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Cleary EM, Kniss DA, Fette LM, Hughes BL, Saade GR, Dinsmoor MJ, Reddy UM, Gyamfi-Bannerman C, Varner MW, Goodnight WH, Tita ATN, Swamy GK, Heyborne KD, Chien EK, Chauhan SP, El-Sayed YY, Casey BM, Parry S, Simhan HN, Napolitano PG. The Association between Prenatal Nicotine Exposure and Offspring's Hearing Impairment. Am J Perinatol 2024; 41:e119-e125. [PMID: 36007918 PMCID: PMC9958273 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1750407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study is to evaluate whether there is an association between in-utero exposure to nicotine and subsequent hearing dysfunction. MATERIALS AND METHODS Secondary analysis of a multicenter randomized trial to prevent congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection among gravidas with primary CMV infection was conducted. Monthly intravenous immunoglobulin hyperimmune globulin therapy did not influence the rate of congenital CMV. Dyads with missing urine, fetal or neonatal demise, infants diagnosed with a major congenital anomaly, congenital CMV infection, or with evidence of middle ear dysfunction were excluded. The primary outcome was neonatal hearing impairment in one or more ears defined as abnormal distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs; 1 to 8 kHz) that were measured within 42 days of birth. DPOAEs were interpreted using optimized frequency-specific level criteria. Cotinine was measured via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits in maternal urine collected at enrollment and in the third trimester (mean gestational age 16.0 and 36.7 weeks, respectively). Blinded personnel ran samples in duplicates. Maternal urine cotinine >5 ng/mL at either time point was defined as in-utero exposure to nicotine. Multivariable logistic regression included variables associated with the primary outcome and with the exposure (p < 0.05) in univariate analysis. RESULTS Of 399 enrolled patients in the original trial, 150 were included in this analysis, of whom 46 (31%) were exposed to nicotine. The primary outcome occurred in 18 (12%) newborns and was higher in nicotine-exposed infants compared with those nonexposed (15.2 vs. 10.6%, odds ratio [OR] 1.52, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.55-4.20), but the difference was not significantly different (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.0, 95% CI 0.30-3.31). This association was similar when exposure was stratified as heavy (>100 ng/mL, aOR 0.72, 95% CI 0.15-3.51) or mild (5-100 ng/mL, aOR 1.28, 95% CI 0.33-4.95). There was no association between nicotine exposure and frequency-specific DPOAE amplitude. CONCLUSION In a cohort of parturients with primary CMV infection, nicotine exposure was not associated with offspring hearing dysfunction assessed with DPOAEs. KEY POINTS · Nicotine exposure was quantified from maternal urine.. · Nicotine exposure was identified in 30% of the cohort.. · Exposure was not associated with offspring hearing dysfunction..
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Cleary
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Douglas A Kniss
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Lida M Fette
- George Washington University Biostatistics Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | | | | | | | - Uma M Reddy
- the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | | | - Alan T N Tita
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | | | - Kent D Heyborne
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | - Suneet P Chauhan
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Children's Memorial Hermann Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Brian M Casey
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Samuel Parry
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hyagriv N Simhan
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive SciencesUniversity of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Peter G Napolitano
- Madigan Army Medical Center, Joint Base Lewis-McChord, Washington, District of Columbia
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Longton M, Meunier A, Léonard M. [Chronic diarrhoea and weight loss secondary to nicotine use in an adolescent]. Rev Med Liege 2024; 79:6-10. [PMID: 38223963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Chronic diarrhoea is described as diarrhoea lasting more than 4 weeks. The underlying causes are multiple and the diagnostic orientation depends on several anamnestic and clinical elements. The basic work-up includes biology and stool analysis. We present the case of a 14-year-old adolescent with chronic diarrhoea and weight loss for several months. Extensive complementary analyses were performed, all being totally negative. A careful repeated clinical history revealed that the patient had a significant nicotine intake, confirmed by a urine cotinine test. Withdrawal led to a resolution of the symptomatology. Nicotine consumption in the form of nicotine replacement products among young people is increasing rapidly. Nicotine has multiple health effects, including neurological, gastrointestinal and immune adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Longton
- Service de Pédiatrie, CHR Citadelle, Liège, Belgique
| | - Adrien Meunier
- Centre d'Aide aux Fumeurs, CHR Citadelle, Liège, Belgique
| | - Marie Léonard
- Service de Gastroentérologie, Hépatologie et Nutrition pédiatrique, CHU Liège et Citadelle, Belgique
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Yang C, Yan B. Dual-Function Platform Based on Postsynthetic Functionalization of a Water-Stable Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Framework: Ratiometric Sensing of Nicotine and Cotinine and Dynamic Anticounterfeiting for Information Encryption. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:20458-20466. [PMID: 38032229 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine and its major metabolite cotinine are widely used as markers of tobacco smoke abstinence as well as indicators of active smoking levels and the assessment of passive inhalation of tobacco smoke in nonsmokers. Therefore, using an easy-to-prepare sensing platform that can provide a rapid, highly sensitive response for the simultaneous detection of salivary nicotine levels and urinary cotinine levels is especially crucial for helping heavy cigarette smokers quit smoking and protecting public health. Hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks, as a novel class of porous crystalline materials, show immense potential for functional modification and optical sensing. Herein, a new HOF was prepared by a simple solvent evaporation method, and a dual-emitting material Eu(bpy)@HOF-215(1) was obtained by the postsynthetic modification of HOF by lanthanide luminescent complexes, which maintains favorable structural stability and introduces the characteristic emitting of Eu, allowing use as a ratiometric fluorescent sensor for salivary nicotine and urinary cotinine, with a limit of detection of nicotine of 0.045 μM in saliva and a limit of detection of cotinine of 0.591 μM in urine. Furthermore, luminescent inks based on HOF-215 have been fabricated based on the photoresponse variations of 1 to NIC and COT, which enables the multilevel encryption and decryption of information, in a dynamic and recyclable process. This work not only synthesizes a novel blue HOF but also provides a representative successful case of a dual-function platform for simultaneous application to ratiometric sensing and dynamic anticounterfeiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Siping Road 1239, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Bing Yan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Siping Road 1239, Shanghai 200092, China
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Dai HD, Benowitz NL, Rogan E, Degarege A, Buckley J, Khan AS. Biomarkers of Toxic Exposure and Oxidative Stress Among U.S. Adult Users of Premium Cigar Versus Other Cigar Subtypes: 2013-2019. Nicotine Tob Res 2023; 25:S84-S93. [PMID: 37506235 PMCID: PMC10381103 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntad054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cigars are currently the second-highest-used combustible tobacco product among U.S. adults, but knowledge about health effects of premium cigars versus other cigar subtype use is limited. AIMS AND METHODS This study analyzed the biospecimen data (n = 31 875) from Waves 1-5 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study, collected during 2013-2019. Multivariable generalized estimation equations, accounting for within-person clustering, were conducted to examine differences in urine biomarkers of exposure (BOE) from five classes of harmful and potentially harmful constituents along with a biomarker of oxidative stress (urine 8-isoprostane) among exclusive users of premium cigars versus other exclusive cigar subtypes (ie, non-premium large cigars, cigarillos, and filtered cigars), cigarettes, and non-tobacco users. RESULTS In comparison to non-tobacco users, exclusive premium cigar users had higher geometric mean concentrations of the nicotine metabolite cotinine (5.8 vs. 0.5ng/mg, p < .0001), tobacco-specific nitrosamine (TSNA) (4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL): 7.8 vs. 1.3pg/mg, p < .0001), and volatile organic compound (VOC) (N-Acetyl-S-(2-cyanoethyl)-L-cysteine (CYMA, acrylonitrile): 4.7 vs. 1.6ng/mg, p < .0001). Exclusive premium cigar users were less likely to be daily users than other tobacco user groups and had comparable BOEs with exclusive non-premium large cigar users but generally lower BOEs than exclusive cigarillo, filtered cigar, and cigarette smokers. Daily exclusive premium cigar users had similar nicotine and TSNA exposure but lower exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and volatile organic compounds than exclusive cigarillo and filtered cigar users. CONCLUSIONS Premium cigar use exhibits different exposure to toxicants from other cigar subtype users. Regulations of premium cigars need to formalize product definition and take the population's health effects into consideration. IMPLICATIONS This population study provides important information on BOE and potential harm with premium cigar use and its potential health effects. At present, premium cigars appear to pose a relatively low overall population health risk due to low frequency of use. However, future regulation of other tobacco products might change the landscape of premium cigar use and alter the overall health impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongying Daisy Dai
- College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Neal L Benowitz
- The Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eleanor Rogan
- College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Abraham Degarege
- College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - James Buckley
- College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Ali S Khan
- College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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Dai HD, Leventhal AM, Khan AS. Trends in Urinary Biomarkers of Exposure to Nicotine and Carcinogens Among Adult e-Cigarette Vapers vs Cigarette Smokers in the US, 2013-2019. JAMA 2022; 328:1864-1866. [PMID: 36346420 PMCID: PMC9644255 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2022.14847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This study assesses temporal trends of biomarkers among adult nicotine and nonnicotine e-cigarette users and cigarette smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam M. Leventhal
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles
| | - Ali S. Khan
- College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha
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Edmiston JS, Webb KM, Wang J, Oliveri D, Liang Q, Sarkar M. Biomarkers of Exposure and Biomarkers of Potential Harm in Adult Smokers Who Switch to e-Vapor Products Relative to Cigarette Smoking in a 24-week, Randomized, Clinical Trial. Nicotine Tob Res 2022; 24:1047-1054. [PMID: 35134961 PMCID: PMC9199942 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntac029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Long-term health effects of e-vapor products (EVPs) are not well-established. We compared biomarkers of exposure (BoE) to select harmful and potentially harmful constituents and biomarkers of potential harm (BoPH) in adult smokers who switched to EVPs versus continued smoking for 24 weeks. METHODS Adult smokers (n = 450, >10 cigarettes per day for ≥10 years) were randomly assigned to continue smoking (control) or switch to one of two cartridge-based EVPs (test 1: classic; test 2: menthol, 4% nicotine). BoE and BoPH were measured at baseline and 12 weeks. The results presented here are from a subset of 150 control and EVP subjects (switchers with exhaled carbon monoxide <8 ppm and <10% baseline cigarettes per day) followed for 24 total weeks. RESULTS Total 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol and carboxyhemoglobin were significantly reduced (p < .0001) in tests 1 and 2 at 24 weeks. Urinary nicotine equivalents were not statistically significantly different between the control and EVP groups. At week 24, statistically significant reductions (p < .05) were observed for white blood cell counts, 11-dehydrothromboxane β2, and sICAM in both test groups, and there were several significant changes in measures of pulmonary function. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and 8-epi-prostaglandin-F2α were directionally favorable in both EVP groups versus control. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that significant reductions of selected harmful and potentially harmful constituents in EVP aerosol results in significant reductions in BoEs and favorable changes in BoPHs after switching to EVPs for 24 weeks. These changes approached those reported for smoking cessation, suggesting that switching to exclusive use of the EVPs may be less harmful than continuing smoking. IMPLICATIONS Cigarette smoking causes serious diseases. Switching from cigarettes to a noncombustible product is a potential harm reduction pathway for adult smokers unable or unwilling to quit. Long-term health effects of e-vapor products (EVPs) compared with continued smoking have not been extensively studied. We present biomarker of exposure evidence on select harmful and potentially harmful constituents and biomarkers of potential harm related to inflammation and oxidative stress in adult smokers switching to two EVPs. This study demonstrates significant reductions in biomarkers of exposure (except for nicotine) accompanied with favorable changes in various biomarkers of potential harm, including pulmonary function. The totality of evidence suggests that exclusive EVP use may present lower health risks compared with smoking cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery S Edmiston
- Altria Client Services LLC, Center for Research and Technology, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Katy M Webb
- Altria Client Services LLC, Center for Research and Technology, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Jingzhu Wang
- Altria Client Services LLC, Center for Research and Technology, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Douglas Oliveri
- Employees of Altria Client Services LLC at the time of the study
| | - Qiwei Liang
- Employees of Altria Client Services LLC at the time of the study
| | - Mohamadi Sarkar
- Altria Client Services LLC, Center for Research and Technology, Richmond, VA, USA
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Feng J, Sosnoff CS, Bernert JT, Blount BC, Li Y, Del Valle-Pinero AY, Kimmel HL, van Bemmel DM, Rutt SM, Crespo-Barreto J, Borek N, Edwards KC, Alexander R, Arnstein S, Lawrence C, Hyland A, Goniewicz ML, Rehmani I, Pine B, Pagnotti V, Wade E, Sandlin J, Luo Z, Piyankarage S, Hatsukami DK, Hecht SS, Conway KP, Wang L. Urinary Nicotine Metabolites and Self-Reported Tobacco Use Among Adults in the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study, 2013-2014. Nicotine Tob Res 2022; 24:768-777. [PMID: 35348786 PMCID: PMC9116621 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntab206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study is a longitudinal cohort study on tobacco use behavior, attitudes and beliefs, and tobacco-related health outcomes, including biomarkers of tobacco exposure in the U.S. population. In this report we provide a summary of urinary nicotine metabolite measurements among adult users and non-users of tobacco from Wave 1 (2013-2014) of the PATH Study. METHODS Total nicotine and its metabolites including cotinine, trans-3'-hydroxycotinine (HCTT), and other minor metabolites were measured in more than 11 500 adult participants by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry methods. Weighted geometric means (GM) and least square means from statistical modeling were calculated for non-users and users of various tobacco products. RESULTS Among daily users, the highest GM concentrations of nicotine, cotinine and HCTT were found in exclusive smokeless tobacco users, and the lowest in exclusive e-cigarette users. Exclusive combustible product users had intermediate concentrations, similar to those found in users of multiple products (polyusers). Concentrations increased with age within the categories of tobacco users, and differences associated with gender, race/ethnicity and educational attainment were also noted among user categories. Recent (past 12 months) former users had GM cotinine concentrations that were more than threefold greater than never users. CONCLUSIONS These urinary nicotine metabolite data provide quantification of nicotine exposure representative of the entire US adult population during 2013-2014 and may serve as a reference for similar analyses in future measurements within this study. IMPLICATIONS Nicotine and its metabolites in urine provide perhaps the most fundamental biomarkers of recent nicotine exposure. This report, based on Wave 1 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study, provides the first nationally representative data describing urinary nicotine biomarker concentrations in both non-users, and users of a variety of tobacco products including combustible, e-cigarette and smokeless products. These data provide a urinary biomarker concentration snapshot in time for the entire US population during 2013-2014, and will provide a basis for comparison with future results from continuing, periodic evaluations in the PATH Study.
