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Guo W, Song Y, Chen H, Li X. Dietary potential of the symbiotic fungus Penicillium herquei for the larvae of a nonsocial fungus-cultivating weevil Euops chinensis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0153723. [PMID: 38445862 PMCID: PMC11022562 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01537-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Many insect taxa cultivate fungi for food. Compared to well-known fungus cultivation in social insects, our knowledge on fungus cultivation in nonsocial insects is still limited. Here, we studied the nutritional potentials of the fungal cultivar, Penicillium herquei, for the larvae of its nonsocial insect farmer, Euops chinensis, a specialist on Japanese knotweed Reynoutria japonica. Overall, fungal hyphae and leaf rolls contained significantly higher carbon (C), stable isotopes of C (δ13C), and nitrogen (δ15N) but significantly lower C/N ratios compared to unrolled leaves, whereas insect bodies contained significantly higher N contents but lower C and C/N ratios compared to other types of samples. The MixSIAR model indicated that fungal hyphae contributed a larger proportion (0.626-0.797) to the diet of E. chinensis larvae than leaf materials. The levels of ergosterol, six essential amino acids, seven nonessential amino acids, and three B vitamins tested in fungal hyphae and/or leaf rolls were significantly higher than in unrolled leaves and/or larvae. The P. herquei genome contains the complete set of genes required for the biosynthesis of ergosterol, the essential amino acids valine and threonine, nine nonessential amino acids, and vitamins B2 and B3, whereas some genes associated with five essential and one nonessential amino acid were lost in the P. herquei genome. These suggest that P. herquei is capable of providing the E. chinensis larvae food with ergosterol, amino acids, and B vitamins. P. herquei appears to be able to synthesize or concentrate these nutrients considering that they were specifically concentrated in fungal hyphae. IMPORTANCE The cultivation of fungi for food has occurred across divergent insect lineages such as social ants, termites, and ambrosia beetles, as well as some seldom-reported solitary insects. Although the fungal cultivars of these insects have been studied for decades, the dietary potential of fungal cultivars for their hosts (especially for those nonsocial insects) is largely unknown. Our research on the mutualistic system Euops chinensis-Penicillium herquei represents an example of the diverse nutritional potentials of the fungal cultivar P. herquei in the diet of the larvae of its solitary host, E. chinensis. These results demonstrate that P. herquei has the potential to synthesize or concentrate ergosterol, amino acids, and B vitamins and benefits the larvae of E. chinensis. Our findings would shed light on poorly understood fungal cultivation mutualisms in nonsocial insects and underscore the nutritional importance of fungal cultivars in fungal cultivation mutualisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Guo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology Lab, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yu Song
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Hu Chen
- Wuhan Benagen Technology Co., Ltd, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoqiong Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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Wu Y, Zhang H, Zhu J, Zhang Z, Ma S, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Yuan J, Guo X, Li Y, Zhang S. The Effect of Fermentation on the Chemical Constituents of Gastrodia Tuber Hallimasch Powder (GTHP) Estimated by UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS and HPLC. Molecules 2024; 29:1663. [PMID: 38611942 PMCID: PMC11013358 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the effect of fermentation on the chemical constituents of Gastrodia Tuder Halimasch Powder (GTHP), to establish its fingerprinting and multicomponent content determination, and to provide a basis for the processing, handling, and clinical application of this herb. METHODS Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS) was used to conduct a preliminary analysis of the chemical constituents in GTHP before and after fermentation. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to determine some major differential components of GTHP and establish fingerprints. Cluster analysis (CA), and principal component analysis (PCA) were employed for comprehensive evaluation. RESULTS Seventy-nine compounds were identified, including flavonoids, organic acids, nucleosides, terpenoids, and others. The CA and PCA results showed that ten samples were divided into three groups. Through standard control and HPLC analysis, 10 compounds were identified from 22 peaks, namely uracil, guanosine, adenosine, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), daidzin, genistin, glycitein, daidzein, genistein, and ergosterol. After fermentation, GTHP exhibited significantly higher contents of uracil, guanosine, adenosine, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, and ergosterol and significantly lower genistein and daidzein contents. CONCLUSIONS The UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS and HPLC methods can effectively identify a variety of chemical components before and after the fermentation of GTHP. This study provides a valuable reference for further research on the rational clinical application and quality control improvement of GTHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaning Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Jianguang Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Zhenling Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Research and Development on the Whole Industry Chain of Yu-Yao, Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Henan Engineering Technology Research Center for Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine Production, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Characteristic Processing Technology, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Songbo Ma
- Luoyang Wokang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Luoyang 471521, China
| | - Yongqi Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yiming Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Jun Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xing Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yajing Li
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
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Hussain S, Tai B, Ali M, Jahan I, Sakina S, Wang G, Zhang X, Yin Y, Xing F. Antifungal potential of lipopeptides produced by the Bacillus siamensis Sh420 strain against Fusarium graminearum. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0400823. [PMID: 38451229 PMCID: PMC10986469 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04008-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Biological control is a more sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative to chemical fungicides for controlling Fusarium spp. infestations. In this work, Bacillus siamensis Sh420 isolated from wheat rhizosphere showed a high antifungal activity against Fusarium graminearum as a secure substitute for fungicides. Sh420 was identified as B. siamensis using phenotypic evaluation and 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis. An in vitro antagonistic study showed that Sh420's lipopeptide (LP) extract exhibited strong antifungal properties and effectively combated F. graminearum. Meanwhile, lipopeptides have the ability to decrease ergosterol content, which has an impact on the overall structure and stability of the plasma membrane. The PCR-based screening revealed the presence of antifungal LP biosynthetic genes in this strain's genomic DNA. In the crude LP extract of Sh420, we were able to discover several LPs such as bacillomycin, iturins, fengycin, and surfactins using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Microscopic investigations (fluorescent/transmission electron microscopy) revealed deformities and alterations in the morphology of the phytopathogen upon interaction with LPs. Sh420 LPs have been shown in grape tests to be effective against F. graminearum infection and to stimulate antioxidant activity in fruits by avoiding rust and gray lesions. The overall findings of this study highlight the potential of Sh420 lipopeptides as an effective biological control agent against F. graminearum infestations.IMPORTANCEThis study addresses the potential of lipopeptide (LP) extracts obtained from the strain identified as Bacillus siamensis Sh420. This Sh420 isolate acts as a crucial player in providing a sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative to chemical fungicides for suppressing Fusarium graminearum phytopathogen. Moreover, these LPs can reduce ergosterol content in the phytopathogen influencing the overall structure and stability of its plasma membrane. PCR screening provided confirmation regarding the existence of genes responsible for biosynthesizing antifungal LPs in the genomic DNA of Sh420. Several antibiotic lipopeptide compounds were identified from this bacterial crude extract using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Microscopic investigations revealed deformities and alterations in the morphology of F. graminearum upon interaction with LPs. Furthermore, studies on fruit demonstrated the efficacy of Sh420 LPs in mitigating F. graminearum infection and stimulating antioxidant activity in fruits, preventing rust and gray lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarfaraz Hussain
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Bowen Tai
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Maratab Ali
- College of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Israt Jahan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Suha Sakina
- Department of Agriculture and Food Technology, Karakoram International University, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan
| | - Gang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinlong Zhang
- Shandong Xinfurui Agriculture Science Co., Ltd, Liaocheng, Shandong, China
| | - Yixuan Yin
- Shandong Xinfurui Agriculture Science Co., Ltd, Liaocheng, Shandong, China
| | - Fuguo Xing
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Jakab Á, Kovács F, Balla N, Nagy-Köteles C, Ragyák Á, Nagy F, Borman AM, Majoros L, Kovács R. Comparative transcriptional analysis of Candida auris biofilms following farnesol and tyrosol treatment. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0227823. [PMID: 38440972 PMCID: PMC10986546 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02278-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Candida auris is frequently associated with biofilm-related invasive infections. The resistant profile of these biofilms necessitates innovative therapeutic options, where quorum sensing may be a potential target. Farnesol and tyrosol are two fungal quorum-sensing molecules with antifungal effects at supraphysiological concentrations. Here, we performed genome-wide transcript profiling with C. auris biofilms following farnesol or tyrosol exposure using transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq). Since transition metals play a central role in fungal virulence and biofilm formation, levels of intracellular calcium, magnesium, and iron were determined following farnesol or tyrosol treatment using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Farnesol caused an 89.9% and 73.8% significant reduction in the calcium and magnesium content, respectively, whereas tyrosol resulted in 82.6%, 76.6%, and 81.2% decrease in the calcium, magnesium, and iron content, respectively, compared to the control. Genes involved in biofilm events, glycolysis, ergosterol biosynthesis, fatty acid oxidation, iron metabolism, and autophagy were primarily affected in treated cells. To prove ergosterol quorum-sensing molecule interactions, microdilution-based susceptibility testing was performed, where the complexation of farnesol, but not tyrosol, with ergosterol was impeded in the presence of exogenous ergosterol, resulting in a minimum inhibitory concentration increase in the quorum-sensing molecules. This study revealed several farnesol- and tyrosol-specific responses, which will contribute to the development of alternative therapies against C. auris biofilms. IMPORTANCE Candida auris is a multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen, which is frequently associated with biofilm-related infections. Candida-derived quorum-sensing molecules (farnesol and tyrosol) play a pivotal role in the regulation of fungal morphogenesis and biofilm development. Furthermore, they may have remarkable anti-biofilm effects, especially at supraphysiological concentrations. Innovative therapeutic approaches interfering with quorum sensing may be a promising future strategy against C. auris biofilms; however, limited data are currently available concerning farnesol-induced and tyrosol-related molecular effects in C. auris. Here, we detected several genes involved in biofilm events, glycolysis, ergosterol biosynthesis, fatty acid oxidation, iron metabolism, and autophagy, which were primarily influenced following farnesol or tyrosol exposure. Moreover, calcium, magnesium, and iron homeostasis were also significantly affected. These results reveal those molecular and physiological events, which may support the development of novel therapeutic approaches against C. auris biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ágnes Jakab
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Fruzsina Kovács
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Noémi Balla
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Csaba Nagy-Köteles
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ágota Ragyák
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Agilent Atomic Spectroscopy Partner Laboratory, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Fruzsina Nagy
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Andrew M. Borman
- UK National Mycology Reference Laboratory, UK Health Security Agency, Science Quarter, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology (MRCCMM), University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - László Majoros
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Renátó Kovács
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Wang L, Song X, Cheng YN, Cheng S, Chen T, Li H, Yan J, Wang X, Zhou H. 1,2,4-Triazole benzamide derivative TPB against Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici as a novel dual-target fungicide inhibiting ergosterol synthesis and adenine nucleotide transferase function. Pest Manag Sci 2024; 80:1717-1727. [PMID: 38010196 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isopropyl 4-(2-chloro-6-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)benzamido)benzoate (TPB) was a 1,2,4-triazole benzoyl arylamine derivative with excellent antifungal activity, especially against Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt). Its mechanism of action was investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation, assays of sterol composition, cell membrane permeability, intracellular ATP and mitochondrial membrane potential, and mPTP permeability, ROS measurement, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis. RESULTS TPB interfered with ergosterol synthesis, reducing ergosterol content, increasing toxic intermediates, and finally causing biomembrane disruption such as increasing cell membrane permeability and content leakage, and destruction of organelle membranes such as coarse endoplasmic reticulum and vacuole. Moreover, TPB destroyed the function of adenine nucleotide transferase (ANT), leading to ATP transport obstruction in mitochondria, inhibiting mPTP opening, inducing intracellular ROS accumulation and mitochondrial membrane potential loss, finally resulting in mitochondrial damage including mitochondria swelled, mitochondrial membrane dissolved, and cristae destroyed and reduced. RNA-seq analyses showed that TPB increased the expression of ERG11, ERG24, ERG6, ERG5, ERG3 and ERG2 genes in ergosterol synthesis pathway, interfered with the expression of genes (NDUFS5, ATPeV0E, NCA2 and Pam17) related to mitochondrial structure, and inhibited the expression of genes (WrbA and GST) related to anti-oxidative stress. CONCLUSIONS TPB exhibited excellent antifungal activity against Ggt by inhibiting ergosterol synthesis and destroying ANT function. So, TPB was a novel compound with dual-target mechanism of action and can be considered a promising novel fungicide for the control of wheat Take-all. The results provided new guides for the structural design of active compounds and powerful tools for pathogen resistance management. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Wang
- High & New Technology Research Center of Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Song
- High & New Technology Research Center of Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Nan Cheng
- Plant Protection College of Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Senxiang Cheng
- High & New Technology Research Center of Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Chen
- High & New Technology Research Center of Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Honglian Li
- Plant Protection College of Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingming Yan
- Plant Protection College of Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiafei Wang
- Plant Protection College of Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Haifeng Zhou
- Plant Protection College of Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
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Nandhagopal M, Mala R, Somarathinam K, Dhakshinamurthy D, Narayanasamy M, Vijayan P, Shankar MM. Anti-fungal effects of novel N-(tert-butyl)-2-(pyridin-2-yl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-amine derivative and it's in-vitro, in-silico, and mode of action against Candida spp. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:186. [PMID: 38509398 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03780-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Imidazoles are a category of azole antifungals that encompass compounds such as ketoconazole, miconazole, esomeprazole, and clotrimazole. In contrast, the triazoles group, which includes fluconazole, voriconazole, and itraconazole, also plays a significant role. The rise of antibiotic resistance in fungal pathogens has evolved into a substantial global public health concern. In this study, two newly synthesized imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine derivative (Probe I and Probe II) molecules were investigated for its antimicrobial potency against of a panel of bacterial (Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria) and fungal pathogens. Among the different types of pathogens, we found that Probe II showed excellent antifungal activity against fungal pathogens, based on the preliminary screening the potent molecule further investigated against multidrug-resistance Candida sp. (n = 10) and compared with commercial molecules. In addition, in-silico molecular docking, its dynamics, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity (ADMET) were analyzed. In this study, the small molecule (Probe II) displayed potent activity only against the Candida spp. including several multidrug-resistant Candida spp. Probe II exhibited minimum inhibitory concentration ranges from 4 to 16 µg/mL and minimum fungicidal concentration in the range 4‒32 µg/mL as the lowest concentration enough to eliminate the Candida spp. The selected molecules inhibit the formation of yeast to mold as well as ergosterol formation by the computational simulation against Sterol 14-alpha demethylase (CYP51) and inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis by in-vitro model show that the Probe II completely inhibits the formation of ergosterol in yeast cells at 2× MIC. The ADMET analysis Probe II could be moderately toxic to the human being, though the in-vitro toxicity studies will help to understand the real-time toxic level. The novel compound Probe II, which was synthesized during the study, shows promise for development into a new generation of drug treatments aimed at addressing the emerging drug resistance in Candida sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manivannan Nandhagopal
- Bio-Control and Microbial Product Lab, Department of Microbiology, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Thandalam, Chennai, 602105, India.
