The results suggest that significant part of the NS' subcomponent of the readiness potential is associated with the attention to-and, presumably, awareness of-intention to move, possibly reflecting cortical activation from supplementary motor areas. Secondarily, our findings supports that the feeling of threat does not influence the Bereitschaftspotential associated with automatic movements. Regarding methodological issues, the behavioural model of spontaneous voluntary movements proposed in automatic condition can benefit investigations on purely motor (or non-cognitive) subcomponents of the Bereitschaftspotential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Takashima
- Department of Psychiatry, LIM23, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Rua Doutor Ovídio Pires de Campos, 785-Cerqueira César, 05403010, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - André M Cravo
- Centro de Matemática Computação e Cognição, Universidade Federal do ABC, R. Santa Adélia, 166-Bangu, 09210170, Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Koichi Sameshima
- Department of Radiology, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455-Cerqueira César, 05403010, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Renato T Ramos
- Department of Psychiatry, LIM23, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Rua Doutor Ovídio Pires de Campos, 785-Cerqueira César, 05403010, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Frederick W. Thompson Anxiety Disorders Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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22
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Benau EM, DeLoretta LC, Moelter ST. The time is "right:" Electrophysiology reveals right parietal electrode dominance in time perception. Brain Cogn 2018; 123:92-102. [PMID: 29550507 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, healthy undergraduates were asked to identify if a visual stimulus appeared on screen for the same duration as a memorized target (2 s) while event-related potentials (ERP) were recorded. Trials consisted of very short (1.25 s), short (1.6 s), target (2 s), long (2.5 s) or very long (3.125 s) durations, and a yes or no response was required on each trial. We examined behavioral response as signal detection (d') and response bias via a Generalized Accuracy Coefficient (GAC). We examined the mean amplitude as well as the change in amplitude of the initial Contingent Negative Variation (iCNV) and overall CNV (oCNV) and P350 (a P300-like component that follows stimulus extinction) potentials in paired, lateralized posterior electrodes. Results showed a bias to identifying shorter trials as the target more than longer trials via negative GAC scores. The slope and amplitudes of the iCNV and oCNV were consistently greater in right parietal electrodes. Also in right parietal electrodes, the iCNV correlated to d' scores while greater P350 amplitudes in the short condition correlated with more negative GAC scores. The results indicate dominance in the right hemisphere in temporal processing for durations exceeding 1 s. The P350 should also be studied further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik M Benau
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Laura C DeLoretta
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stephen T Moelter
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Abstract
Practice effects on dual-task processing are of interest in current research because they may reveal the scope and limits of parallel task processing. Here we used onsets of the lateralized readiness potential (LRP), a time marker for the termination of response selection, to assess processing changes after five consecutive dual-task sessions with three stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs) and priority on Task 1. Practice reduced reaction times in both tasks and the interference between tasks. As indicated by the LRP, the reduction of dual-task costs can be explained most parsimoniously by a shortening of the temporal demands of central bottleneck stages, without assuming parallel processing. However, the LRP also revealed a hitherto unreported early activation over the parietal scalp after practice in the short SOA condition, possibly indicating the isolation of stimulus–response translation from other central processing stages. In addition, further evidence was obtained from the LRP for a late motoric bottleneck, which is robust against practice.
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Corcoran CM, Stoops A, Lee M, Martinez A, Sehatpour P, Dias EC, Javitt DC. Developmental trajectory of mismatch negativity and visual event-related potentials in healthy controls: Implications for neurodevelopmental vs. neurodegenerative models of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2018; 191:101-108. [PMID: 29033283 PMCID: PMC5866919 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Sensory processing deficits are core features of schizophrenia, reflected in impaired generation of event-related potential (ERP) measures such as auditory mismatch negativity (MMN) and visual P1. To understand the potential time course of development of deficits in schizophrenia, we obtained MMN to unattended duration, intensity and frequency deviants, and visual P1 to attended LSF stimuli, in 43 healthy individuals ages 6 to 25years (mean 17), and compared results to data from 30 adult schizophrenia patients (mean age 38). We analyzed "time-domain" measures of amplitude and latency, and event-related spectral perturbation (ERSP, "time-frequency") to evaluate underlying neurophysiological mechanisms. Duration and intensity MMN amplitudes increased from childhood to late adolescence, while frequency MMN reached maximum amplitude during early development. As reported previously, in ERSP analyses, MMN activity corresponded primarily to theta-band (4-7Hz) activity, while responses to standards occurred primarily in alpha (8-12Hz) across age groups. Both deviant-induced theta and standard-induced alpha activity declined significantly with age for all deviant types. Likewise, visual P1 also showed an amplitude decline over development, reflecting a reduction in both evoked power and ITC. While MMN "difference" waveform ERP data suggest failure of maturation in schizophrenia, MMN ERSP analyses instead support a neurodegenerative process, as these isolate responses to deviants and standards, showing large low-frequency evoked power for both in children. Neurodegenerative processes are also supported by large visual P1 amplitudes and large low-frequency evoked power in children, in contrast with adult schizophrenia. Sensory processing deficits in schizophrenia may be related to accelerated synaptic pruning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl M Corcoran
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute at Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Schizophrenia Research Division, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Anastasia Stoops
- Schizophrenia Research Division, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Migyung Lee
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute at Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Schizophrenia Research Division, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Antigona Martinez
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute at Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Schizophrenia Research Division, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Pejman Sehatpour
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute at Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Schizophrenia Research Division, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Elisa C Dias
- Schizophrenia Research Division, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Daniel C Javitt
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute at Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Schizophrenia Research Division, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
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25
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Avissar M, Xie S, Vail B, Lopez-Calderon J, Wang Y, Javitt DC. Meta-analysis of mismatch negativity to simple versus complex deviants in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2018; 191:25-34. [PMID: 28709770 PMCID: PMC5745291 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mismatch negativity (MMN) deficits in schizophrenia (SCZ) have been studied extensively since the early 1990s, with the vast majority of studies using simple auditory oddball task deviants that vary in a single acoustic dimension such as pitch or duration. There has been a growing interest in using more complex deviants that violate more abstract rules to probe higher order cognitive deficits. It is still unclear how sensory processing deficits compare to and contribute to higher order cognitive dysfunction, which can be investigated with later attention-dependent auditory event-related potential (ERP) components such as a subcomponent of P300, P3b. In this meta-analysis, we compared MMN deficits in SCZ using simple deviants to more complex deviants. We also pooled studies that measured MMN and P3b in the same study sample and examined the relationship between MMN and P3b deficits within study samples. Our analysis reveals that, to date, studies using simple deviants demonstrate larger deficits than those using complex deviants, with effect sizes in the range of moderate to large. The difference in effect sizes between deviant types was reduced significantly when accounting for magnitude of MMN measured in healthy controls. P3b deficits, while large, were only modestly greater than MMN deficits (d=0.21). Taken together, our findings suggest that MMN to simple deviants may still be optimal as a biomarker for SCZ and that sensory processing dysfunction contributes significantly to MMN deficit and disease pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Avissar
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, United States.