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Affiliation(s)
- June Feng
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Connie S Sosnoff
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - John T Bernert
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Benjamin C Blount
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yao Li
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Arseima Y Del Valle-Pinero
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Heather L Kimmel
- Division of Epidemiology, Services and Prevention Research, National Institute of Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dana M van Bemmel
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Sharyn M Rutt
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Juan Crespo-Barreto
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Nicolette Borek
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | | | - Ricky Alexander
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stephen Arnstein
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Andrew Hyland
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Maciej L Goniewicz
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Imran Rehmani
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Brittany Pine
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Vincent Pagnotti
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Erin Wade
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - James Sandlin
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zuzheng Luo
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sujeewa Piyankarage
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kevin P Conway
- Division of Epidemiology, Services and Prevention Research, National Institute of Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lanqing Wang
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Abstract
IMPORTANCE Transitions between e-cigarettes and cigarettes are common among tobacco users, but empirical evidence on the health outcomes of switching tobacco products is scarce. OBJECTIVES To examine changes in urinary biomarkers between baseline and 1-year follow-up among adult tobacco users switching between e-cigarettes and cigarettes. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cohort study used data from wave 1 (baseline, September 2013 to December 2014) and wave 2 (1-year follow-up, October 2014 to October 2015) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study. A subset of the probability sample of US adults who voluntarily provided biospecimens at 2 waves was analyzed. Participants were divided into 3 mutually exclusive groups at baseline: exclusive cigarette smokers, exclusive e-cigarette users, and dual users. Data analysis was performed in 2021. EXPOSURES Harmful and potentially harmful constituents included nicotine metabolites, tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs; including 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol [NNAL]), metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Within-participant changes in 55 urinary biomarkers of exposure (BOEs) to harmful and potentially harmful constituents were examined using multivariable regression models. RESULTS Among 3211 participants (55.6% women, 68.3% White, 13.2% Black, and 11.8% Hispanic) at baseline, 21.9% of exclusive cigarette users, 42.8% of exclusive e-cigarette users, and 62.1% of dual users changed product use at follow-up (all percentages are weighted). There was a significant reduction in urine concentrations of TSNAs, PAHs, and VOCs when users transitioned from exclusive cigarette to exclusive e-cigarette use, with a 92% decrease in NNAL, from a mean of 168.4 pg/mg creatinine (95% CI, 102.3-277.1 pg/mg creatinine) to 12.9 pg/mg creatinine (95% CI, 6.4-25.7 pg/mg creatinine; P < .001). A similar panel of BOEs decreased when dual users transitioned to exclusive e-cigarette use; NNAL levels decreased by 96%, from a mean of 143.4 pg/mg creatinine (95% CI, 86.7-237.0 pg/mg creatinine) to 6.3 pg/mg creatinine (95% CI, 3.5-11.4 pg/mg creatinine; P < .001). Nicotine metabolites, TSNAs, PAHs, and VOCs significantly increased when baseline exclusive e-cigarette users transitioned to exclusive cigarette use or dual use. Switching from exclusive cigarette use to dual use was not associated with significant decreases in BOEs. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This national cohort study provides evidence on the potential harm reduction associated with transitioning from exclusive cigarette use or dual use to exclusive e-cigarette use. e-Cigarettes tend to supplement cigarettes through dual use instead of cessation at the population level. Continuous monitoring of BOE at the population level and assessment of BOE change by product transition are warranted, as well as defined adverse health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongying Dai
- College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha
| | - Neal L. Benowitz
- The Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco
| | - Chandran Achutan
- College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha
| | | | - Abraham Degarege
- College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha
| | - Ali S. Khan
- College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha
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Smid MC, Metz TD, McMillin GA, Mele L, Casey BM, Reddy UM, Wapner RJ, Thorp JM, Saade GR, Tita ATN, Miller ES, Rouse DJ, Sibai B, Costantine MM, Mercer BM, Caritis SN. Prenatal Nicotine or Cannabis Exposure and Offspring Neurobehavioral Outcomes. Obstet Gynecol 2022; 139:21-30. [PMID: 34856574 PMCID: PMC8715943 DOI: 10.1097/aog.0000000000004632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the association between nicotine or cannabis metabolite presence in maternal urine and child neurodevelopmental outcomes. METHODS We conducted a secondary analysis of two parallel multicenter randomized controlled trials of treatment for hypothyroxinemia or subclinical hypothyroidism among pregnant individuals enrolled at 8-20 weeks of gestation. All maternal-child dyads with a maternal urine sample at enrollment and child neurodevelopmental testing were included (N=1,197). Exposure was urine samples positive for nicotine (cotinine) or cannabis 11-nor-9-carboxy-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol [THC-COOH]) or both metabolites. Primary outcome was child IQ at 60 months. Secondary outcomes included cognitive, motor and language, attention, behavioral and social competency, and differential skills assessments at 12, 24, 36, and 48 months. Quantile regression analysis was performed with confounder adjustment. RESULTS Of 1,197 pregnant individuals, 99 (8.3%) had positive cotinine samples and 47 (3.9%) had positive THC-COOH samples; 33 (2.8%) were positive for both. Groups differed in self-reported race and ethnicity, education, marital status, insurance, and thyroid status. Median IQ was similar between cotinine-exposed and -unexposed children (90 vs 95, adjusted difference in medians -2.47, 95% CI -6.22 to 1.29) and THC-COOH-exposed and -unexposed children (89 vs 95, adjusted difference in medians -1.35, 95% CI -7.76 to 5.05). In secondary outcome analysis, children with THC-COOH exposure compared with those unexposed had higher attention scores at 48 months of age (57 vs 49, adjusted difference in medians 6.0, 95% CI 1.11-10.89). CONCLUSIONS Neither prenatal nicotine nor cannabis exposure was associated with a difference in IQ. Cannabis exposure was associated with worse attention scores in early childhood. Longitudinal studies assessing associations between child neurodevelopmental outcomes and prenatal nicotine and cannabis exposure with a focus on timing and quantity of exposure are needed. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT00388297.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela C Smid
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, University of Texas-Southwestern, Dallas, Texas, Columbia University, New York, New York, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, University of Texas-Houston, Houston, Texas, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; the Department of Pathology, University of Utah Health and ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, Utah; the George Washington University Biostatistics Center, Washington, DC; and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland
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Smith DM, Christensen C, van Bemmel D, Borek N, Ambrose B, Erives G, Niaura R, Edwards KC, Stanton CA, Blount BC, Wang L, Feng J, Jarrett JM, Ward CD, Hatsukami D, Hecht SS, Kimmel HL, Travers M, Hyland A, Goniewicz ML. Exposure to Nicotine and Toxicants Among Dual Users of Tobacco Cigarettes and E-Cigarettes: Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study, 2013-2014. Nicotine Tob Res 2021; 23:790-797. [PMID: 33590857 PMCID: PMC8095240 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntaa252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Concurrent use of tobacco cigarettes and e-cigarettes ("dual use") is common among tobacco users. Little is known about differences in demographics and toxicant exposure among subsets of dual users. AIMS AND METHODS We analyzed data from adult dual users (current every/some day users of tobacco cigarettes and e-cigarettes, n = 792) included in the PATH Study Wave 1 (2013-2014) and provided urine samples. Samples were analyzed for biomarkers of exposure to nicotine and selected toxicants (tobacco-specific nitrosamine NNK [NNAL], lead, cadmium, naphthalene [2-naphthol], pyrene [1-hydroxypyrene], acrylonitrile [CYMA], acrolein [CEMA], and acrylamide [AAMA]). Subsets of dual users were compared on demographic, behavioral, and biomarker measures to exclusive cigarette smokers (n = 2411) and exclusive e-cigarette users (n = 247). RESULTS Most dual users were predominant cigarette smokers (70%), followed by daily dual users (13%), non-daily concurrent dual users (10%), and predominant vapers (7%). Dual users who smoked daily showed significantly higher biomarker concentrations compared with those who did not smoke daily. Patterns of e-cigarette use had little effect on toxicant exposure. Dual users with high toxicant exposure were generally older, female, and smoked more cigarettes per day. Dual users who had low levels of biomarkers of exposure were generally younger, male, and smoked non-daily. CONCLUSIONS In 2013-2014, most dual users smoked cigarettes daily and used e-cigarettes occasionally. Cigarette smoking appears to be the primary driver of toxicant exposure among dual users, with little-to-no effect of e-cigarette use on biomarker levels. Results reinforce the need for dual users to stop smoking tobacco cigarettes to reduce toxicant exposure. IMPLICATIONS With considerable dual use of tobacco cigarettes and e-cigarettes in the United States, it is important to understand differences in toxicant exposure among subsets of dual users, and how these differences align with user demographics. Findings suggest most dual users smoke daily and use e-cigarettes intermittently. Low exposure to toxicants was most common among younger users, males, and intermittent smokers; high exposure to toxicants was most common among older users, females, and heavier cigarette smokers. Results underscore the heterogeneity occurring within dual users, and the need to quit smoking cigarettes completely in order to reduce toxicant exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M Smith
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Carol Christensen
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Dana van Bemmel
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Nicolette Borek
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Bridget Ambrose
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Gladys Erives
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Raymond Niaura
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kathryn C Edwards
- Behavioral Health & Health Policy Practice, Westat, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - Benjamin C Blount
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lanqing Wang
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jun Feng
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jeffery M Jarrett
- Inorganic and Radiation Analytical Toxicology Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Cynthia D Ward
- Inorganic and Radiation Analytical Toxicology Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dorothy Hatsukami
- University of Minnesota, Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- University of Minnesota, Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Heather L Kimmel
- Epidemiology Research Branch, National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mark Travers
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Andrew Hyland
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Maciej L Goniewicz
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
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11
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Quintana PJE, Lopez-Galvez N, Dodder NG, Hoh E, Matt GE, Zakarian JM, Vyas M, Chu L, Akins B, Padilla S, Anderson KA, Hovell MF. Nicotine, Cotinine, and Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines Measured in Children's Silicone Wristbands in Relation to Secondhand Smoke and E-cigarette Vapor Exposure. Nicotine Tob Res 2021; 23:592-599. [PMID: 33009807 PMCID: PMC8248526 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntaa140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Simple silicone wristbands (WB) hold promise for exposure assessment in children. We previously reported strong correlations between nicotine in WB worn by children and urinary cotinine (UC). Here, we investigated differences in WB chemical concentrations among children exposed to secondhand smoke from conventional cigarettes (CC) or secondhand vapor from electronic cigarettes (EC), and children living with nonusers of either product (NS). METHODS Children (n = 53) wore three WB and a passive nicotine air sampler for 7 days and one WB for 2 days, and gave a urine sample on day 7. Caregivers reported daily exposures during the 7-day period. We determined nicotine, cotinine, and tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) concentrations in WB, nicotine in air samplers, and UC through isotope-dilution liquid chromatography with triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry. RESULTS Nicotine and cotinine levels in WB in children differentiated between groups of children recruited into NS, EC exposed, and CC exposed groups in a similar manner to UC. WB levels were significantly higher in the CC group (WB nicotine median 233.8 ng/g silicone, UC median 3.6 ng/mL, n = 15) than the EC group (WB nicotine median: 28.9 ng/g, UC 0.5 ng/mL, n = 19), and both CC and EC group levels were higher than the NS group (WB nicotine median: 3.7 ng/g, UC 0.1 ng/mL, n = 19). TSNAs, including the known carcinogen NNK, were detected in 39% of WB. CONCLUSIONS Silicone WB show promise for sensitive detection of exposure to tobacco-related contaminants from traditional and electronic cigarettes and have potential for tobacco control efforts. IMPLICATIONS Silicone WB worn by children can absorb nicotine, cotinine, and tobacco-specific nitrosamines, and amounts of these compounds are closely related to the child's urinary cotinine. Levels of tobacco-specific compounds in the silicone WB can distinguish patterns of children's exposure to secondhand smoke and e-cigarette vapor. Silicone WB are simple to use and acceptable to children and, therefore, may be useful for tobacco control activities such as parental awareness and behavior change, and effects of smoke-free policy implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicolas Lopez-Galvez
- San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego State
University, San Diego, CA
| | - Nathan G Dodder
- San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego State
University, San Diego, CA
| | - Eunha Hoh
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego,