| | - Ramanjaneyulu Mala
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai, 600020, India
| | - Kanagasabai Somarathinam
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Crystallography and Biophysics, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600 025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Divya Dhakshinamurthy
- Department of Chemistry, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr, Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, Avadi, Chennai, 600062, India
| | - Mathivanan Narayanasamy
- Biocontrol and Microbial Metabolites Lab, Centre for Advanced Studies in Botany, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Priyadharshni Vijayan
- Biocontrol and Microbial Metabolites Lab, Centre for Advanced Studies in Botany, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Manimuthu Mani Shankar
- Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Thandalam, Chennai, 602105, India
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Pattini VC, Polaquini CR, Lemes TH, Brizzotti-Mazuchi NS, Sardi JDCO, Paziani MH, Kress MRVZ, de Almeida MTG, Regasini LO. Antifungal activity of 3,3'-dimethoxycurcumin (DMC) against dermatophytes and Candida species. Lett Appl Microbiol 2024; 77:ovae019. [PMID: 38499446 DOI: 10.1093/lambio/ovae019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Dermatomycosis is an infection with global impacts caused especially by dermatophytes and Candida species. Current antifungal therapies involve drugs that face fungal resistance barriers. This clinical context emphasizes the need to discover new antifungal agents. Herein, the antifungal potential of 10 curcumin analogs was evaluated against four Candida and four dermatophyte species. The most active compound, 3,3'-dimethoxycurcumin, exhibited minimum inhibitory concentration values ranging from 1.9‒62.5 to 15.6‒62.5 µg ml-1 against dermatophytes and Candida species, respectively. According to the checkerboard method, the association between DMC and terbinafine demonstrated a synergistic effect against Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Epidermophyton floccosum. Ergosterol binding test indicated DMC forms a complex with ergosterol of Candida albicans, C. krusei, and C. tropicalis. However, results from the sorbitol protection assay indicated that DMC had no effect on the cell walls of Candida species. The in vivo toxicity, using Galleria mellonella larvae, indicated no toxic effect of DMC. Altogether, curcumin analog DMC was a promising antifungal agent with a promising ability to act against Candida and dermatophyte species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veridianna Camilo Pattini
- Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Carlos Roberto Polaquini
- Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Thiago Henrique Lemes
- Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo 15054-000, Brazil
| | | | | | - Mário Henrique Paziani
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Marcia Regina von Zeska Kress
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | | | - Luis Octávio Regasini
- Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo 15054-000, Brazil
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Adamczyk S, Lehtonen A, Mäkipää R, Adamczyk B. A step forward in fungal biomass estimation - a new protocol for more precise measurements of soil ergosterol with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and comparison of extraction methods. New Phytol 2024; 241:2333-2336. [PMID: 38031500 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Adamczyk
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Latokartanonkaari 9, 00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aleksi Lehtonen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Latokartanonkaari 9, 00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Raisa Mäkipää
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Latokartanonkaari 9, 00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bartosz Adamczyk
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Latokartanonkaari 9, 00790, Helsinki, Finland
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Chen W, Tang B, Hou R, Sun W, Han C, Guo B, Zhao Y, Li C, Sheng C, Zhao Y, Liu F. The natural polycyclic tetramate macrolactam HSAF inhibit Fusarium graminearum through altering cell membrane integrity by targeting FgORP1. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 261:129744. [PMID: 38281534 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is a dominant phytopathogenic fungus causing Fusarium head blight (FHB) in cereal crops. Heat-stable antifungal factor (HSAF) is a polycyclic tetramate macrolactam (PoTeM) isolated from Lysobacter enzymogenes that exhibits strong antifungal activity against F. graminearum. HSAF significantly reduces the DON production and virulence of F. graminearum. Importantly, HSAF exhibited no cross-resistance to carbendazim, phenamacril, tebuconazole and pydiflumetofen. However, the target protein of HSAF in F. graminearum is unclear. In this study, the oxysterol-binding protein FgORP1 was identified as the potential target of HSAF using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) combined with RNA-sequence (RNA-seq). The RNA-seq results showed cell membrane and ergosterol biosynthesis were significantly impacted by HSAF in F. graminearum. Molecular docking showed that HSAF binds with arginine 1205 and glutamic acid 1212, which are located in the oxysterol-binding domain of FgORP1. The two amino acids in FgORP1 are responsible for HSAF resistance in F. graminearum though site-directed mutagenesis. Furthermore, deletion of FgORP1 led to significantly decreased sensitivity to HSAF. Additionally, FgORP1 regulates the mycelial growth, conidiation, DON production, ergosterol biosynthesis and virulence in F. graminearum. Overall, our findings revealed the mode of action of HSAF against F. graminearum, indicating that HSAF is a promising fungicide for controlling FHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchan Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bao Tang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rongxian Hou
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weibo Sun
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chenyang Han
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Baodian Guo
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yangyang Zhao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chaohui Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cong Sheng
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yancun Zhao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fengquan Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China; Department of Plant Pathology/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China.
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10
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Wang J, Shen J, Chen D, Liao B, Chen X, Zong Y, Wei Y, Shi Y, Liu Y, Gou L, Zhou X, Cheng L, Ren B. Secretory IgA reduced the ergosterol contents of Candida albicans to repress its hyphal growth and virulence. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:244. [PMID: 38421461 PMCID: PMC10904422 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13063-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Candida albicans, one of the most prevalent conditional pathogenic fungi, can cause local superficial infections and lethal systemic infections, especially in the immunocompromised population. Secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) is an important immune protein regulating the pathogenicity of C. albicans. However, the actions and mechanisms that sIgA exerts directly against C. albicans are still unclear. Here, we investigated that sIgA directs against C. albicans hyphal growth and virulence to oral epithelial cells. Our results indicated that sIgA significantly inhibited C. albicans hyphal growth, adhesion, and damage to oral epithelial cells compared with IgG. According to the transcriptome and RT-PCR analysis, sIgA significantly affected the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway. Furthermore, sIgA significantly reduced the ergosterol levels, while the addition of exogenous ergosterol restored C. albicans hyphal growth and adhesion to oral epithelial cells, indicating that sIgA suppressed the growth of hyphae and the pathogenicity of C. albicans by reducing its ergosterol levels. By employing the key genes mutants (erg11Δ/Δ, erg3Δ/Δ, and erg3Δ/Δ erg11Δ/Δ) from the ergosterol pathway, sIgA lost the hyphal inhibition on these mutants, while sIgA also reduced the inhibitory effects of erg11Δ/Δ and erg3Δ/Δ and lost the inhibition of erg3Δ/Δ erg11Δ/Δ on the adhesion to oral epithelial cells, further proving the hyphal repression of sIgA through the ergosterol pathway. We demonstrated for the first time that sIgA inhibited C. albicans hyphal development and virulence by affecting ergosterol biosynthesis and suggest that ergosterol is a crucial regulator of C. albicans-host cell interactions. KEY POINTS: • sIgA repressed C. albicans hyphal growth • sIgA inhibited C. albicans virulence to host cells • sIgA affected C. albicans hyphae and virulence by reducing its ergosterol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiannan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiawei Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Ding Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Binyou Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yawen Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yangyang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yaqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Lichen Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Biao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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11
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Li QM, Han HH, Zang DD, Zha XQ, Zhou A, Zhang FY, Luo JP. Rapid Discovery of Aβ 42 Fibril Disintegrators from Ganoderma lucidum via Ligand Fishing and Their Neuroprotective Effects on Alzheimer's Disease. J Agric Food Chem 2024; 72:4127-4141. [PMID: 38362879 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
An amyloid-β (Aβ) fibril is a vital pathogenic factor of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Aβ fibril disintegrators possess great potential to be developed into novel anti-AD agents. Here, a ligand fishing method was employed to rapidly discover Aβ42 fibril disintegrators from Ganoderma lucidum using Aβ42 fibril-immobilized magnetic beads, which led to the isolation of six Aβ42 fibril disintegrators including ganodermanontriol, ganoderic acid DM, ganoderiol F, ganoderol B, ganodermenonol, and ergosterol. Neuroprotective evaluation in vitro exhibited that these Aβ42 fibril disintegrators could significantly mitigate Aβ42-induced neurotoxicity. Among these six disintegrators, ergosterol and ganoderic acid DM with stronger protecting activity were further selected to evaluate their neuroprotective effect on AD in vivo. Results showed that ergosterol and ganoderic acid DM could significantly alleviate Aβ42-induced cognitive dysfunction and hippocampus neuron loss in vivo. Moreover, ergosterol and ganoderic acid DM could significantly inhibit Aβ42-induced neuron apoptosis and Nrf2-mediated neuron oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang-Ming Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Hui Han
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan-Dan Zang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Qiang Zha
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - An Zhou
- Scientific Research & Experiment Center, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, People's Republic of China
- Functional Activity and Resource Utilization on Edible and Medicinal Fungi Joint Laboratory of Anhui Province, Lu'an 237300, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng-Yun Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Ping Luo
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, People's Republic of China
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12
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Li J, Aubry L, Brandalise D, Coste AT, Sanglard D, Lamoth F. Upc2-mediated mechanisms of azole resistance in Candida auris. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0352623. [PMID: 38206035 PMCID: PMC10845950 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03526-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Candida auris is an emerging yeast pathogen of major concern because of its ability to cause hospital outbreaks of invasive candidiasis and to develop resistance to antifungal drugs. A majority of C. auris isolates are resistant to fluconazole, an azole drug used for the treatment of invasive candidiasis. Mechanisms of azole resistance are multiple, including mutations in the target gene ERG11 and activation of the transcription factors Tac1b and Mrr1, which control the drug transporters Cdr1 and Mdr1, respectively. We investigated the role of the transcription factor Upc2, which is known to regulate the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway and azole resistance in other Candida spp. Genetic deletion and hyperactivation of Upc2 by epitope tagging in C. auris resulted in drastic increases and decreases in susceptibility to azoles, respectively. This effect was conserved in strains with genetic hyperactivation of Tac1b or Mrr1. Reverse transcription PCR analyses showed that Upc2 regulates ERG11 expression and also activates the Mrr1/Mdr1 pathway. We showed that upregulation of MDR1 by Upc2 could occur independently from Mrr1. The impact of UPC2 deletion on MDR1 expression and azole susceptibility in a hyperactive Mrr1 background was stronger than that of MRR1 deletion in a hyperactive Upc2 background. While Upc2 hyperactivation resulted in a significant increase in the expression of TAC1b, CDR1 expression remained unchanged. Taken together, our results showed that Upc2 is crucial for azole resistance in C. auris, via regulation of the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway and activation of the Mrr1/Mdr1 pathway. Notably, Upc2 is a very potent and direct activator of Mdr1.IMPORTANCECandida auris is a yeast of major medical importance causing nosocomial outbreaks of invasive candidiasis. Its ability to develop resistance to antifungal drugs, in particular to azoles (e.g., fluconazole), is concerning. Understanding the mechanisms of azole resistance in C. auris is important and may help in identifying novel antifungal targets. This study shows the key role of the transcription factor Upc2 in azole resistance of C. auris and shows that this effect is mediated via different pathways, including the regulation of ergosterol biosynthesis and also the direct upregulation of the drug transporter Mdr1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizhou Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lola Aubry
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Danielle Brandalise
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alix T. Coste
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Sanglard
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Frederic Lamoth
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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13
