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Konno S, Asanuma K, Nonomura Y. Friction Dynamics of Straight, Curly, and Wavy Hair. J Oleo Sci 2024; 73:801-811. [PMID: 38692901 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess23245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Hair shape affects the frictional properties and tactile sensation of hair. In this study, we evaluated the friction associated with the rubbing of straight, curly, or wavy hair by a contact probe equipped in a sinusoidal motion friction evaluation system. This system provides dynamic information such as the velocity dependence and hysteresis of the frictional force. In the case of hair fibers fixed at 1 mm intervals on a glass plate, a stable friction pattern was observed, in which the friction coefficient was almost constant during the dynamic friction process. The friction coefficients in the inward direction toward the hair root for straight, curly, and wavy hair were 0.47 ± 0.04, 0.51 ± 0.02, and 0.54 ± 0.04, respectively. As wavy hair is thick and has a larger true contact area with the contact probe, the friction coefficient was larger. When the finger model rubbed the straight or curly hair bundle in the inward direction, an oscillation pattern was observed, with the friction coefficient fluctuating at 20 ms intervals and the kinetic friction coefficient evaluated at 0.67 and 0.64, respectively. For the surface of straight hair, containing densely arranged cuticles, a large oscillation was observed in the direction against the cuticles. Meanwhile, no oscillation phenomenon was observed in wavy hair, which is characterized by a smooth cuticle and complex hair flow. Because wavy hair, which is frizzy, has fewer points of contact between hairs, impeding the occurrence of cooperative fluctuations in the frictional force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuko Konno
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Biochemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University
| | - Koji Asanuma
- Department of Resin Processing Research, Division of Polymer Solution, Denka Company Limited
| | - Yoshimune Nonomura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Biochemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University
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Ma C, Cheng M, Wu Y, Xu X. The Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Hair Regeneration and Hair Cycle. Stem Cells Dev 2024; 33:1-10. [PMID: 37847179 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2023.0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The health of hair is directly related to people's health and appearance. Hair has key physiological functions, including skin protection and temperature regulation. Hair follicle (HF) is a vital mini-organ that directly impacts hair growth. Besides, various signaling pathways and molecules regulate the growth cycle transition of HFs. Hair and its regeneration studies have attracted much interest in recent years with the increasing rate of alopecia. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), as pluripotent stem cells, can differentiate into fat, bone, and cartilage and stimulate regeneration and immunological regulation. MSCs have been widely employed to treat various clinical diseases, such as bone and cartilage injury, nerve injury, and lung injury. Besides, MSCs can be used for treatment of hair diseases due to their regenerative and immunomodulatory abilities. This review aimed to assess MSCs' treatment for alopecia, pertinent signaling pathways, and new material for hair regeneration in the last 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Ma
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao, China
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Education and NHC, National Joint Engineering Research Center for Theranostics of Immunological Skin Diseases, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Ming Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Education and NHC, National Joint Engineering Research Center for Theranostics of Immunological Skin Diseases, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Education and NHC, National Joint Engineering Research Center for Theranostics of Immunological Skin Diseases, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xuegang Xu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Education and NHC, National Joint Engineering Research Center for Theranostics of Immunological Skin Diseases, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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3
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Lasisi T, Smallcombe JW, Kenney WL, Shriver MD, Zydney B, Jablonski NG, Havenith G. Human scalp hair as a thermoregulatory adaptation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2301760120. [PMID: 37279270 PMCID: PMC10268308 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2301760120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans are unique among mammals in having a functionally naked body with a hair-covered scalp. Scalp hair is exceptionally variable across populations within Homo sapiens. Neither the function of human scalp hair nor the consequences of variation in its morphology have been studied within an evolutionary framework. A thermoregulatory role for human scalp hair has been previously suggested. Here, we present experimental evidence on the potential evolutionary function of human scalp hair and variation in its morphology. Using a thermal manikin and human hair wigs at different wind speeds in a temperature and humidity-controlled environment, with and without simulated solar radiation, we collected data on the convective, radiative, and evaporative heat fluxes to and from the scalp in relation to properties of a range of hair morphologies, as well as a naked scalp. We find evidence for a significant reduction in solar radiation influx to the scalp in the presence of hair. Maximal evaporative heat loss potential from the scalp is reduced by the presence of hair, but the amount of sweat required on the scalp to balance the incoming solar heat (i.e., zero heat gain) is reduced in the presence of hair. Particularly, we find that hair that is more tightly curled offers increased protection against heat gain from solar radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Lasisi
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802
- Department of Quantitative & Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA90089
| | - James W. Smallcombe
- Environmental Ergonomics Research Centre, Loughborough University, LoughboroughLE11 3TT, UK
- Thermal Ergonomics Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney2006, Australia
| | - W. Larry Kenney
- Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802
| | - Mark D. Shriver
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802
| | - Benjamin Zydney
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802
| | - Nina G. Jablonski
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802
| | - George Havenith
- Environmental Ergonomics Research Centre, Loughborough University, LoughboroughLE11 3TT, UK
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Wu W, Yang J, Tao H, Lei M. Environmental Regulation of Skin Pigmentation and Hair Regeneration. Stem Cells Dev 2022; 31:91-96. [PMID: 35285756 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2022.29011.wwu] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wang Wu
- 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, Department of Bioengineering, College of Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Department of Bioengineering, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Bioengineering, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Cosmetic and Plastic Center and Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital and Chongqing Three Gorges Central Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital and Chongqing Three Gorges Central Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongjun Tao
- Cosmetic and Plastic Center and Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital and Chongqing Three Gorges Central Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingxing Lei
- 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, Department of Bioengineering, College of Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Department of Bioengineering, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Bioengineering, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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Papukashvili D, Rcheulishvili N, Liu C, Xie F, Tyagi D, He Y, Wang PG. Perspectives on miRNAs Targeting DKK1 for Developing Hair Regeneration Therapy. Cells 2021; 10:2957. [PMID: 34831180 PMCID: PMC8616136 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) remains an unsolved problem for the well-being of humankind, although multiple important involvements in hair growth have been discovered. Up until now, there is no ideal therapy in clinical practice in terms of efficacy and safety. Ultimately, there is a strong need for developing a feasible remedy for preventing and treating AGA. The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is critical in hair restoration. Thus, AGA treatment via modulating this pathway is rational, although challenging. Dickkopf-related protein 1 (DKK1) is distinctly identified as an inhibitor of canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Thus, in order to stimulate the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, inhibition of DKK1 is greatly demanding. Studying DKK1-targeting microRNAs (miRNAs) involved in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway may lay the groundwork for the promotion of hair growth. Bearing in mind that DKK1 inhibition in the balding scalp of AGA certainly makes sense, this review sheds light on the perspectives of miRNA-mediated hair growth for treating AGA via regulating DKK1 and, eventually, modulating Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Consequently, certain miRNAs regulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway via DKK1 inhibition might represent attractive candidates for further studies focusing on promoting hair growth and AGA therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yunjiao He
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518000, China; (D.P.); (N.R.); (C.L.); (F.X.); (D.T.)
| | - Peng George Wang
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518000, China; (D.P.); (N.R.); (C.L.); (F.X.); (D.T.)