CA
| | - Georg E Matt
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego,
CA
| | - Joy M Zakarian
- San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego State
University, San Diego, CA
| | - Mansi Vyas
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego,
CA
| | - Linda Chu
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego,
CA
| | - Brittany Akins
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego,
CA
| | - Samuel Padilla
- San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego State
University, San Diego, CA
| | - Kim A Anderson
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University College of
Agricultural Sciences, Corvallis, OR
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12
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Habibagahi A, Siddique S, Harris SA, Alderman N, Aranda-Rodriguez R, Farhat I, Chevrier J, Kubwabo C. Challenges associated with quantification of selected urinary biomarkers of exposure to tobacco products. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1162:122490. [PMID: 33360416 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco use, of which cigarette smoking is the most common, is a global health concern and is directly linked to over 7 million premature deaths annually. Measurement of the levels of tobacco-related biomarkers in biological matrices reflects human exposure to the chemicals in tobacco products. Nicotine, nicotine metabolites, anatabine, and anabasine are specific to tobacco and nicotine containing products. However, as nicotine and its metabolites are ubiquitous in the environment, background contamination during sample preparation can occur, making the quantification of target analytes challenging. The main purpose of the present study was to examine quality control measures needed in the determination of urinary nicotine, nicotine metabolites, anatabine, and anabasine. Urine samples (n = 75) and NIST standard reference materials SRM 3671 and SRM 3672 were analysed. A one-step extraction procedure using cold acetone was used in this study, which involved no additional clean up. The blank matrices investigated included synthetic urine prepared with HPLC-grade water, synthetic urine prepared with Milli-Q water, and bovine urine. By adopting strategies for minimizing the background levels, very low detection limits for all the target analytes ranging from 0.025 ng/mL for 3-hydroxycotinine to 0.634 ng/mL for nicotine, were achieved. Recoveries ranged between 67% and 118% with RSD values below 20%. Intra-day and inter-day precisions were in the range of 1.1-11.7% and 4.8-25.2%, respectively. The levels of all target analytes were higher in daily smokers than in non-smokers, with the largest difference observed for 3-hydroxycotinine. No difference was observed in the levels of target analytes between individuals who were former smokers, who never smoked or who were exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), except for total nicotine equivalents (TNE), which was significantly higher in non-smokers exposed to environmental tobacco smoke compared with study participants who never smoked. The results obtained from SRM 3671 and SRM 3672 could inform a potential certification of additional biomarkers of exposure to tobacco products in those standard reference materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Habibagahi
- Exposure and Biomonitoring Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Shabana Siddique
- Exposure and Biomonitoring Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Shelley A Harris
- Department of Epidemiology & Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nicholas Alderman
- Exposure and Biomonitoring Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Present address: Analysis and Air Quality Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Rocio Aranda-Rodriguez
- Exposure and Biomonitoring Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Imen Farhat
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jonathan Chevrier
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Cariton Kubwabo
- Exposure and Biomonitoring Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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13
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Carroll DM, Cigan S, Ikuemonisan J, Hammonds T, Stepanov I, St. Helen G, Benowitz N, Hatsukami DK. Relationships Between Race, Gender, and Spot Urine Levels of Biomarkers of Tobacco Exposure Vary Based on How Creatinine Is Handled in Analyses. Nicotine Tob Res 2020; 22:2109-2113. [PMID: 32598452 PMCID: PMC7593361 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntaa117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We illustrate the differential impact of common analysis approaches to handling urinary creatinine, a measure for urine dilution, on relationships between race, gender, and biomarkers of exposure measured in spot urine. METHODS In smokers, spot urine levels of total nicotine equivalents (TNE, sum of total nicotine, total cotinine, and total 3'-hydroxycotinine) and total 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) overall and per cigarette were examined. Relationships between race (African Americans [AA] n = 373, Whites n = 758) or gender (males n = 629, females n = 502) and TNE or NNAL were examined using the following approaches to handling creatinine: (1) unadjusted/unstandardized; (2) standardization; (3) adjustment as a covariate. Significance was considered at p < .05. RESULTS Creatinine was higher in AA versus Whites (1.19 vs. 0.96 mg/mL; p < .0001) and in males versus females (1.21 vs. 0.84 mg/mL; p < .0001). Independent of how creatinine was handled, TNE was lower among AA than Whites (TNE ratios AA vs. Whites: 0.67-0.84; p's < .05). Unadjusted TNE per cigarette was higher among AA versus Whites (ratio 1.12; p = .0411); however, the relationship flipped with standardization (ratio 0.90; p = .0360) and adjustment (ratio 0.95; p = .3165). Regarding gender, unadjusted TNE was higher among males versus females (ratio 1.13; p = .0063), but the relationship flipped with standardization (ratio 0.79; p < .0001) or adjustment (ratio 0.89; p = .0018). Unadjusted TNE per cigarette did not differ across gender (ratio 0.98; p = .6591), but lower levels were found in males versus females with standardization (ratio 0.68; p < .0001) and adjustment (ratio 0.74; p < .0001). NNAL displayed similar patterns. CONCLUSIONS Relationships between race, gender, and spot urine levels of biomarkers of exposure can vary greatly based on how creatinine is handled in analyses. IMPLICATIONS Lack of appropriate methods can lead to discrepancies across reports on variability of urinary biomarkers by race and gender. We recommend that for any analyses of biomarkers of exposure measure in spot urine samples across race, gender, or other population subgroups that differ in urinary creatinine levels, sensitivity analyses comparing the different methods for handling urinary creatinine should be conducted. If methods result in discrepant findings, this should be clearly noted and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana M Carroll
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Shannon Cigan
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | - Taylor Hammonds
- Graduate Program in Regulatory Sciences and Interdisciplinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Irina Stepanov
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Gideon St. Helen
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Neal Benowitz
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Dorothy K Hatsukami
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
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14
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Jay J, Pfaunmiller EL, Huang NJ, Cohen G, Graff DW. Five-Day Changes in Biomarkers of Exposure Among Adult Smokers After Completely Switching From Combustible Cigarettes to a Nicotine-Salt Pod System. Nicotine Tob Res 2020; 22:1285-1293. [PMID: 31688930 PMCID: PMC7364828 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntz206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study examined changes in biomarkers of exposure (BoE) after 5 days of nicotine-salt pod system (NSPS) use, compared with continuation of usual-cigarette smoking and cigarette abstinence, among adult combustible cigarette smokers. AIMS AND METHODS A randomized, open-label, parallel-cohort, confinement study of healthy adult smokers, naive to NSPS use, was conducted. Participants (N = 90) were randomized to six cohorts (n = 15 each): exclusive ad libitum use of NSPS (four flavors: Virginia Tobacco, Mint, Mango, Creme), continuation of usual-brand cigarette smoking, or cigarette abstinence. Total nicotine equivalents and BoE (NNN, NNAL, 3-HPMA, MHBMA, S-PMA, HMPMA, CEMA, 1-OHP, and COHb) were measured. RESULTS Eight non-nicotine BoEs, measured in urine, were reduced by an aggregate of 85.0% in the pooled NSPS cohort; increased by 14.4% in the cigarette cohort (p < .001 for pooled NSPS vs. cigarette); and reduced by 85.3% in the abstinence cohort (p > .05; 99.6% relative reduction between pooled NSPS vs. abstinence). Similar changes in individual BoEs were also observed (p < .001 for each BoE between pooled NSPS vs. cigarettes; and abstinence vs. pooled NSPS; p > .05 for each BoE between pooled NSPS vs. abstinence). Blood COHb decreased by 71.8% in the pooled NSPS cohort and 69.1% in the abstinence cohort (p > .05) and increased by 13.3% in the cigarette cohort (p < .001). Mean total urine nicotine equivalents increased in the pooled NSPS and cigarette cohorts by 9% and 26%, respectively, and did not significantly differ (p > .05). CONCLUSION Complete switching from cigarettes to NSPS produced significant reductions in key non-nicotine BoEs associated with cigarette smoking. IMPLICATIONS The results of this study concorded with evidence that complete switching from combustible cigarettes to tobacco and nontobacco-flavored vapor products may reduce exposure to key carcinogens and other toxicants known to be associated with tobacco-related diseases. Future research is needed to assess the long-term health effects of NSPS use. These results should not be interpreted to mean that the use of NSPS is without any risk, particularly for nonusers of tobacco products.
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15
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Smith TT, Koopmeiners JS, White CM, Denlinger-Apte RL, Pacek LR, De Jesús VR, Wang L, Watson C, Blount BC, Hatsukami DK, Benowitz NL, Donny EC, Carpenter MJ. The Impact of Exclusive Use of Very Low Nicotine Cigarettes on Compensatory Smoking: An Inpatient Crossover Clinical Trial. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020; 29:880-886. [PMID: 32102910 PMCID: PMC7125007 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-19-0963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The FDA is considering a mandated reduction in the nicotine content of cigarettes. Clinical trials have been limited by non-study cigarette use (noncompliance), which could mask compensation. The goal of this study was to assess whether compensation occurs when smokers provided with very low nicotine cigarettes cannot access normal nicotine cigarettes. METHODS In a within-subjects, crossover design, current smokers (n = 16) were confined to a hotel for two 4-night hotel stays during which they were only able to access the research cigarettes provided. The hotel stays offered normal nicotine cigarettes or very low nicotine content (VLNC) cigarettes, in an unblinded design, available for "purchase" via a study bank. RESULTS In the context of complete compliance with the study cigarettes (n = 16), there was not a significant increase during the VLNC condition for cigarettes smoked per day, expired carbon monoxide, or N-acetyl-S-(cyanoethyl)-l-cysteine (cyanoethyl-MA, metabolite of acrylonitrile). There was a significant nicotine × time interaction on urine N-acetyl-S-(3-hydroxypropyl)-l-cysteine (hydroxypropyl-MA, metabolite of acrolein), driven by an increase in the VLNC condition during the first 24 hours. By the end of the VLNC condition, there was no evidence of compensation across any measure of smoking or smoke exposure. CONCLUSIONS Among current smokers who exclusively used VLNC cigarettes for 4 days, there was no significant compensatory smoking behavior. IMPACT These data, combined with the larger body of work, suggest that a mandated reduction in nicotine content is unlikely to result in an increase in smoking behavior to obtain more nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy T Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.
| | - Joseph S Koopmeiners
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Cassidy M White
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Rachel L Denlinger-Apte
- Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Lauren R Pacek
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Víctor R De Jesús
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lanqing Wang
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Clifford Watson
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Benjamin C Blount
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Dorothy K Hatsukami
- Department of Psychiatry and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Neal L Benowitz
- Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Eric C Donny
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Matthew J Carpenter
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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Cheng YC, Reyes-Guzman CM, Christensen CH, Rostron BL, Edwards KC, Wang L, Feng J, Jarrett JM, Ward CD, Xia B, Kimmel HL, Conway K, Leggett C, Taylor K, Lawrence C, Niaura R, Travers MJ, Hyland A, Hecht SS, Hatsukami DK, Goniewicz ML, Borek N, Blount BC, van Bemmel DM. Biomarkers of Exposure among Adult Smokeless Tobacco Users in the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study (Wave 1, 2013-2014). Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020; 29:659-667. [PMID: 31988072 PMCID: PMC7079166 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-19-0766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monitoring population-level toxicant exposures from smokeless tobacco (SLT) use is important for assessing population health risks due to product use. In this study, we assessed tobacco biomarkers of exposure (BOE) among SLT users from the Wave 1 (2013-2014) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study. METHODS Urinary biospecimens were collected from adults ages 18 and older. Biomarkers of nicotine, tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNA), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), volatile organic compounds (VOC), metals, and inorganic arsenic were analyzed and reported among exclusive current established SLT users in comparison with exclusive current established cigarette smokers, dual SLT and cigarette users, and never tobacco users. RESULTS In general, SLT users (n = 448) have significantly higher concentrations of BOE to nicotine, TSNAs, and PAHs compared with never tobacco users; significant dose-response relationships between frequency of SLT use and biomarker concentrations were also reported among exclusive SLT daily users. Exclusive SLT daily users have higher geometric mean concentrations of total nicotine equivalent-2 (TNE2) and TSNAs than exclusive cigarette daily smokers. In contrast, geometric mean concentrations of PAHs and VOCs were substantially lower among exclusive SLT daily users than exclusive cigarette daily smokers. CONCLUSIONS Our study produced a comprehensive assessment of SLT product use and 52 biomarkers of tobacco exposure. Compared with cigarette smokers, SLT users experience greater concentrations of some tobacco toxicants, including nicotine and TSNAs. IMPACT Our data add information on the risk assessment of exposure to SLT-related toxicants. High levels of harmful constituents in SLT remain a health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ching Cheng
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Beltsville, Maryland.