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Zhou HB, Feng LJ, Weng XH, Wang T, Lu H, Bian YB, Huang ZY, Zhang JL. Inhibition mechanism of cordycepin and ergosterol from Cordyceps militaris Link. against xanthine oxidase and cyclooxygenase-2. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 258:128898. [PMID: 38141695 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Cordyceps militaris Link. (C. militaris) is an entomopathogenic fungus that parasitizes the pupa or cocoon of lepidopteran insect larvae, with various bioactive compounds. Cordycepin and ergosterol are the two active components in C. militaris. This study aimed to evaluate the inhibitory activity of cordycepin and ergosterol against xanthine oxidase (XO) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), as well as investigate the inhibition mechanism. Cordycepin could better inhibit XO (IC50 = 0.014 mg/mL) and COX-2 (IC50 = 0.055 mg/mL) than ergosterol. Additionally, surface hydrophobicity and circular dichroism (CD) spectra results confirmed the conformational changes in enzymes induced by cordycepin and ergosterol. Finally, cordycepin and ergosterol significantly decreased uric acid (UA) and inflammatory factors to normal level in mice with gouty nephropathy (GN). This study could provide theoretical evidence for utilization of C. militaris in hyperuricemia-management functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Zhou
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - L J Feng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - X H Weng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - T Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - H Lu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Y B Bian
- College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Wuhan HUAYU XINMEI Mushroom industry Company Limited, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Z Y Huang
- Wuhan HUAYU XINMEI Mushroom industry Company Limited, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - J L Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
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14
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Shen C, Luo Z, Zhan P, Deng F, Zhang P, Shen B, Hu J. Antifungal activity and potential mechanism of action of Huangqin decoction against Trichophyton rubrum. J Med Microbiol 2024; 73. [PMID: 38348868 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Trichophyton rubrum is a major causative agent of superficial dermatomycoses such as onychomycosis and tinea pedis. Huangqin decoction (HQD), as a classical traditional Chinese medicine formula, was found to inhibit the growth of common clinical dermatophytes such as T. rubrum in our previous drug susceptibility experiments.Hypothesis/Gap Statement. The antifungal activity and potential mechanism of HQD against T. rubrum have not yet been investigated.Aim. The aim of this study was to investigate the antifungal activity and explore the potential mechanism of action of HQD against T. rubrum.Methodology. The present study was performed to evaluate the antifungal activity of HQD against T. rubrum by determination of minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs), minimal fungicidal concentrations (MFCs), mycelial growth, biomass, spore germination and structural damage, and explore its preliminary anti-dermatophyte mechanisms by sorbitol and ergosterol assay, HPLC-based ergosterol test, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and mitochondrial enzyme activity test.Results. HQD was able to inhibit the growth of T. rubrum significantly, with an MIC of 3.125 mg ml-1 and an MFC of 12.5 mg ml-1. It also significantly inhibited the hyphal growth, conidia germination and biomass growth of T. rubrum in a dose-dependent manner, and induced structural damage in different degrees for T. rubrum cells. HQD showed no effect on cell wall integrity, but was able to damage the cell membrane of T. rubrum by interfering with ergosterol biosynthesis, involving the reduction of squalene epoxidase (SE) and sterol 14α-demethylase P450 (CYP51) activities, and also affect the malate dehydrogenase (MDH), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and ATPase activities of mitochondria.Conclusion. These results revealed that HQD had significant anti-dermatophyte activity, which was associated with destroying the cell membrane and affecting the enzyme activities of mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengying Shen
- Department of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital (the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College), Nanchang, PR China
| | - Zhong Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Nanochang University, Nanchang, PR China
| | - Ping Zhan
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, PR China
| | - Fengyi Deng
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital (the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College), Nanchang, PR China
| | - Pei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital (the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College), Nanchang, PR China
| | - Baode Shen
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, PR China
| | - Jianxin Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital (the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College), Nanchang, PR China
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Qian W, Lu J, Gao C, Liu Q, Yao W, Wang T, Wang X, Wang Z. Isobavachalcone exhibits antifungal and antibiofilm effects against C. albicans by disrupting cell wall/membrane integrity and inducing apoptosis and autophagy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1336773. [PMID: 38322671 PMCID: PMC10845358 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1336773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Isobavachalcone (IBC) is a natural flavonoid with multiple pharmacological properties. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of IBC against planktonic growth and biofilms of Candida albicans (C. albicans) and the mechanisms underlying its antifungal action. The cell membrane integrity, cell metabolic viability, and cell morphology of C. albicans treated with IBC were evaluated using CLSM and FESEM analyses. Crystal violet staining, CLSM, and FESEM were used to assess the inhibition of biofilm formation, as well as dispersal and killing effects of IBC on mature biofilms. RNA-seq combined with apoptosis and autophagy assays was used to examine the mechanisms underlying the antifungal action of IBC. IBC exhibited excellent antifungal activity with 8 μg/mL of MIC for C. albicans. IBC disrupted the cell membrane integrity, and inhibited biofilm formation. IBC dispersed mature biofilms and damaged biofilm cells of C. albicans at 32 μg/mL. Moreover, IBC induced apoptosis and autophagy-associated cell death of C. albicans. The RNA-seq analysis revealed upregulation or downregulation of key genes involved in cell wall synthesis (Wsc1 and Fks1), ergosterol biosynthesis (Erg3, and Erg11), apoptisis (Hsp90 and Aif1), as well as autophagy pathways (Atg8, Atg13, and Atg17), and so forth, in response to IBC, as evidenced by the experiment-based phenotypic analysis. These results suggest that IBC inhibits C. albicans growth by disrupting the cell wall/membrane, caused by the altered expression of genes associated with β-1,3-glucan and ergosterol biosynthesis. IBC induces apoptosis and autophagy-associated cell death by upregulating the expression of Hsp90, and altering autophagy-related genes involved in the formation of the Atg1 complex and the pre-autophagosomal structure. Together, our findings provide important insights into the potential multifunctional mechanism of action of IBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Qian
- School of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, China
| | - Jiaxing Lu
- School of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, China
| | - Chang Gao
- School of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, China
| | - Qiming Liu
- School of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, China
| | - Wendi Yao
- Department of Urology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ting Wang
- School of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiaobin Wang
- Department of Urology, Southern University of Science and Technology Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhifeng Wang
- Department of Urology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
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Cruz A, Sánchez-Hernández E, Teixeira A, Oliveira R, Cunha A, Martín-Ramos P. Phytoconstituents and Ergosterol Biosynthesis-Targeting Antimicrobial Activity of Nutmeg ( Myristica fragans Houtt.) against Phytopathogens. Molecules 2024; 29:471. [PMID: 38257384 PMCID: PMC10819938 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, nutmeg (Myristica fragans Houtt.) has attracted considerable attention in the field of phytochemistry due to its diverse array of bioactive compounds. However, the potential application of nutmeg as a biorational for crop protection has been insufficiently explored. This study investigated the constituents of a nutmeg hydroethanolic extract via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and vibrational spectroscopy. The research explored the extract's activity against phytopathogenic fungi and oomycetes, elucidating its mechanism of action. The phytochemical profile revealed fatty acids (including tetradecanoic acid, 9-octadecenoic acid, n-hexadecanoic acid, dodecanoic acid, and octadecanoic acid), methoxyeugenol, and elemicin as the main constituents. Previously unreported phytochemicals included veratone, gelsevirine, and montanine. Significant radial growth inhibition of mycelia was observed against Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum acutatum, Diplodia corticola, Phytophthora cinnamomi, and especially against Fusarium culmorum. Mode of action investigation, involving Saccharomyces cerevisiae labeled positively with propidium iodide, and a mutant strain affected in ERG6, encoding sterol C-24 methyltransferase, suggested that the extract induces a necrotic type of death and targets ergosterol biosynthesis. The evidence presented underscores the potential of nutmeg as a source of new antimicrobial agents, showing particular promise against F. culmorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Cruz
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (A.C.); (A.T.); (R.O.); (A.C.)
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Eva Sánchez-Hernández
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Engineering, ETSIIAA, University of Valladolid, Avenida de Madrid 44, 34004 Palencia, Spain;
| | - Ana Teixeira
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (A.C.); (A.T.); (R.O.); (A.C.)
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Rui Oliveira
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (A.C.); (A.T.); (R.O.); (A.C.)
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana Cunha
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (A.C.); (A.T.); (R.O.); (A.C.)
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Pablo Martín-Ramos
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Engineering, ETSIIAA, University of Valladolid, Avenida de Madrid 44, 34004 Palencia, Spain;
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17
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Radkohl A, Schusterbauer V, Bernauer L, Rechberger GN, Wolinski H, Schittmayer M, Birner-Gruenberger R, Thallinger GG, Leitner E, Baeck M, Pichler H, Emmerstorfer-Augustin A. Human Sterols Are Overproduced, Stored and Excreted in Yeasts. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:781. [PMID: 38255855 PMCID: PMC10815178 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Sterols exert a profound influence on numerous cellular processes, playing a crucial role in both health and disease. However, comprehending the effects of sterol dysfunction on cellular physiology is challenging. Consequently, numerous processes affected by impaired sterol biosynthesis still elude our complete understanding. In this study, we made use of yeast strains that produce cholesterol instead of ergosterol and investigated the cellular response mechanisms on the transcriptome as well as the lipid level. The exchange of ergosterol for cholesterol caused the downregulation of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine and upregulation of phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis. Additionally, a shift towards polyunsaturated fatty acids was observed. While the sphingolipid levels dropped, the total amounts of sterols and triacylglycerol increased, which resulted in 1.7-fold enlarged lipid droplets in cholesterol-producing yeast cells. In addition to internal storage, cholesterol and its precursors were excreted into the culture supernatant, most likely by the action of ABC transporters Snq2, Pdr12 and Pdr15. Overall, our results demonstrate that, similarly to mammalian cells, the production of non-native sterols and sterol precursors causes lipotoxicity in K. phaffii, mainly due to upregulated sterol biosynthesis, and they highlight the different survival and stress response mechanisms on multiple, integrative levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Radkohl
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Veronika Schusterbauer
- Bisy GmbH, 8200 Hofstaetten an der Raab, Austria
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Lukas Bernauer
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gerald N. Rechberger
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Heimo Wolinski
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Matthias Schittmayer
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Technische Universität Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria (R.B.-G.)
| | - Ruth Birner-Gruenberger
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Technische Universität Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria (R.B.-G.)
| | - Gerhard G. Thallinger
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Erich Leitner
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria;
| | - Melanie Baeck
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Harald Pichler
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Acib—Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Anita Emmerstorfer-Augustin
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Acib—Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, 8010 Graz, Austria
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18
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Vishwakarma M, Haider T, Soni V. Update on fungal lipid biosynthesis inhibitors as antifungal agents. Microbiol Res 2024; 278:127517. [PMID: 37863019 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Fungal diseases today represent a world-wide problem. Poor hygiene and decreased immunity are the main reasons behind the manifestation of this disease. After COVID-19, an increase in the rate of fungal infection has been observed in different countries. Different classes of antifungal agents, such as polyenes, azoles, echinocandins, and anti-metabolites, as well as their combinations, are currently employed to treat fungal diseases; these drugs are effective but can cause some side effects and toxicities. Therefore, the identification and development of newer antifungal agents is a current need. The fungal cell comprises many lipids, such as ergosterol, phospholipids, and sphingolipids. Ergosterol is a sterol lipid that is only found in fungal cells. Various pathways synthesize all these lipids, and the activities of multiple enzymes govern these pathways. Inhibiting these enzymes will ultimately impede the lipid synthesis pathway, and this phenomenon could be a potential antifungal therapy. This review will discuss various lipid synthesis pathways and multiple antifungal agents identified as having fungal lipid synthesis inhibition activity. This review will identify novel compounds that can inhibit fungal lipid synthesis, permitting researchers to direct further deep pharmacological investigation and help develop drug delivery systems for such compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Vishwakarma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar, M.P., India
| | - Tanweer Haider
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar, M.P., India; Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Gwalior, M.P., India
| | - Vandana Soni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar, M.P., India.