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Wu P, Jiang TX, Lei M, Chen CK, Hsieh Li SM, Widelitz RB, Chuong CM. Cyclic growth of dermal papilla and regeneration of follicular mesenchymal components during feather cycling. Development 2021; 148:dev198671. [PMID: 34344024 PMCID: PMC10656464 DOI: 10.1242/dev.198671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
How dermis maintains tissue homeostasis in cyclic growth and wounding is a fundamental unsolved question. Here, we study how dermal components of feather follicles undergo physiological (molting) and plucking injury-induced regeneration in chickens. Proliferation analyses reveal quiescent, transient-amplifying (TA) and long-term label-retaining dermal cell (LRDC) states. During the growth phase, LRDCs are activated to make new dermal components with distinct cellular flows. Dermal TA cells, enriched in the proximal follicle, generate both peripheral pulp, which extends distally to expand the epithelial-mesenchymal interactive interface for barb patterning, and central pulp, which provides nutrition. Entering the resting phase, LRDCs, accompanying collar bulge epidermal label-retaining cells, descend to the apical dermal papilla. In the next cycle, these apical dermal papilla LRDCs are re-activated to become new pulp progenitor TA cells. In the growth phase, lower dermal sheath can generate dermal papilla and pulp. Transcriptome analyses identify marker genes and highlight molecular signaling associated with dermal specification. We compare the cyclic topological changes with those of the hair follicle, a convergently evolved follicle configuration. This work presents a model for analyzing homeostasis and tissue remodeling of mesenchymal progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wu
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Ting-Xin Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Mingxing Lei
- 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
- Integrative Stem Cell Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Kuan Chen
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- The IEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Man Hsieh Li
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Randall B. Widelitz
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Cheng-Ming Chuong
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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Abreu CM, Cerqueira MT, Pirraco RP, Gasperini L, Reis RL, Marques AP. Rescuing key native traits in cultured dermal papilla cells for human hair regeneration. J Adv Res 2021; 30:103-112. [PMID: 34026290 PMCID: PMC8132206 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2020.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The dermal papilla (DP) represents the major regulatory entity within the hair follicle (HF), inducing hair formation and growth through reciprocal interactions with epithelial cells. However, human DP cells rapidly lose their hair inductive ability when cultured in an epithelium-deficient environment. Objectives To determine if the conditioned medium collected from interfollicular keratinocytes (KCs-CM) is capable of improving DP cell native properties and inductive phenotype. Methods DP cells were cultured with KCs-CM both in 2D and 3D culture conditions (spheroids). Further, the hair-inductive capacity of DP cells precultured with KCs-CM was tested in a hair reconstitution assay, after co-grafting with human keratinocytes in nude mice. Results We demonstrate that KCs-CM contributes to restore the inductivity of cultured human DP cells in a more effective mode than the conventional 3D-cultures. This is supported by the higher active alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels in DP cells, the improved self-aggregative capacity and the reduced expression of α-SMA and the V1-isoform of versican. Moreover, DP cells cultured with KCs-CM displayed a secretome profile (VEGF, BMP2, TGF- β1, IL-6) that matches the one observed during anagen. KCs-CM also enhanced DP cell proliferation, while preventing cells to undergo morphological changes characteristic of high passage cells. In opposition, the amount of collagenous and non-collagenous proteins deposited by DP cells was lower in the presence of KCs-CM. The improvement in ALP activity was maintained in 3D spheroidal cultures, even after KCs-CM retrieval, being superior to the effect of the gold-standard culture conditions. Moreover, DP cells cultured with KCs-CM and grafted with human keratinocytes supported the formation of HF- and sebaceous gland-like structures in mice. Conclusion The proposed strategy encourages future cell-based strategies for HF regeneration not only in the context of hair-associated disorders, but also in the management of wounds to aid in restoring critical skin regulatory appendages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla M. Abreu
- 3B’s Research Group – Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Minho, Avepark 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s – PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Mariana T. Cerqueira
- 3B’s Research Group – Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Minho, Avepark 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s – PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rogério P. Pirraco
- 3B’s Research Group – Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Minho, Avepark 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s – PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Luca Gasperini
- 3B’s Research Group – Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Minho, Avepark 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s – PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui L. Reis
- 3B’s Research Group – Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Minho, Avepark 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s – PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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Behringer V, Krumbholz A, Stevens JMG, Keiler AM, Zierau O, Hohmann G. Exploring the Utility of Hair Endocannabinoids for Monitoring Homeostasis in Bonobos. Physiol Biochem Zool 2021; 94:83-98. [PMID: 33434116 DOI: 10.1086/712658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractQuantifying physiological challenges has gained increasing importance in evolutionary biology, behavioral physiology, and conservation. One matrix that is particularly useful for obtaining long-term records of physiological changes in mammals is hair. Potential markers are components of the endocannabinoid (EC) system, which regulates homeostasis of the brain as well as the endocrine and immune systems. Here, we present results from the first study to measure ECs (anandamide [AEA], 2-archidonyl glycerol [2-AG]) and EC-like compounds (N-palmitoylethanolamine [PEA], N-oleoylethanolamine [OEA], N-stearoylethanolamine [SEA]) in the hair of a nonhuman primate. We found that AEA, SEA, PEA, and OEA can be reliably measured in hair samples. When comparing the measurements of hair from different body parts, we found that variations of some analytes suggest that hair location is likely to affect results. For changes in health status, measurements of ECs and EC-like compounds reflected differences at both intra- and interindividual levels. We concluded that the EC system potentially provides novel tools to assess well-being, health status, and metabolic stress-not only in the hair of humans but also in that of domestic and wild animals. Measuring changes in ECs and EC-like compounds may improve the long-term monitoring of health status in captive and wild primates and may serve as a useful measure in animal welfare programs.
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Wang Y, Zhao J, Xia Y, Liu P. Configuration optimization of bionic piezoelectric hair sensor for acoustic/tactile detection. Bioinspir Biomim 2020; 15:056015. [PMID: 32357350 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/ab8f6c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Specialized sensory hairs are important biological sensors for arthropods to detect and recognize environmental conditions including acoustic, pressure and airflow signals. However, the present design methodology of such biomimic micro devices are mainly depending on shape mimicking, which greatly restricts their performance. In this paper, a novel genetic algorithm based optimization model for design of piezoelectric functional hair is developed for improving its acoustic pressure or tactile sensitivity. Furthermore, the sensing mechanism of axially polarized piezoelectric hair is explored and the main influencing factors on sensitivity including hair configuration and axial strain distribution are determined. Then, a series of optimized hair configurations are obtained in a specific frequency band from 1 Hz to 500 Hz, whose average sensitivity of 2.21 × 10-3 V Pa-1 is 10 times greater than that of the straight hair of 2.15 × 10-4 V Pa-1 with the same size. For tactile load detection, the output voltage of the optimized hair is about 1.5 times as much as that of the straight hair. The obtained hairs are similar with the spider's trichobothria and tactile hair, which presents an explanation of biological hairs sensitive to dynamic and static loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- School of Automotive Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
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10
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Hou SW, He SY, Xie J, Li MY, Hong MS, Guan FL, Hu YL, Huang YL, Xu CH. Integral characterization of normal and alopecic hair at different degeneration stages by in-situ visible and chemical imaging. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2020; 235:118315. [PMID: 32289732 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Direct exploration to differences between normal hair (NH) and alopecic hair (AH) at different degeneration stages is still lacking. To reveal compositional and structural variation of AH with reference to NH internally and externally, infrared spectroscopic imaging combined with scanning electron microscopy was applied to investigate integral changes of hair chemical profiles and surface texture structures, and infrared macro-fingerprinting analysis revealed detailed chemical compositions of NH and AH. Results showed that AH had excessive irregular laminated structures compared to NH, leading to a lower weight bearing capacity. Spatial distributions of lipids, phosphates, lipoproteins and phospholipids in hair transverse sections showed that their infrared absorptions were intensified and gradually centralized to medulla with average variable-areas increasing upto 2.3 folds (lipoproteins area changed from 13% in NH to 30% in AH)as the alopecia progressed. Extracted pixel spectra from the chemical images showed different fingerprint characteristics in 1075-1120 cm-1. Specifically, compared to NH, AH showed red shift of phosphate peaks, indicating the occurrence of phosphates transformation. In this study, in-situ visible and infrared chemical imaging directly revealed more irregular laminated scalps with decreasing weight bearing capacity and increasing distributive areas expanding to medulla of key components (phosphates, phospholipids, etc.) that were relevant to alopecia development from NH to AH, and offered a fast, eco-friendly and effective method for hair research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Wei Hou
- College of Food Science & Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Si-Yu He
- College of Food Science & Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China; Shanghai Qinpu Biotechnology Pte Ltd, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Jun Xie
- College of Food Science & Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China; Shanghai Qinpu Biotechnology Pte Ltd, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Ming-You Li
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Miao-Si Hong
- Dermatological Department, Shanghai Sixty People's hospital East, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Fu-Lan Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Yu-Ling Hu
- Simson Hair Transplant, Shanghai 201607, PR China
| | - Yan-Li Huang
- Dermatological Department, Shanghai Sixty People's hospital East, Shanghai 201306, PR China.