| | - Carolyn M Reyes-Guzman
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Beltsville, Maryland
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Carol H Christensen
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Brian L Rostron
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Beltsville, Maryland
| | | | - Lanqing Wang
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jun Feng
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Cynthia D Ward
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Baoyun Xia
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Heather L Kimmel
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Kevin Conway
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Carmine Leggett
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Beltsville, Maryland
| | | | | | - Ray Niaura
- New York University College of Global Public Health, New York, New York
| | | | | | - Stephen S Hecht
- University of Minnesota, Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | | | - Nicolette Borek
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Beltsville, Maryland
| | | | - Dana M van Bemmel
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Beltsville, Maryland
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17
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Benowitz NL, St. Helen G, Nardone N, Cox LS, Jacob P. Urine Metabolites for Estimating Daily Intake of Nicotine From Cigarette Smoking. Nicotine Tob Res 2020; 22:288-292. [PMID: 30852610 PMCID: PMC7297087 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntz034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Accurate measurement of nicotine exposure from cigarette smoke is important in studying disease risk and level of dependence. Urine total nicotine equivalents, the molar sum of nicotine and six metabolites (NE7), accounts for more than 90% of a nicotine dose and is independent of individual metabolic differences. However, measuring NE7 is technically difficult and costly. We compared NE7, the gold standard of nicotine intake, with different combinations of fewer urinary nicotine metabolites. We also examined the impact of individual differences in nicotine metabolic rate, sex, and race on strength of association with NE7. METHODS Urine samples from 796 daily smokers, who participated across five clinical studies, were assayed for nicotine and/or metabolites. Associations with NE7 were assessed by regression and Bland-Altman analyses. RESULTS Overall, the molar sum of urine [cotinine + 3'-hydroxycotinine (3HC)] (NE2) and [nicotine +
cotinine + 3HC] (NE3) were strongly correlated with NE7 (r = .97 and .99, respectively). However, in slow metabolizers NE2 was less predictive of NE7, whereas NE3 was equally robust. Urine total cotinine was also strongly correlated with NE7 (r = .87). CONCLUSIONS Urine NE3 is a robust biomarker of daily nicotine intake, independently of individual metabolic differences, whereas NE2 is less accurate in slow metabolizers. Our findings inform the selection of more rigorous and cost-effective measures to assess nicotine exposure in tobacco research studies. IMPLICATIONS The molar sum of urine total nicotine, cotinine and 3HC (NE3) is a robust biomarker of daily nicotine intake, independently of individual metabolic differences, and performs as well as measuring seven nicotine metabolites (NE7). The sum of cotinine and 3HC (NE2) is less accurate in slow metabolizers. Our findings inform the selection of more rigorous and cost-effective measures to assess nicotine exposure in tobacco research studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal L Benowitz
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Gideon St. Helen
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Natalie Nardone
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Lisa Sanderson Cox
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Kansas Medical School, Kansas City, KS
| | - Peyton Jacob
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA
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18
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Yan D, Lou Y, Yang Y, Chen Z, Cai Y, Guo Z, Zhan H, Chen B. Dye-Modified Metal-Organic Framework as a Recyclable Luminescent Sensor for Nicotine Determination in Urine Solution and Living Cell. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:47253-47258. [PMID: 31763819 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b17310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A water-stable and pH-independent sensor for qualitative and quantitative detection of nicotine in urine solution and living cell was successfully developed. This material, named MB@UiO-66-NH2, can be synthesized by encapsulating methylene blue (MB) with a well-known metal-organic framework (MOF) UiO-66-NH2 through a simple impregnation method. The fluorescence intensity of the system was significantly enhanced when a certain amount of nicotine was added. In the meanwhile, MB is reduced by reductive nicotine to form leucomethylene blue (LB). The proposed sensor displayed excellent selectivity and sensitivity toward nicotine with limit of detection (LOD) of 0.98 μM, which is comparable or even better than that of the electrochemistry detecting methods for nicotine. The obvious enhancement and blue shift of the emission arise from the photoinduced electron transfer (PET) from LB to the UiO-66-NH2. The photophysical properties and the sensing applications of MB@UiO-66-NH2 suggest that this composite can be acted as a sensitive, selective, recyclable, and fluorogenic sensor for nicotine determination in urine solution and living cell.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Banglin Chen
- Department of Chemistry , University of Texas at San Antonio , One UTSA Circle , San Antonio , Texas 78249-0698 , United States
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19
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Gale N, McEwan M, Eldridge AC, Fearon IM, Sherwood N, Bowen E, McDermott S, Holmes E, Hedge A, Hossack S, Wakenshaw L, Glew J, Camacho OM, Errington G, McAughey J, Murphy J, Liu C, Proctor CJ. Changes in Biomarkers of Exposure on Switching From a Conventional Cigarette to Tobacco Heating Products: A Randomized, Controlled Study in Healthy Japanese Subjects. Nicotine Tob Res 2019; 21:1220-1227. [PMID: 29912406 PMCID: PMC6698948 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nty104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking is a leading cause of numerous human disorders including pulmonary disease, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Disease development is primarily caused by exposure to cigarette smoke constituents, many of which are known toxicants. Switching smokers to modified risk tobacco products (MRTPs) has been suggested as a potential means to reduce the risks of tobacco use, by reducing such exposure. METHODS This randomized, controlled study investigated whether biomarkers of toxicant exposure (BoE) were reduced when smokers switched from smoking combustible cigarettes to using a novel (glo™/THP1.0) or in-market comparator (iQOS/THS) tobacco heating product (THP). One hundred eighty Japanese smokers smoked combustible cigarettes during a 2-day baseline period, followed by randomization to either continue smoking cigarettes, switch to using mentholated or non-mentholated variants of glo™, switch to using a non-mentholated variant of iQOS, or quit nicotine and tobacco product use completely for 5 days. Baseline and post-randomization 24-h urine samples were collected for BoE analysis. Carbon monoxide was measured daily in exhaled breath (eCO). RESULTS On day 5 after switching, urinary BoE (excluding for nicotine) and eCO levels were significantly (p < .05) reduced by medians between 20.9% and 92.1% compared with baseline in all groups either using glo™ or iQOS or quitting tobacco use. Between-group comparisons revealed that the reductions in the glo™ groups were similar (p > .05) to quitting in many cases. CONCLUSIONS glo™ or iQOS use for 5 days reduced exposure to smoke toxicants in a manner comparable to quitting tobacco use. THPs are reduced exposure tobacco products with the potential to be MRTPs. IMPLICATIONS This clinical study demonstrates that when smokers switched from smoking combustible cigarettes to using tobacco heating products their exposure to smoke toxicants was significantly decreased. In many cases, this was to the same extent as that seen when they quit smoking completely. This may indicate that these products have the potential to be reduced exposure and/or reduced risk tobacco products when used by smokers whose cigarette consumption is displaced completely. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATIONS ISRCTN14301360 and UMIN000024988.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Gale
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Southampton, UK
| | - Mike McEwan
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Southampton, UK
| | - Alison C Eldridge
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Southampton, UK
| | | | | | - Edward Bowen
- Early Clinical Services Medical Writing, Global Medical and Regulatory Writing, Covance Clinical Research Unit Limited, Leeds, UK
| | - Simon McDermott
- Early Clinical Development, Covance Clinical and Periapproval Services Limited, Leeds, UK
| | - Emma Holmes
- Early Clinical Development, Covance Clinical and Periapproval Services Limited, Leeds, UK
| | - Andrew Hedge
- Early Clinical Development, Covance Clinical and Periapproval Services Limited, Leeds, UK
| | - Stuart Hossack
- Early Clinical Development, Covance Clinical and Periapproval Services Limited, Leeds, UK
| | - Louise Wakenshaw
- Early Clinical Services Medical Writing, Global Medical and Regulatory Writing, Covance Clinical Research Unit Limited, Leeds, UK
| | - James Glew
- Early Clinical Development, Covance Clinical and Periapproval Services Limited, Leeds, UK
| | - Oscar M Camacho
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Southampton, UK
| | - Graham Errington
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Southampton, UK
| | - John McAughey
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Southampton, UK
| | - James Murphy
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Southampton, UK
| | - Chuan Liu
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Southampton, UK
| | - Christopher J Proctor
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Southampton, UK
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20
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Ahijevych K, Szalacha LA, Tan A. Effects of Menthol Flavor Cigarettes or Total Urinary Menthol on Biomarkers of Nicotine and Carcinogenic Exposure and Behavioral Measures. Nicotine Tob Res 2019; 21:1189-1197. [PMID: 30137555 PMCID: PMC6698947 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nty170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The effects of either menthol flavor cigarettes or total urinary menthol on nicotine dependence, biomarkers of addictive and carcinogenic exposure, and behavioral measures may inform differences and similarities of these two approaches. METHODS Stratified recruitment by cigarette (menthol flavor or regular) and race (African American and white) yielded a balanced sample of 136 adult smokers in a 36-hour inpatient protocol. Exposure measures assessed during 24-hour data collection included urinary menthol, total NNAL [4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol], 10 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites, baseline plasma cotinine, plasma nicotine pre- and post-smoking, exhaled carbon monoxide pre- and post-smoking, and cigarette puff volumes. The latter three were measured at four specified timepoints throughout the day. RESULTS There were no significant differences between menthol flavor and regular cigarette smokers in measures of nicotine dependence, biomarkers of addictive and carcinogenic exposures, or behavioral measures. Significant race × cigarette type interaction effects were found for two biomarkers: plasma nicotine and 3-hydroxyphenanthrene. Total urinary menthol was significantly associated with higher levels of nearly all dependent variables including puff volume, exhaled carbon monoxide, plasma nicotine and cotinine, NNAL, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The significant effects of total urinary menthol were sustained after adjusting for menthol flavor and regular cigarette type and other covariates (eg, number of cigarettes per day, baseline cotinine, and baseline nicotine). CONCLUSIONS Urinary menthol is an independent predictive biomarker for nicotine dependence, addictive and carcinogenic exposure, and behaviors. IMPLICATIONS Comparison of the effects of menthol flavor and total urinary menthol on nicotine dependence, biomarkers of addictive and carcinogenic exposure, and behavioral measures emphasizes the important significant contribution of total urinary menthol concentrations in contrast to no significant associations by dichotomous cigarette type with these biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura A Szalacha
- USF Health Morsani College of Medicine and College of Nursing, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Alai Tan
- Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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21
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Boykan R, Goniewicz ML, Messina CR. Evidence of Nicotine Dependence in Adolescents Who Use Juul and Similar Pod Devices. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16:ijerph16122135. [PMID: 31212888 PMCID: PMC6617161 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16122135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background: The use of high-nicotine content e-cigarettes (so-called pods, such as Juul) among adolescents raises concerns about early onset of nicotine addiction. Methods: In this analysis of adolescents surveyed from April 2017–April 2018, we compare survey responses and urinary cotinine of pod vs. non-pod using past-week e-cigarette users aged 12–21. Results: More pod users categorized themselves as daily users compared to non-pod users (63.0% vs. 11.0%; p = 0.001); more pod than non-pod users had used e-cigarettes within the past day (76.2% vs. 29.6%; p = 0.001). More pod users responded affirmatively to nicotine dependence questions (21.4% vs. 7.1%; p = 0.04). Urinary cotinine levels were compared among those responding positively and negatively to dependence questions: those with positive responses had significantly higher urinary cotinine levels than those responding negatively. Conclusions: Adolescents who used pod products showed more signs of nicotine dependence than non-pod users. Pediatricians should be vigilant in identifying dependence symptoms in their patients who use e-cigarettes, particularly in those using pod devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Boykan
- Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
| | | | - Catherine R Messina
- Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
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22
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Wang Y, Narayanapillai SC, Hu Q, Fujioka N, Xing C. Detection and quantification of 4-hydroxy-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (HPB) from smoker albumin and its potential as a surrogate biomarker of tobacco-specific nitrosamines exposure and bioactivation. Toxicol Lett 2019; 311:11-16. [PMID: 31026483 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
4-(Methylnitrosamino)-l-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and N-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), two tobacco specific nitrosamine carcinogens, can form adducts with DNA and proteins via pyridyloxobutylation upon phase I enzyme-mediated bioactivation. Such DNA modifications have been proposed as the root cause to initiate carcinogenesis. Upon hydrolysis, both DNA and protein modifications would release 4-hydroxy-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (HPB). The released HPB, being tobacco carcinogen specific, has the potential to serve as a surrogate biomarker for both tobacco exposure and carcinogen bioactivation. Because of its easy access, blood is a great source of such investigations with the potential in epidemiological application. HPB quantification from haemoglobin (Hb), however, has been demonstrated with limited success. To further explore this potentially paradigm-shift opportunity, we reported, for the first time, the detection and quantification of HPB from albumin (Alb) adducts formed by the tobacco-specific nitrosamines in mice and in human smokers. The time-course quantitative analysis of HPB from mouse Alb upon NNK exposure suggests that such an Alb adduct is stable. The amounts of HPB from Alb adducts in smoker plasma averaged 1.82 ± 0.19 pg/mg Alb (0.42 to 3.11 pg/mg Alb), which was 36 times the value in nonsmokers (0.05 ± 0.01 pg/mg Alb). Importantly, HPB level from Alb correlated positively with the level of human tobacco exposure estimated by urinary total nicotine equivalent (TNE) (R2 = 0.6170). For comparison, HPB level from Alb was 16.5 times that of Hb (0.12 ± 0.02 pg/mg Hb) in the plasma and red blood cell (RBC) samples of the same smokers. In addition, there was no significant correlation between HPB levels from Hb and TNE (R2 = 0.0719). These data overall suggest that HPB from Alb adducts can serve as a surrogate biomarker to monitor the level of tobacco exposure and carcinogenic nitrosamine bioactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
| | | | - Qi Hu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
| | - Naomi Fujioka
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Chengguo Xing
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States.