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19
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Gregor JB, Gutierrez-Schultz VA, Hoda S, Baker KM, Saha D, Burghaze MG, Vazquez C, Burgei KE, Briggs SD. An expanded toolkit of drug resistance cassettes for Candida glabrata, Candida auris, and Candida albicans leads to new insights into the ergosterol pathway. mSphere 2023; 8:e0031123. [PMID: 37929964 PMCID: PMC10732037 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00311-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The increasing problem of drug resistance and emerging pathogens is an urgent global health problem that necessitates the development and expansion of tools for studying fungal drug resistance and pathogenesis. Prior studies in Candida glabrata, Candida auris, and Candida albicans have been mainly limited to the use of NatMX/SAT1 and HphMX/CaHyg for genetic manipulation in prototrophic strains and clinical isolates. In this study, we demonstrated that NatMX/SAT1, HphMX, KanMX, and/or BleMX drug resistance cassettes when coupled with a CRISPR-ribonucleoprotein (RNP)-based system can be efficiently utilized for deleting or modifying genes in the ergosterol pathway of C. glabrata, C. auris, and C. albicans. Moreover, the utility of these tools has provided new insights into ERG genes and their relationship to azole resistance in Candida. Overall, we have expanded the toolkit for Candida pathogens to increase the versatility of genetically modifying complex pathways involved in drug resistance and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin B. Gregor
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Smriti Hoda
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Kortany M. Baker
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Debasmita Saha
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Cynthia Vazquez
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Kendra E. Burgei
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Scott D. Briggs
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
- Purdue University Institute for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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20
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Chivukula L, LaJeunesse D. Transcriptional Response of Candida albicans to Nanostructured Surfaces Provides Insight into Cellular Rupture and Antifungal Drug Sensitization. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:6724-6733. [PMID: 37977153 PMCID: PMC10716851 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The rise in resistance levels against antifungal drugs has necessitated the development of strategies to combat fungal infections. Nanoscale antimicrobial surfaces, found on the cuticles of insects, have recently emerged as intriguing alternative antifungal strategies that function passively via contact and induced cell rupture. Nanostructured surfaces (NSS) offer a potentially transformative antimicrobial approach to reducing microbial biofilm formation. We examined the transcriptional response of Candida albicans, an opportunistic pathogen that is also a commensal dimorphic fungus, to the NSS found in the wings of Neotibicen spp. cicada and found characteristic changes in the expression of C. albicans genes associated with metabolism, biofilm formation, ergosterol biosynthesis, and DNA damage response after 2 h of exposure to the NSS. Further validation revealed that these transcriptional changes, particularly in the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway, sensitize C. albicans to major classes of antifungal drugs. These findings provide insights into NSS as antimicrobial surfaces and as a means of controlling biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi
Gayitri Chivukula
- Department of Nanoscience, Joint School
of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, University
of North Carolina Greensboro, 2907 East Lee Street, Greensboro, North Carolina 27455, United States
| | - Dennis LaJeunesse
- Department of Nanoscience, Joint School
of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, University
of North Carolina Greensboro, 2907 East Lee Street, Greensboro, North Carolina 27455, United States
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21
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Kühn J, Brandsch C, Kiourtzidis M, Nier A, Bieler S, Matthäus B, Griehl C, Stangl GI. Microalgae-derived sterols do not reduce the bioavailability of oral vitamin D 3 in mice. INT J VITAM NUTR RES 2023; 93:507-517. [PMID: 36124519 DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Microalgae have drawn increasing attention as sustainable food sources, also because of their lipid-lowering phytosterols. As phytosterols are also discussed critically regarding their effect on the availability of fat-soluble vitamins, this study aimed to investigate microalgae-derived phytosterols and their effect on vitamin D status. GC-MS analysis showed large variations in the phytosterol profiles of microalgal species. The most frequent sterols were β-sitosterol and stigmasterol. To investigate their effects on vitamin D status, 40 mice were randomized to four groups and fed a vitamin D3-adequate (25 μg/kg) Western-style diet with 0% phytosterols (control) or 1% ergosterol (a fungal sterol not typical for microalgae), β-sitosterol or stigmasterol for four weeks. Contrary to the hypothesis that phytosterols adversely affect vitamin D uptake, mice fed β-sitosterol had significantly higher concentrations of vitamin D3 in plasma (3.15-fold, p<0.01), liver (3.15-fold, p<0.05), and skin (4.12-fold, p<0.005) than the control group. Small increases in vitamin D3 in plasma and skin were also observed in mice fed stigmasterol. In contrast, vitamin D3 levels in the ergosterol and control groups did not differ. The increased tissue levels of vitamin D3 in mice fed β-sitosterol and stigmasterol were not attributable to the observed reduction in liver triglycerides in these groups. The data rather suggest that changes in bile acid profiles were responsible for the beneficial effect of microalgae sterols on the bioavailability of vitamin D3. In conclusion, consumption of microalgae might not adversely affect vitamin D status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kühn
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Corinna Brandsch
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Mikis Kiourtzidis
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Anika Nier
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Simone Bieler
- Competence Center Algal Biotechnology, Department of Applied Biosciences and Process Technology, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, Koethen, Germany
| | - Bertrand Matthäus
- Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Department of Safety and Quality of Cereals, Detmold, Germany
| | - Carola Griehl
- Competence Center Algal Biotechnology, Department of Applied Biosciences and Process Technology, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, Koethen, Germany
| | - Gabriele I Stangl
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany
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22
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Cao Y, Song X, Xu G, Zhang X, Yan H, Feng J, Ma Z, Liu X, Wang Y. Study on the Antifungal Activity and Potential Mechanism of Natamycin against Colletotrichum fructicola. J Agric Food Chem 2023; 71:17713-17722. [PMID: 37943656 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
In this investigation, the antifungal activity, its influence on the quality of apples, and the molecular mechanism of natamycin against Colletotrichum fructicola were systematically explored. Our findings indicated that natamycin showed significant inhibition against C. fructicola. Moreover, it efficaciously maintained the apple quality by modulating the physicochemical index. Research on the antifungal mechanism showed that natamycin altered the mycelial microstructure, disrupted the plasma membrane integrality, and decreased the ergosterol content of C. fructicola. Interestingly, the exogenous addition of ergosterol weakened the antifungal activity of natamycin. Importantly, natamycin markedly inhibited the expression of Cyp51A and Cyp51B genes in C. fructicola, which was contrary to the results obtained after treatment with triazole fungicide flusilazole. All these results exhibited sufficient proof that natamycin had enormous potential to be conducive as a promising biopreservative against C. fructicola on apples, and these findings will advance our knowledge on the mechanism of natamycin against pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoning Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - Guanyou Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - He Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100 Shaanxi, China
- Provincial Center for Bio-Pesticide Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - Juntao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100 Shaanxi, China
- Provincial Center for Bio-Pesticide Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhiqing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100 Shaanxi, China
- Provincial Center for Bio-Pesticide Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - Xili Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100 Shaanxi, China
- Provincial Center for Bio-Pesticide Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100 Shaanxi, China
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23
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Zhang R, Wang Y, Wu A, Wang J, Zhang J. Strategies of targeting CYP51 for IFIs therapy: Emerging prospects, opportunities and challenges. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 259:115658. [PMID: 37480712 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
CYP51, a monooxygenase associated with the sterol synthesis pathway, is responsible for the catalysis of the 14-methyl hydroxylation reaction of lanosterol precursors. This enzyme is widely present in microorganisms, plants, and mammals. In mammals, CYP51 plays a role in cholesterol production, oligodendrocyte formation, oocyte maturation, and spermatogenesis. In fungal cells, CYP51 is an enzyme that synthesizes membrane sterols. By inhibiting fungal CYP51, ergosterol synthesis can be inhibited and ergosterol membrane fluidity is altered, resulting in fungal cell apoptosis. Thus, targeting CYP51 is a reliable antifungal strategy with important implications for the treatment of invasive fungal infections (IFIs). Many CYP51 inhibitors have been approved by the FDA for clinical treatment. However, several limitations of CYP51 inhibitors remain to be resolved, including fungal resistance, hepatotoxicity, and drug-drug interactions. New broad-spectrum, anti-resistant, highly selective CYP51 inhibitors are expected to be developed to enhance clinical efficacy and minimize adverse effects. Herein, we summarize the structural features and biological functions of CYP51 and emphatically analyze the structure-activity relationship (SAR) and therapeutic potential of different chemical types of small-molecule CYP51 inhibitors. We also discuss the latest progress of novel strategies, providing insights into new drugs targeting CYP51 for clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruofei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Department of Neurology, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Aijia Wu
- Department of Neurology, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiaxing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, 38163, Tennessee, United States
| | - Jifa Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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24
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Shrivastava M, Kouyoumdjian GS, Kirbizakis E, Ruiz D, Henry M, Vincent AT, Sellam A, Whiteway M. The Adr1 transcription factor directs regulation of the ergosterol pathway and azole resistance in Candida albicans. mBio 2023; 14:e0180723. [PMID: 37791798 PMCID: PMC10653825 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01807-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Research often relies on well-studied orthologs within related species, with researchers using a well-studied gene or protein to allow prediction of the function of the ortholog. In the opportunistic pathogen Candida albicans, orthologs are usually compared with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and this approach has been very fruitful. Many transcription factors (TFs) do similar jobs in the two species, but many do not, and typically changes in function are driven not by modifications in the structures of the TFs themselves but in the connections between the transcription factors and their regulated genes. This strategy of changing TF function has been termed transcription factor rewiring. In this study, we specifically looked for rewired transcription factors, or Candida-specific TFs, that might play a role in drug resistance. We investigated 30 transcription factors that were potentially rewired or were specific to the Candida clade. We found that the Adr1 transcription factor conferred resistance to drugs like fluconazole, amphotericin B, and terbinafine when activated. Adr1 is known for fatty acid and glycerol utilization in Saccharomyces, but our study reveals that it has been rewired and is connected to ergosterol biosynthesis in Candida albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjari Shrivastava
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Center for research, Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | - Daniel Ruiz
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Manon Henry
- Center for research, Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Antony T. Vincent
- Department of Animal Sciences, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Adnane Sellam
- Center for research, Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Malcolm Whiteway
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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25
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Silva RRS, Malveira EA, Aguiar TKB, Neto NAS, Roma RR, Santos MHC, Santos ALE, Silva AFB, Freitas CDT, Rocha BAM, Souza PFN, Teixeira CS. DVL, lectin from Dioclea violacea seeds, has multiples mechanisms of action against Candida spp via carbohydrate recognition domain. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 382:110639. [PMID: 37468117 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Lectins are proteins of non-immunological origin with the ability to bind to carbohydrates reversibly. They emerge as an alternative to conventional antifungals, given the ability to interact with carbohydrates in the fungal cell wall inhibiting fungal growth. The lectin from D. violacea (DVL) already has its activity described as anti-candida in some species. Here, we observed the anti-candida effect of DVL on C. albicans, C. krusei and C. parapsilosis and its multiple mechanisms of action toward the yeasts. Additionally, it was observed that DVL induces membrane and cell wall damage and ROS overproduction. DVL was also able to cause an imbalance in the redox system of the cells, interact with ergosterol, inhibit ergosterol biosynthesis, and induce cytochrome c release from the mitochondrial membrane. These results endorse the potential application of DVL in developing a new antifungal drug to fight back against fungal resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romério R S Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, 60451-970, CE, Brazil
| | - Ellen A Malveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, 60451-970, CE, Brazil
| | - Tawanny K B Aguiar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, 60451-970, CE, Brazil
| | - Nilton A S Neto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, 60451-970, CE, Brazil
| | - Renato R Roma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, 60451-970, CE, Brazil
| | - Maria H C Santos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, 60451-970, CE, Brazil
| | - Ana L E Santos
- Medical School, Federal University of Cariri, Barbalha, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Ayrles F B Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, 60451-970, CE, Brazil
| | - Cleverson D T Freitas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, 60451-970, CE, Brazil
| | - Bruno A M Rocha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, 60451-970, CE, Brazil
| | - Pedro F N Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, 60451-970, CE, Brazil; Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, 60430-275, CE, Brazil.
| | - Claudener S Teixeira
- Center for Agricultural Sciences and Biodiversity, Federal University of Cariri, Crato, 63130-025, Brazil.