| | - Chang-Hua Xu
- College of Food Science & Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Processing & Preservation, Shanghai 201306, PR China; National R&D Branch Center for Freshwater Aquatic Products Processing Technology (Shanghai), Shanghai 201306, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
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11
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Stower RE, Lee AJ, McIntosh TL, Sidari MJ, Sherlock JM, Dixson BJW. Mating Strategies and the Masculinity Paradox: How Relationship Context, Relationship Status, and Sociosexuality Shape Women's Preferences for Facial Masculinity and Beardedness. Arch Sex Behav 2020; 49:809-820. [PMID: 31016490 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-019-1437-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
According to the dual mating strategy model, in short-term mating contexts women should forego paternal investment qualities in favor of mates with well-developed secondary sexual characteristics and dominant behavioral displays. We tested whether this model explains variation in women's preferences for facial masculinity and beardedness in male faces. Computer-generated composites that had been morphed to appear ± 50% masculine were rated by 671 heterosexual women (M age = 31.72 years, SD = 6.43) for attractiveness when considering them as a short-term partner, long-term partner, a co-parent, or a friend. They then completed the Revised Sociosexual Inventory (SOI-R) to determine their sexual openness on dimensions of desire, behavior, and attitudes. Results showed that women's preferences were strongest for average facial masculinity, followed by masculinized faces, with feminized faces being least attractive. In contrast to past research, facial masculinity preferences were stronger when judging for co-parenting partners than for short-term mates. Facial masculinity preferences were also positively associated with behavioral SOI, negatively with desire, and were unrelated to global or attitudinal SOI. Women gave higher ratings for full beards than clean-shaven faces. Preferences for beards were higher for co-parenting and long-term relationships than short-term relationships, although these differences were not statistically significant. Preferences for facial hair were positively associated with global and attitudinal SOI, but were unrelated to behavioral SOI and desire. Although further replication is necessary, our findings indicate that sexual openness is associated with women's preferences for men's facial hair and suggest variation in the association between sociosexuality and women's facial masculinity preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E Stower
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Anthony J Lee
- Division of Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK
| | - Toneya L McIntosh
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Morgan J Sidari
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - James M Sherlock
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Barnaby J W Dixson
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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12
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Greco G, Bosia F, Tramacere F, Mazzolai B, Pugno NM. The role of hairs in the adhesion of octopus suckers: a hierarchical peeling approach. Bioinspir Biomim 2020; 15:035006. [PMID: 32018231 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/ab72da] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Organisms like the octopus or the clingfish are a precious source of inspiration for the design of innovative adhesive systems based on suction cups, but a complete mechanical description of their attachment process is still lacking. In this paper, we exploit the recent discovery of the presence of hairs in the acetabulum roof of octopus suction cups to revise the current model for its adhesion to the acetabulum wall. We show how this additional feature, which can be considered an example of a hierarchical structure, can lead to an increase of adhesive strength, based on the analysis of the cases of a simple tape and an axisymmetrical membrane adhering to a substrate. Using peeling theory, we discuss in both cases the influence of hierarchical structure and the resulting variation of geometry on the adhesive energy, highlighting how an increase in number of hierarchical levels contributes to its increment, with a corresponding improvement in functionality for the octopus suckers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Greco
- Laboratory of Bio-inspired, Bionic, Nano, Meta Materials & Mechanics, Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Via Mesiano, 77, 38123 Trento, Italy. Center for Micro-BioRobotics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy
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13
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Oliver MA, Marti M, Coderch L, Carrer V, Kreuzer M, Barba C. Lipid loses and barrier function modifications of the brown-to-white hair transition. Skin Res Technol 2019; 25:517-525. [PMID: 30758871 DOI: 10.1111/srt.12681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The main objective of this study was to determine the lipid profile of brown and white Caucasian hair fibres and the effects of lipids on the properties of fibres. MATERIALS AND METHODS To determine the structures of white and brown hair lipid bilayers, cross sections of fibres of both hair types were examined using synchrotron-based μ-FTIR mapping. Dynamic vapour sorption (DVS) analyses were also performed to determine the differences in the barrier function of both fibres. RESULTS Spatial identification of lipids showed that a great amount of lipids was present in the medulla of fibres of both hair types, but important differences were also observed between cuticles of the different fibres. The cuticle of a white hair fibre showed a significant decrease in its lipid content, but did not show differences in the lateral packing order with respect to the cuticle of a brown hair fibre. The cortex and medulla of the white hair fibre also exhibited a significant decrease in its lipid content but with a higher lateral packing order than brown hair. Using DVS analysis, it was found that the water dynamics of white hair fibres differed from those of brown hair fibres, showing a decrease in their total capacity to absorb water and an increase in the velocity of the exchange of water with the environment. CONCLUSION The results of both techniques demonstrated a high correlation between the characteristics of the lipids located in the cuticle and the water dynamics of the fibres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A Oliver
- Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Meritxell Marti
- Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luisa Coderch
- Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victor Carrer
- Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Clara Barba
- Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
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14
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Wilby D, Aarts T, Tichit P, Bodey A, Rau C, Taylor G, Baird E. Using micro-CT techniques to explore the role of sex and hair in the functional morphology of bumblebee (Bombus terrestris) ocelli. Vision Res 2019; 158:100-108. [PMID: 30826353 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Wilby
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tobio Aarts
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Institute for Interdisciplinary Studies, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Pierre Tichit
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Andrew Bodey
- Diamond Light Source, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | | | - Gavin Taylor
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Emily Baird
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
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15
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Ó Maoiléidigh D, Ricci AJ. A Bundle of Mechanisms: Inner-Ear Hair-Cell Mechanotransduction. Trends Neurosci 2019; 42:221-236. [PMID: 30661717 PMCID: PMC6402798 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In the inner ear, the deflection of hair bundles, the sensory organelles of hair cells, activates mechanically-gated channels (MGCs). Hair bundles monitor orientation of the head, its angular and linear acceleration, and detect sound. Force applied to MGCs is shaped by intrinsic hair-bundle properties, by the mechanical load on the bundle, and by the filter imparted by the environment of the hair bundle. Channel gating and adaptation, the ability of the bundle to reset its operating point, contribute to hair-bundle mechanics. Recent data from mammalian hair cells challenge longstanding hypotheses regarding adaptation mechanisms and hair-bundle coherence. Variations between hair bundles from different organs in hair-bundle mechanics, mechanical load, channel gating, and adaptation may allow a hair bundle to selectively respond to specific sensory stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dáibhid Ó Maoiléidigh
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford CA 94305, USA
| | - Anthony J Ricci
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford CA 94305, USA.
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16
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Lee M, Hyde D, Bao M, Fedkiw R. A Skinned Tetrahedral Mesh for Hair Animation and Hair-Water Interaction. IEEE Trans Vis Comput Graph 2019; 25:1449-1459. [PMID: 29993869 DOI: 10.1109/tvcg.2018.2808972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We propose a novel framework for hair animation as well as hair-water interaction that supports millions of hairs. First, we develop a hair animation framework that embeds hair into a tetrahedralized volume mesh that we kinematically skin to deform and follow the exterior of an animated character. Allowing the hairs to follow their precomputed embedded locations in the kinematically deforming skinned mesh already provides visually plausible behavior. Creating a copy of the tetrahedral mesh, endowing it with springs, and attaching it to the kinematically skinned mesh creates more dynamic behavior. Notably, the springs can be quite weak and thus efficient to simulate because they are structurally supported by the kinematic mesh. If independent simulation of individual hairs or guide hairs is desired, they too benefit from being anchored to the kinematic mesh dramatically increasing efficiency as weak springs can be used while still supporting interesting and dramatic hairstyles. Furthermore, we explain how to embed these dynamic simulations into the kinematically deforming skinned mesh so that they can be used as part of a blendshape system where an artist can make many subsequent iterations without requiring any additional simulation. Although there are many applications for our newly proposed approach to hair animation, we mostly focus on the particularly challenging problem of hair-water interaction. While doing this, we discuss how porosities are stored in the kinematic mesh, how the kinematically deforming mesh can be used to apply drag and adhesion forces to the water, etc.
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Abstract
Insects perform takeoffs from a nearly unquantifiable number of surface permutations and many use their legs to initiate upward movement prior to the onset of wingbeats, including the mosquito. In this study we examine the unprovoked pre-takeoff mechanics of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes from two surfaces of contrasting roughness, one with roughness similar to polished glass and the other comparable to the human forearm. Using high-speed videography, we find mosquitos exhibit two distinct leg actions prior to takeoff, the widely observed push and a previously undocumented leg-strike, where one of the rearmost legs is raised and strikes the ground. Across 106 takeoff sequences we observe a greater incidence of leg-strikes from the smoother surface, and rationalize this observation by comparing the characteristic size of surface features on the mosquito tarsi and each test surface. Measurements of pre-takeoff kinematics reveal both strategies remain under the mechanosensory detection threshold of mammalian hair and produce nearly identical vertical body velocities. Lastly, we develop a model that explicates the measured leg velocity of striking legs utilized by mosquitoes, 0.59 m s-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Smith
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, United States of America
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18
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Gonçalves GL, Maestri R, Moreira GRP, Jacobi MAM, Freitas TRO, Hoekstra HE. Divergent genetic mechanism leads to spiny hair in rodents. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202219. [PMID: 30118524 PMCID: PMC6097693 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Spines, or modified hairs, have evolved multiple times in mammals, particularly in rodents. In this study, we investigated the evolution of spines in six rodent families. We first measured and compared the morphology and physical properties of hairs between paired spiny and non-spiny sister lineages. We found two distinct hair morphologies had evolved repeatedly in spiny rodents: hairs with a grooved cross-section and a second near cylindrical form. Compared to the ancestral elliptical-shaped hairs, spiny hairs had higher tension and stiffness, and overall, hairs with similar morphology had similar functional properties. To examine the genetic basis of this convergent evolution, we tested whether a single amino acid change (V370A) in the Ectodysplasin A receptor (Edar) gene is associated with spiny hair, as this substitution causes thicker and straighter hair in East Asian human populations. We found that most mammals have the common amino acid valine at position 370, but two species, the kangaroo rat (non-spiny) and spiny pocket mouse (spiny), have an isoleucine. Importantly, none of the variants we identified are associated with differences in rodent hair morphology. Thus, the specific Edar mutation associated with variation in human hair does not seem to play a role in modifying hairs in wild rodents, suggesting that different mutations in Edar and/or other genes are responsible for variation in the spiny hair phenotypes we observed within rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gislene L. Gonçalves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Departamento de Recursos Ambientales, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile