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23
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Goniewicz ML, Smith DM, Edwards KC, Blount BC, Caldwell KL, Feng J, Wang L, Christensen C, Ambrose B, Borek N, van Bemmel D, Konkel K, Erives G, Stanton CA, Lambert E, Kimmel HL, Hatsukami D, Hecht SS, Niaura RS, Travers M, Lawrence C, Hyland AJ. Comparison of Nicotine and Toxicant Exposure in Users of Electronic Cigarettes and Combustible Cigarettes. JAMA Netw Open 2018; 1:e185937. [PMID: 30646298 PMCID: PMC6324349 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.5937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) is increasing. Measures of exposure to known tobacco-related toxicants among e-cigarette users will inform potential health risks to individual product users. OBJECTIVES To estimate concentrations of tobacco-related toxicants among e-cigarette users and compare these biomarker concentrations with those observed in combustible cigarette users, dual users, and never tobacco users. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A population-based, longitudinal cohort study was conducted in the United States in 2013-2014. Cross-sectional analysis was performed between November 4, 2016, and October 5, 2017, of biomarkers of exposure to tobacco-related toxicants collected by the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study. Participants included adults who provided a urine sample and data on tobacco use (N = 5105). EXPOSURES The primary exposure was tobacco use, including current exclusive e-cigarette users (n = 247), current exclusive cigarette smokers (n = 2411), and users of both products (dual users) (n = 792) compared with never tobacco users (n = 1655). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Geometric mean concentrations of 50 individual biomarkers from 5 major classes of tobacco product constituents were measured: nicotine, tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs), metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). RESULTS Of the 5105 participants, most were aged 35 to 54 years (weighted percentage, 38%; 95% CI, 35%-40%), women (60%; 95% CI, 59%-62%), and non-Hispanic white (61%; 95% CI, 58%-64%). Compared with exclusive e-cigarette users, never users had 19% to 81% significantly lower concentrations of biomarkers of exposure to nicotine, TSNAs, some metals (eg, cadmium and lead), and some VOCs (including acrylonitrile). Exclusive e-cigarette users showed 10% to 98% significantly lower concentrations of biomarkers of exposure, including TSNAs, PAHs, most VOCs, and nicotine, compared with exclusive cigarette smokers; concentrations were comparable for metals and 3 VOCs. Exclusive cigarette users showed 10% to 36% lower concentrations of several biomarkers than dual users. Frequency of cigarette use among dual users was positively correlated with nicotine and toxicant exposure. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Exclusive use of e-cigarettes appears to result in measurable exposure to known tobacco-related toxicants, generally at lower levels than cigarette smoking. Toxicant exposure is greatest among dual users, and frequency of combustible cigarette use is positively correlated with tobacco toxicant concentration. These findings provide evidence that using combusted tobacco cigarettes alone or in combination with e-cigarettes is associated with higher concentrations of potentially harmful tobacco constituents in comparison with using e-cigarettes alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej L. Goniewicz
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Danielle M. Smith
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | | | - Benjamin C. Blount
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kathleen L. Caldwell
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jun Feng
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lanqing Wang
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Carol Christensen
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Bridget Ambrose
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Nicolette Borek
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Dana van Bemmel
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Karen Konkel
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Gladys Erives
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Raymond S. Niaura
- The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies, Truth Initiative, Washington, DC
| | - Mark Travers
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | | | - Andrew J. Hyland
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
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Perez-Paramo YX, Chen G, Ashmore JH, Watson CJW, Nasrin S, Adams-Haduch J, Wang R, Gao YT, Koh WP, Yuan JM, Lazarus P. Nicotine- N'-Oxidation by Flavin Monooxygenase Enzymes. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2018; 28:311-320. [PMID: 30381441 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-18-0669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The major mode of metabolism of nicotine is by hydroxylation via cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2A6, but it can also undergo glucuronidation by UDP-glucuronosyltransferases and oxidation by flavin monooxygenases (FMO). The goal of this study was to examine the potential importance of FMOs in nicotine metabolism and assess the potential impact of missense polymorphisms in active FMOs on nicotine-N'-oxide (NOX) formation. METHODS Urine samples from 106 current Chinese smokers were analyzed for nicotine metabolites by mass spectrometry. Wild-type FMOs 1-5 and their most prevalent nonsynonymous variants were cloned and overexpressed in HEK293 cells, and were tested in oxidation reactions against nicotine. RESULTS A strong inverse correlation was observed between the ratio of urinary 3'-hydroxycotinine/cotinine, a measure of CYP2A6 activity, and the urinary levels of NOX alone (r = -0.383; P < 0.001) or NOX measured as a ratio of total nicotine metabolites (r = -0.414; P < 0.001) in smokers. In addition to FMO1 and FMO3, the functional FMO2427Q isoform was active against nicotine, whereas FMO4 and FMO5 exhibited low activity against nicotine (K m > 5.0 mmol/L). Significant (P < 0.05) decreases in N'-oxidation activity (V max/K m) were observed for the FMO1I303V, FMO3N61S, FMO3D132H, FMO3V257M, and FMO3E308G variants in vitro when compared with their respective wild-type isoforms; the truncated FMO2Q472stop isoform exhibited no enzyme activity. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that increases in nicotine-N'-oxidation occur in subjects with deficient CYP2A6 activity, and that several FMO enzymes are active in nicotine-N'-oxidation. IMPACT Several common missense FMO variants are associated with altered enzyme activity against nicotine and may play an important role in nicotine metabolism in low-CYP2A6 activity subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadira X Perez-Paramo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Joseph H Ashmore
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Christy J W Watson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Shamema Nasrin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Jennifer Adams-Haduch
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Renwei Wang
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yu-Tang Gao
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Woon-Puay Koh
- Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jian-Min Yuan
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Philip Lazarus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington.
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Shahab L, Goniewicz ML, Blount BC, Brown J, McNeill A, Alwis KU, Feng J, Wang L, West R. Nicotine, Carcinogen, and Toxin Exposure in Long-Term E-Cigarette and Nicotine Replacement Therapy Users: A Cross-sectional Study. Ann Intern Med 2017; 166:390-400. [PMID: 28166548 PMCID: PMC5362067 DOI: 10.7326/m16-1107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the rapid increase in the popularity of e-cigarettes and the paucity of associated longitudinal health-related data, the need to assess the potential risks of long-term use is essential. OBJECTIVE To compare exposure to nicotine, tobacco-related carcinogens, and toxins among smokers of combustible cigarettes only, former smokers with long-term e-cigarette use only, former smokers with long-term nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) use only, long-term dual users of both combustible cigarettes and e-cigarettes, and long-term users of both combustible cigarettes and NRT. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING United Kingdom. PARTICIPANTS The following 5 groups were purposively recruited: combustible cigarette-only users, former smokers with long-term (≥6 months) e-cigarette-only or NRT-only use, and long-term dual combustible cigarette-e-cigarette or combustible cigarette-NRT users (n = 36 to 37 per group; total n = 181). MEASUREMENTS Sociodemographic and smoking characteristics were assessed. Participants provided urine and saliva samples and were analyzed for biomarkers of nicotine, tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines (TSNAs), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). RESULTS After confounders were controlled for, no clear between-group differences in salivary or urinary biomarkers of nicotine intake were found. The e-cigarette-only and NRT-only users had significantly lower metabolite levels for TSNAs (including the carcinogenic metabolite 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol [NNAL]) and VOCs (including metabolites of the toxins acrolein; acrylamide; acrylonitrile; 1,3-butadiene; and ethylene oxide) than combustible cigarette-only, dual combustible cigarette-e-cigarette, or dual combustible cigarette-NRT users. The e-cigarette-only users had significantly lower NNAL levels than all other groups. Combustible cigarette-only, dual combustible cigarette-NRT, and dual combustible cigarette-e-cigarette users had largely similar levels of TSNA and VOC metabolites. LIMITATION Cross-sectional design with self-selected sample. CONCLUSION Former smokers with long-term e-cigarette-only or NRT-only use may obtain roughly similar levels of nicotine compared with smokers of combustible cigarettes only, but results varied. Long-term NRT-only and e-cigarette-only use, but not dual use of NRTs or e-cigarettes with combustible cigarettes, is associated with substantially reduced levels of measured carcinogens and toxins relative to smoking only combustible cigarettes. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE Cancer Research UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lion Shahab
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Maciej L. Goniewicz
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Benjamin C. Blount
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jamie Brown
- Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ann McNeill
- Addictions Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, UK
| | - K. Udeni Alwis
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - June Feng
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lanqing Wang
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Robert West
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
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Bekö G, Morrison G, Weschler CJ, Koch HM, Pälmke C, Salthammer T, Schripp T, Toftum J, Clausen G. Measurements of dermal uptake of nicotine directly from air and clothing. Indoor Air 2017; 27:427-433. [PMID: 27555532 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In this preliminary study, we have investigated whether dermal uptake of nicotine directly from air or indirectly from clothing can be a meaningful exposure pathway. Two participants wearing only shorts and a third participant wearing clean cotton clothes were exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), generated by mechanically "smoking" cigarettes, for three hours in a chamber while breathing clean air from head-enveloping hoods. The average nicotine concentration (420 μg/m3 ) was comparable to the highest levels reported for smoking sections of pubs. Urine samples were collected immediately before exposure and 60 hour post-exposure for bare-skinned participants. For the clothed participant, post-exposure urine samples were collected for 24 hour. This participant then entered the chamber for another three-hour exposure wearing a hood and clothes, including a shirt that had been exposed for five days to elevated nicotine levels. The urine samples were analyzed for nicotine and two metabolites-cotinine and 3OH-cotinine. Peak urinary cotinine and 3OH-cotinine concentrations for the bare-skinned participants were comparable to levels measured among non-smokers in hospitality environments before smoking bans. The amount of dermally absorbed nicotine for each bare-skinned participant was conservatively estimated at 570 μg, but may have been larger. For the participant wearing clean clothes, uptake was ~20 μg, and while wearing a shirt previously exposed to nicotine, uptake was ~80 μg. This study demonstrates meaningful dermal uptake of nicotine directly from air or from nicotine-exposed clothes. The findings are especially relevant for children in homes with smoking or vaping.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bekö
- Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - G Morrison
- Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA
| | - C J Weschler
- Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - H M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Bochum, Germany
| | - C Pälmke
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - T Schripp
- Fraunhofer WKI, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - J Toftum
- Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - G Clausen
- Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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Lüdicke F, Baker G, Magnette J, Picavet P, Weitkunat R. Reduced Exposure to Harmful and Potentially Harmful Smoke Constituents With the Tobacco Heating System 2.1. Nicotine Tob Res 2017; 19:168-175. [PMID: 27613951 PMCID: PMC5234364 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Heating rather than burning tobacco reduces levels of harmful and potentially harmful constituents, and consumer products using this approach aim to reduce exposure to tobacco toxicants. The Tobacco Heating System (THS) version 2.1 has been enhanced from earlier prototypes with an improved heat control and sensorial experience and thereby user acceptance. Exposure measurements are required to determine whether it may be possible to reduce the individual health risk compared to smoking combustible cigarettes (CCs). METHODS This controlled clinical study randomly assigned 40 smokers to either a group continuing to use of their own CC brand (n = 20) or a group switching to THS 2.1 (n = 20) for 5 days. Biomarkers of exposure were measured at baseline and on day 1 through day 5. Product consumption, Human Puffing Topography, the occurrence of adverse events, and an assessment of subjective effects, such as smoking satisfaction and enjoyment of respiratory tract sensations, were also determined. RESULTS The group of smokers who switched to THS 2.1 adapted their puffing behavior initially through longer puff duration and more puffs. During the duration of the study, total puff volume returned to baseline levels and the mean daily product consumption increased but with similar nicotine exposure compared to baseline CC use. Biomarkers of exposure to tobacco smoke toxicants which inform product risk assessment were significantly reduced with THS use compared to the CC group. THS 2.1 users experienced less reinforcing effects with THS 2.1 than with their own cigarette brand. CONCLUSIONS THS 2.1 is a promising alternative to smoking CCs. Notwithstanding possible use adaption through consumption or puffing behavior, the exposure to harmful smoke constituents was markedly reduced with the new heated tobacco platform. IMPLICATIONS Exposure markers to harmful and potentially harmful smoke constituents were lowered with the THS 2.1. Heating tobacco instead of burning can offer a potentially lower risk of delivering nicotine compared to CCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Lüdicke
- Philip Morris Products S.A., Research & Development, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Gizelle Baker
- Philip Morris Products S.A., Research & Development, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - John Magnette
- Philip Morris Products S.A., Research & Development, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Picavet
- Philip Morris Products S.A., Research & Development, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Weitkunat