| | - Shanghong Xie
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Blair Vail
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, United States
| | - Javier Lopez-Calderon
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, United States
| | - Yuanjia Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Daniel C Javitt
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, United States; Program in Cognitive Neuroscience and Schizophrenia, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, United States
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Javitt DC, Lee M, Kantrowitz JT, Martinez A. Mismatch negativity as a biomarker of theta band oscillatory dysfunction in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2018; 191:51-60. [PMID: 28666633 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mismatch negativity (MMN) is among the best established biomarkers of cortical dysfunction in schizophrenia. MMN generators are localized primarily to primary and secondary auditory regions, and are known to reflect activity mediated by cortical N-methyl-d-aspartate-type glutamate receptors (NMDAR). Nevertheless, mechanisms underlying MMN generation at the local circuit level remain incompletely understood. This review synthesizes recent advances in circuit-level conceptualization of MMN based upon neuro-oscillatory findings. In the neuro-oscillatory (aka event-related spectral perturbation, ERSP) approach, responses to sensory stimuli are decomposed into underlying frequency bands prior to analysis. MMN reflects activity primarily in theta (4-7Hz) frequency band, which is thought to depend primarily upon interplay between cortical pyramidal neurons and somatostatin (SST)-type local circuit GABAergic interneurons. Schizophrenia-related deficits in theta generation are also observed not only in MMN, but also in other auditory and visual contexts. At the local circuit level, SST interneurons are known to maintain tonic inhibition over cortical pyramidal interneurons. SST interneurons, in turn, are inhibited by a class of interneurons expressing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). In rodents, SST interneurons have been shown to respond differentially to deviant vs. standard stimuli, and inhibition of SST interneurons has been found to selectively inhibit deviance-related activity in rodent visual cortex. Here we propose that deficits in theta frequency generation, as exemplified by MMN, may contribute significantly to cortical dysfunction in schizophrenia, and may be tied to impaired interplay between cortical pyramidal neurons and local circuit SST-type GABAergic interneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Javitt
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, United States; Schizophrenia Research Division, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, United States.
| | - Migyung Lee
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, United States; Schizophrenia Research Division, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, United States
| | - Joshua T Kantrowitz
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, United States; Schizophrenia Research Division, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, United States
| | - Antigona Martinez
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, United States; Schizophrenia Research Division, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, United States
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27
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Rosen TE, Lerner MD. Error-related brain activity and anxiety symptoms in youth with autism spectrum disorder. Autism Res 2017; 11:342-354. [PMID: 29210194 DOI: 10.1002/aur.1898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often experience symptoms associated with generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and social anxiety disorder. In other populations, these same symptoms are associated with a larger error-related negativity (ERN), an event-related potential that reflects endogenous threat sensitivity. As such, it is possible that the ERN may relate to the clinical presentation of anxiety in ASD. However, studies examining these associations in youth with ASD have yielded mixed results. The present study aimed to clarify this relationship by examining the ERN in relation to these specific anxiety symptoms in ASD, and by accounting for typical covariates (e.g., age, verbal abilities, depression, ASD symptoms) of the ERN. Fifty-one youth, ages 8-17, with ASD and intact cognitive ability completed a modified Flanker task, from which the ERN component was obtained. Measures of anxiety, verbal abilities, depression, and ASD symptoms were collected from participants and parents. Results revealed that greater self-reported social anxiety symptoms, specifically performance fears but not humiliation/rejection fears, were associated with an increased neural response to errors, as measured by the ERN. This relationship remained after controlling for other anxiety symptoms, as well as age, verbal IQ, depression symptoms, and ASD symptoms. Findings suggest that heightened threat sensitivity may be characteristic of individuals with ASD who exhibit social fearfulness. Autism Res 2018, 11: 342-354. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY The error-related negativity (ERN) is a physiological measure of the brain's response to errors which is thought to reflect threat sensitivity and has been implicated in anxiety disorders in individuals without autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The present study revealed that the ERN is related to social anxiety symptoms, specifically performance fears, in a sample of youth with ASD. Findings suggest that heightened threat sensitivity may be characteristic of individuals with ASD who exhibit social fearfulness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara E Rosen
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, 11794
| | - Matthew D Lerner
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, 11794
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Mota IA, Coriolano MDG, Lins OG. Bereitschaftspotential preceding eyelid blinks in Parkinson's disease. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2017; 75:539-545. [PMID: 28813084 DOI: 10.1590/0004-282x20170109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