| | - Renan Maestri
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gilson R. P. Moreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marly A. M. Jacobi
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Thales R. O. Freitas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Hopi E. Hoekstra
- Department of Organismic & Evolutionary Biology, Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
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Wu XJ, Jing J, Lu ZF, Zheng M. Expression and localization of VEGFR-2 in hair follicles during induced hair growth in mice. Arch Dermatol Res 2018; 310:591-598. [PMID: 29909529 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-018-1843-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recently, VEGFR-2 has been detected not only in vascular and lymphatic endothelial cells but also in some non-vascular endothelial cells, particularly human hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands. In addition, VEGFR-2 has been confirmed to play direct roles in hair follicle keratinocyte regulation beyond simply angiogenesis. To elucidate whether VEGFR-2 activation plays a role in hair follicle cycling regulation, immunofluorescence of VEGFR-2 expression was performed during hair cycling of the dorsum of the mouse induced by hair plucking. We observed that staining for VEGFR-2 in hair follicles during anagen II and IV was much stronger than during anagen VI, catagen and telogen. During anagen II, intense staining for VEGFR-2 was observed on the keratinocyte strands of the hair follicle. Subsequently, we detected intense staining for VEGFR-2 in the ORS, IRS and hair bulb during anagen IV. Moderate staining for VEGFR-2 was detected in the ORS and hair bulb, but staining was most intense in IRS during anagen VI. During catagen, staining for VEGFR-2 in the IRS remained intense, while staining in the ORS and hair bulb was significantly weakened and was negative in the dermal papilla. During telogen, we detected VEGFR-2 in germ cells, cap, and club hair adjoining the epidermis. In conclusion, VEGFR-2 was expressed on the hair follicles of the dorsum of the mouse and varied in expression on the mouse hair follicles during hair cycling, suggesting that VEGFR-2 may exert roles in hair cycle regulation in hair follicles on the dorsum of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Jie Wu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Jing Jing
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Zhong-Fa Lu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
| | - Min Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
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20
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Huang X, Protheroe MD, Al-Jumaily AM, Paul SP, Chalmers AN. Review of human hair optical properties in possible relation to melanoma development. J Biomed Opt 2018; 23:1-9. [PMID: 29752798 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.23.5.050901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Immigration and epidemiological studies provide evidence indicating the correlation of high ultraviolet exposure during childhood and increased risks of melanoma in later life. While the explanation of this phenomenon has not been found in the skin, a class of hair has been hypothesized to be involved in this process by transmitting sufficient ultraviolet rays along the hair shaft to possibly cause damage to the stem cells in the hair follicle, ultimately resulting in melanoma in later life. First, the anatomy of hair and its possible contribution to melanoma development, and the tissue optical properties are briefly introduced to provide the necessary background. This paper emphasizes on the review of the experimental studies of the optical properties of human hair, which include the sample preparation, measurement techniques, results, and statistical analysis. The Monte Carlo photon simulation of human hair is next outlined. Finally, current knowledge of the optical studies of hair is discussed in the light of their possible contribution to melanoma development; the necessary future work needed to support this hypothesis is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyong Huang
- Auckland University of Technology, Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michael D Protheroe
- Auckland University of Technology, Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ahmed M Al-Jumaily
- Auckland University of Technology, Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sharad P Paul
- Auckland University, Faculty of Surgery, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrew N Chalmers
- Auckland University of Technology, Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Auckland, New Zealand
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21
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Foster AR, Nicu C, Schneider MR, Hinde E, Paus R. Dermal white adipose tissue undergoes major morphological changes during the spontaneous and induced murine hair follicle cycling: a reappraisal. Arch Dermatol Res 2018; 310:453-462. [PMID: 29704126 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-018-1831-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In murine skin, dermal white adipose tissue (DWAT) undergoes major changes in thickness in synchrony with the hair cycle (HC); however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We sought to elucidate whether increased DWAT thickness during anagen is mediated by adipocyte hypertrophy or adipogenesis, and whether lipolysis or apoptosis can explain the decreased DWAT thickness during catagen. In addition, we compared HC-associated DWAT changes between spontaneous and depilation-induced hair follicle (HF) cycling to distinguish between spontaneous and HF trauma-induced events. We show that HC-dependent DWAT remodelling is not an artefact caused by fluctuations in HF down-growth, and that dermal adipocyte (DA) proliferation and hypertrophy are HC-dependent, while classical DA apoptosis is absent. However, none of these changes plausibly accounts for HC-dependent oscillations in DWAT thickness. Contrary to previous studies, in vivo BODIPY uptake suggests that increased DWAT thickness during anagen occurs via hypertrophy rather than hyperplasia. From immunohistomorphometry, DWAT thickness likely undergoes thinning during catagen by lipolysis. Hence, we postulate that progressive, lipogenesis-driven DA hypertrophy followed by dynamic switches between lipogenesis and lipolysis underlie DWAT fluctuations in the spontaneous HC, and dismiss apoptosis as a mechanism of DWAT reduction. Moreover, the depilation-induced HC displays increased DWAT thickness, area, and DA number, but decreased DA volume/area compared to the spontaneous HC. Thus, DWAT shows additional, novel HF wounding-related responses during the induced HC. This systematic reappraisal provides important pointers for subsequent functional and mechanistic studies, and introduces the depilation-induced murine HC as a model for dissecting HF-DWAT interactions under conditions of wounding/stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- April R Foster
- Centre for Dermatology Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, and Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Carina Nicu
- Centre for Dermatology Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, and Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Marlon R Schneider
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Eleanor Hinde
- Centre for Dermatology Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, and Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Ralf Paus
- Centre for Dermatology Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, and Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.
- Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
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22
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Grotzinger AD, Briley DA, Engelhardt LE, Mann FD, Patterson MW, Tackett JL, Tucker-Drob EM, Harden KP. Genetic and environmental influences on pubertal hormones in human hair across development. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018; 90:76-84. [PMID: 29454168 PMCID: PMC5864552 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Puberty is a complex biopsychosocial process that can affect an array of psychiatric and medical disorders emerging in adolescence. Although the pubertal process is driven by neuroendocrine changes, few quantitative genetic studies have directly measured puberty-relevant hormones. Hair samples can now be assayed for accumulation of hormones over several months. In contrast to more conventional salivary measures, hair measures are not confounded by diurnal variation or hormonal reactivity. In an ethnically and socioeconomically diverse sample of 1286 child and adolescent twins and multiples from 672 unique families, we estimated genetic and environmental influences on hair concentrations of testosterone, DHEA, and progesterone across the period of 8-18 years of age. On average, male DHEA and testosterone were highly heritable, whereas female DHEA, progesterone, and puberty were largely influenced by environmental components. We identified sex-specific developmental windows of maximal heritability in each hormone. Peak heritability for DHEA occurred at approximately 10 years of age for males and females. Peak heritability for testosterone occurred at age 12.5 and 15.2 years for males and females, respectively. Peak heritability for male progesterone occurred at 11.2 years, while the heritability of female progesterone remained uniformly low. The identification of specific developmental windows when genetic signals for hormones are maximized has critical implications for well-informed models of hormone-behavior associations in childhood and adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel A Briley
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Laura E Engelhardt
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Frank D Mann
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Megan W Patterson
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | | | - Elliot M Tucker-Drob
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Population Research Center, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - K Paige Harden
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Population Research Center, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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Paquet P, Orduz M, Franchimont C, Nikkels AF. [What is the value of low-energie lasers in the treatment of androgenetic alopecia ?]. Rev Med Liege 2017; 72:540-546. [PMID: 29271134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Male and female androgenetic alopecia is a common, chronic, psychologically stressful disorder affecting more than 50 % of the individuals by 50 years of age. Despite the current topical (minoxidil) or oral (the inhibitors of 5-? reductase finasteride or dutasteride) treatments, there is a need for more effective management options. The current clinical evidence, the possible mechanisms of action and the rare adverse events of the low level laser therapy in the treatment of androgenetic alopecia are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ph Paquet
- Service de Dermatologie, CHU Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgique
| | - M Orduz
- Service de Dermatologie, CHU Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgique
| | - C Franchimont
- Service de Dermatologie, CHU Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgique
| | - A F Nikkels
- Service de Dermatologie, CHU Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgique
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24
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Ghitani N, Barik A, Szczot M, Thompson JH, Li C, Le Pichon CE, Krashes MJ, Chesler AT. Specialized Mechanosensory Nociceptors Mediating Rapid Responses to Hair Pull. Neuron 2017; 95:944-954.e4. [PMID: 28817806 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The somatosensory system provides animals with the ability to detect, distinguish, and respond to diverse thermal, mechanical, and irritating stimuli. While there has been progress in defining classes of neurons underlying temperature sensation and gentle touch, less is known about the neurons specific for mechanical pain. Here, we use in vivo functional imaging to identify a class of cutaneous sensory neurons that are selectively activated by high-threshold mechanical stimulation (HTMRs). We show that their optogenetic excitation evokes rapid protective and avoidance behaviors. Unlike other nociceptors, these HTMRs are fast-conducting Aδ-fibers with highly specialized circumferential endings wrapping the base of individual hair follicles. Notably, we find that Aδ-HTMRs innervate unique but overlapping fields and can be activated by stimuli as precise as the pulling of a single hair. Together, the distinctive features of this class of Aδ-HTMRs appear optimized for accurate and rapid localization of mechanical pain. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Ghitani
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda MD, USA
| | - Arnab Barik
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda MD, USA
| | - Marcin Szczot
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda MD, USA
| | - James H Thompson
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda MD, USA
| | - Chia Li
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda MD, USA
| | - Claire E Le Pichon
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda MD, USA
| | - Michael J Krashes
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda MD, USA
| | - Alexander T Chesler
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda MD, USA.