- Philip Morris Products S.A., Research & Development, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Goniewicz ML, Gawron M, Smith DM, Peng M, Jacob P, Benowitz NL. Exposure to Nicotine and Selected Toxicants in Cigarette Smokers Who Switched to Electronic Cigarettes: A Longitudinal Within-Subjects Observational Study. Nicotine Tob Res 2017; 19:160-167. [PMID: 27613896 PMCID: PMC5234360 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are purported to deliver nicotine aerosol without any toxic combustion products present in tobacco smoke. In this longitudinal within-subjects observational study, we evaluated the effects of e-cigarettes on nicotine delivery and exposure to selected carcinogens and toxicants. METHODS We measured seven nicotine metabolites and 17 tobacco smoke exposure biomarkers in the urine samples of 20 smokers collected before and after switching to pen-style M201 e-cigarettes for 2 weeks. Biomarkers were metabolites of 13 major carcinogens and toxicants in cigarette smoke: one tobacco-specific nitrosamine (NNK), eight volatile organic compounds (1,3-butadiene, crotonaldehyde, acrolein, benzene, acrylamide, acrylonitrile, ethylene oxide, and propylene oxide), and four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene, and pyrene). Changes in urine biomarkers concentration were tested using repeated measures analysis of variance. RESULTS In total, 45% of participants reported complete abstinence from cigarette smoking at 2 weeks, while 55% reported continued smoking. Levels of total nicotine and some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites did not change after switching from tobacco to e-cigarettes. All other biomarkers significantly decreased after 1 week of using e-cigarettes (p < .05). After 1 week, the greatest percentage reductions in biomarkers levels were observed for metabolites of 1,3-butadiene, benzene, and acrylonitrile. Total NNAL, a metabolite of NNK, declined by 57% and 64% after 1 and 2 weeks, respectively, while 3-hydroxyfluorene levels declined by 46% at week 1, and 34% at week 2. CONCLUSIONS After switching from tobacco to e-cigarettes, nicotine exposure remains unchanged, while exposure to selected carcinogens and toxicants is substantially reduced. IMPLICATIONS To our knowledge, this is the first study that demonstrates that substituting tobacco cigarettes with an e-cigarette may reduce user exposure to numerous toxicants and carcinogens otherwise present in tobacco cigarettes. Data on reduced exposure to harmful constituents that are present in tobacco cigarettes and e-cigarettes can aid in evaluating e-cigarettes as a potential harm reduction device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej L. Goniewicz
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
- Department of General and Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Silesia, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Michal Gawron
- Department of General and Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Silesia, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Danielle M. Smith
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
| | - Margaret Peng
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Peyton Jacob
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Neal L. Benowitz
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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Cox S, Kośmider L, McRobbie H, Goniewicz M, Kimber C, Doig M, Dawkins L. E-cigarette puffing patterns associated with high and low nicotine e-liquid strength: effects on toxicant and carcinogen exposure. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:999. [PMID: 27650300 PMCID: PMC5028920 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3653-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contrary to intuition, use of lower strength nicotine e-liquids might not offer reduced health risk if compensatory puffing behaviour occurs. Compensatory puffing (e.g. more frequent, longer puffs) or user behaviour (increasing the wattage) can lead to higher temperatures at which glycerine and propylene glycol (solvents used in e-liquids) undergo decomposition to carbonyl compounds, including the carcinogens formaldehyde and acetaldehyde. This study aims to document puffing patterns and user behaviour associated with using high and low strength nicotine e-liquid and associated toxicant/carcinogen exposure in experienced e-cigarette users (known as vapers herein). METHODS/DESIGN A counterbalanced repeated measures design. PARTICIPANTS Non-tobacco smoking vapers; have used an e-cigarette for ≥3 months; currently using nicotine strength e-liquid ≥12mg/mL and a second or third generation device. INTERVENTION This study will measure puffing patterns in vapers whilst they use high and low strength nicotine e-liquid under fixed and user-defined settings, each for a week. The 4 counterbalanced conditions are: i) low strength (6mg/mL), fixed settings; ii) low strength user-defined settings; iii) high strength (18mg/mL) fixed settings; iv) high strength user-defined settings. Biomarkers of exposure to toxicants and carcinogens will be measured in urine. In the second phase of this study, toxicant yields will be measured in aerosol generated using a smoking machine operated to replicate the puffing behaviours of each participant. PRIMARY OUTCOMES i) Puffing patterns (mean puff number, puff duration, inter-puff interval and mL of liquid consumed) and user behaviour (changes to device settings: voltage and air-flow) associated with using high and low strength nicotine e-liquid. ii) Toxicant/carcinogen exposure associated with the puffing patterns/device settings used by our participants. SECONDARY OUTCOMES i) Subjective effects. ii) comparisons with toxicant exposure from tobacco smoke (using documented evidence) and with recommended safety limits. SAMPLE SIZE Twenty participants. DISCUSSION The findings will have important implications for public health messaging regarding the relative risks and subjective effects associated with using high and low strength nicotine e-liquid, and for policy makers regarding regulations on nicotine concentrations in e-liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Cox
- London South Bank University, Division of Psychology, School of Applied Sciences, 103 Borough Rd, London, UK
| | - Leon Kośmider
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, Koscielna 13 Street, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Hayden McRobbie
- Queen Mary University of London, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Charterhouse Square, London, UK
| | - Maciej Goniewicz
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Department of Health Behavior, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263 USA
| | - Catherine Kimber
- University of East London, School of Psychology, Waters Lane, London, UK
| | - Mira Doig
- ABS Laboratories Ltd, BioPark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, Hertforshire AL7 3AX UK
| | - Lynne Dawkins
- London South Bank University, Division of Psychology, School of Applied Sciences, 103 Borough Rd, London, UK
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Li Y, Li Y, Zhu J, Lei L, Zheng QY, Zou XL. [Determination of Nicotine and Cotinine in Urine by Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Combined with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry]. Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2016; 47:416-419. [PMID: 27468492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a method for the determination of nicotine and cotinine in urine samples by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (DLLME-GC/MS). METHODS The experimental conditions for GC-MS and DLLME were investigated in detail. DLLME was performed with the following procedure: 5 mL of urine sample was adjusted to pH9. 0 with NaOH solution; NaCl was added to increase ionic strength; 100 µL chloroform (containing internal standard of quinolone) as extractant was mixed with 1 000 pL methanol as dispersant and then injected into the urine sample to make it emulsified and dispersed. The sample solution was centrifuged for 5 min at 4,000 r/min, and 1 µL of its extraction solvent was injected into the GC/MS system for analysis. GC separation was performed with DB-5 column under programmed temperature. Nicotine and cotinine were quantified using selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode of mass spectrum detection and internal standard working curve. RESULTS Good linear relationship was obtained for detecting nicotine and cotinine ranging from 0. 2 ng/mL to 100 ng/mL, with a detection limit of 0. 010 ng/mL and 0. 022 ng/mL for nicotine and cotinine respectively. The relative standard derivation (RSD) for determination of nicotine and cotinine in urine samples were 8.2% and 9.6% respectively. The spiked recoveries ranged from 92.0% to 108.0% for nicotine, 83.0% to 110.0% for cotinine. CONCLUSION The method is rapid, sensitive, accurate and simple, with little consumption of organic solvent. It is suitable for determination of nicotine and cotinine in urine, and can meet the requirements for evaluating human tobacco exposure.
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von Weymarn LB, Thomson NM, Donny EC, Hatsukami DK, Murphy SE. Quantitation of the Minor Tobacco Alkaloids Nornicotine, Anatabine, and Anabasine in Smokers' Urine by High Throughput Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:390-7. [PMID: 26825008 PMCID: PMC5155587 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine is the most abundant alkaloid in tobacco accounting for 95% of the alkaloid content. There are also several minor tobacco alkaloids; among these are nornicotine, anatabine, and anabasine. We developed and applied a 96 well plate-based capillary LC-tandem mass spectrometry method for the analysis of nornicotine, anatabine, and anabasine in urine. The method was validated with regard to accuracy and precision. Anabasine was quantifiable to low levels with a limit of quantitation (LOQ) of 0.2 ng/mL even when nicotine, which is isobaric, is present at concentrations >2500-fold higher than anabasine. This attribute of the method is important since anatabine and anabasine in urine have been proposed as biomarkers of tobacco use for individuals using nicotine replacement therapies. In the present study, we analyzed the three minor tobacco alkaloids in urine from 827 smokers with a wide range of tobacco exposures. Nornicotine (LOQ 0.6 ng/mL) was detected in all samples, and anatabine (LOQ, 0.15 ng/mL) and anabasine were detected in 97.7% of the samples. The median urinary concentrations of nornicotine, anatabine, and anabasine were 98.9, 4.02, and 5.53 ng/mL. Total nicotine equivalents (TNE) were well correlated with anatabine (r(2) = 0.714) and anabasine (r(2) = 0.760). TNE was most highly correlated with nornicotine, which is also a metabolite of nicotine. Urine samples from a subset of subjects (n = 110) were analyzed for the presence of glucuronide conjugates by quantifying any increase in anatabine and anabasine concentrations after β-glucuronidase treatment. The median ratio of the glucuronidated to free anatabine was 0.74 (range, 0.1 to 10.9), and the median ratio of glucuronidated to free anabasine was 0.3 (range, 0.1 to 2.9). To our knowledge, this is the largest population of smokers for whom the urinary concentrations of these three tobacco alkaloids has been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda B. von Weymarn
- Department of Biochemistry Molecular Biology and Biophysics and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Nicole M. Thomson
- Department of Biochemistry Molecular Biology and Biophysics and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Eric C. Donny
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, USA 15260
| | - Dorothy K. Hatsukami
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Sharon E. Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry Molecular Biology and Biophysics and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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Hecht SS, Carmella SG, Kotandeniya D, Pillsbury ME, Chen M, Ransom BWS, Vogel RI, Thompson E, Murphy SE, Hatsukami DK. Evaluation of toxicant and carcinogen metabolites in the urine of e-cigarette users versus cigarette smokers. Nicotine Tob Res 2015; 17:704-9. [PMID: 25335945 PMCID: PMC4481723 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntu218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are rapidly increasing in popularity but little information is available on their potential toxic or carcinogenic effects. METHODS Twenty-eight e-cigarette smokers who had not smoked tobacco cigarettes for at least 2 months provided urine samples which were analyzed by validated methods for a suite of toxicant and carcinogen metabolites including 1-hydroxypyrene (1-HOP), 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol and its glucuronides (total NNAL), 3-hydroxypropylmercapturic acid (3-HPMA), 2-hydroxypropylmercapturic acid (2-HPMA), 3-hydroxy-1-methylpropylmercapturic acid (HMPMA), S-phenylmercapturic acid (SPMA), nicotine, and cotinine. Levels of these compounds were compared to those found in cigarette smokers from three previous studies. RESULTS Levels of 1-HOP, total NNAL, 3-HPMA, 2-HPMA, HMPMA, and SPMA were significantly lower in the urine of e-cigarette users compared to cigarette smokers. Levels of nicotine and cotinine were significantly lower in e-cigarette users compared to cigarette smokers in one study but not in another. CONCLUSIONS With respect to the compounds analyzed here, e-cigarettes have a more favorable toxicity profile than tobacco cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen S Hecht
- Tobacco Research Programs and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Steven G Carmella
- Tobacco Research Programs and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Delshanee Kotandeniya
- Tobacco Research Programs and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Makenzie E Pillsbury
- Tobacco Research Programs and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Menglan Chen
- Tobacco Research Programs and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Benjamin W S Ransom
- Tobacco Research Programs and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Rachel Isaksson Vogel
- Tobacco Research Programs and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Elizabeth Thompson
- Tobacco Research Programs and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Sharon E Murphy
- Tobacco Research Programs and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Dorothy K Hatsukami
- Tobacco Research Programs and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
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Brajenović N, Karačonji IB, Bulog A. Evaluation of Urinary Btex, Nicotine, and Cotinine as Biomarkers of Airborne Pollutants in Nonsmokers and Smokers. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2015; 78:1133-6. [PMID: 26460693 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2015.1066286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and isomeric xylenes (BTEX) are by-products of tobacco smoke and traffic emissions. The aim of this study was to determine the contribution of cigarette smoking to urinary levels of BTEX present in humans. Nicotine and cotinine, biomarkers of exposure to tobacco smoke, as well as BTEX, were measured in urine of smokers (n = 70) and nonsmokers (n = 65) using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In smokers, a significant correlation was found between urinary BTEX levels and nicotine and cotinine. In addition, significant regression models with nicotine and cotinine as predictors showed that BTEX in smokers' urine was predominantly derived from exposure to tobacco smoke. In nonsmokers a weak correlation between BTEX and nicotine and cotinine was found in urine. Further, there was a lack of significant contribution of BTEX to urinary nicotine and cotinine concentrations in nonsmokers. Thus, it was presumed that vehicle exhaust was the main source of exposure to BTEX in nonsmokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataša Brajenović
- a Analytical Toxicology and Mineral Metabolism Unit , Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Irena Brčić Karačonji
- a Analytical Toxicology and Mineral Metabolism Unit , Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Aleksandar Bulog
- b Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Medicine , University of Rijeka , Rijeka , Croatia