METHODS Ten PD patients in stages 1 and 2 of the Hoehn & Yahr classification were compared to 18 healthy controls. Artifact-free EEG segments of two seconds preceding the onset of the blink potential were averaged and analyzed, and the statistical significance of the measured amplitudes were evaluated by analysis of variance models. RESULTS The presence of a BP in the PD patients was demonstrated. The mean amplitudes at 0 ms were respectively 0.6 µV and 3.3 µV for the BP patients and the normal controls, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The BP amplitudes were significantly smaller in PD patients than normal participants. The amplitudes of the BP were not modified by levodopa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Araújo Mota
- Hospital Universitário Lauro Wanderley, Ambulatório de Neurologia, João Pessoa PB, Brasil
| | | | - Otávio Gomes Lins
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Departamento de Neuropsiquiatria, Recife PE, Brasil
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29
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Flynn M, Liasis A, Gardner M, Towell T. Visual mismatch negativity to masked stimuli presented at very brief presentation rates. Exp Brain Res 2017; 235:555-563. [PMID: 27812749 PMCID: PMC5272894 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-016-4807-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mismatch negativity (MMN) has been characterised as a 'pre-attentive' component of an event-related potential (ERP) that is related to discrimination and error prediction processes. The aim of the current experiment was to establish whether visual MMN could be recorded to briefly presented, backward and forward masked visual stimuli, given both below and above levels of subjective experience. Evidence of visual MMN elicitation in the absence of the ability to consciously report stimuli would provide strong evidence for the automaticity of the visual MMN mechanism. Using an oddball paradigm, two stimuli that differed in orientation from each other, a + and an ×, were presented on a computer screen. Electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded from nine participants (six females), mean age 21.4 years. Results showed that for stimuli that were effectively masked at 7 ms presentation, there was little variation in the ERPs evoked to standard and deviant stimuli or in the subtraction waveform employed to delineate the visual MMN. At 14 ms stimulus presentation, when participants were able to report stimulus presence, an enhanced negativity at around 175 and 305 ms was observed to the deviant and was evident in the subtraction waveform. However, some of the difference observed in the ERPs can be attributed to stimulus characteristics, as the use of a 'lonely' deviant protocol revealed attenuated visual MMN components at 14 ms stimulus presentation. Overall, results suggest that some degree of conscious attention is required before visual MMN components emerge, suggesting visual MMN is not an entirely pre-attentive process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Flynn
- Department of Psychology, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London, W1W 6UW, UK
| | - Alki Liasis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Mark Gardner
- Department of Psychology, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London, W1W 6UW, UK
| | - Tony Towell
- Department of Psychology, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London, W1W 6UW, UK.
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Du Rietz E, Cheung CHM, McLoughlin G, Brandeis D, Banaschewski T, Asherson P, Kuntsi J. Self-report of ADHD shows limited agreement with objective markers of persistence and remittance. J Psychiatr Res 2016; 82:91-9. [PMID: 27478936 PMCID: PMC5036506 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A controversial issue is whether self-report of symptoms and impairment is sufficient for diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adolescents and adults in the absence of other informants, such as parents. The present study investigated how well self-report is reflected by cognitive-neurophysiological and actigraph measures, which we have previously shown to discriminate between ADHD persisters, remitters and controls using parent-report (Cheung et al., 2015; Brit J Psychiat http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.114.145185). METHOD Parent- and self-reported ADHD symptoms and impairment, together with cognitive, electroencephalogram (EEG) frequency, event-related potential (ERP) and actigraph measures were obtained from 108 adolescents and young adults with childhood ADHD and 167 controls. RESULTS Participants reported lower levels of ADHD symptoms and impairments than parents (p < 0.05) and the ADHD persistence rate based on self-report was low at 44%, compared to the persistence rate of 79% previously reported based on parent-report. Regression analyses showed that the objective measures distinguished poorly between ADHD persistent and remittent groups based on self-report, in contrast to findings based on parent-report (Cheung et al., 2015), although the measures differentiated well between ADHD persisters and controls. Correlation analyses revealed that self-reported impairment significantly correlated with fewer of the objective measures, despite parent- and self-reported symptoms showing similar correlations with the measures. CONCLUSIONS The findings show that self-reported ADHD outcome is not as well reflected by cognitive-neurophysiological and movement correlates as we previously found for parent-reported ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebba Du Rietz
- King's College London, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, 16 De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom.
| | - Celeste H M Cheung
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, 32 Torrington Square, London WC1E 7JL, United Kingdom.
| | - Gráinne McLoughlin
- King's College London, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, 16 De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom.
| | - Daniel Brandeis
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/ Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Neumünsterallee 9, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, Y17 H03, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/ Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Philip Asherson
- King's College London, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, 16 De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom.
| | - Jonna Kuntsi
- King's College London, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, 16 De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom.
