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Schappe MS, Brinn PA, Joshi NR, Greenberg RS, Min S, Alabi AA, Zhang C, Liberles SD. A vagal reflex evoked by airway closure. Nature 2024; 627:830-838. [PMID: 38448588 PMCID: PMC10972749 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07144-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Airway integrity must be continuously maintained throughout life. Sensory neurons guard against airway obstruction and, on a moment-by-moment basis, enact vital reflexes to maintain respiratory function1,2. Decreased lung capacity is common and life-threatening across many respiratory diseases, and lung collapse can be acutely evoked by chest wall trauma, pneumothorax or airway compression. Here we characterize a neuronal reflex of the vagus nerve evoked by airway closure that leads to gasping. In vivo vagal ganglion imaging revealed dedicated sensory neurons that detect airway compression but not airway stretch. Vagal neurons expressing PVALB mediate airway closure responses and innervate clusters of lung epithelial cells called neuroepithelial bodies (NEBs). Stimulating NEBs or vagal PVALB neurons evoked gasping in the absence of airway threats, whereas ablating NEBs or vagal PVALB neurons eliminated gasping in response to airway closure. Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed that NEBs uniformly express the mechanoreceptor PIEZO2, and targeted knockout of Piezo2 in NEBs eliminated responses to airway closure. NEBs were dispensable for the Hering-Breuer inspiratory reflex, which indicated that discrete terminal structures detect airway closure and inflation. Similar to the involvement of Merkel cells in touch sensation3,4, NEBs are PIEZO2-expressing epithelial cells and, moreover, are crucial for an aspect of lung mechanosensation. These findings expand our understanding of neuronal diversity in the airways and reveal a dedicated vagal pathway that detects airway closure to help preserve respiratory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Schappe
- Department of Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Philip A Brinn
- Department of Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Narendra R Joshi
- Department of Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rachel S Greenberg
- Department of Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Soohong Min
- Department of Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - AbdulRasheed A Alabi
- Department of Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chuchu Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen D Liberles
- Department of Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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2
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Kim SH, Patil MJ, Hadley SH, Bahia PK, Butler SG, Madaram M, Taylor-Clark TE. Mapping of the Sensory Innervation of the Mouse Lung by Specific Vagal and Dorsal Root Ganglion Neuronal Subsets. eNeuro 2022; 9:ENEURO.0026-22.2022. [PMID: 35365503 PMCID: PMC9015009 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0026-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The airways are densely innervated by sensory afferent nerves, whose activation regulates respiration and triggers defensive reflexes (e.g., cough, bronchospasm). Airway innervation is heterogeneous, and distinct afferent subsets have distinct functional responses. However, little is known of the innervation patterns of subsets within the lung. A neuroanatomical map is critical for understanding afferent activation under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Here, we quantified the innervation of the mouse lung by vagal and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) sensory subsets defined by the expression of Pirt (all afferents), 5HT3 (vagal nodose afferents), Tac1 (tachykinergic afferents), and transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 channel (TRPV1; defensive/nociceptive afferents) using Cre-mediated reporter expression. We found that vagal afferents innervate almost all conducting airways and project into the alveolar region, whereas DRG afferents only innervate large airways. Of the two vagal ganglia, only nodose afferents project into the alveolar region, but both nodose and jugular afferents innervate conducting airways throughout the lung. Many afferents that project into the alveolar region express TRPV1. Few DRG afferents expressed TRPV1. Approximately 25% of blood vessels were innervated by vagal afferents (many were Tac1+). Approximately 10% of blood vessels had DRG afferents (some were Tac1+), but this was restricted to large vessels. Lastly, innervation of neuroepithelial bodies (NEBs) correlated with the cell number within the bodies. In conclusion, functionally distinct sensory subsets have distinct innervation patterns within the conducting airways, alveoli and blood vessels. Physiologic (e.g., stretch) and pathophysiological (e.g., inflammation, edema) stimuli likely vary throughout these regions. Our data provide a neuroanatomical basis for understanding afferent responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seol-Hee Kim
- Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Mayur J Patil
- Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Stephen H Hadley
- Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Parmvir K Bahia
- Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Shane G Butler
- Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Meghana Madaram
- Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Thomas E Taylor-Clark
- Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612
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3
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Hiroki CH, Sarden N, Hassanabad MF, Yipp BG. Innate Receptors Expression by Lung Nociceptors: Impact on COVID-19 and Aging. Front Immunol 2021; 12:785355. [PMID: 34975876 PMCID: PMC8716370 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.785355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The lungs are constantly exposed to non-sterile air which carries harmful threats, such as particles and pathogens. Nonetheless, this organ is equipped with fast and efficient mechanisms to eliminate these threats from the airways as well as prevent pathogen invasion. The respiratory tract is densely innervated by sensory neurons, also known as nociceptors, which are responsible for the detection of external stimuli and initiation of physiological and immunological responses. Furthermore, expression of functional innate receptors by nociceptors have been reported; however, the influence of these receptors to the lung function and local immune response is poorly described. The COVID-19 pandemic has shown the importance of coordinated and competent pulmonary immunity for the prevention of pathogen spread as well as prevention of excessive tissue injury. New findings suggest that lung nociceptors can be a target of SARS-CoV-2 infection; what remains unclear is whether innate receptor trigger sensory neuron activation during SARS-CoV-2 infection and what is the relevance for the outcomes. Moreover, elderly individuals often present with respiratory, neurological and immunological dysfunction. Whether aging in the context of sensory nerve function and innate receptors contributes to the disorders of these systems is currently unknown. Here we discuss the expression of innate receptors by nociceptors, particularly in the lungs, and the possible impact of their activation on pulmonary immunity. We then demonstrate recent evidence that suggests lung sensory neurons as reservoirs for SARS-CoV-2 and possible viral recognition via innate receptors. Lastly, we explore the mechanisms by which lung nociceptors might contribute to disturbance in respiratory and immunological responses during the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos H. Hiroki
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Critical Care, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Nicole Sarden
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Critical Care, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Mortaza F. Hassanabad
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Critical Care, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Bryan G. Yipp
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Critical Care, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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4
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Peng W, Wang L, Zhang H, Zhang Z, Chen X. Effects of Recombinant IL-35-BCG on Treg/Th17 Cell Imbalance and Inflammatory Response in Asthmatic Newborn Mice Induced by RSV. Inflammation 2021; 44:2476-2485. [PMID: 34453228 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-021-01517-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Treg/Th17 cell imbalance and inflammatory response may occur in neonatal asthma. IL-35 and BCG have inhibitory effects on inflammatory responses in diseases. However, studies on neonatal asthma after combination of the two have not been reported so far. A respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-induced neonatal asthma model was first developed in newborn mice. Pathological sections of lung tissue of asthmatic mice were observed by HE staining. Masson staining was used to observe the lung tissue and to compare the deposition of collagen fibers under bronchial epithelium in model mice. The expression of cytokines in serum was detected by ELISA. Giemsa staining analyzed each cell in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Flow cytometry was used to detect the differentiation and development of Treg and Th17 subgroups in BALF. The expression levels of inflammation-related factors were detected by RT-qPCR. Western blot was used to detect the expression of JNK pathway-related proteins. Recombinant IL-35-BCG improved the pathological response of asthmatic mice; inhibited the expression of IgE in serum, neutrophils, macrophages, and eosinophils in BALF; and increased the expression of lymphocytes. In addition, recombinant IL-35-BCG significantly inhibited Th17 differentiation, promoted Treg cell differentiation, and inhibited the expression of inflammatory factors in lung tissue homogenates, thereby reducing allergic airway inflammation. This process might be achieved by inhibiting the JNK signaling pathway. Recombinant IL-35-BCG can regulate Treg/Th17 cell imbalance and inflammatory response in asthmatic newborn mice induced by RSV through JNK signaling pathway, suggesting a new path to neonatal asthma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wansheng Peng
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, No. 287, Changhuai Road, Bengbu, 233004, Anhui, China
| | - Lian Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, No. 287, Changhuai Road, Bengbu, 233004, Anhui, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, No. 287, Changhuai Road, Bengbu, 233004, Anhui, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, No. 287, Changhuai Road, Bengbu, 233004, Anhui, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, No. 287, Changhuai Road, Bengbu, 233004, Anhui, China.