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Peres J. Water pipe smoking: not risk free. J Natl Cancer Inst 2014; 106:dju275. [PMID: 25122734 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/dju275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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McGuffey JE, Wei B, Bernert JT, Morrow JC, Xia B, Wang L, Blount BC. Validation of a LC-MS/MS method for quantifying urinary nicotine, six nicotine metabolites and the minor tobacco alkaloids--anatabine and anabasine--in smokers' urine. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101816. [PMID: 25013964 PMCID: PMC4094486 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco use is a major contributor to premature morbidity and mortality. The measurement of nicotine and its metabolites in urine is a valuable tool for evaluating nicotine exposure and for nicotine metabolic profiling--i.e., metabolite ratios. In addition, the minor tobacco alkaloids--anabasine and anatabine--can be useful for monitoring compliance in smoking cessation programs that use nicotine replacement therapy. Because of an increasing demand for the measurement of urinary nicotine metabolites, we developed a rapid, low-cost method that uses isotope dilution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for simultaneously quantifying nicotine, six nicotine metabolites, and two minor tobacco alkaloids in smokers' urine. This method enzymatically hydrolyzes conjugated nicotine (primarily glucuronides) and its metabolites. We then use acetone pretreatment to precipitate matrix components (endogenous proteins, salts, phospholipids, and exogenous enzyme) that may interfere with LC-MS/MS analysis. Subsequently, analytes (nicotine, cotinine, hydroxycotinine, norcotinine, nornicotine, cotinine N-oxide, nicotine 1'-N-oxide, anatabine, and anabasine) are chromatographically resolved within a cycle time of 13.5 minutes. The optimized assay produces linear responses across the analyte concentrations typically found in urine collected from daily smokers. Because matrix ion suppression may influence accuracy, we include a discussion of conventions employed in this procedure to minimize matrix interferences. Simplicity, low cost, low maintenance combined with high mean metabolite recovery (76-99%), specificity, accuracy (0-10% bias) and reproducibility (2-9% C.V.) make this method ideal for large high through-put studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E. McGuffey
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Binnian Wei
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - John T. Bernert
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - John C. Morrow
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Baoyun Xia
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Lanqing Wang
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Benjamin C. Blount
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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Kogel U, Schlage WK, Martin F, Xiang Y, Ansari S, Leroy P, Vanscheeuwijck P, Gebel S, Buettner A, Wyss C, Esposito M, Hoeng J, Peitsch MC. A 28-day rat inhalation study with an integrated molecular toxicology endpoint demonstrates reduced exposure effects for a prototypic modified risk tobacco product compared with conventional cigarettes. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 68:204-17. [PMID: 24632068 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Towards a systems toxicology-based risk assessment, we investigated molecular perturbations accompanying histopathological changes in a 28-day rat inhalation study combining transcriptomics with classical histopathology. We demonstrated reduced biological activity of a prototypic modified risk tobacco product (pMRTP) compared with the reference research cigarette 3R4F. Rats were exposed to filtered air or to three concentrations of mainstream smoke (MS) from 3R4F, or to a high concentration of MS from a pMRTP. Histopathology revealed concentration-dependent changes in response to 3R4F that were irritative stress-related in nasal and bronchial epithelium, and inflammation-related in the lung parenchyma. For pMRTP, significant changes were seen in the nasal epithelium only. Transcriptomics data were obtained from nasal and bronchial epithelium and lung parenchyma. Concentration-dependent gene expression changes were observed following 3R4F exposure, with much smaller changes for pMRTP. A computational-modeling approach based on causal models of tissue-specific biological networks identified cell stress, inflammation, proliferation, and senescence as the most perturbed molecular mechanisms. These perturbations correlated with histopathological observations. Only weak perturbations were observed for pMRTP. In conclusion, a correlative evaluation of classical histopathology together with gene expression-based computational network models may facilitate a systems toxicology-based risk assessment, as shown for a pMRTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Kogel
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Research Laboratories GmbH, Fuggerstrasse 3, 51149 Cologne, Germany; Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Walter K Schlage
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Research Laboratories GmbH, Fuggerstrasse 3, 51149 Cologne, Germany; Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Florian Martin
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Yang Xiang
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Sam Ansari
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Research Laboratories GmbH, Fuggerstrasse 3, 51149 Cologne, Germany; Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Patrice Leroy
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Patrick Vanscheeuwijck
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Research Laboratories GmbH, Fuggerstrasse 3, 51149 Cologne, Germany; Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland; Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Research Laboratories bvba, Grauwmeer 14, Researchpark Haasrode, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Stephan Gebel
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Research Laboratories GmbH, Fuggerstrasse 3, 51149 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Ansgar Buettner
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Research Laboratories GmbH, Fuggerstrasse 3, 51149 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Christoph Wyss
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Marco Esposito
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
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Stepanov I, Sebero E, Wang R, Gao YT, Hecht SS, Yuan JM. Tobacco-specific N-nitrosamine exposures and cancer risk in the Shanghai Cohort Study: remarkable coherence with rat tumor sites. Int J Cancer 2014; 134:2278-83. [PMID: 24243522 PMCID: PMC3949147 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The tobacco-specific nitrosamines N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) are potent carcinogens for the rat esophagus and lung, respectively. Consistent with the animal carcinogenicity data, we previously reported a remarkably strong association between prospectively measured urinary total NNN, a biomarker of human NNN intake, and the risk of developing esophageal cancer among smokers in the Shanghai Cohort Study. We also demonstrated that urinary total 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), a biomarker of exposure to the lung carcinogen NNK, is strongly associated with the risk of lung, but not esophageal cancer in smokers. In this study, we investigated the potential relationship between NNN intake and lung cancer risk in the same cohort. The prospectively collected urine samples from lung cancer cases and matching controls selected for this study, all current smokers, have been previously analyzed for total NNAL, cotinine (a biomarker of nicotine intake) and phenanthrene tetraol (PheT) (a biomarker of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons). Urinary levels of total NNN were not associated with the risk of lung cancer: odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) associated with the second and third tertiles of total NNN, relative to the lowest tertile, were 0.82 (0.36-1.88) and 1.02 (0.39-2.89), respectively (p for trend = 0.959), after adjustment for self-reported smoking history, urinary cotinine and PheT. The results of this study reaffirm the previously reported specificity of urinary total NNN and total NNAL as predictors of esophageal and lung cancer risks, respectively, in smokers, and demonstrate remarkable coherence between rat target tissues of these carcinogens and susceptibility to cancer in smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Stepanov
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota, Mayo Mail Code 806, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Mayo Mail Code 806, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Erin Sebero
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Mayo Mail Code 806, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Renwei Wang
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5150 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232, USA
| | - Yu-Tang Gao
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, 2200 Xue Tu Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Stephen S. Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Mayo Mail Code 806, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Jian-Min Yuan
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5150 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Crabtree A529, 130 Desoto Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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Jacob P, Goniewicz ML, Havel C, Schick SF, Benowitz NL. Nicotelline: a proposed biomarker and environmental tracer for particulate matter derived from tobacco smoke. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:1615-31. [PMID: 24125094 PMCID: PMC3929594 DOI: 10.1021/tx400094y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) derived from tobacco smoke contains numerous toxic substances. Since the PM and gas phase of tobacco smoke may distribute differently in the environment and substances in them may have different human bioavailability, multiple tracers and biomarkers for tobacco smoke constituents are desirable. Nicotelline is a relatively nonvolatile alkaloid present in tobacco smoke, and therefore, it has the potential to be a suitable tracer and biomarker for tobacco smoke-derived PM. We describe experiments demonstrating that nicotelline is present almost entirely in the PM, in both freshly generated cigarette smoke and aged cigarette smoke. An excellent correlation between the mass of nicotelline and the mass of the PM in aged cigarette smoke was found. We also describe experiments suggesting that the main source of nicotelline in tobacco smoke is dehydrogenation of another little-studied tobacco alkaloid, anatalline, during the burning process. We show that nicotelline metabolites can be measured in the urine of smokers and that nicotelline can be measured in house dust from homes of smokers and nonsmokers. We conclude that nicotelline should be useful as a tracer and biomarker for PM derived from tobacco smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peyton Jacob
- Departments of Psychiatry and Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, San Francisco General Hospital Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, U.S.A
| | - Maciej L. Goniewicz
- Department of Health Behavior, Division of Cancer Prevention & Population Sciences, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, U.S.A
| | - Christopher Havel
- Departments of Psychiatry and Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, San Francisco General Hospital Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, U.S.A
| | - Suzaynn F. Schick
- School of Medicine, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, U.S.A
| | - Neal L. Benowitz
- Departments of Psychiatry and Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, San Francisco General Hospital Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, U.S.A
- School of Medicine, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, U.S.A
- Department of Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical Service, San Francisco General Hospital Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, U.S.A
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Zhu AZ, Renner CC, Hatsukami DK, Benowitz NL, Tyndale RF. CHRNA5-A3-B4 genetic variants alter nicotine intake and interact with tobacco use to influence body weight in Alaska Native tobacco users. Addiction 2013; 108:1818-28. [PMID: 23692359 PMCID: PMC3775934 DOI: 10.1111/add.12250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Gene variants in CHRNA5-A3-B4, which encode for the α5, α3 and β4 nicotinic receptor subunits, are associated with altered smoking behaviors in European Americans. Little is known about CHRNA5-A3-B4 and its association with smoking behaviors and weight in Alaska Native people, which is a population with high prevalence but low levels of tobacco consumption, extensive smokeless tobacco use and high rates of obesity. We investigated CHRNA5-A3-B4 haplotype structure and its association with nicotine intake and obesity in Alaska Native people. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS A cross-sectional study of 400 Alaska Native individuals, including 290 tobacco users. MEASUREMENTS CHRNA5-A3-B4 genotype, body weight and tobacco consumption biomarkers such as plasma cotinine and urinary total nicotine equivalents (TNE). FINDINGS Alaska Native people have a distinct CHRNA5-A3-B4 haplotype structure compared with European/African Americans. In 290 Alaska Native tobacco users the 'G' allele of rs578776, which tagged a 30 kb haplotype in CHRNA5-A3-B4, was prevalent (16%) and associated significantly with nicotine intake (20% higher plasma cotinine, P < 0.001, 16% higher TNE, P = 0.076), while rs16969968 was not associated with nicotine intake. Rs578776 acted in combination with CYP2A6, the main nicotine-metabolizing enzyme, to increase nicotine intake by 1.8-fold compared with the low-risk group (P < 0.001). Furthermore, rs2869950, a single nucleotide polymorphism 5' to CHRNB4, was associated significantly with increased body mass index (P < 0.01) in the tobacco users even after controlling for differences in nicotine intake (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Genetic variants in CHRNA5-A3-B4 alter nicotine intake and body mass index in a population of Alaska Native people, who have a distinct haplotype structure, smoking behaviors and prevalence of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Z.X. Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Caroline C. Renner
- Alaska Native Medical Center, Cardiology Research and Program Development, Anchorage, Alaska
| | | | - Neal L. Benowitz
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Departments of Medicine, Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Rachel F. Tyndale
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Departments of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
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Huang R, Han S, Li XS. Detection of tobacco-related biomarkers in urine samples by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy coupled with thin-layer chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:6815-22. [PMID: 23807309 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7107-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The nicotine metabolites, cotinine and trans-3'-hydroxycotinine (3HC) are considered as superior biomarkers for identifying tobacco exposure. More importantly, the ratio of 3HC to cotinine is a good indicator to phenotype individuals for cytochrome P450 2A6 activity and to individualize pharmacotherapy for tobacco addiction. In this paper, a simple, robust and novel method based on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy coupled with thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was developed to directly quantify the biomarkers in human urine samples. This is the first time surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) was used to detect cotinine and 3HC in urine samples. The linear dynamic range for the detection of cotinine is from 40 nM to 8 μM while that of 3HC is from 1 μM to 15 μM. The detection limits are 10 nM and 0.2 μM for cotinine and 3HC, respectively. The proposed method was further validated by quantifying the concentration of both cotinine and 3HC in smokers' urine samples. This TLC-SERS method allows the direct detection of cotinine in the urine samples of both active and passive smokers and the detection of 3HC in smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongfu Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave CHE205, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
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Roethig HJ, Zedler BK, Kinser RD, Feng S, Nelson BL, Liang Q. Short-Term Clinical Exposure Evaluation of a Second-Generation Electrically Heated Cigarette Smoking System. J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 47:518-30. [PMID: 17389561 DOI: 10.1177/0091270006297686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This randomized, controlled, forced-switching, open-label, parallel-group study in 100 adult male and female smokers of conventional cigarettes evaluated 8 biomarkers of tobacco smoke exposure. After baseline exposure determinations, adult smokers were switched to a second-generation electrically heated cigarette smoking system (EHCSS) for 8 days in a clinical setting. After 8 days of smoking the EHCSS biomarkers of exposure decreased by 43% to 85% compared to baseline. After correction for residual effects (carryover effects due to long elimination half-life and non-tobacco-confounding sources of exposure), reductions in exposure ranged from 59% to 97%. Results from this short-term clinical exposure study indicate that switching from a conventional cigarette to a second-generation electrically heated cigarette smoking system substantially reduced the exposure to several measured potentially harmful constituents of tobacco smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans J Roethig
- Philip Morris USA, Research Center, 4102 Commerce Road, Richmond, VA 23234, USA.