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25
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Skřontová M, Šimkova L, Bittner V, Chalupa B, Zeman J, Jelen K. Selected mechanical paremeters of women's hair in the Caucasian population. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2017; 38:199-207. [PMID: 28759188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE More parameters have been used for more detailed description of mechanical properties of human hair as a fibre than in analogous studies. All measured samples were taken from five different locations on the heads of 60 women of varied age. METHODS For each hair, the diameter was determined optically and then the test in the Deform Type 2 testing machine was carried out. Deformation curves were obtained by testing 10 mm long samples up to the rupture point at constant temperature, humidity and constant crossbar speed of 2 mm/min. The curves were processed with software for the calculation of mechanical parameters of the hairs. This specialized software has been designed by us for that purpose. Resulting values were arranged into tables and figures. RESULTS As far as hair cross-section is concerned, it has been found that for the European population it appears to be rather higher - 86 μm - than indicated in formerly published texts. The 56 μm mentioned in the work of other authors has been observed only utterly exceptionally, in 0.3 % of the population. All quantities studied (except extensibility) display moderate to strong positive skewness in comparison to Gauss distribution. The most marked skewness is seen in the resilience. At the same time, this quantity displays the highest value of non-Gaussian distribution. The elasticity module of 2.3±0.6 GPa is three times lower than the one reported by other authors, yet according to the fact published in our work - which shows unambiguously that the thinner the hair, the higher elasticity module it displays - the value of 7.2 GPa for the 56 µm thick hairs is comparable and it confirms the hypothesis that the cortex, which is responsible for the mechanical strength of the hair, is contained in a higher ratio in thinner hairs. This similarly applies to the ultimate strength; the linearity limit is hard to compare with literature, as it almost does not appear there. CONCLUSION By measuring 886 samples from the heads of 60 adult women of European type, it was possible to ascertain the current norm for a larger number of mechanical parameters of the hairs. Further merit of this work is the fact that the hairs were taken systematically from five well-defined places of the studied heads in equal count, which is an aspect formerly published works do not respect and they do not present the location of sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Skřontová
- Department of Anatomy and Biomechanics, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Šimkova
- Department of Anatomy and Biomechanics, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Bittner
- Department of Anatomy and Biomechanics, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Bohumil Chalupa
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, , Czech Republic
| | - Josef Zeman
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, , Czech Republic
| | - Karel Jelen
- Department of Anatomy and Biomechanics, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
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26
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Abstract
Reduced hair models have proven successful for interactively simulating a full head of hair strands, building upon a fundamental assumption that only a small set of guide hairs are needed for explicit simulation, and the rest of the hair move coherently and thus can be interpolated using guide hairs. Unfortunately, hair-solid interactions is a pathological case for traditional reduced hair models, as the motion coherence between hair strands can be arbitrarily broken by interacting with solids. In this paper, we propose an adaptive hair skinning method for interactive hair simulation with hair-solid collisions. We precompute many eligible sets of guide hairs and the corresponding interpolation relationships that are represented using a compact strand-based hair skinning model. At runtime, we simulate only guide hairs; for interpolating every other hair, we adaptively choose its guide hairs, taking into account motion coherence and potential hair-solid collisions. Further, we introduce a two-way collision correction algorithm to allow sparsely sampled guide hairs to resolve collisions with solids that can have small geometric features. Our method enables interactive simulation of more than 150 K hair strands interacting with complex solid objects, using 400 guide hairs. We demonstrate the efficiency and robustness of the method with various hairstyles and user-controlled arbitrary hair-solid interactions.
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Frei KM, Villa C, Jørkov ML, Allentoft ME, Kaul F, Ethelberg P, Reiter SS, Wilson AS, Taube M, Olsen J, Lynnerup N, Willerslev E, Kristiansen K, Frei R. A matter of months: High precision migration chronology of a Bronze Age female. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178834. [PMID: 28582402 PMCID: PMC5459461 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Establishing the age at which prehistoric individuals move away from their childhood residential location holds crucial information about the socio dynamics and mobility patterns in ancient societies. We present a novel combination of strontium isotope analyses performed on the over 3000 year old “Skrydstrup Woman” from Denmark, for whom we compiled a highly detailed month-scale model of her migration timeline. When combined with physical anthropological analyses this timeline can be related to the chronological age at which the residential location changed. We conducted a series of high-resolution strontium isotope analyses of hard and soft human tissues and combined these with anthropological investigations including CT-scanning and 3D visualizations. The Skrydstrup Woman lived during a pan-European period characterized by technical innovation and great social transformations stimulated by long-distance connections; consequently she represents an important part of both Danish and European prehistory. Our multidisciplinary study involves complementary biochemical, biomolecular and microscopy analyses of her scalp hair. Our results reveal that the Skrydstrup Woman was between 17–18 years old when she died, and that she moved from her place of origin -outside present day Denmark- to the Skrydstrup area in Denmark 47 to 42 months before she died. Hence, she was between 13 to 14 years old when she migrated to and resided in the area around Skrydstrup for the rest of her life. From an archaeological standpoint, this one-time and one-way movement of an elite female during the possible “age of marriageability” might suggest that she migrated with the aim of establishing an alliance between chiefdoms. Consequently, this detailed multidisciplinary investigation provides a novel tool to reconstruct high resolution chronology of individual mobility with the perspective of studying complex patterns of social and economic interaction in prehistory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Margarita Frei
- National Museum of Denmark, Department of Conservation and Natural Sciences, Environmental Archaeology and Material Science, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Chiara Villa
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Forensic Medicine, Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marie Louise Jørkov
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Forensic Medicine, Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten E. Allentoft
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Flemming Kaul
- National Museum of Denmark, Department of Research and Exhibition, Ancient Cultures of Denmark and the Mediterranean, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per Ethelberg
- Museum Sønderjylland, Archaeology, Haderslev, Denmark
| | - Samantha S. Reiter
- National Museum of Denmark, Department of Conservation and Natural Sciences, Environmental Archaeology and Material Science, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Andrew S. Wilson
- School of Archaeological Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle Taube
- National Museum of Denmark, Department of Conservation and Natural Sciences, Environmental Archaeology and Material Science, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jesper Olsen
- University of Aarhus, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Niels Lynnerup
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Forensic Medicine, Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eske Willerslev
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Robert Frei
- Department of Geoscience and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Kwak B, Bae J. Design of hair-like appendages and comparative analysis on their coordination toward steady and efficient swimming. Bioinspir Biomim 2017; 12:036014. [PMID: 28397712 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/aa6c7a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The locomotion of water beetles has been widely studied in biology owing to their remarkable swimming skills. Inspired by the oar-like legs of water beetles, designing a robot that swims under the principle of drag-powered propulsion can lead to highly agile mobility. But its motion can easily be discontinuous and jerky due to backward motions (i.e. retraction) of the legs. Here we proposed novel hair-like appendages and consider their coordination to achieve steady and efficient swimming on the water surface. First of all, we propose several design schemes and fabrication methods of the hair-like appendages, which can passively adjust their projected area while obtaining enough thrust. The coordination between the two pairs of legs, as with water beetles in nature, were also investigated to achieve steady swimming without backward movement by varying the beating frequency and phase of the legs. To verify the functionality of the hair-like appendages and their coordinations, six different types of appendages were fabricated, and two robots (one with a single pair of legs and the other with two pairs of legs) were built. Locomotion of the robots was extensively compared through experiments, and it was found that steady swimming was achieved by properly coordinating the two pairs of legs without sacrificing their speed. Also, owing to the lower velocity fluctuation during swimming, it was shown that using two pairs of legs was more energy efficient than the robot with single pair of legs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bokeon Kwak
- Bio-Robotics and Control (BiRC) Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, UNIST, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
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29
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Abstract
In recent years hair has become a fundamental biological specimen, alternative to the usual samples blood and urine, for drug testing in the fields of forensic toxicology, clinical toxicology and clinical chemistry. Moreover, hair-testing is now extensively used in workplace testing, as well as, on legal cases, historical research etc. This article reviews methodological and practical issues related to the application of hair as a biological indicator of drug use/abuse or of chronic exposure to environmental toxicants. Hair structure and the mechanisms of drug incorporation into it are commented. The usual preparation and extraction methods as well as the analytical techniques of hair samples are presented and commented on. The outcomes of hair analysis have been reviewed for the following categories: drugs of abuse (opiates, cocaine and related, amphetamines, cannabinoids), benzodiazepines, prescribed drugs, pesticides and organic pollutants, doping agents and other drugs or substances. Finally, the specific purpose of the hair testing is discussed along with the interpretation of hair analysis results regarding the limitations of the applied procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassiliki A Boumba
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Greece
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30