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Germar M, Albrecht T, Voss A, Mojzisch A. Social conformity is due to biased stimulus processing: electrophysiological and diffusion analyses. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2016; 11:1449-59. [PMID: 27127228 PMCID: PMC5015799 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsw050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hundreds of studies have found that humans' decisions are strongly influenced by the opinions of others, even when making simple perceptual decisions. In this study, we aimed to clarify whether this effect can be explained by social influence biasing (early) perceptual processes. We employed stimulus evoked potentials, lateralized readiness potentials (LRPs) and a diffusion model analysis of reaction time data to uncover the neurocognitive processes underlying social conformity in perceptual decision-making. The diffusion model analysis showed that social conformity was due to a biased uptake of stimulus information and accompanied by more careful stimulus processing. As indicated by larger N1-amplitudes, social influence increased early attentional resources for stimulus identification and discrimination. Furthermore, LRP analyses revealed that stimulus processing was biased even in cases of non-conformity. In conclusion, our results suggest that the opinion of others can cause individuals to selectively process stimulus information supporting this opinion, thereby inducing social conformity. This effect is present even when individuals do not blindly follow the majority but rather carefully process stimulus information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Germar
- Institut für Psychologie, University of Hildesheim, Universitätsplatz 1, Hildesheim D-31141, Germany
| | - Thorsten Albrecht
- Georg-Elias-Müller-Institut für Psychologie, University of Göttingen, Göttingen D-37073, Germany
| | - Andreas Voss
- Institut für Psychologie, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg D-69117, Germany
| | - Andreas Mojzisch
- Institut für Psychologie, University of Hildesheim, Universitätsplatz 1, Hildesheim D-31141, Germany
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32
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Abstract
We examined the hypothesis that unintentional race-biased responses may occur despite the activation of neural systems that detect the need for control. Participants completed a sequential priming task that induced race-biased responses on certain trials while electroencephalography was recorded. The error-related negativity (ERN) wave, a component of the event-related potential with an anterior cingulate generator, was assessed to index neural signals detecting the need for control. Responses attributed to race bias produced larger ERNs than responses not attributed to race bias. Although race-biased responses were prevalent across participants, those with larger ERNs to race-biased responses showed higher levels of control throughout the task (e.g., greater accuracy and slowed responding following errors). The results indicate that race-biased responses may be made despite the activation of neural systems designed to detect bias and to recruit controlled processing.
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33
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Schultze-Kraft M, Birman D, Rusconi M, Allefeld C, Görgen K, Dähne S, Blankertz B, Haynes JD. The point of no return in vetoing self-initiated movements. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:1080-5. [PMID: 26668390 PMCID: PMC4743787 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1513569112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, spontaneous movements are often preceded by early brain signals. One such signal is the readiness potential (RP) that gradually arises within the last second preceding a movement. An important question is whether people are able to cancel movements after the elicitation of such RPs, and if so until which point in time. Here, subjects played a game where they tried to press a button to earn points in a challenge with a brain-computer interface (BCI) that had been trained to detect their RPs in real time and to emit stop signals. Our data suggest that subjects can still veto a movement even after the onset of the RP. Cancellation of movements was possible if stop signals occurred earlier than 200 ms before movement onset, thus constituting a point of no return.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schultze-Kraft
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Neurotechnology Group, Technische Universität Berlin, 10587 Berlin, Germany; Bernstein Focus: Neurotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, 10587 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Daniel Birman
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Berlin Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marco Rusconi
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Berlin Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Allefeld
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Berlin Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kai Görgen
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Berlin Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Dähne
- Machine Leaning Group, Technische Universität Berlin, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Benjamin Blankertz
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Neurotechnology Group, Technische Universität Berlin, 10587 Berlin, Germany; Bernstein Focus: Neurotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - John-Dylan Haynes
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Bernstein Focus: Neurotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, 10587 Berlin, Germany; Berlin Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Psychology, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany; Clinic of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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Pornpattananangkul N, Nusslock R. Motivated to win: Relationship between anticipatory and outcome reward-related neural activity. Brain Cogn 2015; 100:21-40. [PMID: 26433773 PMCID: PMC4637189 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Reward-processing involves two temporal stages characterized by two distinct neural processes: reward-anticipation and reward-outcome. Intriguingly, very little research has examined the relationship between neural processes involved in reward-anticipation and reward-outcome. To investigate this, one needs to consider the heterogeneity of reward-processing within each stage. To identify different stages of reward processing, we adapted a reward time-estimation task. While EEG data were recorded, participants were instructed to button-press 3.5s after the onset of an Anticipation-Cue and received monetary reward for good time-estimation on the Reward trials, but not on No-Reward trials. We first separated reward-anticipation into event related potentials (ERPs) occurring at three sub-stages: reward/no-reward cue-evaluation, motor-preparation and feedback-anticipation. During reward/no-reward cue-evaluation, the Reward-Anticipation Cue led to a smaller N2 and larger P3. During motor-preparation, we report, for the first time, that the Reward-Anticipation Cue enhanced the Readiness Potential (RP), starting approximately 1s before movement. At the subsequent feedback-anticipation stage, the Reward-Anticipation Cue elevated the Stimulus-Preceding Negativity (SPN). We also separated reward-outcome ERPs into different components occurring at different time-windows: the Feedback-Related Negativity (FRN), Feedback-P3 (FB-P3) and Late-Positive Potentials (LPP). Lastly, we examined the relationship between reward-anticipation and reward-outcome ERPs. We report that individual-differences in specific reward-anticipation ERPs uniquely predicted specific reward-outcome ERPs. In particular, the reward-anticipation Early-RP (1-.8s before movement) predicted early reward-outcome ERPs (FRN and FB-P3), whereas, the reward-anticipation SPN most strongly predicted a later reward-outcome ERP (LPP). Results have important implications for understanding the nature of the relationship between reward-anticipation and reward-outcome neural-processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robin Nusslock