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Wu C, Liu L, Zhang M, Jike X, Zhang H, Yang N, Yang H, Xu H, Lei H. Mechanisms of Antioxidant Dipeptides Enhancing Ethanol-Oxidation Cross-Stress Tolerance in Lager Yeast: Roles of the Cell Wall and Membrane. J Agric Food Chem 2023; 71:12538-12548. [PMID: 37578164 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c03793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
High concentrations of ethanol could cause intracellular oxidative stress in yeast, which can lead to ethanol-oxidation cross-stress. Antioxidant dipeptides are effective in maintaining cell viability and stress tolerance under ethanol-oxidation cross-stress. In this study, we sought to elucidate how antioxidant dipeptides affect the yeast cell wall and membrane defense systems to enhance stress tolerance. Results showed that antioxidant dipeptide supplementation reduced cell leakage of nucleic acids and proteins by changing cell wall components under ethanol-oxidation cross-stress. Antioxidant dipeptides positively modulated the cell wall integrity pathway and up-regulated the expression of key genes. Antioxidant dipeptides also improved the cell membrane integrity by increasing the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids and regulating the expression of key fatty acid synthesis genes. Moreover, the addition of antioxidant dipeptides significantly (p < 0.05) increased the content of ergosterol. Ala-His (AH) supplementation caused the highest content of ergosterol, with an increase of 23.68 ± 0.01% compared to the control, followed by Phe-Cys (FC) and Thr-Tyr (TY). These results revealed that the improvement of the cell wall and membrane functions of antioxidant dipeptides was responsible for enhancing the ethanol-oxidation cross-stress tolerance of yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiyun Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Li Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xiaolan Jike
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Hexin Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Nana Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Huirong Yang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Huaide Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Hongjie Lei
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
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Asadzadeh M, Alfouzan W, Parker JE, Meis JF, Kelly SL, Joseph L, Ahmad S. Molecular Characterization and Sterol Profiles Identify Nonsynonymous Mutations in ERG2 as a Major Mechanism Conferring Reduced Susceptibility to Amphotericin B in Candida kefyr. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0147423. [PMID: 37358415 PMCID: PMC10434000 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01474-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular basis of reduced susceptibility to amphotericin B (rs-AMB) among any yeasts is poorly defined. Genetic alterations in genes involved in ergosterol biosynthesis and total cell sterols were investigated among clinical Candida kefyr isolates. C. kefyr isolates (n = 81) obtained from 74 patients in Kuwait and identified by phenotypic and molecular methods were analyzed. An Etest was initially used to identify isolates with rs-AMB. Specific mutations in ERG2 and ERG6 involved in ergosterol biosynthesis were detected by PCR sequencing. Twelve selected isolates were also tested by the SensiTitre Yeast One (SYO), and total cell sterols were evaluated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and ERG3 and ERG11 sequencing. Eight isolates from 8 patients showed rs-AMB by Etest, including 2 isolates with additional resistance to fluconazole or to all three antifungals. SYO correctly identified 8 of 8 rs-AMB isolates. A nonsynonymous mutation in ERG2 was detected in 6 of 8 rs-AMB isolates but also in 3 of 73 isolates with a wild-type AMB pattern. One rs-AMB isolate contained a deletion (frameshift) mutation in ERG2. One or more nonsynonymous mutations was detected in ERG6 in 11 of 81 isolates with the rs-AMB or wild-type AMB pattern. Among 12 selected isolates, 2 and 2 isolates contained a nonsynonymous mutation(s) in ERG3 and ERG11, respectively. Ergosterol was undetectable in 7 of 8 rs-AMB isolates, and the total cell sterol profiles were consistent with loss of ERG2 function in 6 rs-AMB isolates and loss of ERG3 activity in another rs-AMB isolate. Our data showed that ERG2 is a major target conferring rs-AMB in clinical C. kefyr isolates. IMPORTANCE Some yeast species exhibit intrinsic resistance or rapidly acquire resistance to azole antifungals. Despite >50 years of clinical use, resistance to amphotericin B (AMB) among yeast species has been extremely rarely reported until recently. Reduced susceptibility to AMB (rs-AMB) among yeast species is, therefore, a matter of serious concern due to the availability of only four classes of antifungal drugs. Recent studies in Candida glabrata, Candida lusitaniae, and Candida auris have identified ERG genes involved in ergosterol biosynthesis as the major targets conferring rs-AMB. The results of this study also show that nonsynonymous mutations in ERG2 impair its function, abolish ergosterol from C. kefyr, and confer rs-AMB. Thus, rapid detection of rs-AMB among clinical isolates will help in proper management of invasive C. kefyr infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Asadzadeh
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Wadha Alfouzan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Josie E. Parker
- Molecular Biosciences Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jacques F. Meis
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Center of Expertise in Mycology, Radboudumc, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Excellence Center for Medical Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Steven L. Kelly
- Institute of Life Science, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Leena Joseph
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Suhail Ahmad
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
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Gotelli E, Soldano S, Hysa E, Casabella A, Cere A, Pizzorni C, Paolino S, Sulli A, Smith V, Cutolo M. Understanding the Immune-Endocrine Effects of Vitamin D in SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Role in Protecting against Neurodamage. Neuroimmunomodulation 2023; 30:185-195. [PMID: 37557090 PMCID: PMC10614436 DOI: 10.1159/000533286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcitriol and hydroxyderivatives of lumisterol and tachisterol are secosteroid hormones with immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, several studies have correlated deficient serum concentrations of vitamin D3 (calcifediol) with increased severity of the course of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Among systemic complications, subjective (anosmia, ageusia, depression, dizziness) and objective (ischemic stroke, meningoencephalitis, myelitis, seizures, Guillain-Barré syndrome) neurological symptoms have been reported in up to 80% of severe COVID-19 patients. In this narrative review, we will resume the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the mechanisms of acute and chronic neurological damage. SARS-CoV-2 can disrupt the integrity of the endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to enter the nervous central system. Invasion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and polarization of astrocytes and microglia cells always in a pro-inflammatory sense together with the pro-coagulative phenotype of cerebral endothelial cells in response to both SARS-CoV-2 and immune cells invasion (immunothrombosis) are the major drivers of neurodamage. Calcitriol and hydroxyderivatives of lumisterol and tachisterol could play an adjuvant role in neuroprotection through mitigation of neuroinflammation and protection of endothelial integrity of the BBB. Dedicated studies on this topic are currently lacking and are desirable to confirm the link between vitamin D3 and neuroprotection in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Gotelli
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, University of Genova, IRCCS San Martino Polyclinic Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Stefano Soldano
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, University of Genova, IRCCS San Martino Polyclinic Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Elvis Hysa
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, University of Genova, IRCCS San Martino Polyclinic Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrea Casabella
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology, IRCCS San Martino Polyclinic Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrea Cere
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, University of Genova, IRCCS San Martino Polyclinic Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Carmen Pizzorni
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, University of Genova, IRCCS San Martino Polyclinic Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sabrina Paolino
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, University of Genova, IRCCS San Martino Polyclinic Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alberto Sulli
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, University of Genova, IRCCS San Martino Polyclinic Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Vanessa Smith
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Rheumatology, Ghent University Hospital, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
- Unit for Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, Inflammation Research Center, Flemish Institute for Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maurizio Cutolo
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, University of Genova, IRCCS San Martino Polyclinic Hospital, Genoa, Italy
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Bauer K, Rafael B, Vágó B, Kiss-Vetráb S, Molnár A, Szebenyi C, Varga M, Szekeres A, Vágvölgyi C, Papp T, Nagy G. Characterization of the Sterol 24-C-Methyltransferase Genes Reveals a Network of Alternative Sterol Biosynthetic Pathways in Mucor lusitanicus. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0031523. [PMID: 37036336 PMCID: PMC10269636 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00315-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Certain members of the order Mucorales can cause a life-threatening, often-fatal systemic infection called mucormycosis. Mucormycosis has a high mortality rate, which can reach 96 to 100% depending on the underlying condition of the patient. Mucorales species are intrinsically resistant to most antifungal agents, such as most of the azoles, which makes mucormycosis treatment challenging. The main target of azoles is the lanosterol 14α-demethylase (Erg11), which is responsible for an essential step in the biosynthesis of ergosterol, the main sterol component of the fungal membrane. Mutations in the erg11 gene can be associated with azole resistance; however, resistance can also be mediated by loss of function or mutation of other ergosterol biosynthetic enzymes, such as the sterol 24-C-methyltransferase (Erg6). The genome of Mucor lusitanicus encodes three putative erg6 genes (i.e., erg6a, erg6b, and erg6c). In this study, the role of erg6 genes in azole resistance of Mucor was analyzed by generating and analyzing knockout mutants constructed using the CRISPR-Cas9 technique. Susceptibility testing of the mutants suggested that one of the three genes, erg6b, plays a crucial role in the azole resistance of Mucor. The sterol composition of erg6b knockout mutants was significantly altered compared to that of the original strain, and it revealed the presence of at least four alternative sterol biosynthesis pathways leading to formation of ergosterol and other alternative, nontoxic sterol products. Dynamic operation of these pathways and the switching of biosynthesis from one to the other in response to azole treatment could significantly contribute to avoiding the effects of azoles by these fungi. IMPORTANCE The fungal membrane contains ergosterol instead of cholesterol, which offers a specific point of attack for the defense against pathogenic fungi. Indeed, most antifungal agents target ergosterol or its biosynthesis. Mucormycoses-causing fungi are resistant to most antifungal agents, including most of the azoles. For this reason, the drugs of choice to treat such infections are limited. The exploration of ergosterol biosynthesis is therefore of fundamental importance to understand the azole resistance of mucormycosis-causing fungi and to develop possible new control strategies. Characterization of sterol 24-C-methyltransferase demonstrated its role in the azole resistance and virulence of M. lusitanicus. Moreover, our experiments suggest that there are at least four alternative pathways for the biosynthesis of sterols in Mucor. Switching between pathways may contribute to the maintenance of azole resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kitti Bauer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- ELKH-SZTE Fungal Pathomechanisms Research Group, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Bence Rafael
- Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- ELKH-SZTE Fungal Pathomechanisms Research Group, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Bernadett Vágó
- Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- ELKH-SZTE Fungal Pathomechanisms Research Group, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Sándor Kiss-Vetráb
- Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- ELKH-SZTE Fungal Pathomechanisms Research Group, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Anna Molnár
- Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- ELKH-SZTE Fungal Pathomechanisms Research Group, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Csilla Szebenyi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- ELKH-SZTE Fungal Pathomechanisms Research Group, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Mónika Varga
- Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - András Szekeres
- Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Csaba Vágvölgyi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- ELKH-SZTE Fungal Pathomechanisms Research Group, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tamás Papp
- Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- ELKH-SZTE Fungal Pathomechanisms Research Group, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Nagy
- Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- ELKH-SZTE Fungal Pathomechanisms Research Group, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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30
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Jin X, Luan X, Xie F, Chang W, Lou H. Erg6 Acts as a Downstream Effector of the Transcription Factor Flo8 To Regulate Biofilm Formation in Candida albicans. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0039323. [PMID: 37098889 PMCID: PMC10269489 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00393-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The yeast-to-hyphal morphotype transition and subsequent biofilm formation are important virulence factors of Candida albicans and are closely associated with ergosterol biosynthesis. Flo8 is an important transcription factor that determines filamentous growth and biofilm formation in C. albicans. However, the relationship between Flo8 and regulation of the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway remains elusive. Here, we analyzed the sterol composition of a flo8-deficient C. albicans strain by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and observed the accumulation of the sterol intermediate zymosterol, the substrate of Erg6 (C-24 sterol methyltransferase). Accordingly, the transcription level of ERG6 was reduced in the flo8-deficient strain. Yeast one-hybrid experiments revealed that Flo8 physically interacted with the ERG6 promoter. Ectopic overexpression of ERG6 in the flo8-deficient strain partially restored biofilm formation and in vivo virulence in a Galleria mellonella infection model. These findings suggest that Erg6 is a downstream effector of the transcription factor Flo8 that mediates the cross talk between sterol synthesis and virulence factors in C. albicans. IMPORTANCE Biofilm formation by C. albicans hinders its eradication by immune cells and antifungal drugs. Flo8 is an important morphogenetic transcription factor that regulates the biofilm formation and in vivo virulence of C. albicans. However, little is known about how Flo8 regulates biofilm formation and fungal pathogenicity. Here, we determined that Flo8 directly binds to the promoter of ERG6 to positively regulate its transcriptional expression. Consistently, loss of flo8 results in the accumulation of the substrate of Erg6. Moreover, ectopic overexpression of ERG6 at least partially restores the biofilm formation and virulence of the flo8-deficient strain both in vitro and in vivo. This work provides a new perspective on the metabolic link between transcription factors and morphotypes in C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyang Jin
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiaoyi Luan
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Fei Xie
- Department of Pharmacy, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Wenqiang Chang
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hongxiang Lou
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
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31
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Yang X, Wu P, Xue J, Li H, Wei X. Seco-pimarane diterpenoids and androstane steroids from an endophytic Nodulisporium fungus derived from Cyclosorus parasiticus. Phytochemistry 2023; 210:113679. [PMID: 37059288 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Five previously undescribed specialized metabolites, including three 9,11-seco-pimarane diterpenoids, nodulisporenones A-C, and two androstane steroids, nodulisporisterones A and B, together with previously described ergosterol derivatives, dankasterone A and demethylincisterol A3, were isolated from solid cultures of the endophytic fungus Nodulisporium sp. SC-J597. Their structures including absolute configurations were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis and theoretical calculations of electronic circular dichroism spectra. Among them, nodulisporenones A and B are the first examples of seco-pimarane diterpenoids that is cyclized to form an unprecedented diterpenoid lactone scaffold and nodulisporisterones A and B represent the first normal C19 androstane steroids of fungal origin. Nodulisporisterone B exhibited potent inhibitory effect on the production of NO in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages (IC50 = 2.95 μM). This compound, together with the two known ergosterol derivatives, also displayed cytotoxicity against A549, HeLa, HepG2 and MCF-7 cancer cell lines with IC50 values of 5.2-16.9 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Yang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digital Botanical Garden and Public Science, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510650, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquanlu 19A, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Wu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digital Botanical Garden and Public Science, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510650, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquanlu 19A, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jinghua Xue
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digital Botanical Garden and Public Science, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510650, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanxiang Li
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digital Botanical Garden and Public Science, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510650, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyi Wei
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digital Botanical Garden and Public Science, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510650, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquanlu 19A, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China.
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Segura C, Horrocks C, Lopez-Aizpun M, Blackwell MSA, Darch T, Hood J, Le Cocq K, McAuliffe GA, Lee MRF, Cardenas L. Response of soil health indicators to dung, urine and mineral fertilizer application in temperate pastures. J Environ Manage 2023; 330:117096. [PMID: 36608604 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.117096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Healthy soils are key to sustainability and food security. In temperate grasslands, not many studies have focused on soil health comparisons between contrasting pasture systems under different management strategies and treatment applications (e.g. manures and inorganic fertilisers). The aim of this study was to assess the responses of soil health indicators to dung, urine and inorganic N fertiliser in three temperate swards: permanent pasture not ploughed for at least 20 years (PP), high sugar ryegrass with white clover targeted at 30% coverage reseeded in 2013 (WC), and high sugar ryegrass reseeded in 2014 (HG). This study was conducted on the North Wyke Farm Platform (UK) from April 2017 to October 2017. Soil health indicators including soil organic carbon (SOC, measured by loss of ignition and elemental analyser), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total nitrogen (TN), C:N ratio, soil C and N bulk isotopes, pH, bulk density (BD), aggregate stability, ergosterol concentration (as a proxy for fungi biomass), and earthworms (abundance, mass and density) were measured and analysed before and after application of dung and N fertilizer, urine and N fertiliser, and only N fertiliser. The highest SOC, TN, DOC, ergosterol concentration and earthworms as well as the lowest BD were found in PP, likely due to the lack of ploughing. Differences among treatments were observed due to the application of dung, resulting in an improvement in chemical indicators of soil health after 50 days of its application. Ergosterol concentration was significantly higher before treatment applications than at the end of the experiment. No changes were detected in BD and aggregate stability after treatment applications. We conclude that not enough time had passed for the soil to recover after the ploughing and reseeding of the permanent pasture, independently of the sward composition (HG or WC). Our results highlight the strong influence of the soil management legacy in temperate pasture and the positive effects of dung application on soil health over the short term. In addition, we point out the relevance of using standardised methods to report soil health indicators and some methodological limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Segura
- Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, Okehampton, Devon, EX20 2SB, UK.