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5
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Edmunds JS, Ivie CL, Ott EP, Jacob DW, Baker SE, Harper JL, Manrique-Acevedo CM, Limberg JK. Sex differences in the effect of acute intermittent hypoxia on respiratory modulation of sympathetic activity. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 321:R903-R911. [PMID: 34668438 PMCID: PMC8714811 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00042.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Sex-related differences in respiratory modulation of sympathetic activity have been observed in rodent models of sleep apnea [intermittent hypoxia (IH)]. In light of sex disparities in the respiratory response to acute IH in humans as well as changes in respiratory modulation of muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) in clinical sleep apnea, we examined sex-related differences in respiratory modulation of MSNA following acute IH. We hypothesized that respiratory modulation of MSNA would be altered in both male and female participants after IH; however, the respiratory patterning of MSNA following IH would be sex specific. Heart rate, MSNA, and respiration were evaluated in healthy male (n = 21, 30 ± 5 yr) and female (n = 10, 28 ± 5 yr) participants during normoxic rest before and after 30 min of IH. Respiratory modulation of MSNA was assessed by fitting polynomials to cross-correlation histograms constructed between sympathetic spikes and respiration. MSNA was elevated after IH in male (20 ± 6 to 24 ± 8 bursts/min) and female (19 ± 8 to 22 ± 10 bursts/min) participants (P < 0.01). Both male and female participants exhibited respiratory modulation of MSNA (P < 0.01); however, the pattern differed by sex. After IH, modulation of MSNA within the breath was reduced in male participants (P = 0.03) but increased in female participants (P = 0.02). Both male and female adults exhibit changes in respiratory patterning of MSNA after acute IH; however, this pattern differs by sex. These data support sex disparities in respiratory modulation of MSNA and may have implications for conditions such as sleep apnea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane S Edmunds
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Clayton L Ivie
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Elizabeth P Ott
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Dain W Jacob
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Sarah E Baker
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jennifer L Harper
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Camila M Manrique-Acevedo
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, Missouri
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jacqueline K Limberg
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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6
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Spinieli RL, Ben Musa R, Kielhofner J, Cornelius-Green J, Cummings KJ. Orexin contributes to eupnea within a critical period of postnatal development. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 321:R558-R571. [PMID: 34405704 PMCID: PMC8560369 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00156.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Orexin neurons are active in wakefulness and mostly silent in sleep. In adult rats and humans, orexin facilitates the hypercapnic ventilatory response but has little effect on resting ventilation. The influence of orexin on breathing in the early postnatal period, and across states of vigilance, have not been investigated. This is relevant as the orexin system may be impaired in Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) cases. We addressed three hypotheses: 1) orexin provides a drive to breathe in infancy; 2) the effect of orexin depends on stage of postnatal development; and 3) orexin has a greater influence on breathing in wakefulness compared with sleep. Whole body plethysmography was used to monitor breathing of infant rats at three ages: postnatal days (P) 7-8, 12-14, and 17-19. Respiratory variables were analyzed in wakefulness (W), quiet sleep (QS), and active sleep (AS), following suvorexant (5 mg/kg ip), a dual orexin receptor antagonist, or vehicle (DMSO). Effects of suvorexant on ventilatory responses to graded hypercapnia ([Formula: see text] = 0.02, 0.04, 0.06), hypoxia ([Formula: see text] = 0.10), and hyperoxia ([Formula: see text] = 1.0) at P12-14 were also tested. At P12-14, but not at other ages, suvorexant significantly reduced respiratory frequency in all states, reduced the ventilatory equivalent in QW and QS, and increased [Formula: see text] to ∼5 mmHg. Suvorexant had no effect on ventilatory responses to graded hypercapnia or hypoxia. Hyperoxia eliminated the effects of suvorexant on respiratory frequency at P12-14. Our data suggest that orexin preserves eupneic frequency and ventilation in rats, specifically at ∼2 wk of age, perhaps by facilitating tonic peripheral chemoreflex activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Spinieli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Ruwaida Ben Musa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jane Kielhofner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | | | - Kevin J Cummings
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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7
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Cleary CM, Milla BM, Kuo FS, James S, Flynn WF, Robson P, Mulkey DK. Somatostatin-expressing parafacial neurons are CO 2/H + sensitive and regulate baseline breathing. eLife 2021; 10:e60317. [PMID: 34013884 PMCID: PMC8169115 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamatergic neurons in the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) function as respiratory chemoreceptors by regulating breathing in response to tissue CO2/H+. The RTN and greater parafacial region may also function as a chemosensing network composed of CO2/H+-sensitive excitatory and inhibitory synaptic interactions. In the context of disease, we showed that loss of inhibitory neural activity in a mouse model of Dravet syndrome disinhibited RTN chemoreceptors and destabilized breathing (Kuo et al., 2019). Despite this, contributions of parafacial inhibitory neurons to control of breathing are unknown, and synaptic properties of RTN neurons have not been characterized. Here, we show the parafacial region contains a limited diversity of inhibitory neurons including somatostatin (Sst)-, parvalbumin (Pvalb)-, and cholecystokinin (Cck)-expressing neurons. Of these, Sst-expressing interneurons appear uniquely inhibited by CO2/H+. We also show RTN chemoreceptors receive inhibitory input that is withdrawn in a CO2/H+-dependent manner, and chemogenetic suppression of Sst+ parafacial neurons, but not Pvalb+ or Cck+ neurons, increases baseline breathing. These results suggest Sst-expressing parafacial neurons contribute to RTN chemoreception and respiratory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin M Cleary
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of ConnecticutStorrsUnited States
| | - Brenda M Milla
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of ConnecticutStorrsUnited States
| | - Fu-Shan Kuo
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of ConnecticutStorrsUnited States
| | - Shaun James
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of ConnecticutStorrsUnited States
| | - William F Flynn
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic MedicineFarmingtonUnited States
| | - Paul Robson
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic MedicineFarmingtonUnited States
- Institute for Systems Genomics, University of ConnecticutFarmingtonUnited States
| | - Daniel K Mulkey
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of ConnecticutStorrsUnited States
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8
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Wigenstam E, Forsberg E, Bucht A, Thors L. Efficacy of atropine and scopolamine on airway contractions following exposure to the nerve agent VX. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 419:115512. [PMID: 33785355 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Nerve agents are highly toxic organophosphorus compounds that inhibit acetylcholinesterase resulting in rapid accumulation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) causing a cholinergic syndrome including respiratory failure. In the present study, respiratory responses and antimuscarinic treatment efficacy was evaluated ex vivo using rat precision-cut lung slices (PCLS) exposed to the nerve agent VX. The respiratory effects were evaluated either by adding exogenous ACh directly to the culture medium or by applying electric-field stimulation (EFS) to the PCLS to achieve a release of endogenous ACh from neurons in the lung tissue. The airway contraction induced by both methods was enhanced by VX and resulted in lingering airway recovery, in particular when airways were exposed to a high VX-dose. Both contractions induced by EFS and exogenously added ACh were significantly reduced by administration of the antimuscarinic drugs atropine or scopolamine. Two additions of atropine or scopolamine after maximal ACh-induced airway response was demonstrated effective to reverse the contraction. By adding consecutive doubled doses of antimuscarinics, high efficiency to reduce the cholinergic airway response was observed. However, the airways were not completely recovered by atropine or scopolamine, indicating that non-muscarinic mechanisms were involved in the smooth muscle contractions. In conclusion, it was demonstrated that antimuscarinic treatment reversed airway contraction induced by VX but supplemental pharmacological interventions are needed to fully recover the airways. Further studies should therefore clarify the mechanisms of physiological responses in lung tissue following nerve agent exposures to improve the medical management of poisoned individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Wigenstam
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
| | - E Forsberg
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
| | - A Bucht
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
| | - L Thors
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden.
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9
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Pereyra KV, Schwarz KG, Andrade DC, Toledo C, Rios-Gallardo A, Díaz-Jara E, Bastías SS, Ortiz FC, Ortolani D, Del Rio R. Paraquat herbicide diminishes chemoreflex sensitivity, induces cardiac autonomic imbalance and impair cardiac function in rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2021; 320:H1498-H1509. [PMID: 33513085 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00710.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Paraquat (PQT) herbicide is widely used in agricultural practices despite being highly toxic to humans. It has been proposed that PQT exposure may promote cardiorespiratory impairment. However, the physiological mechanisms involved in cardiorespiratory dysfunction following PQT exposure are poorly known. We aimed to determine the effects of PQT on ventilatory chemoreflex control, cardiac autonomic control, and cardiac function in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received two injections/week of PQT (5 mg·kg-1 ip) for 4 wk. Cardiac function was assessed through echocardiography and pressure-volume loops. Ventilatory function was evaluated using whole body plethysmography. Autonomic control was indirectly evaluated by heart rate variability (HRV). Cardiac electrophysiology (EKG) and exercise capacity were also measured. Four weeks of PQT administration markedly enlarged the heart as evidenced by increases in ventricular volumes and induced cardiac diastolic dysfunction. Indeed, end-diastolic pressure was significantly higher in PQT rats compared with control (2.42 ± 0.90 vs. 4.01 ± 0.92 mmHg, PQT vs. control, P < 0.05). In addition, PQT significantly reduced both the hypercapnic and hypoxic ventilatory chemoreflex response and induced irregular breathing. Also, PQT induced autonomic imbalance and reductions in the amplitude of EKG waves. Finally, PQT administration impaired exercise capacity in rats as evidenced by a ∼2-fold decrease in times-to-fatigue compared with control rats. Our results showed that 4 wk of PQT treatment induces cardiorespiratory dysfunction in rats and suggests that repetitive exposure to PQT may induce harmful mid/long-term cardiovascular, respiratory, and cardiac consequences.NEW & NOREWORTHY Paraquat herbicide is still employed in agricultural practices in several countries. Here, we showed for the first time that 1 mo paraquat administration results in cardiac adverse remodeling, blunts ventilatory chemoreflex drive, and promotes irregular breathing at rest in previously healthy rats. In addition, paraquat exposure induced cardiac autonomic imbalance and cardiac electrophysiology alterations. Lastly, cardiac diastolic dysfunction was overt in rats following 1 mo of paraquat treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherin V Pereyra
- Laboratory of Cardiorespiratory Control, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Karla G Schwarz
- Laboratory of Cardiorespiratory Control, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - David C Andrade
- Laboratory of Cardiorespiratory Control, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Fisiología y Medicina de Altura, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Camilo Toledo
- Laboratory of Cardiorespiratory Control, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Angélica Rios-Gallardo
- Laboratory of Cardiorespiratory Control, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Esteban Díaz-Jara
- Laboratory of Cardiorespiratory Control, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sussy S Bastías
- Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Fernando C Ortiz
- Mechanism of Myelin Formation and Repair Laboratory, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Domiziana Ortolani
- Laboratory of Cardiorespiratory Control, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Del Rio
- Laboratory of Cardiorespiratory Control, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
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10
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Abstract
Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channels expressed in specific subsets of airway sensory nerves function as transducers and integrators of a diverse range of sensory inputs including chemical, mechanical and thermal signals. These TRP sensors can detect inhaled irritants as well as endogenously released chemical substances. They play an important role in generating the afferent activity carried by these sensory nerves and regulating the centrally mediated pulmonary defense reflexes. Increasing evidence reported in recent investigations has revealed important involvements of several TRP channels (TRPA1, TRPV1, TRPV4 and TRPM8) in the manifestation of various symptoms and pathogenesis of certain acute and chronic airway diseases. This mini-review focuses primarily on these recent findings of the responses of these TRP sensors to the biological stresses emerging under the pathophysiological conditions of the lung and airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihai Gu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, 1501 Mercer University Drive, Macon, GA, 31207, USA.
| | - Lu-Yuan Lee
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky Medical Center, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY, 40536-0298, USA.