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, 2029 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
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van Vugt MK, Simen P, Nystrom L, Holmes P, Cohen JD. Correction: Lateralized Readiness Potentials Reveal Properties of a Neural Mechanism for Implementing a Decision Threshold. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132197. [PMID: 26121687 PMCID: PMC4488310 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Carrión RE, Cornblatt BA, McLaughlin D, Chang J, Auther AM, Olsen RH, Javitt DC. Contributions of early cortical processing and reading ability to functional status in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis. Schizophr Res 2015; 164:1-7. [PMID: 25728833 PMCID: PMC4469046 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a growing recognition that individuals at clinical high risk need intervention for functional impairments, along with emerging psychosis, as the majority of clinical high risk (CHR) individuals show persistent deficits in social and role functioning regardless of transition to psychosis. Recent studies have demonstrated reduced reading ability as a potential cause of functional disability in schizophrenia, related to underlying deficits in generation of mismatch negativity (MMN). The present study extends these findings to subjects at CHR. METHODS The sample consisted of 34 CHR individuals and 33 healthy comparison subjects (CNTLs) from the Recognition and Prevention (RAP) Program at the Zucker Hillside Hospital in New York. At baseline, reading measures were collected, along with MMN to pitch, duration, and intensity deviants, and measures of neurocognition, and social and role (academic/work) functioning. RESULTS CHR subjects showed impairments in reading ability, neurocognition, and MMN generation, relative to CNTLs. Lower-amplitude MMN responses were correlated with worse reading ability, slower processing speed, and poorer social and role functioning. However, when entered into a simultaneous regression, only reduced responses to deviance in sound duration and volume predicted poor social and role functioning, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Deficits in reading ability exist even prior to illness onset in schizophrenia and may represent a decline in performance from prior abilities. As in schizophrenia, deficits are related to impaired MMN generation, suggesting specific contributions of sensory-level impairment to neurocognitive processes related to social and role function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo E Carrión
- Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System (NS-LIJHS), Glen Oaks, NY, USA; Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA.
| | - Barbara A Cornblatt
- Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System (NS-LIJHS), Glen Oaks, NY, USA; Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Danielle McLaughlin
- Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System (NS-LIJHS), Glen Oaks, NY, USA
| | - Jeremy Chang
- Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System (NS-LIJHS), Glen Oaks, NY, USA
| | - Andrea M Auther
- Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System (NS-LIJHS), Glen Oaks, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Ruth H Olsen
- Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System (NS-LIJHS), Glen Oaks, NY, USA
| | - Daniel C Javitt
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA; Division of Schizophrenia Research, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
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Schlegel A, Alexander P, Sinnott-Armstrong W, Roskies A, Tse PU, Wheatley T. Hypnotizing Libet: Readiness potentials with non-conscious volition. Conscious Cogn 2015; 33:196-203. [PMID: 25612537 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The readiness potential (RP) is one of the most controversial topics in neuroscience and philosophy due to its perceived relevance to the role of conscious willing in action. Libet and colleagues reported that RP onset precedes both volitional movement and conscious awareness of willing that movement, suggesting that the experience of conscious will may not cause volitional movement (Libet, Gleason, Wright, & Pearl, 1983). Rather, they suggested that the RP indexes unconscious processes that may actually cause both volitional movement and the accompanying conscious feeling of will (Libet et al., 1983; pg. 640). Here, we demonstrate that volitional movement can occur without an accompanying feeling of will. We additionally show that the neural processes indexed by RPs are insufficient to cause the experience of conscious willing. Specifically, RPs still occur when subjects make self-timed, endogenously-initiated movements due to a post-hypnotic suggestion, without a conscious feeling of having willed those movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Schlegel
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, HB 6207 Moore Hall, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
| | - Prescott Alexander
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, HB 6207 Moore Hall, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Walter Sinnott-Armstrong
- Philosophy Department and Kenan Institute for Ethics, Duke University, Box 90432, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Adina Roskies
- Department of Philosophy, Dartmouth College, HB 6035 Thornton Hall, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Peter Ulric Tse
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, HB 6207 Moore Hall, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Thalia Wheatley
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, HB 6207 Moore Hall, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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Tye C, Asherson P, Ashwood KL, Azadi B, Bolton P, McLoughlin G. Attention and inhibition in children with ASD, ADHD and co-morbid ASD + ADHD: an event-related potential study. Psychol Med 2014; 44:1101-1116. [PMID: 23673307 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291713001049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substantial overlap has been reported between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Deficits in executive function (EF) are characteristic of both disorders but these impairments have not been compared directly across pure and co-morbid cases using event-related potentials (ERPs). METHOD Behavioural parameters and ERPs were recorded during a flankered cued-continuous performance test (CPT-OX) administered to 8-13-year-old boys with ASD (n = 19), ADHD (n = 18), co-morbid ASD + ADHD (n = 29) and typically developing controls (TD; n = 26). Preparatory processing (contingent negative variation, CNV) and attentional orienting (Cue-P3) at cues, response execution at targets (Go-P3), inhibitory processing at non-targets (NoGo-P3) and conflict monitoring between target and non-target trials (Go-N2 v. NoGo-N2) were examined. RESULTS Categorical diagnoses and quantitative trait measures indicated that participants with ADHD (ADHD/ASD + ADHD) made more omission errors and exhibited increased reaction-time (RT) variability and reduced amplitude of the Cue-P3 and NoGo-P3 compared to TD/ASD participants. Participants with ASD (ASD/ ASD + ADHD) demonstrated reduced N2 enhancement from Go to NoGo trials compared to TD/ADHD participants. Participants with ASD-only displayed enhanced CNV amplitude compared to ASD + ADHD and TD participants. CONCLUSIONS Children with ADHD show deficits in attentional orienting and inhibitory control whereas children with ASD show abnormalities in conflict monitoring and response preparation. Children with co-morbid ASD + ADHD present as an additive co-occurrence with deficits of both disorders, although non-additive effects are suggested for response preparation. Measuring ERPs that index attention and inhibition is useful in disentangling cognitive markers of ASD and ADHD and elucidating the basis of co-occurring ASD + ADHD to guide clinical assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tye