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Miranda JJ, Taype-Rondan A, Tapia JC, Gastanadui-Gonzalez MG, Roman-Carpio R. Hair follicle characteristics as early marker of Type 2 Diabetes. Med Hypotheses 2016; 95:39-44. [PMID: 27692164 PMCID: PMC5073072 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (DM2) includes a continuum of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia that causes several chronic long-term complications such as coronary artery disease, peripheral arterial disease, nephropathy, and neuropathy. The hair follicle could reveal signs of early vascular impairment, yet its relationship to early metabolic injuries has been largely ignored. We propose that in earlier stages of the continuum of DM2-related metabolic disorders, a group of susceptible patients who do not yet meet the diagnostic criteria to be considered as persons with DM2 may present chronic vascular impairment and end organ damage, including hair follicle damage, which can be evaluated to identify an early risk marker. This hypothesis is based in the association found between insulin resistance and alopecia in non-diabetic persons, and the hair loss on the lower limbs as a manifestation of long-term peripheral arterial disease among subjects with DM2. In order to test this hypothesis, studies are required to evaluate if hair follicle characteristics are related to and can predict hyperglycemic complications, and if they do so, which feature of the hair follicle, such as hair growth, best characterizes such DM2-related conditions. If this hypothesis were proven to be true, significant advances towards a personalized approach for early prevention strategies and management of DM2 would be made. By focusing on the hair follicles, early stages of metabolic-related organ damage could be identified using non-invasive low-cost techniques. In so doing, this approach could provide early identification of DM2-susceptible individuals and lead to the early initiation of adequate primary prevention strategies to reduce or avoid the onset of large internal organ damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jaime Miranda
- CRONICAS Center of Excellence in Chronic Diseases, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; School of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
| | - Alvaro Taype-Rondan
- CRONICAS Center of Excellence in Chronic Diseases, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Jose Carlos Tapia
- CRONICAS Center of Excellence in Chronic Diseases, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; School of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; CONEVID, Unidad de Conocimiento y Evidencia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Maria Gabriela Gastanadui-Gonzalez
- CRONICAS Center of Excellence in Chronic Diseases, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; School of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Ricardo Roman-Carpio
- CRONICAS Center of Excellence in Chronic Diseases, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; School of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
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31
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Turner GA, Bhogal RK. Hair and Aging. Skinmed 2016; 14:338-343. [PMID: 27871344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Hair is the ultimate personal beauty tool of self-expression. It is more malleable than skin and it is more personal than clothing; however, hair does not remain constant with age. Hair is arguably in peak condition at about 30 years of age. With time, there is a gradual change in many aspects of hair: hair diameter is reduced, hair density is decreased, androgenic alopecia may develop, and pigmentation may be diminished, producing a significant psychological impact. These age-related changes can be exacerbated by blast drying, heat straightening, perming, and coloring. In this review, the changes in hair fiber and array (collection of fiber) properties that occur during aging and the impact on styling and potential interventions that consumers undergo to circumvent these issues are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham A Turner
- Unilever Research & Development Port Sunlight, Bebington, Merseyside, UK;
| | - Ranjit K Bhogal
- Unilever Research & Development Colworth, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, UK
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Sterbing-D'Angelo SJ, Liu H, Yu M, Moss CF. Morphology and deflection properties of bat wing sensory hairs: scanning electron microscopy, laser scanning vibrometry, and mechanics model. Bioinspir Biomim 2016; 11:056008. [PMID: 27545727 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/11/5/056008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Bat wings are highly adaptive airfoils that enable demanding flight maneuvers, which are performed with astonishing robustness under turbulent conditions, and stability at slow flight velocities. The bat wing is sparsely covered with microscopically small, sensory hairs that are associated with tactile receptors. In a previous study we demonstrated that bat wing hairs are involved in sensing airflow for improved flight maneuverability. Here, we report physical measurements of these hairs and their distribution on the wing surface of the big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus, based on scanning electron microscopy analyses. The wing hairs are strongly tapered, and are found on both the dorsal and ventral wing surfaces. Laser scanning vibrometry tests of 43 hairs from twelve locations across the wing of the big brown bat revealed that their natural frequencies inversely correlate with length and range from 3.7 to 84.5 kHz. Young's modulus of the average wing hair was calculated at 4.4 GPa, which is comparable with rat whiskers or arthropod airflow-sensing hairs.
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Joshi K, Mian A, Miller J. Biomechanical Analysis of a Filiform Mechanosensory Hair Socket of Crickets. J Biomech Eng 2016; 138:2530161. [PMID: 27322099 DOI: 10.1115/1.4033915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Filiform mechanosensory hairs of crickets are of great interest to engineers because of the hairs' highly sensitive response to low-velocity air-currents. In this study, we analyze the biomechanical properties of filiform hairs of the cercal sensory system of a common house cricket. The cercal sensory system consists of two antennalike appendages called cerci that are situated at the rear of the cricket's abdomen. Each cercus is covered with 500-750 flow sensitive filiform mechanosensory hairs. Each hair is embedded in a complex viscoelastic socket that acts as a spring and dashpot system and guides the movement of the hair. When a hair deflects due to the drag force induced on its length by a moving air-current, the spiking activity of the neuron that innervates the hair changes and the combined spiking activity of all hairs is extracted by the cercal sensory system. Filiform hairs have been experimentally studied by researchers, though the basis for the hairs' biomechanical characteristics is not fully understood. The socket structure has not been analyzed experimentally or theoretically from a mechanical standpoint, and the characterization that exists is mathematical in nature and only provides a very rudimentary approximation of the socket's spring nature. This study aims to understand and physically characterize the socket's behavior and interaction with the filiform hair by examining hypotheses about the hair and socket biomechanics. A three-dimensional computer-aided design (CAD) model was first created using confocal microscopy images of the hair and socket structure of the cricket, and then finite-element analyses (FEAs) based on the physical conditions that the insect experiences were simulated. The results show that the socket can act like a spring; however, it has two-tier rotational spring constants during pre- and postcontacts of iris and hair bulge due to its constitutive nonstandard geometric shapes.
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34
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Abstract
Animal swimming tests, such as the forced swim test, are extensively used in biomedical research to study rodent behaviour. Hair and skin exposed to water may be an important factor affecting the performance in this test. Since various hair and skin abnormalities are not uncommon in genetically modified or drug-treated laboratory animals, this test may be inappropriate for these animals. Because on occasions it is necessary to screen their swimming behaviour, in the present study we aimed to assess the role of hair in swimming of laboratory rodents in the forced swim test, widely used in behavioural research. For this, we shaved laboratory mice (129S1 strain) and compared their swimming patterns with those of unshaven controls. Overall, shaving mice did not affect their swimming behaviours in the 5 min forced swim test. Our results indicate that hair condition is not an important factor in the forced swim test for this mouse strain, and suggest that this test may have wider utility for behavioural analyses of mice with abnormal hair.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Kalueff
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Tampere, Tampere 33014, Finland.
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35
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Hsiao HY, Liu JW, Brey EM, Cheng MH. The Effects of Negative Pressure by External Tissue Expansion Device on Epithelial Cell Proliferation, Neo-Vascularization and Hair Growth in a Porcine Model. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154328. [PMID: 27128731 PMCID: PMC4851423 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
While pre-treating a fat transplant recipient site with negative pressure has shown promise for increasing the fat survival rate, the underlying mechanisms have not been investigated, partly due to challenges related to immobilization of vacuum domes on large animal subjects. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of negative pressure treatment by External Tissue Expansion Device (ETED) on fat grating recipient sites in a porcine model. The ETED was designed to provide negative pressure on the dorsum of swine. Pressure treatment (-70 mmHg) was applied for 1 or 3 hours every other day for 10 and 20 treatments. The treated areas (3.5 cm in diameter) were harvested and examined for histological changes, vessel density, cell proliferation (Ki67) and growth factor expression (FGF-1, VEGF and PDGB-bb). The application of the ETED increased epidermis thickness even after 1-hour treatments repeated 10 times. The results of Ki67 analysis suggested that the increasing thickness was due to cell proliferation in the epidermis. There was a more than two-fold increase in the vessel density, indicating that the ETED promotes vascularization. Unexpectedly, the treatment also increased the number of hair follicles. Negative pressure provided by the ETED increases the thickness of epidermis section of tissue, cell proliferation and vessel density. The porcine model provides a better representation of the effect of the ETED on skin tissue compared to small animal models and provides an environment for studying the mechanisms underlying the clinical benefits of negative pressure treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Yi Hsiao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Center for Tissue Engineering, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Wei Liu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Center for Tissue Engineering, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Eric M. Brey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Research Service, Hines Veterans Administration Hospital, Hines, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ming-Huei Cheng
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Center for Tissue Engineering, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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36
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Wei CS, Wang YT, Lin CT, Jung TP. Toward non-hair-bearing brain-computer interfaces for neurocognitive lapse detection. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2016; 2015:6638-41. [PMID: 26737815 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2015.7319915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in mobile electroencephalogram (EEG) acquisition based on dry electrodes have started moving Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) applications from well-controlled laboratory settings to real-world environments. However, the application mechanisms and high impedance of dry electrodes over the hair-covered areas remain challenging for everyday use of BCI. In addition, whole-scalp recordings are not always necessary or applicable due to various practical constrains. Therefore, alternative montages for EEG recordings to meet the everyday needs are in-demand. Inspired by our previous work on measuring non-hair-bearing steady state visual evoked potentials for BCI applications, this study explores the feasibility and efficacy of detecting cognitive lapses of participants based on EEG signals collected from the non-hair-bearing areas. Study results suggest that informative EEG features associated with lapses could be assessed from non-hair-bearing areas with comparable accuracy obtained from the whole-scalp EEG. The design principles, validation processes and promising findings reported in this study may enable and/or facilitate numerous BCI applications in real-world environments.