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11
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Gao R, Peng X, Perry C, Sun H, Ntokou A, Ryu C, Gomez JL, Reeves BC, Walia A, Kaminski N, Neumark N, Ishikawa G, Black KE, Hariri LP, Moore MW, Gulati M, Homer RJ, Greif DM, Eltzschig HK, Herzog EL. Macrophage-derived netrin-1 drives adrenergic nerve-associated lung fibrosis. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:136542. [PMID: 33393489 PMCID: PMC7773383 DOI: 10.1172/jci136542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is a macrophage-driven process of uncontrolled extracellular matrix accumulation. Neuronal guidance proteins such as netrin-1 promote inflammatory scarring. We found that macrophage-derived netrin-1 stimulates fibrosis through its neuronal guidance functions. In mice, fibrosis due to inhaled bleomycin engendered netrin-1-expressing macrophages and fibroblasts, remodeled adrenergic nerves, and augmented noradrenaline. Cell-specific knockout mice showed that collagen accumulation, fibrotic histology, and nerve-associated endpoints required netrin-1 of macrophage but not fibroblast origin. Adrenergic denervation; haploinsufficiency of netrin-1's receptor, deleted in colorectal carcinoma; and therapeutic α1 adrenoreceptor antagonism improved collagen content and histology. An idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) lung microarray data set showed increased netrin-1 expression. IPF lung tissues were enriched for netrin-1+ macrophages and noradrenaline. A longitudinal IPF cohort showed improved survival in patients prescribed α1 adrenoreceptor blockade. This work showed that macrophages stimulate lung fibrosis via netrin-1-driven adrenergic processes and introduced α1 blockers as a potentially new fibrotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijuan Gao
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xueyan Peng
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Carrighan Perry
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Huanxing Sun
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Aglaia Ntokou
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Changwan Ryu
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jose L. Gomez
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Benjamin C. Reeves
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Anjali Walia
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Naftali Kaminski
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Nir Neumark
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Genta Ishikawa
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Lida P. Hariri
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Meagan W. Moore
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Mridu Gulati
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Robert J. Homer
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Pathology, and
| | - Daniel M. Greif
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Holger K. Eltzschig
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas at Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Erica L. Herzog
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Pathology, and
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12
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Yu J. Spectrum of myelinated pulmonary afferents (III) cracking intermediate adapting receptors. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2020; 319:R724-R732. [PMID: 33085910 PMCID: PMC7792821 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00136.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Conventional one-sensor theory (one afferent fiber connects to a single sensor) categorizes the bronchopulmonary mechanosensors into the rapidly adapting receptors (RARs), slowly adapting receptors (SARs), or intermediate adapting receptors (IARs). RARs and SARs are known to sense the rate and magnitude of mechanical change, respectively; however, there is no agreement on what IARs sense. Some investigators believe that the three types of sensors are actually one group with similar but different properties and IARs operate within that group. Other investigators (majority) believe IARs overlap with the RARs and SARs and can be classified within them according to their characteristics. Clearly, there is no consensus on IARs function. Recently, a multiple-sensor theory has been advanced in which a sensory unit may contain many heterogeneous sensors, such as both RARs and SARs. There are no IARs. Intermediate adapting unit behavior results from coexistence of RARs and SARs. Therefore, the unit can sense both rate and magnitude of changes. The purpose of this review is to provide evidence that the multiple-sensor theory better explains sensory unit behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Yu
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
- Robley Rex Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Louisville, Kentucky
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13
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Ray PR, Wangzhou A, Ghneim N, Yousuf MS, Paige C, Tavares-Ferreira D, Mwirigi JM, Shiers S, Sankaranarayanan I, McFarland AJ, Neerukonda SV, Davidson S, Dussor G, Burton MD, Price TJ. A pharmacological interactome between COVID-19 patient samples and human sensory neurons reveals potential drivers of neurogenic pulmonary dysfunction. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 89:559-568. [PMID: 32497778 PMCID: PMC7263237 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus infects cells of the airway and lungs in humans causing the disease COVID-19. This disease is characterized by cough, shortness of breath, and in severe cases causes pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) which can be fatal. Bronchial alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and plasma from mild and severe cases of COVID-19 have been profiled using protein measurements and bulk and single cell RNA sequencing. Onset of pneumonia and ARDS can be rapid in COVID-19, suggesting a potential neuronal involvement in pathology and mortality. We hypothesized that SARS-CoV-2 infection drives changes in immune cell-derived factors that then interact with receptors expressed by the sensory neuronal innervation of the lung to further promote important aspects of disease severity, including ARDS. We sought to quantify how immune cells might interact with sensory innervation of the lung in COVID-19 using published data from patients, existing RNA sequencing datasets from human dorsal root ganglion neurons and other sources, and a genome-wide ligand-receptor pair database curated for pharmacological interactions relevant for neuro-immune interactions. Our findings reveal a landscape of ligand-receptor interactions in the lung caused by SARS-CoV-2 viral infection and point to potential interventions to reduce the burden of neurogenic inflammation in COVID-19 pulmonary disease. In particular, our work highlights opportunities for clinical trials with existing or under development rheumatoid arthritis and other (e.g. CCL2, CCR5 or EGFR inhibitors) drugs to treat high risk or severe COVID-19 cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradipta R Ray
- University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences and Center for Advanced Pain Studies, Pain Neurobiology Research Group, USA.
| | - Andi Wangzhou
- University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences and Center for Advanced Pain Studies, Pain Neurobiology Research Group, USA
| | - Nizar Ghneim
- University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences and Center for Advanced Pain Studies, Pain Neurobiology Research Group, USA
| | - Muhammad S Yousuf
- University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences and Center for Advanced Pain Studies, Pain Neurobiology Research Group, USA
| | - Candler Paige
- University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences and Center for Advanced Pain Studies, Pain Neurobiology Research Group, USA
| | - Diana Tavares-Ferreira
- University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences and Center for Advanced Pain Studies, Pain Neurobiology Research Group, USA
| | - Juliet M Mwirigi
- University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences and Center for Advanced Pain Studies, Pain Neurobiology Research Group, USA
| | - Stephanie Shiers
- University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences and Center for Advanced Pain Studies, Pain Neurobiology Research Group, USA
| | - Ishwarya Sankaranarayanan
- University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences and Center for Advanced Pain Studies, Pain Neurobiology Research Group, USA
| | - Amelia J McFarland
- University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences and Center for Advanced Pain Studies, Pain Neurobiology Research Group, USA
| | - Sanjay V Neerukonda
- University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences and Center for Advanced Pain Studies, Pain Neurobiology Research Group, USA
| | - Steve Davidson
- University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, USA
| | - Gregory Dussor
- University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences and Center for Advanced Pain Studies, Pain Neurobiology Research Group, USA
| | - Michael D Burton
- University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences and Center for Advanced Pain Studies, Neuroimmunology and Behavior Research Group, USA
| | - Theodore J Price
- University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences and Center for Advanced Pain Studies, Pain Neurobiology Research Group, USA.
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14
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Lebold KM, Drake MG, Hales-Beck LB, Fryer AD, Jacoby DB. IL-5 Exposure In Utero Increases Lung Nerve Density and Airway Reactivity in Adult Offspring. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020; 62:493-502. [PMID: 31821769 PMCID: PMC7110978 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2019-0214oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is characterized by airway hyperreactivity and inflammation. In the lungs, parasympathetic and sensory nerves control airway tone and induce bronchoconstriction. Dysregulation of these nerves results in airway hyperreactivity. Humans with eosinophilic asthma have significantly increased sensory nerve density in airway epithelium, suggesting that type 2 cytokines and inflammatory cells promote nerve growth. Similarly, mice with congenital airway eosinophilia also have airway hyperreactivity and increased airway sensory nerve density. Here, we tested whether this occurs during development. We show that transgenic mice that overexpress IL-5, a cytokine required for eosinophil hematopoiesis, give birth to wild-type offspring that have significantly increased airway epithelial nerve density and airway hyperreactivity that persists into adulthood. These effects are caused by in utero exposure to maternal IL-5 and resulting fetal eosinophilia. Allergen exposure of these adult wild-type offspring results in severe airway hyperreactivity, leading to fatal reflex bronchoconstriction. Our results demonstrate that fetal exposure to IL-5 is a developmental origin of airway hyperreactivity, mediated by hyperinnervation of airway epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie M Lebold
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Matthew G Drake
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Lauren B Hales-Beck
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Allison D Fryer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - David B Jacoby
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
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15
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Zhao L, Gao X, Zhuang J, Wallen M, Leng S, Xu F. Prolongation of bronchopulmonary C-fiber-mediated apnea by prenatal nicotinic exposure in rat pups: role of 5-HT 3 receptors. FASEB J 2019; 33:10731-10741. [PMID: 31251077 PMCID: PMC6766661 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900279rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal nicotinic exposure (PNE) reportedly sensitizes bronchopulmonary C-fibers (PCFs) and prolongs PCF-mediated apnea in rat pups, contributing to the pathogenesis of sudden infant death syndrome. Serotonin, or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), induces apnea via acting on 5-HT receptor 3 (5-HT3R) in PCFs, and among the 5-HT3R subunits, 5-HT3B is responsible for shortening the decay time of 5-HT3R-mediated currents. We examined whether PNE would promote pulmonary 5-HT secretion and prolong the apnea mediated by 5-HT3Rs in PCFs via affecting the 5-HT3B subunit. To this end, the following variables were compared between the control and PNE rat pups: 1) the 5-HT content in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, 2) the apneic response to the right atrial bolus injection of phenylbiguanide (a 5-HT3R agonist) before and after PCF inactivation, 3) 5-HT3R currents and the stimulus threshold of the action currents of vagal pulmonary C-neurons, and 4) the immunoreactivity (IR) and mRNA expression of 5-HT3A and 5-HT3B in these neurons. Our results showed that PNE up-regulated the pulmonary 5-HT concentration and strengthened the PCF 5-HT3R-mediated apnea. PNE significantly facilitated neural excitability by shortening the decay time of 5-HT3R currents, lowering the stimulus threshold, and increasing 5-HT3B IR. In summary, PNE prolongs the apnea mediated by 5-HT3Rs in PCFs, likely by increasing 5-HT3B subunits to enhance the excitability of 5-HT3 channels.-Zhao, L., Gao, X., Zhuang, J., Wallen, M., Leng, S., Xu, F. Prolongation of bronchopulmonary C-fiber-mediated apnea by prenatal nicotinic exposure in rat pups: role of 5-HT3 receptors.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Apnea/etiology