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK
| | - P Asherson
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK
| | - K L Ashwood
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK
| | - B Azadi
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK
| | - P Bolton
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK
| | - G McLoughlin
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK
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Marie C, Trainor LJ. Early development of polyphonic sound encoding and the high voice superiority effect. Neuropsychologia 2014; 57:50-8. [PMID: 24613759 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Previous research suggests that when two streams of pitched tones are presented simultaneously, adults process each stream in a separate memory trace, as reflected by mismatch negativity (MMN), a component of the event-related potential (ERP). Furthermore, a superior encoding of the higher tone or voice in polyphonic sounds has been found for 7-month-old infants and both musician and non-musician adults in terms of a larger amplitude MMN in response to pitch deviant stimuli in the higher than the lower voice. These results, in conjunction with modeling work, suggest that the high voice superiority effect might originate in characteristics of the peripheral auditory system. If this is the case, the high voice superiority effect should be present in infants younger than 7 months. In the present study we tested 3-month-old infants as there is no evidence at this age of perceptual narrowing or specialization of musical processing according to the pitch or rhythmic structure of music experienced in the infant׳s environment. We presented two simultaneous streams of tones (high and low) with 50% of trials modified by 1 semitone (up or down), either on the higher or the lower tone, leaving 50% standard trials. Results indicate that like the 7-month-olds, 3-month-old infants process each tone in a separate memory trace and show greater saliency for the higher tone. Although MMN was smaller and later in both voices for the group of sixteen 3-month-olds compared to the group of sixteen 7-month-olds, the size of the difference in MMN for the high compared to low voice was similar across ages. These results support the hypothesis of an innate peripheral origin of the high voice superiority effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Marie
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1; McMaster Institute for Music and the Mind, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laurel J Trainor
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1; McMaster Institute for Music and the Mind, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Kononowicz TW, van Rijn H. Decoupling interval timing and climbing neural activity: a dissociation between CNV and N1P2 amplitudes. J Neurosci 2014; 34:2931-9. [PMID: 24553934 PMCID: PMC6608524 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2523-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It is often argued that climbing neural activity, as for example reflected by the contingent negative variation (CNV) in the electroencephalogram, is the signature of the subjective experience of time. According to this view, the resolution of the CNV coincides with termination of subjective timing processes. Paradoxically, behavioral data indicate that participants keep track of timing even after the standard interval (SI) has passed. This study addresses whether timing continues after CNV resolution. In Experiment 1, human participants were asked to discriminate time intervals while evoked potentials (EPs) elicited by the sound terminating a comparison interval (CI) were measured. As the amplitude of N1P2 components increases as a function of the temporal distance from the SI, and the latency of the P2 component followed the hazard rate of the CIs, timing processes continue after CNV resolution. Based on a novel experimental paradigm, statistical model comparisons and trial-by-trial analyses, Experiment 2 supports this finding as subjective time is more accurately indexed by the amplitude of early EPs than by CNV amplitude. These results provide the first direct evidence that subjective timing of multisecond intervals does not depend on climbing neural activity as indexed by the CNV and that the subjective experience of time is better reflected by distinct features of post-CI evoked potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeusz W. Kononowicz
- Experimental Psychology, University of Groningen, 9712 TS Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hedderik van Rijn
- Experimental Psychology, University of Groningen, 9712 TS Groningen, The Netherlands
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Overath CH, Darabaneanu S, Evers MC, Gerber WD, Graf M, Keller A, Niederberger U, Schäl H, Siniatchkin M, Weisser B. Does an aerobic endurance programme have an influence on information processing in migraineurs? J Headache Pain 2014; 15:11. [PMID: 24528557 PMCID: PMC4017768 DOI: 10.1186/1129-2377-15-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Migraine is a disorder of central information processing which is characterized by a reduced habituation of event-related potentials. There might be positive effects of aerobic exercise on brain function and pain. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of exercise on information processing and clinical course of migraine. METHODS 33 patients completed a ten-week aerobic exercise programme. To examine the influence of the treatment on information processing and attention, Trail Making Test (TMT) A and B, d2-Letter Cancellation Test (LCT) and recordings of the Contingent Negative Variation (CNV) were performed before and after the training. RESULTS Patients showed a significant reduction of the migraine attack frequency, the iCNV-amplitude and the processing time for TMT-A and TMT-B after treatment. Moreover, there was a significant increase of the habituation and positive changes in parameters of attention (d2-LCT) after the training. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that aerobic exercise programme influences central information processing and leads to clinical effects on the migraine symptomatology. The results can be interpreted in terms of an improvement of a dysfunctional information processing and a stimulus selection under aerobic exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia H Overath
- Institute of Medical Psychology, University Clinic of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Diesterwegstraße 10 - 12, 24113 Kiel, Germany.