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37
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Arai M, Kudo Y, Miki N. Electroencephalogram measurement from the hairy part of the scalp using polymer-based dry microneedle electrodes. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2016; 2015:3165-8. [PMID: 26736964 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2015.7319064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports a successful electroencephalogram (EEG) measurement from the hairy part of the scalp using a polymer-based dry microneedle electrode. The electrode consists of 25 pillars, each of which has a sharp microneedle on the top. Hairs are collected into the gaps of the pillars and the microneedles can reach the scalp surface. Since the microneedles can penetrate through the stratum corneum, no conductive gel is necessary to acquire high quality EEG. We experimentally investigated the pillar diameters in EEG measurement from the occipital region with hairs. The fabricated electrodes successfully measured EEG without any skin preparation or conductive gel.
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Oh JW, Kloepper J, Langan EA, Kim Y, Yeo J, Kim MJ, Hsi TC, Rose C, Yoon GS, Lee SJ, Seykora J, Kim JC, Sung YK, Kim M, Paus R, Plikus MV. A Guide to Studying Human Hair Follicle Cycling In Vivo. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:34-44. [PMID: 26763421 PMCID: PMC4785090 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hair follicles (HFs) undergo lifelong cyclical transformations, progressing through stages of rapid growth (anagen), regression (catagen), and relative "quiescence" (telogen). Given that HF cycling abnormalities underlie many human hair growth disorders, the accurate classification of individual cycle stages within skin biopsies is clinically important and essential for hair research. For preclinical human hair research purposes, human scalp skin can be xenografted onto immunocompromised mice to study human HF cycling and manipulate long-lasting anagen in vivo. Although available for mice, a comprehensive guide on how to recognize different human hair cycle stages in vivo is lacking. In this article, we present such a guide, which uses objective, well-defined, and reproducible criteria, and integrates simple morphological indicators with advanced, (immuno)-histochemical markers. This guide also characterizes human HF cycling in xenografts and highlights the utility of this model for in vivo hair research. Detailed schematic drawings and representative micrographs provide examples of how best to identify human HF stages, even in suboptimally sectioned tissue, and practical recommendations are given for designing human-on-mouse hair cycle experiments. Thus, this guide seeks to offer a benchmark for human hair cycle stage classification, for both hair research experts and newcomers to the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Won Oh
- Hair Transplantation Center, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea; Department of Immunology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea; Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | | | - Ewan A Langan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Comprehensive Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Germany
| | - Yongsoo Kim
- Division of Molecular Pathology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joongyeub Yeo
- Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Min Ji Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Tsai-Ching Hsi
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Christian Rose
- Dermatohistologisches Labor Rose/Bartsch, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ghil Suk Yoon
- Department of Pathology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Seok-Jong Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - John Seykora
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jung Chul Kim
- Hair Transplantation Center, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea; Department of Immunology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Young Kwan Sung
- Department of Immunology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Moonkyu Kim
- Hair Transplantation Center, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea; Department of Immunology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea.
| | - Ralf Paus
- Dermatology Research Centre, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
| | - Maksim V Plikus
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.
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Tulachan B, Singh SK, Philip D, Das M. Harvesting electricity from human hair. J Cosmet Sci 2016; 67:21-36. [PMID: 27319058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Electrical conductivity of human hair is a debatable issue among hair experts and scientists. There are unsubstantiated claims that hair conducts electricity. However, hair experts provided ample evidence that hair is an insulator. Although wet hair exhibited drastic reduction in resistivity; scientists regarded hair as a proton semiconductor at the best. Here, we demonstrate that hair filaments generate electricity on absorbing water vapor between 50 degrees and 80 degrees C. This electricity can operate low power electronic systems. Essentially, we are exposing the hydrated hair polymer to a high temperature (50 degrees-80 degrees C). It has long been speculated that when certain biopolymers are simultaneously hydrated and exposed to high temperature, they exhibit significant proton hopping at a specific temperature regime. This happens due to rapid movement of water molecules on the polymer surface. This lead us to speculate that the observed flow of current is partly ionic and partly due to "proton hopping" in the hydrated nano spaces of hair filament. Such proton hopping is exceptionally high when the hydrated hair polymer is exposed to a temperature between 50 degrees and 80 degrees C. Differential scanning calorimetry data further corroborated the results and indicated that indeed at this temperature range, there is an enormous movement of water molecules on the hair polymer surface. This enormously rapid movement of water molecules lead to the "making and breaking" of innumerable hydrogen bonds and thus resulting in hopping of the protons. What is challenging is "how to tap these hopping protons to obtain useful electricity?" We achieved this by placing a bundle of hair between two different electrodes having different electro negativities, and exposing it to water vapor (water + heat). The two different electrodes offered directionality to the hopping protons and the existing ions and thus resulting in the generation of useful current. Further, by continuously hydrating the polymer with water vapor, we prolonged the process. If this interesting aspect of polymer is exploited further and fine tuned, then it will open new avenues for development of sophisticated polymer-based systems, which could be used to harvest electricity from waste heat.
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Ramdasi S, Tiwari SK. Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Conditioned Media for Hair Regeneration Applications. J Stem Cells 2016; 11:201-211. [PMID: 28296872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Hair loss can have major psychological impact on affected population belonging to varied ethnic background. Hair is a mini organ in itself and serves many distinguishing functions ranging from maintaining body temperature to promoting social interactions. Major cause of hair loss is androgenic alopecia. Hair follicles possess receptor for androgen. However, DHT (Dihydrotestosterone) in excess results into shrinkage of hair follicle affecting hair growth adversely. The present review is focused on etiology of hair loss, traditional treatment approach and their limitations with side effects with special emphasis on unique properties of stem cells, favourable growth factors secreted by stem cells and strategies to enhance favourable growth factor/cytokine production for hair loss therapeutics. We discussed in details the present available treatment options for hair loss like drugs (Finasteride and Minoxidil), follicular hair transplant, laser therapy and serum therapy. These treatment options have their own disadvantages and side effects with appropriate alerts from regulatory authorities. The side effects of these modalities cannot be ignored and demands alternate therapy approach with less or no side effects. We feel that the stem cell therapy is advancing and is a promising modality in near future owing to its advantages and promising outcomes. This review article discusses possible stem cell therapy for hair regrowth and its advantages. We focused on use of conditioned media derived from stem cells instead of using stem cells directly for the therapy.
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Xiao H, Chen X. A mechanical model of overnight hair curling. Eur Phys J E Soft Matter 2015; 38:95. [PMID: 26338501 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2015-15095-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Based on the observation of overnight hair curling procedure, we establish a mechanical model to describe the temporary wave formation of straight hair (initial curvature is zero), which incorporates the contact between hair and hair roller. Systematic studies are carried out to explore the effects of radius ratio between hair and hair roller, hair's average axial strain, creep time, Poisson's ratio and gravity on the curl retention. The variation of curl retention with respect to time obtained from our numerical model is validated by a simple theoretical model and by overnight curling experiments on hair samples. The results of simulation show that overnight hair curling is suitable to create a wavy hairstyle within about 7 hours, while the combined usage with hair fixatives enables a wavy hairstyle with desired curvature that lasts for a day or more.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Xiao
- ICAM, SV Laboratory, School of Aerospace, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi'an, China
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Abstract
Thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4) is known to induce hair growth and hair follicle (HF) development; however, its mechanism of action is unknown. We generated mice that overexpressed Tβ4 in the epidermis, as well as Tβ4 global knockout mice, to study the role of Tβ4 in HF development and explore the mechanism of Tβ4 on hair growth. To study Tβ4 function, we depilated control and experimental mice and made tissue sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). To explore the effect of Tβ4 on hair growth and HF development, the mRNA and protein levels of Tβ4 and VEGF were detected by real-time PCR and western blotting in control and experimental mice. Protein expression levels and the phosphorylation of P38, ERK and AKT were also examined by western blotting. The results of depilation indicated that hair re-growth was faster in Tβ4-overexpressing mice, but slower in knockout mice. Histological examination revealed that Tβ4-overexpressing mice had a higher number of hair shafts and HFs clustered together to form groups, while the HFs of control mice and knockout mice were separate. Hair shafts in knockout mice were significantly reduced in number compared with control mice. Increased Tβ4 expression at the mRNA and protein levels was confirmed in Tβ4-overexpressing mice, which also had increased VEGF expression. On the other hand, knockout mice had reduced levels of VEGF expression. Mechanistically, Tβ4-overexpressing mice showed increased protein expression levels and phosphorylation of P38, ERK and AKT, whereas knockout mice had decreased levels of both expression and phosphorylation of these proteins. Tβ4 appears to regulate P38/ERK/AKT signaling via its effect on VEGF expression, with a resultant effect on the speed of hair growth, the pattern of HFs and the number of hair shafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Gao
- National Research Center for Animal Transgenic Biotechnology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Hao Liang
- National Research Center for Animal Transgenic Biotechnology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Fang Hou
- National Research Center for Animal Transgenic Biotechnology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Zhipeng Zhang
- National Research Center for Animal Transgenic Biotechnology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Mingtu Nuo