- Apnea/genetics
- Apnea/physiopathology
- Biguanides/administration & dosage
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/chemistry
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Humans
- Infant, Newborn
- Lung/drug effects
- Lung/innervation
- Lung/physiopathology
- Male
- Nerve Fibers, Unmyelinated/drug effects
- Nerve Fibers, Unmyelinated/physiology
- Nicotine/administration & dosage
- Nicotine/toxicity
- Pregnancy
- Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/etiology
- Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/physiopathology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT3/genetics
- Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT3/physiology
- Serotonin/metabolism
- Serotonin 5-HT3 Receptor Agonists/administration & dosage
- Sudden Infant Death/etiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhao
- Pathophysiological Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Xiuping Gao
- Pathophysiological Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Jianguo Zhuang
- Pathophysiological Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Morgan Wallen
- Department of Arts and Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Shuguang Leng
- Pathophysiological Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Fadi Xu
- Pathophysiological Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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16
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Joshi H, Edgell H. Sex differences in the ventilatory and cardiovascular response to supine and tilted metaboreflex activation. Physiol Rep 2019; 7:e14041. [PMID: 30916469 PMCID: PMC6436143 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Women have attenuated exercise pressor responses compared to men; however, their cerebrovascular and ventilatory responses have not been previously measured. Furthermore, recent evidence has shown that posture change can influence the response of the metaboreflex but this has only been tested in men. Young and healthy men (n = 14; age: 21 ± 2) and women (n = 11; age: 19 ± 1) underwent 40% MVC static handgrip exercise (HG) for 2 min followed by 3 min of post-exercise circulatory occlusion (PECO) in the supine and 70° tilted postures. In supine position during HG and PECO only men had an increase in ventilation (Men: Baseline: 12.5 ± 1.7 L/min, HG: 18.6 ± 5.3 L/min, PECO: 17.7 ± 10.3 L/min; Women: Baseline: 12.0 ± 1.5 L/min, HG: 12.4 ± 1.2 L/min, PECO: 11.5 ± 1.3 L/min; Sex × Time interaction P = 0.037). In supine position during HG and PECO men and women had similar reductions in cerebrovascular conductance (Men: Baseline: 0.79 ± 0.13 cm/sec/mmHg, HG: 0.68 ± 0.18 cm/sec/mmHg, PECO: 0.61 ± 0.19 cm/s/mmHg; Women: Baseline: 0.87 ± 0.13 cm/sec/mmHg, HG: 0.83 ± 0.14 cm/sec/mmHg, PECO: 0.75 ± 0.17 cm/sec/mmHg; P < 0.015 HG/PECO vs. baseline). When comparing the response to PECO in the supine versus upright postures there was a significant attenuation in the increase in mean arterial pressure in both men and women (Supine posture: Men: +23.3 ± 14.5 mmHg, Women: +12.0 ± 7.3 mmHg; Upright posture: Men: +15.7 ± 14.1 mmHg, Women: +7.7 ± 6.7 mmHg; Main effect of sex P = 0.042, Main effect of posture P < 0.001). Our results indicate sexually dimorphic ventilatory responses to HG and PECO which could be due to different interactions of the metaboreflex and chemoreflex. We have also shown evidence of attenuated metaboreflex function in the upright posture in both men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitesh Joshi
- School of Kinesiology and Health SciencesYork UniversityTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Heather Edgell
- School of Kinesiology and Health SciencesYork UniversityTorontoOntarioCanada
- Muscle Health Research CentreYork UniversityTorontoOntarioCanada
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17
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Fujii N, Kashihara M, Kenny GP, Honda Y, Fujimoto T, Cao Y, Nishiyasu T. Carotid chemoreceptors have a limited role in mediating the hyperthermia-induced hyperventilation in exercising humans. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 126:305-313. [PMID: 30382804 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00562.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperthermia causes hyperventilation at rest and during exercise. We previously reported that carotid chemoreceptors partly contribute to the hyperthermia-induced hyperventilation at rest. However, given that a hyperthermia-induced hyperventilation markedly differs between rest and exercise, the results obtained at rest may not be representative of the response in exercise. Therefore, we evaluated whether carotid chemoreceptors contribute to hyperthermia-induced hyperventilation in exercising humans. Eleven healthy young men (23 ± 2 yr) cycled in the heat (37°C) at a fixed submaximal workload equal to ~55% of the individual's predetermined peak oxygen uptake (moderate intensity). To suppress carotid chemoreceptor activity, 30-s hyperoxia breathing (100% O2) was performed at rest (before exercise) and during exercise at increasing levels of hyperthermia as defined by an increase in esophageal temperature of 0.5°C (low), 1.0°C (moderate), 1.5°C (high), and 2.0°C (severe) above resting levels. Ventilation during exercise gradually increased as esophageal temperature increased (all P ≤ 0.05), indicating that hyperthermia-induced hyperventilation occurred. Hyperoxia breathing suppressed ventilation in a greater manner during exercise (-9 to -13 l/min) than at rest (-2 ± 1 l/min); however, the magnitude of reduction during exercise did not differ at low (0.5°C) to severe (2.0°C) increases in esophageal temperature (all P > 0.05). Similarly, hyperoxia-induced changes in ventilation during exercise as assessed by percent change from prehyperoxic levels were not different at all levels of hyperthermia (~15-20%, all P > 0.05). We show that in young men carotid chemoreceptor contribution to hyperthermia-induced hyperventilation is relatively small at low-to-severe increases in body core temperature induced by moderate-intensity exercise in the heat. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Exercise-induced increases in hyperthermia cause a progressive increase in ventilation in humans. However, the mechanisms underpinning this response remain unresolved. We showed that in young men hyperventilation associated with exercise-induced hyperthermia is not predominantly mediated by carotid chemoreceptors. This study provides important new insights into the mechanism(s) underpinning the regulation of hyperthermia-induced hyperventilation in humans and suggests that factor(s) other than carotid chemoreceptors play a more important role in mediating this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Fujii
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba , Japan
| | - Miki Kashihara
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba , Japan
| | - Glen P Kenny
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, University of Ottawa , Ottawa Ontario , Canada
| | - Yasushi Honda
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba , Japan
| | - Tomomi Fujimoto
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba , Japan
| | - Yinhang Cao
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba , Japan
| | - Takeshi Nishiyasu
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba , Japan
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18
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Drake MG, Scott GD, Blum ED, Lebold KM, Nie Z, Lee JJ, Fryer AD, Costello RW, Jacoby DB. Eosinophils increase airway sensory nerve density in mice and in human asthma. Sci Transl Med 2018; 10:eaar8477. [PMID: 30185653 PMCID: PMC6592848 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aar8477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In asthma, airway nerve dysfunction leads to excessive bronchoconstriction and cough. It is well established that eosinophils alter nerve function and that airway eosinophilia is present in 50 to 60% of asthmatics. However, the effects of eosinophils on airway nerve structure have not been established. We tested whether eosinophils alter airway nerve structure and measured the physiological consequences of those changes. Our results in humans with and without eosinophilic asthma showed that airway innervation and substance P expression were increased in moderate persistent asthmatics compared to mild intermittent asthmatics and healthy subjects. Increased innervation was associated with a lack of bronchodilator responsiveness and increased irritant sensitivity. In a mouse model of eosinophilic airway inflammation, the increase in nerve density and airway hyperresponsiveness were mediated by eosinophils. Our results implicate airway nerve remodeling as a key mechanism for increased irritant sensitivity and exaggerated airway responsiveness in eosinophilic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Drake
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| | - Gregory D Scott
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Emily D Blum
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Katherine M Lebold
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Zhenying Nie
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - James J Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Allison D Fryer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Richard W Costello
- Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David B Jacoby
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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19
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Di Paolo M, Gigante A, Liberatori M, Sardo L, Marinelli P, Rossetti M, Palange P, Tubani L, Rosato E. Effects of autonomic dysfunction on exercise tolerance in systemic sclerosis patients without clinical and instrumental evidence of cardiac and pulmonary involvement. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2018; 36 Suppl 113:61-67. [PMID: 29745872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Autonomic dysfunction (AD) in systemic sclerosis (SSc) was already confirmed through heart rate variability (HRV) analysis. Cardio-pulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is a useful tool in early detection of exercise tolerance in SSc patients. Aim of the study was to assess the relationships existing between AD and exercise tolerance. METHODS Thirty-two [4 M, 28 F; median age: 47.5 (20-65) years] consecutive SSc patients were enrolled. All patients underwent pulmonary function testing, incremental symptom-limited CPET and twenty-four hours ECG Holter recording with HRV analysis in time and frequency domain. Multiple regression analysis was performed in order to identify independent HRV predictors of exercise tolerance and cardiac efficiency during the effort. RESULTS HRV analysis showed significant differences in power in low and high frequency (LF and HF, respectively) and their ratio (LF/HF) compared to healthy controls. Nocturnal ratio be- tween power in low and high frequency at HRV (LF/HFnight) was shown to be the only independent positive predictor of maximal work load (R2=18.6%, p=0.014) and maximal oxygen consumption (V' O2 peak) expressed both as absolute value (R2=24.2%, p=0.004) and as corrected for body weight (R2=21.6%, p=0.007). A positive linear relationship was also found between nocturnal LF (LFnight) and the oxygen uptake/work rate (V'O2/W) slope (R2=15.8%, p=0.024). CONCLUSIONS In SSc patients without cardiopulmonary involvement AD is associated with better exercise tolerance and cardiac function during physical effort. Further studies are needed to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Di Paolo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Disease, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Antonietta Gigante
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Clinical Immunology Unit - Scleroderma Centre, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.