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Achtziger A, Alós-Ferrer C, Hügelschäfer S, Steinhauser M. The neural basis of belief updating and rational decision making. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2014; 9:55-62. [PMID: 22956673 PMCID: PMC3871726 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nss099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Rational decision making under uncertainty requires forming beliefs that integrate prior and new information through Bayes' rule. Human decision makers typically deviate from Bayesian updating by either overweighting the prior (conservatism) or overweighting new information (e.g. the representativeness heuristic). We investigated these deviations through measurements of electrocortical activity in the human brain during incentivized probability-updating tasks and found evidence of extremely early commitment to boundedly rational heuristics. Participants who overweight new information display a lower sensibility to conflict detection, captured by an event-related potential (the N2) observed around 260 ms after the presentation of new information. Conservative decision makers (who overweight prior probabilities) make up their mind before new information is presented, as indicated by the lateralized readiness potential in the brain. That is, they do not inhibit the processing of new information but rather immediately rely on the prior for making a decision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Achtziger
- Department of Economics Box 150, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany.
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Mideksa KG, Hellriegel H, Hoogenboom N, Krause H, Schnitzler A, Deuschl G, Raethjen J, Heute U, Muthuraman M. Dipole source analysis for readiness potential and field using simultaneously measured EEG and MEG signals. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2013; 2013:1362-5. [PMID: 24109949 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2013.6609762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Various source localization techniques have indicated the generators of each identifiable component of movement-related cortical potentials, since the discovery of the surface negative potential prior to self-paced movement by Kornhuber and Decke. Readiness potentials and fields preceding self-paced finger movements were recorded simultaneously using multichannel electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) from five healthy subjects. The cortical areas involved in this paradigm are the supplementary motor area (SMA) (bilateral), pre-SMA (bilateral), and contralateral motor area of the moving finger. This hypothesis is tested in this paper using the dipole source analysis independently for only EEG, only MEG, and both combined. To localize the sources, the forward problem is first solved by using the boundary-element method for realistic head models and by using a locally-fitted-sphere approach for spherical head models consisting of a set of connected volumes, typically representing the scalp, skull, and brain. In the source reconstruction it is to be expected that EEG predominantly localizes radially oriented sources while MEG localizes tangential sources at the desired region of the cortex. The effect of MEG on EEG is also observed when analyzing both combined data. When comparing the two head models, the spherical and the realistic head models showed similar results. The significant points for this study are comparing the source analysis between the two modalities (EEG and MEG) so as to assure that EEG is sensitive to mostly radially orientated sources while MEG is only sensitive to only tangential sources, and comparing the spherical and individual head models.
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Abstract
The purpose of the study was to test the hypothesis that sound context modulates the magnitude of auditory distraction, indexed by behavioral and electrophysiological measures. Participants were asked to identify tone duration, while irrelevant changes occurred in tone frequency, tone intensity, and harmonic structure. Frequency deviants were randomly intermixed with standards (Uni-Condition), with intensity deviants (Bi-Condition), and with both intensity and complex deviants (Tri-Condition). Only in the Tri-Condition did the auditory distraction effect reflect the magnitude difference among the frequency and intensity deviants. The mixture of the different types of deviants in the Tri-Condition modulated the perceived level of distraction, demonstrating that the sound context can modulate the effect of deviance level on processing irrelevant acoustic changes in the environment. These findings thus indicate that perceptual contrast plays a role in change detection processes that leads to auditory distraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sufen Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Center of Cognitive and Neural Systems, Boston University, USA.
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Schevernels H, Krebs RM, Santens P, Woldorff MG, Boehler CN. Task preparation processes related to reward prediction precede those related to task-difficulty expectation. Neuroimage 2013; 84:639-47. [PMID: 24064071 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, attempts have been made to disentangle the neural underpinnings of preparatory processes related to reward and attention. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) research showed that neural activity related to the anticipation of reward and to attentional demands invokes neural activity patterns featuring large-scale overlap, along with some differences and interactions. Due to the limited temporal resolution of fMRI, however, the temporal dynamics of these processes remain unclear. Here, we report an event-related potentials (ERP) study in which cued attentional demands and reward prospect were combined in a factorial design. Results showed that reward prediction dominated early cue processing, as well as the early and later parts of the contingent negative variation (CNV) slow-wave ERP component that has been associated with task-preparation processes. Moreover these reward-related electrophysiological effects correlated across participants with response time speeding on reward-prospect trials. In contrast, cued attentional demands affected only the later part of the CNV, with the highest amplitudes following cues predicting high-difficulty potential-reward targets, thus suggesting maximal task preparation when the task requires it and entails reward prospect. Consequently, we suggest that task-preparation processes triggered by reward can arise earlier, and potentially more directly, than strategic top-down aspects of preparation based on attentional demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Schevernels
- Dept. of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Albrecht B, Brandeis D, Uebel H, Valko L, Heinrich H, Drechsler R, Heise A, Müller UC, Steinhausen HC, Rothenberger A, Banaschewski T. Familiality of neural preparation and response control in childhood attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Psychol Med 2013; 43:1997-2011. [PMID: 23200032 DOI: 10.1017/s003329171200270x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) exhibit difficulties in multiple attentional functions. Although high heritability rates suggest a strong genetic impact, aetiological pathways from genes and environmental factors to the ADHD phenotype are not well understood. Tracking the time course of deviant task processing using event-related electrophysiological brain activity should characterize the impact of familiality on the sequence of cognitive functions from preparation to response control in ADHD. Method Preparation and response control were assessed using behavioural and electrophysiological parameters of two versions of a cued continuous performance test with varying attentional load in boys with ADHD combined type (n = 97), their non-affected siblings (n = 27) and control children without a family history of ADHD (n = 43). RESULTS Children with ADHD and non-affected siblings showed more variable performance and made more omission errors than controls. The preparatory Cue-P3 and contingent negative variation (CNV) following cues were reduced in both ADHD children and their non-affected siblings compared with controls. The NoGo-P3 was diminished in ADHD compared with controls whilst non-affected siblings were located intermediate but did not differ from both other groups. No clear familiality effects were found for the Go-P3. Better task performance was further associated with higher CNV and P3 amplitudes. CONCLUSIONS Impairments in performance and electrophysiological parameters reflecting preparatory processes and to some extend also for inhibitory response control, especially under high attentional load, appeared to be familially driven in ADHD and may thus constitute functionally relevant endophenotypes for the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Albrecht