| | - Claire Horrocks
- Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, Okehampton, Devon, EX20 2SB, UK
| | | | | | - Tegan Darch
- Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, Okehampton, Devon, EX20 2SB, UK
| | - Jess Hood
- Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, Okehampton, Devon, EX20 2SB, UK
| | - Kate Le Cocq
- Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, Okehampton, Devon, EX20 2SB, UK
| | | | - Michael R F Lee
- Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, Okehampton, Devon, EX20 2SB, UK; Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, Somerset, BS40 5DU, UK
| | - Laura Cardenas
- Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, Okehampton, Devon, EX20 2SB, UK
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Sun S, Yan J, Tai L, Chai J, Hu H, Han L, Lu A, Yang C, Chen M. Novel (Z)/(E)-1,2,4-triazole derivatives containing oxime ether moiety as potential ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors: design, preparation, antifungal evaluation, and molecular docking. Mol Divers 2023; 27:145-157. [PMID: 35290557 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-022-10412-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the highly effective and broad-spectrum antifungal activity of ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitions, a series of novel 1,2,4-triazole derivatives containing oxime ether moiety were constructed for screening the bioactivity against phytopathogenic fungi. The (Z)- and (E)-isomers of target compounds were successfully separated and identified by the spectroscopy and single crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. The bioassay results showed that the (Z)-isomers of target compounds possessed higher antifungal activity than the (E)-isomers. Strikingly, the compound (Z)-5o exhibited excellent antifungal activity against Rhizoctonia solani with the EC50 value of 0.41 μg/mL in vitro and preventive effect of 94.58% in vivo at 200 μg/mL, which was comparable to the positive control tebuconazole. The scanning electron microscopy observation indicated that the compound (Z)-5o caused the mycelial morphology to become wizened and wrinkled. The molecular docking modes of (Z)-5o and (E)-5o with the potential target protein RsCYP51 were especially compared. And the main interactions between ligands and amino acid residues were carefully analyzed to preliminarily explain the mechanism leading to the difference of activity between two isomers. The study provided a new lead molecular skeleton for developing novel triazole fungicides targeting ergosterol biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengxin Sun
- College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jinghua Yan
- College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Lang Tai
- College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jianqi Chai
- College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Haoran Hu
- College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ling Han
- College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Aimin Lu
- College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chunlong Yang
- College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Min Chen
- College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Hajigholamreza H, Sharifzadeh A, Hassan J, Shokri H, Akbaripazouki A, Pakbin B, Tamai IA. Influence of menthol on biofilm formation, ergosterol content, and cell surface hydrophobicity of Candida glabrata. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2023; 370:fnad065. [PMID: 37429611 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnad065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to synthetic antifungals has become one of the leading public health challenges around the world. Accordingly, novel antifungal products like naturally occurring molecules can be one of the potential ways to reach efficient curative approaches to control candidiasis. This work evaluated the effect of menthol on cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH), biofilm formation, growth, and ergosterol content of Candida glabrata, a yeast with a high resistance against antifungal agents. Disc diffusion method (susceptibility to synthetic antifungals), broth micro-dilution method (Susceptibility to menthol), 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide reduction assay (biofilm formation), High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique (ergosterol content), and adherence to n-hexadecane (CSH) were employed to determine the influence of menthol against C. glabrata isolates. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) range of menthol versus C. glabrata was 1250-5000 µg/mL (mean ± SD: 3375 ± 1375 µg/mL). The mean rate of C. glabrata biofilm formation was decreased up to 97.67%, 81.15%, 71.21%, 63.72%, 47.53%, 26.31%, and 0.051% at 625, 1250, 2500, 5000, 10 000, 20 000, and 40 000 µg/mL concentrations, respectively. The percentages of CSH were significant in groups treated with MIC/2 (17.51 ± 5.52%) and MIC/4 (26 ± 5.87%) concentrations of menthol. Also, the percentage changes in membrane ergosterol were 15.97%, 45.34%, and 73.40% at 0.125, 0.25, and 0.5 mg/mL concentrations of menthol, respectively, in comparison with untreated control. The results showed the menthol impact versus sessile and planktonic C. glabrata cells, and the interference with ergosterol content, CSH, and biofilm formation, which made it a potent natural antifungal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Hajigholamreza
- Department of Microbiology and immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran 1416634793, Iran
| | - Aghil Sharifzadeh
- Department of Microbiology and immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran 1416634793, Iran
| | - Jalal Hassan
- Division of Toxicology, Department of Comparative Bioscience, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran 1416634793, Iran
| | - Hojjatollah Shokri
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol 4615664616, Iran
| | - Ali Akbaripazouki
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran 1416634793, Iran
| | - Babak Pakbin
- Werner Siemens Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology, Dept. of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Lichtenberg Str. 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
- Institute for Life Technologies, University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland Valais-Wallis, Sion 2 1950, Switzerland
| | - Iradj Ashrafi Tamai
- Department of Microbiology and immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran 1416634793, Iran
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Prajapati J, Goswami D, Dabhi M, Acharya D, Rawal RM. Potential dual inhibition of SE and CYP51 by eugenol conferring inhibition of Candida albicans: Computationally curated study with experimental validation. Comput Biol Med 2022; 151:106237. [PMID: 36327880 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.106237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Ergosterol is the key sterol component in the cell membrane of fungi including moulds and yeasts. Any decrease in the levels of ergosterol in the cell membrane of fungi render them venerable to cell membrane damage and even its death. Majority of antifungal drug targets the key enzymes involved in ergosterol biosynthesis pathway. The biochemical pathway for the synthesis of Ergosterol is a complex one, though the reactions carried by Squalene Epoxidase (SE) and 14α-demethylase (CYP51- a member of Cytochrome P450 family) serves to the key rate limiting reactions that can impact the overall production of Ergosterol. Allylamines class of antifungal drug target SE while Azoles target the CYP51. Currently advancement in the drug development is focused to introduce newer drugs that can simultaneously inhibit both this rate limiting enzymes. However, natural compounds established to possess antifungal activity but the major loophole about their understanding lies in the fact that their mode of action are severely unstudied. One such well-established antifungal natural phytochemical is Eugenol, and in current manuscript we investigated its efficacy to interact with both, SE and CYP51 of Candida albicans using molecular Docking, Free energy change calculations and Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulation, showing promising outcomes. For experimental studies, terbinafine, clotrimazole and eugenol showed 4 μg/ml, 2 μg/ml, and 512 μg/ml MIC90 values, respectively against C. albicans and also showed reduction in Ergosterol production at sub-MIC levels. The obtained result indicates the involvement of eugenol in the inhibition of enzymes require in the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jignesh Prajapati
- Department of Biochemistry & Forensic Science, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Dweipayan Goswami
- Department of Microbiology & Biotechnology, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, 380009, Gujarat, India.
| | - Milan Dabhi
- Department of Microbiology & Biotechnology, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Dhaval Acharya
- Department of Microbiology, B N Patel Institute of Paramedical and Sciences, Anand, 388001, Gujarat, India
| | - Rakesh M Rawal
- Department of Biochemistry & Forensic Science, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, 380009, Gujarat, India; Department of Life Science, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, 380009, Gujarat, India.
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36
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Machida K, Koseki Y, Kotani A, Yamamoto K, Miura T, Hakamata H. Simultaneous determination of deuterium-labeled ergosterol and brassicasterol in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Methods 2022; 14:4879-4885. [PMID: 36416170 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay01705a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A previous study has shown that brassicasterol-d1 was detected in the serum of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats after oral administration of ergosterol-d1. To quantitatively evaluate the serum concentration of brassicasterol-d1, an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for the simultaneous determination of picolinyl ester-derivatized ergosterol-d1 and brassicasterol-d1. The separation was performed on an ODS column (Waters Acquity UPLC BEH C18) with a mobile phase consisting of methanol and water containing 0.1% acetic acid (95/5, v/v). Linear calibration curves in the presence of the serum were obtained in a concentration range of 0.04-8 μg mL-1. Recovery rates of 95.6-119% were obtained with an RSD (n = 6) of less than 7.5%. The method was applied to the determination of time-concentration curves of ergosterol-d1 and brassicasterol-d1 in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats, showing a pharmacokinetic profile of ergosterol-d1 where the peak serum concentration of brassicasterol-d1 was 3-fold higher than that of ergosterol-d1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Machida
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yuji Koseki
- Center for the Advancement of Pharmaceutical Education, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Kotani
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiro Yamamoto
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Tsuyoshi Miura
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Hakamata
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.
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Rola K, Latkowska E, Ogar W, Osyczka P. Towards understanding the effect of heavy metals on mycobiont physiological condition in a widespread metal-tolerant lichen Cladonia rei. Chemosphere 2022; 308:136365. [PMID: 36087724 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals present in the environment can cause a variety of injury symptoms in various organisms including lichens. Most studies examined metal-induced stress under controlled laboratory conditions, and little is known about actual response of lichens in their natural habitat. This study aims to recognize the effect of heavy metal accumulation (total and intracellular) on lichen physiological and biochemical parameters specifically related to the functioning of fungal component. Cladonia rei was used as a model species due to its common occurrence both in unpolluted and extremely polluted sites. We observed a decline in the fungal metabolism which was expressed by a decrease in ergosterol content and an increase in cell membrane damage as a result of increased Zn, Cd, Cu and Ni accumulation. Additionally, the results indicated that increased accumulation of xenobiotics (Pb and As) caused reduction of glutathione (GSH) concentrations and increased membrane lipid peroxidation. Therefore, we conclude that GSH does not provide high oxidative stress protection in C. rei which is somewhat against its insensitivity to pollution. The reduced pool of GSH could be explained by its oxidation to glutathione disulphide induced by heavy metal stress or its use for phytochelatin (PC) synthesis. The content of secondary metabolites was not related to heavy metal accumulation and remained at a relatively stable level. This indicates that the decline in the physiological condition did not weaken the mycobiont of C. rei enough to inhibit the synthesis of secondary metabolites and their precursors were supplied at a sufficient level. Thus, the potential function of main secondary metabolites as extracellular metal immobilizers and antioxidants is still possible even in individuals growing at extremely polluted sites. Despite the evident heavy metal stress, C. rei copes well and spreads easily through extremely polluted environments, which underlines its unique pioneering abilities in highly disturbed sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaja Rola
- Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 3, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Ewa Latkowska
- Laboratory of Metabolomics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Wiktoria Ogar
- Laboratory of Metabolomics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Piotr Osyczka
- Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 3, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
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Li SY, Yang XQ, Chen JX, Wu YM, Yang YB, Ding ZT. The induced cryptic metabolites and antifungal activities from culture of Penicillium chrysogenum by supplementing with host Ziziphus jujuba extract. Phytochemistry 2022; 203:113391. [PMID: 36007667 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The productions of cryptic metabolites including three undescribed drimane sesquiterpenoids, penicichrins A-C, and three known compounds from Penicillium chrysogenum were activated by the host Ziziphus jujuba medium. The structures were established by comprehensive analysis of spectroscopic data. The spiro β-lactone, and gem-dimethyl dihydroxylation in induced penicichrins A-C were rare in natural products. Cryptic metabolites, monaspurpurone was first found in Penicillium. 4-Methoxy-3-methylgoniothalamin, and 2-hydroxy-l-phenyl-l,4-pentanedione were second example of isolation. Penicichrin A, monaspurpurone, 4-methoxy-3-methylgoniothalamin, physcion, ergosterol, and ergosta-7,22-dien-3β-ol had antifungal activities against phytopathogens, P. chrysogenum, Alternaria alternata and Aspergillus fumigatus with MICs ≤2 μg/mL, and 2-hydroxy-l-phenyl-l,4-pentanedione had flowering activity. So the chemical constituents from Z. jujuba could induce the productions of cryptic metabolites with plant growth-promoting activity from endophyte P. chrysogenum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yu Li
- Functional Molecules Analysis and Biotransformation Key Laboratory of Universities in Yunnan Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Xue-Qiong Yang
- Functional Molecules Analysis and Biotransformation Key Laboratory of Universities in Yunnan Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Jing-Xin Chen
- Functional Molecules Analysis and Biotransformation Key Laboratory of Universities in Yunnan Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Ya-Mei Wu
- Functional Molecules Analysis and Biotransformation Key Laboratory of Universities in Yunnan Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Ya-Bin Yang
- Functional Molecules Analysis and Biotransformation Key Laboratory of Universities in Yunnan Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China.
| | - Zhong-Tao Ding
- Functional Molecules Analysis and Biotransformation Key Laboratory of Universities in Yunnan Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China; College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, 671003, China.