| | - Marta Liberatori
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Clinical Immunology Unit - Scleroderma Centre, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Liborio Sardo
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Clinical Immunology Unit - Scleroderma Centre, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Marinelli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Disease, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Rossetti
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Disease, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Palange
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Disease, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Tubani
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Clinical Immunology Unit - Scleroderma Centre, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Edoardo Rosato
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Clinical Immunology Unit - Scleroderma Centre, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
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20
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Abstract
Airway sensory nerves are known to express several receptors and channels that are activated by exogenous and endogenous mediators that cause coughing. Toll-like receptor (TLR) s are expressed in nociceptive neurons and play an important role in neuroinflammation. However, there have been very few studies of TLR expression in lung-derived sensory neurons or their relevance to respiratory symptoms such as cough. We used the bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis model to investigate the change in TLR expression in pulmonary neurons and the association of TLRs with transient receptor potential (TRP) channels in pulmonary neurons. After 2 weeks of bleomycin or saline administration, pulmonary fibrosis changes were confirmed using tissue staining and the SIRCOL collagen assay. TLRs (TLR 1-9) and TRP channel expression was analyzed using single cell reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in isolated sensory neurons from the nodose/jugular ganglion and the dorsal root ganglion (DRG). Pulmonary sensory neurons expressed TLR2 and TLR5. In the bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis model, TLR2 expression was detected in 29.5% (18/61) and 26.9% (21/78) of pulmonary nodose/jugular neurons and DRG neurons, respectively. TLR5 was also detected in 55.7% (34/61) and 42.3% (33/78) of pulmonary nodose/jugular neurons and DRG neurons, respectively, in the bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis model. TLR5 was expressed in 63.4% of TRPV1 positive cells and 43.4% of TRPM8 positive cells. In conclusion, TLR2 and TLR5 expression is enhanced, especially in vagal neurons, in the bleomycin-induced fibrosis model group when compared to the saline treated control group. Co-expression of TLR5 and TRP channels in pulmonary sensory neurons was also observed. This work sheds new light on the role of TLRs in the control and manifestation of clinical symptoms, such as cough. To understand the role of TLRs in pulmonary sensory nerves, further study will be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Jai Jung
- Division of Pulmonology, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Yeub Lee
- Division of Pulmonology, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
| | - Sue In Choi
- Division of Pulmonology, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung-Keun Kim
- Division of Pulmonology, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Joo Lee
- Division of Pulmonology, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kwang Ho In
- Division of Pulmonology, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min-Goo Lee
- Department of Physiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Stryker C, Camperchioli DW, Mayer CA, Alilain WJ, Martin RJ, MacFarlane PM. Respiratory dysfunction following neonatal sustained hypoxia exposure during a critical window of brain stem extracellular matrix formation. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2018; 314:R216-R227. [PMID: 29046314 PMCID: PMC5867672 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00199.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) modulates brain maturation and plays a major role in regulating neuronal plasticity during critical periods of development. We examined 1) whether there is a critical postnatal period of ECM expression in brain stem cardiorespiratory control regions and 2) whether the attenuated hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) following neonatal sustained (5 days) hypoxia [SH (11% O2, 24 h/day)] exposure is associated with altered ECM formation. The nucleus tractus solitarius (nTS), dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, hypoglossal motor nucleus, cuneate nucleus, and area postrema were immunofluorescently processed for aggrecan and Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA), a key proteoglycan of the ECM and the perineuronal net. From postnatal day ( P) 5 ( P5), aggrecan and WFA expression increased postnatally in all regions. We observed an abrupt increase in aggrecan expression in the nTS, a region that integrates and receives afferent inputs from the carotid body, between P10 and P15 followed by a distinct and transient plateau between P15 and P20. WFA expression in the nTS exhibited an analogous transient plateau, but it occurred earlier (between P10 and P15). SH between P11 and P15 attenuated the HVR (assessed at P16) and increased aggrecan (but not WFA) expression in the nTS, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, and area postrema. An intracisternal microinjection of chondroitinase ABC, an enzyme that digests chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, rescued the HVR and the increased aggrecan expression. These data indicate that important stages of ECM formation take place in key brain stem respiratory neural control regions and appear to be associated with a heightened vulnerability to hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Stryker
- Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - C. A. Mayer
- Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - W. J. Alilain
- Department of Neurosciences, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - R. J. Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - P. M. MacFarlane
- Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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22
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Wu W, Guan L, Li X, Lin L, Guo B, Yang Y, Liang Z, Wang F, Zhou L, Chen R. Correlation and compatibility between surface respiratory electromyography and transesophageal diaphragmatic electromyography measurements during treadmill exercise in stable patients with COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2017; 12:3273-3280. [PMID: 29158671 PMCID: PMC5683626 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s148980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the compatibility and correlation between noninvasive surface respiratory electromyography and invasive transesophageal diaphragmatic electromyography measurements as facilitating indicators of neural respiratory drive (NRD) evaluation during treadmill exercise. PATIENTS AND METHODS Transesophageal diaphragmatic electromyogram activity (EMGdi,es) and surface inspiratory electromyogram (EMG) activity, including surface diaphragmatic EMG activity (EMGdi,sur), surface parasternal intercostal muscle EMG activity (EMGpara), and surface sternocleidomastoid EMG activity (EMGsc), were detected simultaneously during increasing exercise capacity in 20 stable patients with COPD. EMGdi,es, EMGdi,sur, EMGpara, and EMGsc were quantified using the root mean square (RMS) and were represented as RMSdi,es, RMSdi,sur, RMSpara, and RMSsc, respectively. RESULTS There was a significant association between EMGdi,es and EMGdi,sur (r=0.966, p<0.01), EMGpara (r=0.967, p<0.01), and EMGsc (r=0.956, p<0.01) in the COPD patients during exercise. Bland-Altman plots showed that the lowest mean bias value was between EMGdi,es and EMGpara compared with the bias values between EMGdi,es and the other two EMG parameters. In comparing the estimation of EMGdi,es, we observed the lowest bias values (-1%) and the lowest limits of agreement values (-10% to -12%). Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) between EMGdi,es and EMGdi,sur was 0.978 (p<0.01), between EMGdi,es and EMGpara was 0.980 (p<0.01), and between EMGdi,es and EMGsc was 0.868 (p<0.01). CONCLUSION RMSdi,sur, RMSpara, and RMSsc could provide useful physiological markers of NRD in COPD. RMSpara shows the best compatibility and correlation with transesophageal diaphragmatic electromyography during treadmill exercise in stable patients with COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiliang Wu
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University
| | - Lili Guan
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University
| | - Xiaoying Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University
| | - Bingpeng Guo
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University
| | - Yuqiong Yang
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University
| | - Zhenyu Liang
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University
| | - Fengyan Wang
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University
| | - Luqian Zhou
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University
- Correspondence: Luqian Zhou; Rongchang Chen, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yan Jiang Road, Guangzhou, China, Tel +86 137 6338 3160; +86 131 6338 3160, Fax +86 208 306 2882; +86 208 306 2882, Email ;
| | - Rongchang Chen
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University
- Correspondence: Luqian Zhou; Rongchang Chen, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yan Jiang Road, Guangzhou, China, Tel +86 137 6338 3160; +86 131 6338 3160, Fax +86 208 306 2882; +86 208 306 2882, Email ;
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Chandler JD, Wongtrakool C, Banton SA, Li S, Orr ML, Barr DB, Neujahr DC, Sutliff RL, Go YM, Jones DP. Low-dose oral cadmium increases airway reactivity and lung neuronal gene expression in mice. Physiol Rep 2016; 4:e12821. [PMID: 27401458 PMCID: PMC4945833 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhalation of cadmium (Cd) is associated with lung diseases, but less is known concerning pulmonary effects of Cd found in the diet. Cd has a decades-long half-life in humans and significant bioaccumulation occurs with chronic dietary intake. We exposed mice to low-dose CdCl2 (10 mg/L in drinking water) for 20 weeks, which increased lung Cd to a level similar to that of nonoccupationally exposed adult humans. Cd-treated mice had increased airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine challenge, and gene expression array showed that Cd altered the abundance of 443 mRNA transcripts in mouse lung. In contrast to higher doses, low-dose Cd did not elicit increased metallothionein transcripts in lung. To identify pathways most affected by Cd, gene set enrichment of transcripts was analyzed. Results showed that major inducible targets of low-dose Cd were neuronal receptors represented by enriched olfactory, glutamatergic, cholinergic, and serotonergic gene sets. Olfactory receptors regulate chemosensory function and airway hypersensitivity, and these gene sets were the most enriched. Targeted metabolomics analysis showed that Cd treatment also increased metabolites in pathways of glutamatergic (glutamate), serotonergic (tryptophan), cholinergic (choline), and catecholaminergic (tyrosine) receptors in the lung tissue. Protein abundance measurements showed that the glutamate receptor GRIN2A was increased in mouse lung tissue. Together, these results show that in mice, oral low-dose Cd increased lung Cd to levels comparable to humans, increased airway hyperresponsiveness and disrupted neuronal pathways regulating bronchial tone. Therefore, dietary Cd may promote or worsen airway hyperresponsiveness in multiple lung diseases including asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Chandler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Cherry Wongtrakool
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia
| | - Sophia A Banton
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Shuzhao Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Michael L Orr
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Dana Boyd Barr
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - David C Neujahr
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Roy L Sutliff
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia
| | - Young-Mi Go
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Dean P Jones
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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Mineshita M, Inoue T, Miyazawa T. [Bronchoscopic treatments for COPD]. Nihon Rinsho 2016; 74:807-812. [PMID: 27254951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Several non-surgical and minimally invasive bronchoscopic interventions, such as bronchoscopic lung volume reduction (BLVR) techniques, have been developed to treat patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). BLVR has been studied for treatment in severe COPD patients with emphysema. BLVR with one-way endobronchial valves is reported to be effective for patients with a heterogeneous emphysema distribution and without inter-lobar collateral ventilation. For the patients with collateral ventilation, and for the patients with homogeneous emphysema, BLVR with lung volume reduction coil has shown promising results. Targeted lung denervation(TLD) is a novel bronchoscopic intervention based on ablation of parasympathetic nerves surrounding the main bronchi. TLD seems to be effective for COPD with chronic bronchitis phenotype. This review gives a general overview of BLVR with one-way valve and lung volume reduction coil, and TLD.
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Ďurdík P, Vojtková J, Michnová Z, Turčan T, Šujanská A, Kuchta M, Čiljaková M. Pulmonary function tests in type 1 diabetes adolescents with diabetic cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy. J Diabetes Complications 2016; 30:79-84. [PMID: 26597599 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Chronic diabetic complications may afflict all organ tissues including cardiovascular and respiratory system. The aim of the study was to establish if the presence of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) was associated with impaired pulmonary function tests in adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D). 46 adolescents with T1D and 25 healthy subjects at the age 15-19years were enrolled to the study. Basic anthropometric data, diabetes onset and duration, plasma glucose and A1c were established. Pulmonary function tests were measured by spirometry and the presence of CAN was examined by heart rate variability. Adolescents with T1D had significantly lower pulmonary function test parameters - FVC (p<0.01), FEV1 (p<0.01), MMEF (p<0.05) and PEFR (p<0.05) compared to the control subjects. In diabetic group, patients with CAN (CAN+, n=19) had significantly lower FVC (p<0.05), FEV1 (p<0.05) and PEFR (p<0.05) compared to patients without CAN (CAN-, n=27). All spirometric parameters were significantly lower in CAN+ subjects compared to healthy controls; however, no significant difference was found in these parameters between CAN- subjects and healthy controls. Spirometric parameters (FVC, FEV1) significantly positively correlated with diabetes onset and body mass index; and negatively correlated with diabetes duration and resting heart rate. Our results indicate that CAN may be associated with reduced pulmonary functions in adolescents with T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ďurdík
- Pediatric Department, Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Slovakia; Centre of Experimental and Clinical Respirology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Slovakia
| | - Jarmila Vojtková
- Pediatric Department, Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Slovakia; Pediatric Department, University Hospital Martin, Slovakia.