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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Choi JW, Lee JK, Ko D, Lee GT, Jung KY, Kim KH. Fronto-temporal interactions in the theta-band during auditory deviant processing. Neurosci Lett 2013; 548:120-5. [PMID: 23769731 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.05.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mismatch negativity (MMN) is a negative component of event-related potential (ERP) that reflects auditory deviant detection. Previous studies repeatedly suggested that MMN is generated by the fronto-temporal network. However, it is still unclear how the frontal and temporal areas interact. To verify this, we observed the spatiotemporal pattern of inter-regional functional connectivity using phase synchrony and Granger causality, by analyzing event-related electroencephalograms (EEGs) elicited by standard and deviant tones in an oddball paradigm. Strong theta-band phase synchrony and bidirectional Granger causality were observed between the frontal and temporal areas during the processing of auditory deviants, especially at the temporal interval of MMN. Our results support the hypothesis that fronto-temporal interactions are crucial to the generation of MMN during auditory deviant processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Woo Choi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Health Science, Yonsei University, 234 Maeji-ri, Heungup-myun, Wonju, Gangwon-do, 220-710, Republic of Korea
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Yang Q, Yan L, Luo J, Li A, Zhang Y, Tian X, Zhang D. Temporal dynamics of disgust and morality: an event-related potential study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65094. [PMID: 23724123 PMCID: PMC3665774 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Disgust is argued to be an emotion that motivates the avoidance of disease-causing entities in the physical domain and unacceptable behaviors in the social-moral domain. Empirical work from behavioral, physiological and brain imaging studies suggests moral judgments are strongly modulated by disgust feelings. Yet, it remains unclear how they are related in the time course of neural processing. Examining the temporal order of disgust emotion and morality could help to clarify the role of disgust in moral judgments. In the present research, a Go/No-Go paradigm was employed to evoke lateralized readiness potentials (LRPs) to investigate the temporal order of physical disgust and moral information processing. Participants were asked to give a “yes” or “no” response regarding the physical disgust and moral wrongness of a social act. The results showed that the evaluation of moral information was processed prior to that of physical disgust information. This suggests that moral information is available earlier than physical disgust, and provides more data on the biological heterogeneity between disgust and morality in terms of the time course of neural activity. The findings implicate that physical disgust emotion may not be necessary for people to make moral judgments. They also suggest that some of our moral experience may be more fundamental (than physical disgust experience) to our survival and development, as humans spend a considerable amount of time engaging in social interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Yang
- College of Education Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Li Yan
- College of Education Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Junlong Luo
- College of Education, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - An Li
- School of Law, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorder, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xuehong Tian
- College of Education Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (XT); (DZ))
| | - Dexuan Zhang
- College of Education Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (XT); (DZ))
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Cordones I, Gómez CM, Escudero M. Cortical dynamics during the preparation of antisaccadic and prosaccadic eye movements in humans in a gap paradigm. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63751. [PMID: 23671699 PMCID: PMC3650078 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To compare the cortical dynamics of different oculomotor tasks, EEG and eye movements were recorded in 21 volunteers. Using a comprehensive approach, subjects were asked to perform saccadic tasks, which included a saccadic eye movement to a peripheral target (prosaccadic), a movement to the opposite side (antisaccadic), or maintain the gaze fixed (no-go). In mixed trials, prosaccadic, antisaccadic and no-go tasks were indicated by a color square (S1) present for 1900-2500 ms (instructive period). S1 disappeared for 370 ms (gap) and a black dot at 8 deg at right or left indicated the beginning of the task. Reaction times, amplitude of eye movements and number of errors were greatest in antisaccadic tasks, suggesting a greater difficulty. The EEG showed a contingent negativity variation (CNV) that increased progressively along the instructive period and suddenly during the gap: higher in antisaccadic, followed by prosaccadic and no-go tasks. Principal component analysis (PCA) disentangled fronto-central and occipital CNV-related and fronto-central gap-related components. The instructive period was characterized by fronto-central and occipital beta desynchronization (ERD) higher in antisaccadic than in no-go and parieto-occipital alpha synchronization higher in no-go than in antisaccadic tasks. During the gap, parieto-occipital beta and alpha ERD were higher in antisaccadic compared to no-go. The gap was further characterized by a fronto-central increase of inter-trial coherence in theta: highest during antisaccadic, followed by prosaccadic and no-go tasks. This phase locking in theta was also accompanied by theta ERS, which was significantly higher in antisaccadic than in the other two tasks. In PCA of spectral power two main components had dynamics similar to those extracted from voltage data, suggesting cross-frequency coupling. These results suggest that the more difficult saccadic tasks are associated with top-down control mediated by frontal cortex, while simpler tasks rely more on bottom-up control mediated by posterior cortices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Cordones
- Neuroscience and Behavior Group, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Carlos M. Gómez
- Human Psychobiology Lab, Departamento de Psicología Experimental, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Miguel Escudero
- Neuroscience and Behavior Group, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Holtmann M. Commentary: persistent time estimation deficits in ADHD? From developmental trajectories to individual targets for intervention - reflections on Doehnert et al. (2013). J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2013; 54:271-2. [PMID: 23216022 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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