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Elebiyo TC, Olori OO, Rotimi DE, Al-Megrin WAI, De Waard M, Alkhuriji AF, Batiha GES, Adeyanju AA, Adeyemi OS. Chemical fingerprinting, comparative in vitro antioxidant properties, and biochemical effects of ginger and bitterleaf infusion. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 155:113788. [PMID: 36271566 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Botanicals with remarkable pharmacological properties include Zingiber officinale Roscoe [Zingiberaceae] (ginger) and Gymnanthemum amygdalinum (Delie) Sch. Bip [Asteraceae] (bitterleaf). The plants are frequently used as teas and decoctions, and have been studied in the treatment of various illnesses. Thus, this study investigated the in vitro antioxidant activities and chemical fingerprints of ginger and bitter leaf infusions separately and as a combination. In addition, we assessed the effects of the tea infusions on rat liver and kidney indices. The findings from this study showed that the bitterleaf infusion had the highest phenolic content (21.77 ± 3.140 µg gallic acid equivalent/mg) in comparison with that of ginger (15.17 ± 1.50 µg gallic acid equivalent/mg) and their combination (8.81 ± 0.48 µg gallic acid equivalent/mg). The ginger infusion had the highest flavonoid content (547.15 ± 1.17 µg quercetin equivalent/mg), which was preceded by bitterleaf (473.02 ± 10.48 µg quercetin equivalent/mg) and the ginger and bitterleaf infusion (415.08 ± 4.15 µg quercetin equivalent/mg). Furthermore, our results showed that the tea infusions had no significant effect on the liver function indices (ALT and AST) compared to the control. In contrast, the rat plasma urea significantly increased in the groups given bitterleaf and a combination of ginger and bitterleaf infusions, while creatinine significantly decreased in the group that received the combined form of the infusion. The GC-MS analysis of ginger and bitterleaf infusions revealed that n-hexadecanoic acid, oleic acid, and ergosterol were most abundant in the bitterleaf infusion. At the same time, gingerol, 2-butanone, and 4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) were the most abundant in the ginger infusion. Together, the findings are not only evidence in support of the medicinal value of these plants but also reinforce their prospects as nutriceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobiloba Christiana Elebiyo
- SDG 03 Group - Good Health & Well-being, Landmark University, Omu-Aran 251101, Kwara State, Nigeria; Department of Biochemistry, Medicinal Biochemistry, Nanomedicine & Toxicology Laboratory, Landmark University, PMB 1001, Omu-Aran 251101, Nigeria
| | - Oghenemaero Oghale Olori
- SDG 03 Group - Good Health & Well-being, Landmark University, Omu-Aran 251101, Kwara State, Nigeria; Department of Biochemistry, Medicinal Biochemistry, Nanomedicine & Toxicology Laboratory, Landmark University, PMB 1001, Omu-Aran 251101, Nigeria
| | - Damilare Emmanuel Rotimi
- SDG 03 Group - Good Health & Well-being, Landmark University, Omu-Aran 251101, Kwara State, Nigeria; Department of Biochemistry, Medicinal Biochemistry, Nanomedicine & Toxicology Laboratory, Landmark University, PMB 1001, Omu-Aran 251101, Nigeria
| | - Wafa Abdullah I Al-Megrin
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Michel De Waard
- Nantes Université, CNRS, INSERM, l'Institut du thorax, F-44000 Nantes, France; LabEx Ion Channels, Science and Therapeutics, Valbonne, France; Martox Biotechnology, 6 rue des Platanes, 38120 Saint-Egrève, France.
| | - Afrah Fahd Alkhuriji
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt.
| | - Adebukola Anne Adeyanju
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Applied Sciences, KolaDaisi University, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Oluyomi Stephen Adeyemi
- SDG 03 Group - Good Health & Well-being, Landmark University, Omu-Aran 251101, Kwara State, Nigeria; Department of Biochemistry, Medicinal Biochemistry, Nanomedicine & Toxicology Laboratory, Landmark University, PMB 1001, Omu-Aran 251101, Nigeria; Laboratory of Sustainable Animal Environment, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 232-3 Yomogida, Naruko-onsen, Osaki, Miyagi 989-6711, Japan.
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Al-Madboly LA, Abd El-Salam MA, Bastos JK, El-Shorbagy SH, El-Morsi RM. Novel Preclinical Study of Galloylquinic Acid Compounds from Copaifera lucens with Potent Antifungal Activity against Vaginal Candidiasis Induced in a Murine Model via Multitarget Modes of Action. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0272421. [PMID: 35972130 PMCID: PMC9603814 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02724-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaginal candidiasis is a medical condition characterized by the overgrowth of Candida spp. in the vaginal cavity with complex recurrent pathogenicity as well as tolerance to antifungal therapy and hence is awaiting more safe and effective treatments. This work aimed to assess the potential antifungal activity of galloylquinic acid compounds (GQAs) from Copaifera lucens leaves against vaginal Candida albicans. The antifungal susceptibility test was performed against 20 isolates of multidrug-resistant (MDR) C. albicans using agar diffusion and broth microdilution assays. The results showed that GQAs exhibited strong antagonistic activity against the test isolates, with inhibition zone diameters ranging from 26 to 38 mm and low MICs (1 to 16 μg/mL) as well as minimum fungicidal concentrations (2 to 32 μg/mL). The MTT [3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide] assay confirmed the safety of GQAs against the Vero cell line, showing a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 168.17 mg/mL. A marked difference in the growth pattern of the treated and untreated pathogens was also observed, where a concentration-dependent reduction in the growth rate occurred. Moreover, a pronounced fungicidal effect was demonstrated 6 h after treatment with 1× the minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC), as evidenced by time-kill assays, where the number of survivors was decreased a 6-fold. GQAs effectively inhibited and eradicated about 80% of C. albicans biofilm at 6 μg/mL and 32 μg/mL, respectively. Interestingly, GQAs disturbed the fungal membrane integrity, induced cell lysis, and reduced the virulence factors (proteinase and phospholipase) as well as the catalase activity. Moreover, the ergosterol content in the plasma membrane decreased in a concentration-dependent manner. Additionally, the altered mitochondrial membrane potential was associated with an increased release of cytochrome c from mitochondria to the cytosol, suggesting the initiation of early apoptosis in GQA-treated cells. Transcriptional analysis revealed that all test genes encoding virulence traits, including SAP1, PLB1, LIP1, HWP1, and ALS1, were markedly downregulated in GQA-treated cells compared to the control. The in vivo murine model of vaginal candidiasis further confirmed the therapeutic activity of GQAs (4 mg/kg of body weight) against C. albicans. This work comprehensively evaluated the antifungal, antivirulence, and antibiofilm activities of GQAs against C. albicans isolates using in vitro and in vivo models, providing molecular-level insights into the antifungal mechanism of action and experimental evidence that supports the potential use of GQAs for the treatment of vaginal candidiasis. IMPORTANCE Our work presents a new perspective on the potential use of GQAs as safe and highly effective phytochemicals against MDR C. albicans. This microorganism colonizes the human vaginal epithelium, causing vaginal candidiasis, a condition characterized by recurrent pathogenicity and tolerance to traditional antifungal therapy. Based on the results of in vitro tests, our study reports GQAs antifungal modes of action. These compounds exhibited an anticandidal effect by deactivating the fungal hydrolytic enzymes, reducing ergosterol content in the plasma membrane, altering the potential of the mitochondrial membrane, and inducing apoptosis. Additionally, GQAs showed high activity in eradicating the biofilm formed by the fungus via the downregulation of HWP1, ALS, SAP, PLB, and LIP genes, which are constitutively expressed in the biofilm. In an in vivo murine model of vaginal candidiasis, GQAs further demonstrated strong evidence of their effectiveness as an antifungal therapy. In this regard, our findings provide novel insights into the potential therapeutic use of these phytoactive molecules for vaginal candidiasis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamiaa A. Al-Madboly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Abd El-Salam
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine Barcelona, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, Egypt
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Program in Research at VA West Roxbury, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jairo K. Bastos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Rasha M. El-Morsi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, Egypt
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Marín V, Bart B, Cortez N, Jiménez VA, Silva V, Leyton O, Cabrera-Pardo JR, Schmidt B, Heydenreich M, Burgos V, Paz C. Drimane Sesquiterpene Aldehydes Control Candida Yeast Isolated from Candidemia in Chilean Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911753. [PMID: 36233069 PMCID: PMC9570005 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Drimys winteri J.R. (Winteraceae) produce drimane sesquiterpenoids with activity against Candida yeast. In this work, drimenol, polygodial (1), isotadeonal (2), and a new drimane α,β-unsaturated 1,4-dialdehyde, named winterdial (4), were purified from barks of D. winteri. The oxidation of drimenol produced the monoaldehyde drimenal (3). These four aldehyde sesquiterpenoids were evaluated against six Candida species isolated from candidemia patients in Chilean hospitals. Results showed that 1 displays fungistatic activity against all yeasts (3.75 to 15.0 µg/mL), but irritant effects on eyes and skin, whereas its non-pungent epimer 2 has fungistatic and fungicide activities at 1.9 and 15.0 µg/mL, respectively. On the other hand, compounds 3 and 4 were less active. Molecular dynamics simulations suggested that compounds 1–4 are capable of binding to the catalytic pocket of lanosterol 14-alpha demethylase with similar binding free energies, thus suggesting a potential mechanism of action through the inhibition of ergosterol synthesis. According to our findings, compound 2 appears as a valuable molecular scaffold to pursue the future development of more potent drugs against candidiasis with fewer side effects than polygodial. These outcomes are significant to broaden the alternatives to treat fungal infections with increasing prevalence worldwide using natural compounds as a primary source for active compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Marín
- Laboratory of Natural Products & Drug Discovery, Department of Basic Science, Center CEBIM, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Bryan Bart
- Laboratory of Natural Products & Drug Discovery, Department of Basic Science, Center CEBIM, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Nicole Cortez
- Laboratory of Natural Products & Drug Discovery, Department of Basic Science, Center CEBIM, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Verónica A. Jiménez
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Sede Concepción, Autopista Concepción-Talcahuano 7100, Talcahuano 4260000, Chile
| | - Víctor Silva
- Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tomás, Temuco 4780000, Chile
| | - Oscar Leyton
- Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tomás, Temuco 4780000, Chile
| | - Jaime R. Cabrera-Pardo
- Laboratorio de Química Aplicada y Sustentable, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica 1000000, Chile
| | - Bernd Schmidt
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Matthias Heydenreich
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Viviana Burgos
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Santo Tomás, Temuco 4780000, Chile
- Correspondence: (V.B.); (C.P.)
| | - Cristian Paz
- Laboratory of Natural Products & Drug Discovery, Department of Basic Science, Center CEBIM, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4811230, Chile
- Correspondence: (V.B.); (C.P.)
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Sokolov SS, Volynsky PE, Zangieva OT, Severin FF, Glagoleva ES, Knorre DA. Cytostatic effects of structurally different ginsenosides on yeast cells with altered sterol biosynthesis and transport. Biochim Biophys Acta Biomembr 2022; 1864:183993. [PMID: 35724740 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2022.183993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Triterpene glycosides are a diverse group of plant secondary metabolites, consisting of a sterol-like aglycon and one or several sugar groups. A number of triterpene glycosides show membranolytic activity, and, therefore, are considered to be promising antimicrobial drugs. However, the interrelation between their structure, biological activities, and target membrane lipid composition remains elusive. Here we studied the antifungal effects of four Panax triterpene glycosides (ginsenosides) with sugar moieties at the C-3 (ginsenosides Rg3, Rh2), C-20 (compound K), and both (ginsenoside F2) positions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants with altered sterol plasma membrane composition. We observed reduced cytostatic activity of the Rg3 and compound K in the UPC2-1 strain with high membrane sterol content. Moreover, LAM gene deletion reduced yeast resistance to Rg3 and digitonin, another saponin with glycosylated aglycon in the C-3 position. LAM genes encode plasma membrane-anchored StARkin superfamily-member sterol transporters. We also showed that the deletion of the ERG6 gene that inhibits ergosterol biosynthesis at the stage of zymosterol increased the cytostatic effects of Rg3 and Rh2, but not the other two tested ginsenosides. At the same time, in silico simulation revealed that the substitution of ergosterol with zymosterol in the membrane changes the spatial orientation of Rg3 and Rh2 in the membranes. These results imply that the plasma membrane sterol composition defines its interaction with triterpene glycoside depending on their glycoside group position. Our results also suggest that the biological role of membrane-anchored StARkin family protein is to protect eukaryotic cells from triterpenes glycosylated at the C-3 position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svyatoslav S Sokolov
- Department of Molecular Energetics of Microorganisms, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Leninskie Gory 1-40, Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel E Volynsky
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Modeling, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997, Miklukho-Maklaya Str., 16/10, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga T Zangieva
- Federal State Budgetary Institution "National Medical and Surgical Center named after N.I.Pirogov" of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 105203, Nizhnyaya Pervomayskaya str., 70, Moscow, Russia
| | - Fedor F Severin
- Department of Molecular Energetics of Microorganisms, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Leninskie Gory 1-40, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena S Glagoleva
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Leninskie Gory 1-12, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Knorre
- Department of Molecular Energetics of Microorganisms, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Leninskie Gory 1-40, Moscow, Russia.