| | | | - Tomáš Turčan
- Pediatric Department, University Hospital Martin, Slovakia
| | - Anna Šujanská
- Pediatric Department, Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Slovakia; Centre of Experimental and Clinical Respirology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Slovakia
| | - Milan Kuchta
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Faculty of Medicine, Slovakia
| | - Miriam Čiljaková
- Pediatric Department, Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Slovakia; Centre of Experimental and Clinical Respirology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Slovakia
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Moss CR, Gilbert CA, Gabriel SA, Gu Q. Protease-activated receptor-2 inhibits BK channel activity in bronchopulmonary sensory neurons. Neurosci Lett 2015; 589:13-8. [PMID: 25578948 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Activation of protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) contributes to airway inflammation and airway hypersensitivity, the hallmark features of allergic asthma; and a neurogenic mechanism involving hypersensitivity of bronchopulmonary sensory nerves has been indicated. Large-conductance Ca(2+)-activated potassium (BK) channels are known to play an important role in shaping neuronal excitability. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential regulation of BK channel activities by PAR2 activation in vagal bronchopulmonary sensory neurons. Our results showed that pretreatment with PAR2-activating peptide (PAR2-AP; 100μM, 120s), but not its control peptide PAR2-RP, significantly reduced BK current density in these neurons. Inhibition of phospholipase C, PKC, PKA or MEK/ERK signaling pathway did not prevent the suppression of BK current by PAR2 activation; whereas intracellular application of Ca(2+) chelator BAPTA-AM completely abolished the PAR2 regulation of BK current. In addition, our results demonstrated that activation of PAR2 increased excitability of bronchopulmonary sensory neurons, in a similar manner as displayed by a direct BK channel blockade. In summary, our data suggest that suppression of BK channel activity contributes to PAR2 activation-induced hyperexcitability of vagal bronchopulmonary sensory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R Moss
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, 1550 College Street, Macon, GA 31207, USA
| | - Carolyn A Gilbert
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, 1550 College Street, Macon, GA 31207, USA
| | - Sabry A Gabriel
- Department of Family Medicine, Mercer University School of Medicine and Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon, GA 31207, USA
| | - Qihai Gu
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, 1550 College Street, Macon, GA 31207, USA
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27
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Pokorski M. Preface. Adv Exp Med Biol 2015; 852:v-vi. [PMID: 26280041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
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28
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Zamunér AR, Barbic F, Dipaola F, Bulgheroni M, Diana A, Atzeni F, Marchi A, Sarzi-Puttini P, Porta A, Furlan R. Relationship between sympathetic activity and pain intensity in fibromyalgia. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2015; 33:S53-S57. [PMID: 25786044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Fibromyalgia (FM) is a syndrome characterised by chronic musculoskeletal pain, hyperalgesia on specific areas of tenderness (tender points) and by an autonomic nervous system dysfunction consistent with sympathetic overactivity. It is not known whether there is any relationship between the amount of cardiovascular sympathetic activity and the magnitude of pain. Our objective was to assess this potential relationship in patients with FM. METHODS Electrocardiogram, finger blood pressure, respiration and post-ganglionic sympathetic discharge activity (muscle sympathetic nerve activity, MSNA) were continuously recorded at rest in 25 patients with primary FMS. The autonomic profile was assessed by MSNA and spectral indices of cardiac sympathetic (LFRR) and vagal (HFRR) modulation and of sympathetic vasomotor control (LF-SAP) computed by spectrum analysis of RR and systolic arterial pressure (SAP) variability. Cardiac baroreflex function was evaluated by the index α (αLF). Baroreceptor modulation of the sympathetic vasomotor control (sBRS) was assessed by the MSNA/diastolic pressure relationship. RESULTS Pain intensity was linearly correlated with LFRR/HFRR (r² = 0.21; p=0.03), LFSAP (r² = 0.26; p=0.02) and MSNA (burst rate) (r² = 0.45; p=0.003). Pain intensity was inversely correlated with the αLF index (r² = 0.24; p=0.02) and the sBRS (r² = 0.28; p=0.03). Thus, the higher the sympathetic drive to the heart and vessels, the higher the magnitude of chronic pain. Also, the gains of both the cardiac and MSNA baroreceptor control were inversely related to the pain intensity. CONCLUSIONS These findings raise the theoretical possibility that in FM patients the use of anti-adrenergic agents might lessen chronic pain intensity by reducing the underlying excessive sympathetic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Franca Barbic
- Internal Medicine, BIOMETRA Department, Humanitas Clinical and Research Centre, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Franca Dipaola
- Internal Medicine, BIOMETRA Department, Humanitas Clinical and Research Centre, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Mara Bulgheroni
- Internal Medicine, BIOMETRA Department, Humanitas Clinical and Research Centre, Rozzano, Italy
| | | | | | - Andrea Marchi
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Centre, Rozzano; and Department of Electronics Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Alberto Porta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Milan; and University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaello Furlan
- Internal Medicine, BIOMETRA Department, Humanitas Clinical and Research Centre, Rozzano; and University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Vysotskaya ZV, Moss CR, Gu Q. Differential regulation of ASICs and TRPV1 by zinc in rat bronchopulmonary sensory neurons. Lung 2014; 192:927-34. [PMID: 25108402 DOI: 10.1007/s00408-014-9634-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Zinc has been known to act as a signaling molecule that regulates a variety of neuronal functions. In this study, we aimed to study the effect of zinc on two populations of acid-sensitive ion channels, acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs), and transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor-1 (TRPV1), in vagal bronchopulmonary sensory neurons. METHODS Rat vagal sensory neurons innervating lungs and airways were retrogradely labeled with a fluorescent tracer. Whole-cell perforated patch-clamp recordings were carried out in primarily cultured bronchopulmonary sensory neurons. The acid-evoked ASIC and TRPV1 currents were measured and compared between before and after the zinc pretreatment. RESULTS ASIC currents were induced by a pH drop from 7.4 to 6.8 or 6.5 in the presence of capsazepine (10 µM), a specific TRPV1 antagonist. Pretreatment with zinc (50 or 300 µM, 2 min) displayed different effects on the two distinct phenotypes of ASIC currents: a marked potentiation on ASIC channels with fast kinetics of activation and inactivation or no significant effect on ASIC currents with slow activation and inactivation. On the other hand, pretreatment with zinc significantly inhibited the acid (pH 5.5 or 5.3)-induced TRPV1 currents. The inhibition was abolished by intracellular chelation of zinc by TPEN (25 µM), indicating that intracellular accumulation of zinc was likely required for its inhibitory effect on TRPV1 channels. CONCLUSIONS Our study showed that zinc differentially regulates the activities of ASICs and TRPV1 channels in rat vagal bronchopulmonary sensory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanna V Vysotskaya
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, 1550 College Street, Macon, GA, 31207, USA
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Peng J, Jiang T, Li Y, Wang RR. [Influence of capsaicin sensitive C fibers denervation on lung ischemia-reperfusion injury]. Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2014; 45:245-253. [PMID: 24749349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of Capsaicin sensitive C fibers (CapsCF) denervation in lung ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury and the possible mechanism related to oxidative stress. METHODS Thirty two male New Zealand rabbits were randomized into four groups: IR group (IR), sham group (S), capsaicin pretreated IR group (CIR), and capsaicin pretreated sham group (CS). The rabbits in CIR and CS groups were pretreated with capsaicin (100 mg/kg) to induce functional ablation of CapsCF, and then subjected to lung ischemia and reperfusion. The rabbits in IR group were not treated with capsaicin before lung ischemia and reperfusion. Thereafter, blood samples and lung tissue samples were obtained for blood gas and biochemical analyses, including the measurements of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT). The lung wet/dry weight ratio and histopathological changes were also assessed. RESULTS Compared to S and CS group, partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) values in IR and CIR groups significantly decreased (P < 0.05). In contrast, the alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient (A-aDO2), lung wet/dry weight ratio increased in IR and CIR groups (P < 0.05). Capsaicin pretreatment in CIR group increased lung wet/dry weight ratio and lung pathologic lesions, along with higher level of MDA and lower activity of SOD and CAT (P < 0.05, vs. IR). CONCLUSION Denervation of CapsCF aggravated lung ischemia-reperfusion injury of rabbits, which seems to be closely related to the excerbation of oxidative stress.
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Gu X, Karp PH, Brody SL, Pierce RA, Welsh MJ, Holtzman MJ, Ben-Shahar Y. Chemosensory functions for pulmonary neuroendocrine cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 50:637-46. [PMID: 24134460 PMCID: PMC4068934 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0199oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian airways are sensitive to inhaled stimuli, and airway diseases are characterized by hypersensitivity to volatile stimuli, such as perfumes, industrial solvents, and others. However, the identity and function of the cells in the airway that can sense volatile chemicals remain uncertain, particularly in humans. Here, we show that solitary pulmonary neuroendocrine cells (PNECs), which are morphologically distinct and physiologically undefined, might serve as chemosensory cells in human airways. This conclusion is based on our finding that some human PNECs expressed members of the olfactory receptor (OR) family in vivo and in primary cell culture, and are anatomically positioned in the airway epithelium to respond to inhaled volatile chemicals. Furthermore, apical exposure of primary-culture human airway epithelial cells to volatile chemicals decreased levels of serotonin in PNECs, and the led to the release of the neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) to the basal medium. These data suggest that volatile stimulation of PNECs can lead to the secretion of factors that are capable of stimulating the corresponding receptors in the lung epithelium. We also found that the distribution of serotonin and neuropeptide receptors may change in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, suggesting that increased PNEC-dependent chemoresponsiveness might contribute to the altered sensitivity to volatile stimuli in this disease. Together, these data indicate that human airway epithelia harbor specialized cells that respond to volatile chemical stimuli, and may help to explain clinical observations of odorant-induced airway reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Gu
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Philip H. Karp
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Internal Medicine, and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Steven L. Brody
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; and
| | - Richard A. Pierce
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; and
| | - Michael J. Welsh
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Internal Medicine, and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Michael J. Holtzman
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; and
| | - Yehuda Ben-Shahar
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; and
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Syrtsova MA, Sukhorukova YG, Korzhenevskiy DE. [Pulmonary neuroepithelial bodies in the rat]. Morfologiia 2014; 145:60-62. [PMID: 25051803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the study of the neuroepithelial bodies (NEB) in the lungs of adult healthy Wistar rats (n = 12). Using the immunocytochemical reaction demonstrating synaptophysin, NEB and immunopositive nerve terminals approaching them, were visualized. It was found that NEB were the structures constantly presented in the rat lung. In contrast to the diffuse neuroendocrine elements, NEB are characterized by grouped distribution of cells. It was found that some part of NEB had no efferent innervation.
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Arreola-Ramírez JL, Morales-Hernández PE, Falcón-Rodríguez CI, Segura-Medina P. [General aspects of pulmonary innervation]. GAC MED MEX 2013; 149:502-508. [PMID: 24108336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Practically all organs of the respiratory system are under the control of the autonomic nervous system. Double vegetative innervation, sympathetic and parasympathetic, contributes to the regulation of airway smooth muscle tone, and modulates secretion from the submucosal glands. Nevertheless, more than 20 years ago, the classical view of excitatory cholinergic and inhibitory adrenergic innervation changed considerably when the existence was proved of the non-adrenergic non-cholinergic system (NANC), which is able to produce both effects. Several purines and peptides have been postulated as neurotransmitters of this system, and some of them coexist with the acetylcholine or norepinephrine; for example, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) on cholinergic nerves and neuropeptide Y in the adrenergic nerves. The aim of this paper is to describe the anatomo-physiological aspects of the airways' autonomic innervation and the possible implication of a neural mechanism that contributes in the development of the symptomatology in respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Arreola-Ramírez
- Departamento de Investigación en Hiperreactividad Bronquial, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, México, D.F.
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Rosseels MLA, Delaunois AG, Hanon E, Guillaume PJP, Martin FDC, van den Dobbelsteen DJ. Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin impacts renal and systemic hemodynamics in the anesthetized dog. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2013; 67:351-9. [PMID: 23978386 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2013.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) is a complexation agent used to enhance drug solubilization and formulation stability. Although its toxicity is well characterized, its cardiovascular effects are less known. To investigate them, HPβCD was infused intravenously over 10 min in anesthetized dogs (10-40% (w/v, i.e. 200-800 mg/kg) in non-denervated animals and at 40% in denervated animals). HPβCD increased renal arteriolar resistance and decreased renal blood flow at all doses, almost immediately after infusion start, more drastically in females. A less pronounced increase in total peripheral resistance occurred in females only due to sex difference in sympathetic tone. Pulmonary hemodynamic parameters remained unaffected, suggesting that the renal effect was rather selective. As a consequence of the increased systemic blood pressure, heart rate decreased in normal animals without direct effect on cardiac conductance. This effect was abolished in denervated animals. This suggests that autonomous nervous feedback loops are functional in normal animals and that HPβCD has no direct chronotropic effect. In conclusion, systemic and renal hemodynamic changes should be considered as potential background effects at 200-400 mg/kg. At higher doses (800 mg/kg), changes are more pronounced and could mask/exacerbate hemodynamic response of drug candidate; such doses should be avoided in nonclinical safety studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Luce A Rosseels
- Non-Clinical Safety Evaluation, UCB Pharma S.A., Chemin du Foriest, B-1420 Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium.