- National Research Center for Animal Transgenic Biotechnology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Xudong Guo
- National Research Center for Animal Transgenic Biotechnology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
- * E-mail: (DL); (XG)
| | - Dongjun Liu
- National Research Center for Animal Transgenic Biotechnology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
- * E-mail: (DL); (XG)
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Katiyatiya CLF, Muchenje V, Mushunje A. Seasonal variation in coat characteristics, tick loads, cortisol levels, some physiological parameters and temperature humidity index on Nguni cows raised in low- and high-input farms. Int J Biometeorol 2015; 59:733-743. [PMID: 25172085 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-014-0887-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal variations in hair length, tick loads, cortisol levels, haematological parameters (HP) and temperature humidity index (THI) in Nguni cows of different colours raised in two low-input farms, and a commercial stud was determined. The sites were chosen based on their production systems, climatic characteristics and geographical locations. Zazulwana and Komga are low-input, humid-coastal areas, while Honeydale is a high-input, dry-inland Nguni stud farm. A total of 103 cows, grouped according to parity, location and coat colour, were used in the study. The effects of location, coat colour, hair length and season were used to determine tick loads on different body parts, cortisol levels and HP in blood from Nguni cows. Highest tick loads were recorded under the tail and the lowest on the head of each of the animals (P < 0.05). Zazulwana cows recorded the highest tick loads under the tails of all the cows used in the study from the three farms (P < 0.05). High tick loads were recorded for cows with long hairs. Hair lengths were longest during the winter season in the coastal areas of Zazulwana and Honeydale (P < 0.05). White and brown-white patched cows had significantly longer (P < 0.05) hair strands than those having a combination of red, black and white colour. Cortisol and THI were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in summer season. Red blood cells, haematoglobin, haematocrit, mean cell volumes, white blood cells, neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils and basophils were significantly different (P < 0.05) as some associated with age across all seasons and correlated to THI. It was concluded that the location, coat colour and season had effects on hair length, cortisol levels, THI, HP and tick loads on different body parts and heat stress in Nguni cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L F Katiyatiya
- Department of Livestock and Pasture, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice, 57 00, Republic of South Africa
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Millette JB, Sauther ML, Cuozzo FP. Examining visual measures of coat and body condition in wild ring-tailed lemurs at the Bezà Mahafaly Special Reserve, Madagascar. Folia Primatol (Basel) 2015; 86:44-55. [PMID: 26022300 DOI: 10.1159/000368574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Coat and body mass status provide a potential noninvasive way to assess primate health status as well as the effects of seasonality, resource use and reproductive state. Coat and body condition were scored visually for 36 wild Lemur catta at the Bezà Mahafaly Special Reserve, Madagascar, from July 2012 to March 2013. Coat quality generally increased during the wet season when resource availability increased, in contrast to that observed during the resource-depleted dry season. Alopecia frequency increased from June to December and declined between January and March. Sex differences for coat condition were only observed in January, when males had superior coat scores. Body condition did not vary by month or sex except in February, when males were larger than females. Females that birthed infants were of lower body size than individuals who did not for November and from January to March. Our results indicate visual methods effectively detect variability in coat and body condition related to seasonality and reproductive status. Such methods present a noninvasive means for assessing the impact of seasonal resource availability, stresses of infant care and reproductive state on ring-tailed lemurs, and may be useful for assessing the impacts of these factors on general health status.
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Myles K, Kalb JT, Lowery J, Kattel BP. The effect of hair density on the coupling between the tactor and the skin of the human head. Appl Ergon 2015; 48:177-185. [PMID: 25683545 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of hair density on vibration detection thresholds associated with the perception of low frequency vibration stimuli applied to the head. A host of tactile sensitivity information exists for other parts of the body, however the same information is lacking for the head. Thirty-three college students, age 18-35, were recruited for the study. A mixed design was used to evaluate the effect of hair density, head location, and frequency on vibration detection thresholds. Results suggest that hair density might slightly impede vibration signals from reaching the scalp and reduce vibration sensitivity, for the least sensitive locations on the head. This research provides design recommendations for head-mounted tactile displays for women and those with hair that can be used to convey directional cues for navigation and as alerts to critical events in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Myles
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Human Research & Engineering Directorate, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005, USA.
| | - Joel T Kalb
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Human Research & Engineering Directorate, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005, USA.
| | - Janea Lowery
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Morgan State University, 1700 E. Cold Spring Lane, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA.
| | - Bheem P Kattel
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Morgan State University, 1700 E. Cold Spring Lane, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA.
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Segers JL, Broders HG. Carbon (δ13C) and Nitrogen (δ15N) Stable Isotope Signatures in Bat Fur Indicate Swarming Sites Have Catchment Areas for Bats from Different Summering Areas. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125755. [PMID: 25923696 PMCID: PMC4414594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Migratory patterns of bats are not well understood and traditional methods to study this, like capture-mark-recapture, may not provide enough detail unless there are many records. Stable isotope profiles of many animal species have been used to make inferences about migration. Each year Myotis lucifugus and M. septentrionalis migrate from summering roosts to swarming caves and mines in the fall, but the pattern of movement between them is not well understood. In this study, fur δ13C and δ15N values of 305 M. lucifugus and 200 M. septentrionalis were analyzed to make inferences about migration patterns between summering areas and swarming sites in Nova Scotia, Canada. We expected that there would be greater variability in δ13C and δ15N among individuals at swarming sites because it was believed that these sites are used by individuals originating from many summering areas. There was extensive overlap in the standard ellipse area, corrected for small sample sizes (SEAc), of bats at swarming sites and much less overlap in SEAc among groups sampled at summering areas. Meaningful inference could not be made on M. septentrionalis because their low variation in SEAc may have been the result of sampling only 3 summering areas. However, for M. lucifugus, swarming sites had larger SEAc than summering areas and predictive discriminant analysis assigned swarming bats to multiple summering areas, supporting the contention that swarming bats are mixed aggregations of bats from several summering areas. Together, these data support the contention that swarming sites have catchment areas for bats from multiple summering areas and it is likely that the catchment areas for swarming sites overlap. These data suggest that δ13C and δ15N profiling of bat fur offer some potential to make inferences about regional migration in bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi L Segers
- Department of Biology, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Hugh G Broders
- Department of Biology, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Yeh CK, Jayaraman PK, Liu X, Fu CW, Lee TY. 2.5D Cartoon Hair Modeling and Manipulation. IEEE Trans Vis Comput Graph 2015; 21:304-314. [PMID: 26357063 DOI: 10.1109/tvcg.2014.2360406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper addresses a challenging single-view modeling and animation problem with cartoon images. Our goal is to model the hairs in a given cartoon image with consistent layering and occlusion, so that we can produce various visual effects from just a single image. We propose a novel 2.5D modeling approach to deal with this problem. Given an input image, we first segment the hairs of the cartoon character into regions of hair strands. Then, we apply our novel layering metric, which is derived from the Gestalt psychology, to automatically optimize the depth ordering among the hair strands. After that, we employ our hair completion method to fill the occluded part of each hair strand, and create a 2.5D model of the cartoon hair. By using this model, we can produce various visual effects, e.g., we develop a simplified fluid simulation model to produce wind blowing animations with the 2.5D hairs. To further demonstrate the applicability and versatility of our method, we compare our results with real cartoon hair animations, and also apply our model to produce a wide variety of hair manipulation effects, including hair editing and hair braiding.
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Abstract
Much like an individual's hairstyle, hair fibers along the scalp see a number of changes over the course of one's lifetime. As the decades pass, the shine and volume synonymous with youthful hair may give way to thin, dull, and brittle hair commonly associated with aging. These changes are a result of a compilation of genetic and environmental elements influencing the cells of the hair follicle, specifically the hair follicle stem cells and melanocytes. Telomere shortening, decrease in cell numbers, and particular transcription factors have all been implicated in this process. In turn, these molecular alterations lead to structural modifications of the hair fiber, decrease in melanin production, and lengthening of the telogen phase of the hair cycle. Despite this inevitable progression with aging, there exists an array of treatments such as light therapy, minoxidil, and finasteride which have been designed to mitigate the effects of aging, particularly balding and thinning hair. Although each works through a different mechanism, all aim to maintain or potentially restore the youthful quality of hair.
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Devaraj H, Travas-Sejdic J, Sharma R, Aydemir N, Williams D, Haemmerle E, Aw KC. Bio-inspired flow sensor from printed PEDOT:PSS micro-hairs. Bioinspir Biomim 2015; 10:016017. [PMID: 25650357 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/10/1/016017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports on the creation of a low-cost, disposable sensor for low flow velocities, constructed from extruded micro-sized 'hair' of conducting polymer PEDOT. These microstructures are inspired by hair strands found in many arthropods and chordates, which play a prime role in sensing air flows. The paper describes the fabrication techniques and the initial prototype testing results toward employing this sensing mechanism in applications requiring sensing of low flow rates such as a flow sensor in neonatal resuscitators. The fabricated 1000 μm long, 6 μm diameter micro-hairs mimic the bending movement of tactile hair strands to sense the velocity of air flow. The prototype sensor developed is a four-level direct digital-output sensor and is capable of detecting flow velocities of up to 0.97 m s(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Harish Devaraj
- Mechanichal Engineering, University of Auckland, New Zealand
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