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Singh BK, Chaudhari AK, Das S, Tiwari S, Dubey NK. Preparation and characterization of a novel nanoemulsion consisting of chitosan and Cinnamomum tamala essential oil and its effect on shelf-life lengthening of stored millets. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2022; 187:105214. [PMID: 36127040 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to improve the stability of Cinnamomum tamala essential oil (CTEO) via encapsulating into chitosan nanoemulsion (CsNe) through an ionic-gelation technique and explore its food preservative efficacy against aflatoxigenic strain of Aspergillus flavus (AFLHPSi-1, isolated from stored millet), aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contamination, and lipid peroxidation, causing qualitative deterioration of stored millets. The CTEO was characterized through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis that confirmed the presence of linalool as a major component occupying approximately 82.64% of the total oil. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The encapsulation efficiency (EE) and loading capacity (LC) of CTEO-CsNe were found to be 97.71% and 3.33%, respectively. In vitro release study showed a biphasic release pattern: with an initial burst release followed by a controlled release of CTEO. During investigation of efficacy, the CTEO-CsNe caused complete inhibition of A. flavus growth, and AFB1 biosynthesis at 1.0 and 0.8 μL/mL, respectively. The CTEO-CsNe exhibited its antifungal mode of action by altering fungal plasma membrane integrity (ergosterol inhibition) and permeability (leakage of important cellular constituents), and antiaflatoxigenic mode of action by inhibiting cellular methylglyoxal biosynthesis. CTEO-CsNe showed high free radical scavenging capacity (IC50 = 5.08 and 2.56 μL/mL) against DPPH•+ and ABTS•+ radicals, respectively. In addition, CTEO-CsNe presented remarkable preservative efficacy, inhibiting AFB1 and lipid peroxidation in model food system (Setaria italica) without altering their organoleptic properties. Based on overall results, CTEO-CsNe can be recommended as a novel shelf-life enhancer of stored millet samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijendra Kumar Singh
- Laboratory of Herbal Pesticides, Centre of Advanced Study (CAS) in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Anand Kumar Chaudhari
- Department of Botany, Government Girls' P.G. College, Ghazipur 233001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Somenath Das
- Department of Botany, Burdwan Raj College, Purba Bardhaman, West Bengal 713104, India
| | - Shikha Tiwari
- Laboratory of Herbal Pesticides, Centre of Advanced Study (CAS) in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Nawal Kishore Dubey
- Laboratory of Herbal Pesticides, Centre of Advanced Study (CAS) in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
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Liu Y, Ren L, Zhao J, Xia Y, Zhang Z, Guan X, Huang S, Wang Q, Wu J, Yu Z, Xu D, Li F, Zhang B. Ergosterol production at elevated temperatures by Upc2-overexpressing Kluyveromyces marxianus using Jerusalem artichoke tubers as feedstock. Bioresour Technol 2022; 362:127878. [PMID: 36055542 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ergosterol is an important precursor in the pharmaceutical industry for the production of numerous drugs. In this study, Kluyveromyces marxianus that showed more potential for ergosterol production than some other yeasts was reported. The effects of transcription factors UPC2, MOT3, and ROX1 of K. marxianus on ergosterol synthesis were explored, and a Upc2-overexpressing strain produced 1.78 times more ergosterol (167.33 mg/L) than the wild-type strain (60.04 mg/L). A total of 239.98 mg/L ergosterol was produced when glucose was replaced with fructose to limit ethanol production. Enhanced aeration increased ergosterol titer from 63.09 mg/L to 128.46 mg/L at 42 °C. The ergosterol titer reached 304.37 mg/L in a shake flask at 37 °C, or 1124.38 and 948.32 mg/L at 37 °C and 42 °C, respectively, in a 5 L bioreactor, using Jerusalem artichoke tubers as the sole carbon source. This study establishes a platform for ergosterol biosynthesis using inexpensive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, School of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, PR China
| | - Lili Ren
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, School of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, PR China
| | - Junyi Zhao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, School of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, PR China
| | - Yitong Xia
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, School of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, PR China
| | - Zhiyang Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, School of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, PR China
| | - Xuyang Guan
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, School of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, PR China
| | - Sirui Huang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, School of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, PR China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, School of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, PR China
| | - Jing Wu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, School of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, PR China
| | - Zijun Yu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, School of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, PR China
| | - Dayong Xu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, School of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, PR China
| | - Feng Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, School of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, PR China
| | - Biao Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, School of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, PR China.
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Abstract
Increased expression of the Candida glabrata CDR1 gene, encoding an ATP-binding cassette membrane transporter, is routinely observed in fluconazole-resistant isolates of this pathogenic yeast. CDR1 transcription has been well-documented to be due to activity of the Zn2Cys6 zinc cluster-containing transcription factor Pdr1. Gain-of-function mutations in the gene encoding this factor are the most commonly observed cause of fluconazole hyper-resistance in clinical isolates. We have recently found that the sterol-responsive transcription factor Upc2A also acts to control CDR1 transcription, providing a direct link between ergosterol biosynthesis and expression of Pdr1 target genes. While this earlier work implicated Upc2A as an activator of CDR1 transcription, our further analyses revealed the presence of a second Upc2A binding site that negatively regulated CDR1 expression. This Upc2A binding site designated a sterol-responsive element (SRE) was found to have significant lower affinity for Upc2A DNA-binding than the previously described SRE. This new SRE was designated SRE2 while the original, positively acting site was named SRE1. A mutant version of SRE2 prevented in vitro DNA-binding by recombinant Upc2A and, when introduced into the CDR1 promoter, caused decreased fluconazole susceptibility and increased CDR1 expression. This negative effect caused by loss of SRE2 was shown to be Pdr1 independent, consistent with the presence of at least one additional activator of CDR1 transcription. The ability of Upc2A to exert either positive or negative effects on gene expression resembles behavior of mammalian nuclear receptor proteins and reveals an unexpectedly complex nature for SRE effects on gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Gia Vu
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - William Scott Moye-Rowley
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Deng Z, Yang Y, Luo J, Zhang B, Liu J, Shui G, Jiao R, Wei C. An Integrated Transcriptomics and Lipidomics Analysis Reveals That Ergosterol Is Required for Host Defense Against Bacterial Infection in Drosophila. Front Immunol 2022; 13:933137. [PMID: 35874695 PMCID: PMC9301368 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.933137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals adjust their lipid metabolism states in response to pathogens infection. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms for how lipid metabolism responds to infection remain to be elusive. In this study, we assessed the temporal changes of lipid metabolism profiles during infection by an integrated transcriptomics and lipidomics analysis. Ergosterol is identified to be required for proper host defense to pathogens. Notably, ergosterol level is increased in the hemolymph upon bacterial infection. We show that the increase of ergosterol level by food supplement or genetic depletion of Acsl, a long-chain fatty acid-CoA synthetase, promotes host survival against bacterial challenges. Together, our results suggest a critical role of lipid metabolism adaption in the process of host defense against invading pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Deng
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanyang Yang
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiazhen Luo
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Biling Zhang
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiyong Liu
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guanghou Shui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Renjie Jiao
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Renjie Jiao, ; Chuanxian Wei,
| | - Chuanxian Wei
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Renjie Jiao, ; Chuanxian Wei,
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Zhang XL, Chao EK, Sun MC, Zhao HF, Wang CX, Zhang BL. [Effects of tHMGR from three different plant sources on mevalonate (MVA) pathway flux in Saccharomyces cerevisiae]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2022; 47:2614-2622. [PMID: 35718479 DOI: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20220116.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we used bioinformatic tools to analyze the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase(HMGR) genes from Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Artemisia annua, and Arabidopsis thaliana. The results indicated that GuHMGR and AaHMGR contained two transmembrane regions while AtHMGR had three transmembrane regions. GuHMGR, AaHMGR, and AtHMGR all had the active center for catalysis. Three truncated HMGR genes(tHMGRs) of G. uralensi, A. annua, and A. thaliana were respectively ligated to pYES3 vector to construct the recombinant plasmids pYES3-tGuHMGR,pYES3-tAaHMGR,and pYES3-tAtHMGR. Afterwards, the control plasmid pYES3 and the three plasmids and were respectively introduced into Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cen.pk2-1 D, which yielded strains Y0, Y1, Y2, and Y3, respectively. The content of squalene, lanosterol, and ergosterol in these strains was measured by GC-MS. The relative expression of tGuHMGR, tAaHMGR, and tAtHMGR in strains Y1, Y2, and Y3 was determined by quantitative real-time PCR. The results showed that the strain overexpressing tAaHMGR had the highest yield of squalene and the highest total yield of squalene, ergosterol, and lanosterol. The quantitative real-time PCR showed higher relative expression of tAaHMGR than tGuHMGR, consistent with the strain fermentation result. We selected a superior tHMGR by comparing the effects of different tHMGRs on the mevalonate(MVA) pathway flux in S. cerevisiae. The findings can provide a reference for the construction of S. cerevisiae strains with high yields of squalene and terpenoid precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Li Zhang
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University Beijing 100083, China Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700, China
| | - Er-Kun Chao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700, China College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University Qufu 273165, China
| | - Meng-Chu Sun
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700, China
| | - Hong-Fei Zhao
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University Beijing 100083, China
| | - Cai-Xia Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700, China
| | - Bo-Lin Zhang
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University Beijing 100083, China
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48
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Min LJ, Wang H, Bajsa-Hirschel J, Yu CS, Wang B, Yao MM, Han L, Cantrell CL, Duke SO, Sun NB, Liu XH. Novel Dioxolane Ring Compounds for the Management of Phytopathogen Diseases as Ergosterol Biosynthesis Inhibitors: Synthesis, Biological Activities, and Molecular Docking. J Agric Food Chem 2022; 70:4303-4315. [PMID: 35357135 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c00541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Thirty novel dioxolane ring compounds were designed and synthesized. Their chemical structures were confirmed by 1H NMR, HRMS, and single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Bioassays indicated that these dioxolane ring derivatives exhibited excellent fungicidal activity against Rhizoctonia solani, Pyricularia oryae, Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Fusarium oxysporum, Physalospora piricola, Cercospora arachidicola and herbicidal activity against lettuce (Lactuca sativa), bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera), and duckweed (Lemna pausicostata). Among these compounds, 1-((2-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,3-dioxan-2-yl)methyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole (D17), 1-(((4R)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)methyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole (D20), 1-((5-methyl-2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1,3-dioxan-2-yl)methyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole (D22), and 1-((2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)methyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole (D26) had broad spectrum fungicidal and herbicidal activity. The IC50 values against duckweed were 20.5 ± 9.0, 14.2 ± 6.7, 24.0 ± 11.0, 8.7 ± 3.5, and 8.0 ± 3.1 μM for D17, D20, D22, and D26 and the positive control difenoconazole, respectively. The EC50 values were 7.31 ± 0.67, 9.74 ± 0.83, 17.32 ± 1.23, 11.96 ± 0.98, and 8.93 ± 0.91 mg/L for D17, D20, D22, and D26 and the positive control difenoconazole against the plant pathogen R. solani, respectively. Germination experiments with Arabidopsis seeds indicated that the target of these dioxolane ring compounds in plants is brassinosteroid biosynthesis. Molecular simulation docking results of compound D26 and difenoconazole with fungal CYP51 P450 confirmed that they both inhibit this enzyme involved in ergosterol biosynthesis. The structure-activity relationships (SAR) are discussed by substituent effect, molecular docking, and density functional theory analysis, which provided useful information for designing more active compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jing Min
- College of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Han Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Joanna Bajsa-Hirschel
- Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, USDA ARS, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Chen-Sheng Yu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Bin Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, Zhejiang, China
| | - Meng-Meng Yao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liang Han
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Charles L Cantrell
- Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, USDA ARS, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Stephen O Duke
- National Center for Natural Product Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Na-Bo Sun
- College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xing-Hai Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
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49
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Vieira Junior WG, Centeio Cardoso RV, Fernandes Â, Ferreira ICFR, Barros L, Pardo-Giménez A, Mendel Soares DM, Stevani CV, Zied DC. Influence of strains and environmental cultivation conditions on the bioconversion of ergosterol and vitamin D 2 in the sun mushroom. J Sci Food Agric 2022; 102:1699-1706. [PMID: 34455581 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fungus Agaricus subrufescens is grown commercially in China, the USA, Brazil, Taiwan and Japan, among others. However, each country adopts a cultivation system that significantly influences the agronomical parameters and chemical composition of the harvested mushrooms. In this study, the influence of the cultivation process on the content of ergosterol and vitamin D2 was evaluated. RESULTS Four commercial strains of A. subrufescens (ABL 04/49, ABL CS7, ABL 18/01 and ABL 19/01) and two environmental cultivation conditions (in the field and a controlled chamber with the absence of sunlight) were used. Infield cultivation, ABL CS7 and ABL 19/01 strains presented better agronomic parameters, whereas in a protected environment ABL 19/01, ABL 04/49 and ABL 18/01 demonstrated better performance, respectively. The highest biological efficiency value (64%) was provided by ABL 19/01 strain in a controlled environment. CONCLUSION The highest content in ergosterol (990 mg kg-1 ) and vitamin D2 (36.8 mg kg-1 ) were observed in mushrooms obtained in the field from strain ABL 04/49, which presents reasonable agronomic parameters for cultivation. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ângela Fernandes
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
| | | | - Lillian Barros
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Arturo Pardo-Giménez
- Centro de Investigación, Experimentación y Servicios del Champiñón (CIES), Quintanar del Rey, Spain
| | - Douglas Moraes Mendel Soares
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química (IQ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cassius Vinicius Stevani
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química (IQ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Diego Cunha Zied
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Tecnológicas (FCAT), Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
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50
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Zhao H, Tao X, Song W, Xu H, Li M, Cai Y, Wang J, Duan Y, Zhou M. Mechanism of Fusarium graminearum Resistance to Ergosterol Biosynthesis Inhibitors: G443S Substitution of the Drug Target FgCYP51A. J Agric Food Chem 2022; 70:1788-1798. [PMID: 35129347 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c07543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by the Fusarium graminearum species complex, is a devastating fungal disease resulting in substantial yield and quality losses. Ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors (EBIs) are the most popular chemicals for controlling FHB. Recently, the resistance of F. graminearum to EBIs has emerged in the field, and an amino acid substitution (G443S) of the sterol 14α-demethylase FgCYP51A was detected in the field resistant strains. To further illustrate the resistance mechanism of F. graminearum to EBIs, site-directed mutants conferring the G443S substitution of FgCYP51A were generated from the progenitor strain PH-1 via genetic transformation with site-directed mutagenesis. We found that the FgCYP51A-G443S substitution significantly decreased the sensitivity of F. graminearum to EBIs with EC50 values ranging from 0.1190 to 0.2302 μg mL-1 and EC90 values ranging from 1.3420 to 9.1119 μg mL-1 for tebuconazole. Furthermore, the FgCYP51A-G443S substitution decreased sexual reproduction and virulence, which will reduce the initial infection source of pathogen populations in the field, while the increase of sporulation capability may enhance the frequencies of the disease cycle, thereby contributing to epidemics of FHB disease. Surprisingly, the FgCYP51A-G443S substitution accelerated DON biosynthesis by upregulating TRI5 expression and enhancing the fluorescence intensity of TRI1-GFP, the marker protein of Fusarium toxisomes. Thus, we concluded that the FgCYP51A-G443S substitution regulates EBI-fungicide resistance and DON biosynthesis, increasing the risk of fungicide resistance development in the field, thereby threatening the control efficacy of EBIs against FHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huahua Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xian Tao
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wen Song
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Haorong Xu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Meixia Li
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yiqiang Cai
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jianxin Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yabing Duan
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Mingguo Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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