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Vadivel A, Alphonse RS, Collins JJP, van Haaften T, O’Reilly M, Eaton F, Thébaud B. The axonal guidance cue semaphorin 3C contributes to alveolar growth and repair. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67225. [PMID: 23840631 PMCID: PMC3688622 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung diseases characterized by alveolar damage such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in premature infants and emphysema lack efficient treatments. Understanding the mechanisms contributing to normal and impaired alveolar growth and repair may identify new therapeutic targets for these lung diseases. Axonal guidance cues are molecules that guide the outgrowth of axons. Amongst these axonal guidance cues, members of the Semaphorin family, in particular Semaphorin 3C (Sema3C), contribute to early lung branching morphogenesis. The role of Sema3C during alveolar growth and repair is unknown. We hypothesized that Sema3C promotes alveolar development and repair. In vivo Sema3C knock down using intranasal siRNA during the postnatal stage of alveolar development in rats caused significant air space enlargement reminiscent of BPD. Sema3C knock down was associated with increased TLR3 expression and lung inflammatory cells influx. In a model of O2-induced arrested alveolar growth in newborn rats mimicking BPD, air space enlargement was associated with decreased lung Sema3C mRNA expression. In vitro, Sema3C treatment preserved alveolar epithelial cell viability in hyperoxia and accelerated alveolar epithelial cell wound healing. Sema3C preserved lung microvascular endothelial cell vascular network formation in vitro under hyperoxic conditions. In vivo, Sema3C treatment of hyperoxic rats decreased lung neutrophil influx and preserved alveolar and lung vascular growth. Sema3C also preserved lung plexinA2 and Sema3C expression, alveolar epithelial cell proliferation and decreased lung apoptosis. In conclusion, the axonal guidance cue Sema3C promotes normal alveolar growth and may be worthwhile further investigating as a potential therapeutic target for lung repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arul Vadivel
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Sprott Center for Stem Cell Research, Regenerative Medicine Program and Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rajesh S. Alphonse
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Human Development, Women and Children’s Health Research Institute, Cardiovascular Research Center and Pulmonary Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Jennifer J. P. Collins
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Sprott Center for Stem Cell Research, Regenerative Medicine Program and Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tim van Haaften
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Human Development, Women and Children’s Health Research Institute, Cardiovascular Research Center and Pulmonary Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Megan O’Reilly
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Human Development, Women and Children’s Health Research Institute, Cardiovascular Research Center and Pulmonary Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Farah Eaton
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Human Development, Women and Children’s Health Research Institute, Cardiovascular Research Center and Pulmonary Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Bernard Thébaud
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Sprott Center for Stem Cell Research, Regenerative Medicine Program and Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Piedimonte G, Walton C, Samsell L. Vertical transmission of respiratory syncytial virus modulates pre- and postnatal innervation and reactivity of rat airways. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61309. [PMID: 23637810 PMCID: PMC3630224 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Environmental exposure to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of respiratory infections in infants, but it remains unknown whether this infection is transmitted transplacentally from the lungs of infected mothers to the offspring. We sought to test the hypothesis that RSV travels from the respiratory tract during pregnancy, crosses the placenta to the fetus, persists in the lung tissues of the offspring, and modulates pre- and postnatal expression of growth factors, thereby predisposing to airway hyperreactivity. Methodology Pregnant rats were inoculated intratracheally at midterm using recombinant RSV expressing red fluorescent protein (RFP). Viral RNA was amplified by RT-PCR and confirmed by sequencing. RFP expression was analyzed by flow cytometry and viral culture. Developmental and pathophysiologic implications of prenatal infection were determined by analyzing the expression of genes encoding critical growth factors, particularly neurotrophic factors and receptors. We also measured the expression of key neurotransmitters and postnatal bronchial reactivity in vertically infected lungs, and assessed their dependence on neurotrophic signaling using selective biological or chemical inhibition. Principal Findings RSV genome was found in 30% of fetuses, as well as in the lungs of 40% of newborns and 25% of adults. RFP expression was also shown by flow cytometry and replicating virus was cultured from exposed fetuses. Nerve growth factor and its TrkA receptor were upregulated in RSV- infected fetal lungs and co-localized with increased cholinergic innervation. Acetylcholine expression and smooth muscle response to cholinergic stimulation increased in lungs exposed to RSV in utero and reinfected after birth, and blocking TrkA signaling inhibited both effects. Conclusions/Significance Our data show transplacental transmission of RSV from mother to offspring and persistence of vertically transmitted virus in lungs after birth. Exposure to RSV in utero is followed by dysregulation of neurotrophic pathways predisposing to postnatal airway hyperreactivity upon reinfection with the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Piedimonte
- Pediatric Institute and Children's Hospital, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
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Elliott KL, Houston DW, Fritzsch B. Transplantation of Xenopus laevis tissues to determine the ability of motor neurons to acquire a novel target. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55541. [PMID: 23383335 PMCID: PMC3562177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary origin of novelties is a central problem in biology. At a cellular level this requires, for example, molecularly resolving how brainstem motor neurons change their innervation target from muscle fibers (branchial motor neurons) to neural crest-derived ganglia (visceral motor neurons) or ear-derived hair cells (inner ear and lateral line efferent neurons). Transplantation of various tissues into the path of motor neuron axons could determine the ability of any motor neuron to innervate a novel target. Several tissues that receive direct, indirect, or no motor innervation were transplanted into the path of different motor neuron populations in Xenopus laevis embryos. Ears, somites, hearts, and lungs were transplanted to the orbit, replacing the eye. Jaw and eye muscle were transplanted to the trunk, replacing a somite. Applications of lipophilic dyes and immunohistochemistry to reveal motor neuron axon terminals were used. The ear, but not somite-derived muscle, heart, or liver, received motor neuron axons via the oculomotor or trochlear nerves. Somite-derived muscle tissue was innervated, likely by the hypoglossal nerve, when replacing the ear. In contrast to our previous report on ear innervation by spinal motor neurons, none of the tissues (eye or jaw muscle) was innervated when transplanted to the trunk. Taken together, these results suggest that there is some plasticity inherent to motor innervation, but not every motor neuron can become an efferent to any target that normally receives motor input. The only tissue among our samples that can be innervated by all motor neurons tested is the ear. We suggest some possible, testable molecular suggestions for this apparent uniqueness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L. Elliott
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Douglas W. Houston
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Bernd Fritzsch
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Cutz E, Pan J, Yeger H, Domnik NJ, Fisher JT. Recent advances and contraversies on the role of pulmonary neuroepithelial bodies as airway sensors. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2012; 24:40-50. [PMID: 23022441 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary neuroepithelial bodies are polymodal sensors widely distributed within the airway mucosa of mammals and other species. Neuroepithelial body cells store and most likely release serotonin and peptides as transmitters. Neuroepithelial bodies have a complex innervation that includes vagal sensory afferent fibers and dorsal root ganglion fibers. Neuroepithelial body cells respond to a number of intraluminal airway stimuli, including hypoxia, hypercarbia, and mechanical stretch. This article reviews recent findings in the cellular and molecular biology of neuroepithelial body cells and their potential role as airway sensors involved in the control of respiration, particularly during the perinatal period. Alternate hypotheses and areas of controversy regarding potential function as mechanosensory receptors involved in pulmonary reflexes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Cutz
- Division of Pathology, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND in a previous study, we showed that the ability to detect a rise in airflow resistance at rest was reduced in some non-asthmatic subjects in old age. OBJECTIVE to determine whether airflow resistance detection is attenuated in elderly subjects with asthma. METHODS we studied 60 adult subjects with stable asthma (age range 20-88). Progressive external airflow resistance loading was used to measure the inspiratory load detection threshold (LDT) during tidal breathing at rest. RESULTS the mean inspiratory LDT was 5.57 (4.33 SD) kPa.s/l in the 20-64 age group (n=32) and 15.6 (10.1 SD) kPa.s/l in those aged 65 and above (n=28) (P<0.0001). The inspiratory LDT was significantly correlated with age (r=0.5246, P<0.00008), mainly due to the effect of higher LDTs in about half of the subjects above the age of 65 years. Expiratory LDT values and correlations were very similar to inspiratory values. CONCLUSIONS the threshold for detecting external resistive loads during tidal breathing rises in old age in some, but not all, asthmatic patients as was observed in non-asthmatic subjects. The finding has implications for treatment guidelines because some elderly subjects are likely to have reduced awareness of worsening airflow obstruction, and consequently delay their use of rescue treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Allen
- Medicine and Geriatrics, Royal Bournemouth Hospital, Castle Lane East, Bournemouth BH7 7DW, UK.
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40
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Brouns I, Pintelon I, Timmermans JP, Adriaensen D. Novel insights in the neurochemistry and function of pulmonary sensory receptors. Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol 2012; 211:1-vii. [PMID: 22128592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Afferent nerves in the airways and lungs contribute to optimisation of the breathing pattern, by providing local pulmonary information to the central nervous system. Airway sensory nerve terminals are consequently tailored to detect changes readily in the physical and chemical environment, thereby leading to a variety of respiratory sensations and reflex responses. Most intrapulmonary nerve terminals arise from fibres travelling in the vagal nerve, allowing a classification of "sensory airway receptors", based on their electrophysiologically registered action potential characteristics. Nowadays, at least six subtypes of electrophysiologically characterised vagal sensory airway receptors have been described, including the classical slowly and rapidly adapting (stretch) receptors and C-fibre receptors. The architecture of airways and lungs makes it, however, almost impossible to locate functionally the exact nerve terminals that are responsible for transduction of a particular intrapulmonary stimulus. With the advances in immunohistochemistry in combination with confocal microscopy, airway sensory receptor end organs can now be examined and evaluated objectively. Based on their "neurochemical coding", morphology, location and origin, three sensory receptor end organs are currently morphologically well characterised: smooth muscle-associated airway receptors (SMARs), neuroepithelial bodies (NEBs) and visceral pleura receptors (VPRs). The present information on the functional, morphological and neurochemical characteristics of these sensory receptors leads to important conclusions about their (possible) function. Currently, ex vivo lung models are developed that allow the selective visualisation of SMARs, NEBs and VPRs by vital staining. The described ex vivo models will certainly facilitate direct physiological studies of the morphologically and neurochemically identified airway receptors, thereby linking morphology to physiology by identifying in situ functional properties of a given receptor end organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Brouns
- University of Antwerp, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Belgium.
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Abstract
In healthy lungs, muscarinic receptors control smooth muscle tone, mucus secretion, vasodilation, and inflammation. In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma, cholinergic mechanisms contribute to increased bronchoconstriction and mucus secretion that limit airflow. This chapter reviews neuronal and nonneuronal sources of acetylcholine in the lung and the expression and role of M₁, M₂, and M₃ muscarinic receptor subtypes in lung physiology. It also discusses the evidence for and against the role of parasympathetic nerves in asthma, and the current use and therapeutic potential of muscarinic receptor antagonists in COPD and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalmia S. Buels
- Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, UHN67, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Allison D. Fryer
- Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, UHN67, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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42
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Nishino T. [Studies on mechanism and treatment of dyspnea]. Masui 2011; 60 Suppl:S170-S176. [PMID: 22458036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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Gu Q, Lee LY. Airway irritation and cough evoked by acid: from human to ion channel. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2011; 11:238-47. [PMID: 21543258 PMCID: PMC3133870 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2011.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Inhalation or aspiration of acid solution evokes airway defense responses such as cough and reflex bronchoconstriction, resulting from activation of vagal bronchopulmonary C-fibers and Aδ afferents. The stimulatory effect of hydrogen ion on these sensory nerves is generated by activation of two major types of ion channels expressed in these neurons: a rapidly activating and inactivating current mediated through ASICs, and a slow sustaining current via activation of TRPV1. Recent studies have shown that these acid-evoked responses are elevated during airway inflammatory reaction, revealing the potential convergence of a wide array of inflammatory signaling on these ion channels. Since pH in the airway fluid drops substantially in patients with inflammatory airway diseases, these heightened stimulatory effects of acid on airway sensory nerves may play a part in the manifestation of airway irritation and excessive cough under those pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihai Gu
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia 31207, USA
| | - Lu-Yuan Lee
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
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Taylor-Clark TE, Undem BJ. Sensing pulmonary oxidative stress by lung vagal afferents. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2011; 178:406-13. [PMID: 21600314 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2011.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress in the bronchopulmonary airways can occur through a variety of inflammatory mechanisms and also following the inhalation of environmental pollutants. Oxidative stress causes cellular dysfunction and thus mammals (including humans) have developed mechanisms for detecting oxidative stress, such that defensive behavior and defensive biological mechanisms can be induced to lessen its potential damage. Vagal sensory nerves innervating the airways play a critical role in the detection of the microenvironment in the airways. Oxidative stress and associated compounds activate unmyelinated bronchopulmonary C-fibers, initiating action potentials in these nerves that conduct centrally to evoke unpleasant sensations (e.g. urge to cough, dyspnea, chest-tightness) and to stimulate/modulate reflexes (e.g. cough, bronchoconstriction, respiratory rate, inspiratory drive). This review will summarize the published evidence regarding the mechanisms by which oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species, environmental pollutants and lipid products of peroxidation activate bronchopulmonary C-fibers. Evidence suggests a key role for transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1), although transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) and purinergic P2X channels may also play a role. Knowledge of these pathways greatly aids our understanding of the role of oxidative stress in health and disease and represents novel therapeutic targets for diseases of the airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Taylor-Clark
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, United States.
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Straus C, Samara Z, Fiamma MN, Bautin N, Ranohavimparany A, Le Coz P, Golmard JL, Darré P, Zelter M, Poon CS, Similowski T. Effects of maturation and acidosis on the chaos-like complexity of the neural respiratory output in the isolated brainstem of the tadpole, Rana esculenta. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011; 300:R1163-74. [PMID: 21325645 PMCID: PMC3094042 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00710.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Human ventilation at rest exhibits mathematical chaos-like complexity that can be described as long-term unpredictability mediated (in whole or in part) by some low-dimensional nonlinear deterministic process. Although various physiological and pathological situations can affect respiratory complexity, the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely elucidated. If such chaos-like complexity is an intrinsic property of central respiratory generators, it should appear or increase when these structures mature or are stimulated. To test this hypothesis, we employed the isolated tadpole brainstem model [Rana (Pelophylax) esculenta] and recorded the neural respiratory output (buccal and lung rhythms) of pre- (n = 8) and postmetamorphic tadpoles (n = 8), at physiologic (7.8) and acidic pH (7.4). We analyzed the root mean square of the cranial nerve V or VII neurograms. Development and acidosis had no effect on buccal period. Lung frequency increased with development (P < 0.0001). It also increased with acidosis, but in postmetamorphic tadpoles only (P < 0.05). The noise-titration technique evidenced low-dimensional nonlinearities in all the postmetamorphic brainstems, at both pH. Chaos-like complexity, assessed through the noise limit, increased from pH 7.8 to pH 7.4 (P < 0.01). In contrast, linear models best fitted the ventilatory rhythm in all but one of the premetamorphic preparations at pH 7.8 (P < 0.005 vs. postmetamorphic) and in four at pH 7.4 (not significant vs. postmetamorphic). Therefore, in a lower vertebrate model, the brainstem respiratory central rhythm generator accounts for ventilatory chaos-like complexity, especially in the postmetamorphic stage and at low pH. According to the ventilatory generators homology theory, this may also be the case in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Straus
- Service Central d'Explorations Fonctionnelles Respiratoires, Groupe Hospitalier Pitie-Salpetriere, 47-83 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, Paris Cedex 13, France
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Abstract
AIM Stimulation of pulmonary C fibre receptors by phenylbiguanide (PBG, 5-HT(3) agonist) produces hypotension, bradycardia and tachypnoea or apnoea. However, tachypnoeic or apnoeic responses are not consistent. Therefore, this study was undertaken to delineate the actions of PBG on respiration and compared with those evoked by capsaicin (TRPV1 agonist). METHODS Blood pressure, respiratory excursions and ECG were recorded in urethane anaesthetized adult rats. The effect of PBG or capsaicin was evaluated before and after ondansetron (5-HT(3) antagonist), capsazepine (TRPV1 antagonist) or bilateral vagotomy. In addition, their effect on vagal afferent activity was also evaluated. RESULTS Bolus injection of PBG produced concentration-dependent (0.1-100 microg kg(-1)) hypotensive and bradycardiac responses, while there was tachypnoea at lower concentrations (0.1-3 microg kg(-1)) and apnoea at higher concentrations (10-100 microg kg(-1)). After vagotomy or after exposure to ondansetron both tachypnoeic and apnoeic responses were abolished along with cardiovascular responses. However, capsazepine (3 mg kg(-1)) did not block the PBG-induced reflex responses. Capsaicin (0.1-10 microg kg(-1)), on the other hand, produced a concentration-dependent apnoea, hypotension and bradycardia but tachypnoea was not observed. Ondansetron failed to block the capsaicin-induced reflex response while bilateral vagotomy abolished bradycardiac and hypotensive responses and attenuated the apnoeic response. In another series, vagal afferent activity and cardio-respiratory changes evoked by PBG were blocked by ondansetron. However, capsaicin failed to activate the PBG-sensitive vagal afferents even though cardio-respiratory alterations were observed. CONCLUSIONS The present observations indicate that PBG produced tachypnoea at a lower concentration and apnoea at a higher concentration involving vagal afferents which are different from those excited by capsaicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dutta
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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47
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Liang YJ, Zhou P, Wongba W, Guardiola J, Walker J, Yu J. Pulmonary innervation, inflammation and carcinogenesis. Sheng Li Xue Bao 2010; 62:191-195. [PMID: 20571734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is a major medical problem. Despite advances in molecular biology and pharmacology, the outcome of lung cancer treatment is unsatisfactory. Clinically, inflammation and cancer are closely associated, and, genetically, these two processes are regulated by the same gene loci. Inflammation promotes cancer formation. Increasing evidence shows that neuroimmune interaction involving inflammatory disease and the vagus nerves are crucial in the interaction. Airway sensory receptors are biosensors that detect the lung inflammatory process through various mediators and cytokines. This information is transmitted through vagal afferents to the brain and produces a host of responses that regulate the extent and intensity of inflammation. Tumor cells express receptors for neurotransmitters and provide a substrate for direct interaction with neurons. Thus, neural regulation of the immune response is targeted towards inflammation as well as tumors. The airway sensors can detect cancer-related cytokines, which provides a direct pathway to inform the brain of tumor growth. The knowledge of how these sensors may monitor tumor progression and provide neuroimmune interaction in the control of tumor development and metastasis will improve our treatment of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jie Liang
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
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48
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Affiliation(s)
- S R McKechnie
- Adult Intensive Care Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.
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49
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Bonis JM, Neumueller SE, Krause KL, Kiner T, Smith A, Marshall BD, Qian B, Pan LG, Forster HV. The pontine respiratory group, particularly the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus, mediates phases of the hypoxic ventilatory response in unanesthetized goats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2010; 108:1321-35. [PMID: 20167677 PMCID: PMC2867534 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00935.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Accepted: 02/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to test the hypothesis that, in the in vivo awake goat model, perturbation/lesion in the pontine respiratory group (PRG) would decrease the sensitivity to hypercapnia and hypoxia. The study reported herein was part of two larger studies in which cholinergic modulation in the PRG was attenuated by microdialysis of atropine and subsequently ibotenic acid injections neurotoxically lesioned the PRG. In 14 goats, cannula were bilaterally implanted into either the lateral (n=4) or medial (n=4) parabrachial nuclei or the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus (KFN, n=6). Before and after cannula implantation, microdialysis of atropine, and injection of ibotenic acid, hypercapnic and hypoxic ventilatory sensitivities were assessed. Hypercapnic sensitivity was assessed by three 5-min periods at 3, 5, and 7% inspired CO2. In all groups of goats, CO2 sensitivity was unaffected (P>0.05) by any PRG perturbations/lesions. Hypoxic sensitivity was assessed with a 30-min period at 10.8% inspired O2. The response to hypoxia was typically triphasic, with a phase 1 increase in pulmonary ventilation, a phase 2 roll-off, and a phase 3 prolonged increase associated with shivering and increased metabolic rate and body temperature. In all groups of goats, the phase 1 of the hypoxic ventilatory responses was unaffected by any PRG perturbations/lesions, and there were no consistent effects on the phase 2 responses. However, in the KFN group of goats, the phase 3 ventilatory, shivering, metabolic rate, and temperature responses were markedly attenuated after the atropine dialysis studies, and the attenuation persisted after the ibotenic acid studies. These findings support an integrative or modulatory role for the KFN in the phase 3 responses to hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. M. Bonis
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin
| | | | - K. L. Krause
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin
| | - T. Kiner
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin
| | - A. Smith
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin
| | | | - B. Qian
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin
| | - L. G. Pan
- Department of Physical Therapy, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - H. V. Forster
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and
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50
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Murray JF. The structure and function of the lung. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2010; 14:391-396. [PMID: 20202294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- John F Murray
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
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