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Urban HJ, Tricker AR, Leyden DE, Forte N, Zenzen V, Feuersenger A, Assink M, Kallischnigg G, Schorp MK. Reduced exposure evaluation of an Electrically Heated Cigarette Smoking System. Part 8: Nicotine bridging--estimating smoke constituent exposure by their relationships to both nicotine levels in mainstream cigarette smoke and in smokers. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2012; 64:S85-97. [PMID: 22943848 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A modeling approach termed 'nicotine bridging' is presented to estimate exposure to mainstream smoke constituents. The method is based on: (1) determination of harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHC) and in vitro toxicity parameter-to-nicotine regressions obtained using multiple machine-smoking protocols, (2) nicotine uptake distributions determined from 24-h excretion of nicotine metabolites in a clinical study, and (3) modeled HPHC uptake distributions using steps 1 and 2. An example of 'nicotine bridging' is provided, using a subset of the data reported in Part 2 of this supplement (Zenzen et al., 2012) for two conventional lit-end cigarettes (CC) and the Electrically Heated Cigarette Smoking System (EHCSS) series-K6 cigarette. The bridging method provides justified extrapolations of HPHC exposure distributions that cannot be obtained for smoke constituents due to the lack of specific biomarkers of exposure to cigarette smoke constituents in clinical evaluations. Using this modeling approach, exposure reduction is evident when the HPHC exposure distribution curves between the MRTP and the CC users are substantially separated with little or no overlap between the distribution curves.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-Jörg Urban
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Ashare RL, Tang KZ, Mesaros AC, Blair IA, Leone F, Strasser AA. Effects of 21 days of varenicline versus placebo on smoking behaviors and urges among non-treatment seeking smokers. J Psychopharmacol 2012; 26:1383-90. [PMID: 22695488 PMCID: PMC3526838 DOI: 10.1177/0269881112449397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Varenicline promotes smoking cessation and reduces urges to smoke. However, the mechanisms associated with these effects and their time course are not well characterized. One mechanism may be extinction, but the duration of the current dosing protocol may not be sufficient. We examined the effect of extended pre-treatment with varenicline on smoking behavior among 17 non-treatment seeking adult smokers. Using a within-subjects, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover design, participants received standard dosing of varenicline for 21 days, followed by a 14-day washout period and 21 days of placebo; order counterbalanced. Cigarettes per day (CPD), smoking topography, smoking urges (QSU), and side effects were assessed every three days. Biomarkers (e.g. nicotine metabolites) were collected on days 1, 7, and 21. There was a significant drug by time interaction indicating a reduction in CPD during varenicline phase (between days 10-21), but no reduction during placebo. Varenicline also led to reductions in nicotine metabolites and urges to smoke. Among this sample of non-treatment seeking smokers, varenicline significantly reduced smoking behavior. Results have important treatment implications because changes in CPD and craving did not occur until after the typical one-week run-up period. This suggests that a longer duration of pre-treatment may be beneficial for some smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Ashare
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kathy Z Tang
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - A Clementina Mesaros
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ian A Blair
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Frank Leone
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrew A Strasser
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Scheidweiler KB, Shakleya DM, Huestis MA. Simultaneous quantification of nicotine, cotinine, trans-3'-hydroxycotinine, norcotinine and mecamylamine in human urine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Clin Chim Acta 2012; 413:978-84. [PMID: 22394455 PMCID: PMC3319642 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2012.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Revised: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mecamylamine is a nicotine antagonist under investigation in combination with nicotine replacement for smoking treatment. METHODS A simple, rapid and reliable liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LCMSMS) method was developed and validated for quantifying nicotine, cotinine, trans-3'-hydroxycotinine, norcotinine and mecamylamine in human urine. Chromatography was performed on a Synergi PolarRP column with a gradient of 0.1% formic acid and 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile at 0.25 ml/min with an 8-min total runtime. Analytes were monitored by positive mode electrospray ionization and multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry. RESULTS Linear dynamic ranges were 1-500 ng/ml for nicotine and norcotinine, 0.5-500 ng/ml for trans-3'-hydroxycotinine, 0.2-500 ng/ml for cotinine, and 0.1-100 ng/ml for mecamylamine; correlation coefficients were consistently greater than 0.99, and all calibrator concentrations were within 20% of target. Extensive endogenous and exogenous interferences were evaluated. At 3 concentrations spanning the linear dynamic range of the assay, mean extraction efficiencies from urine were 55.1-109.1% with analytical recovery (bias) 82.0-118.7% and total imprecision of 0.7-9.1%. Analytes were stable for 24h at room temperature, 72 h at 4 °C, 72 h in autosampler at 15 °C and after three freeze/thaw cycles. CONCLUSION This method is useful for monitoring mecamylamine, nicotine and nicotine metabolites in smoking cessation and other clinical nicotine research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl B. Scheidweiler
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Diaa M. Shakleya
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Marilyn A. Huestis
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Shepperd CJ, Eldridge AC, Errington G, Dixon M. A study to evaluate the effect on Mouth Level Exposure and biomarkers of exposure estimates of cigarette smoke exposure following a forced switch to a lower ISO tar yield cigarette. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2011; 61:S13-24. [PMID: 21672597 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2011.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Revised: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A forced switch to a lower ISO tar yield cigarette was used in a clinical study, conducted in Germany, that compared two methods of estimating exposure to cigarette smoke. Pre- and post-switch estimates of Mouth Level Exposure (MLE) to nicotine, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), pyrene and acrolein were obtained by chemical analysis of spent cigarette filters for nicotine content. Similarly, pre- and post-switch estimates of uptake of these smoke constituents were achieved by analysis of corresponding urinary biomarkers of exposure (BoE): total nicotine equivalents; total 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL); total 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP), and 3-hydroxypropyl-mercapturic acid (3-HPMA), plus the nicotine metabolite cotinine, in plasma and saliva. Three hundred healthy volunteers were recruited comprising 100 smokers of each of 9-10 and 4-6 mg ISO tar yield cigarettes and 50 smokers of 1-2mg ISO tar yield cigarettes and 50 non-smokers. Fifty smokers of each of the 9-10 and 4-6 mg ISO tar yield cigarettes took part in the switching aspects of this study whilst the remaining smokers formed non-switching control groups who smoked their usual ISO tar yield cigarette throughout the study. After 5 days, all subjects were admitted into a clinic where baseline measures of MLE and BoE were obtained. The 10mg switching group was then switched to the 4 mg ISO tar yield cigarette and the 4 mg ISO tar yield switching group switched to the 1mg cigarette. Subjects returned home for 12 days, continuing to smoke the supplied cigarettes before being readmitted into the clinic where samples were collected for MLE and BoE analysis. Changes in daily exposure estimates were determined on a group and individual basis for both methods. The pre- to post-switch directional changes in MLEs and their corresponding BoEs were generally consistent and the MLE/BoE relationship maintained. Switching to a lower yield cigarette generally resulted in reductions in exposure with the resultant exposure level being similar to that seen in regular smokers of the lower yield cigarette.
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Morin A, Shepperd CJ, Eldridge AC, Poirier N, Voisine R. Estimation and correlation of cigarette smoke exposure in Canadian smokers as determined by filter analysis and biomarkers of exposure. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2011; 61:S3-12. [PMID: 20937342 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2010.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Revised: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A clinical study conducted in Canada compared two methods of estimating exposure to cigarette smoke in 192 volunteer subjects: 43 smokers of 4-6 mg, 49 of 8-12 mg and 50 of 14-15 mg ISO tar yield cigarettes and 50 non-smokers. Estimates of mouth level exposure (MLE) to nicotine, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), pyrene and acrolein were obtained by chemical analysis of spent cigarette filters. Estimates of smoke constituent uptake were achieved by analysis of urinary biomarkers for total nicotine equivalents (nicotine, cotinine, trans-3'-hydroxycotinine plus their glucuronide conjugates), NNK (total 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) plus glucuronide), pyrene (1-hydroxy pyrene plus glucuronide) and acrolein (3-hydroxylpropyl-mercapturic acid) plus the nicotine metabolite cotinine in plasma and saliva. The objective of our study was to confirm the correlations between measures of human exposure obtained by filter analysis and biomarkers. Significant correlations (p<0.001) were found between MLE and the relevant biomarker for each smoke constituent. The adjusted values of the Pearson correlation coefficients (r) were 0.80 (nicotine), 0.77 (acrolein) and 0.44 (pyrene). NNK correlations could not be obtained because of the low NNK yield of Canadian cigarettes. Unexpectedly high levels of acrolein biomarker found in non-smokers urine on one of the two days sampled emphasised the need for more than one sampling occasion per period and an awareness of non-tobacco sources of smoke constituents under investigation. No consistent dose response, in line with ISO tar yield smoked, of MLE estimates was found for nicotine, pyrene and acrolein and respective biomarkers. The influence of demographics on our results has also been examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Morin
- Imperial Tobacco Canada Limited, Montreal, Canada.
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47
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Muhammad-Kah R, Liang Q, Frost-Pineda K, Mendes PE, Roethig HJ, Sarkar M. Factors affecting exposure to nicotine and carbon monoxide in adult cigarette smokers. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2011; 61:129-36. [PMID: 21798300 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2011.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Revised: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to cigarette smoke among smokers is highly variable. This variability has been attributed to differences in smoking behavior as measured by smoking topography, as well as other behavioral and subjective aspects of smoking. The objective of this study was to determine the factors affecting smoke exposure as estimated by biomarkers of exposure to nicotine and carbon monoxide (CO). In a multi-center cross-sectional study of 3585 adult smokers and 1077 adult nonsmokers, exposure to nicotine and CO was estimated by 24h urinary excretion of nicotine and five of its metabolites and by blood carboxyhemoglobin, respectively. Number of cigarettes smoked per day (CPD) was determined from cigarette butts returned. Puffing parameters were determined through a CreSS® micro device and a 182-item adult smoker questionnaire (ASQ) was administered. The relationship between exposure and demographic factors, smoking machine measured tar yield and CPD was examined in a statistical model (Model A). Topography parameters were added to this model (Model B) which was further expanded (Model C) by adding selected questions from the ASQ identified by a data reduction process. In all the models, CPD was the most important and highest ranking factor determining daily exposure. Other statistically significant factors were number of years smoked, questions related to morning smoking, topography and tar yield categories. In conclusion, the models investigated in this analysis, explain about 30-40% of variability in exposure to nicotine and CO.
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Vogel RI, Carmella SG, Stepanov I, Hatsukami DK, Hecht SS. The ratio of a urinary tobacco-specific lung carcinogen metabolite to cotinine is significantly higher in passive than in active smokers. Biomarkers 2011; 16:491-7. [PMID: 21812592 PMCID: PMC3159775 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2011.598565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol plus its glucuronides (total NNAL), metabolites of the lung carcinogen NNK, and total cotinine, metabolites of nicotine, are biomarkers of active and passive cigarette smoking. We calculated the total NNAL:total cotinine (×10(3)) ratio in 408 passive (infants, children, and adults) and 1088 active smokers. The weighted averages were 0.73 (95% confidence interval 0.71, 0.76) for passive smokers and 0.07 (0.06, 0.08) for active smokers (p < 0.0001). These results demonstrate that cotinine measurements may underestimate exposure of passive smokers to the lung carcinogen NNK in second-hand cigarette smoke. The total NNAL:total cotinine (×10(3)) ratio may provide an improved biomarker for evaluating the health effects of passive smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Irina Stepanov
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | | | - Stephen S. Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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McAdam KG, Gregg EO, Liu C, Dittrich DJ, Duke MG, Proctor CJ. The use of a novel tobacco-substitute sheet and smoke dilution to reduce toxicant yields in cigarette smoke. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:1684-96. [PMID: 21501648 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Revised: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Institute of Medicine encouraged the pursuit and development of potential reduced-exposure products, tobacco products that substantially reduce exposure to one or more tobacco toxicants and can reasonably be expected to reduce the risk of one or more specific diseases or other adverse health effects. One approach to reducing smoke toxicant yields is to dilute the smoke with glycerol. We report chemical, biological and human exposure data related to experimental cigarettes containing up to 60% of a novel glycerol containing "tobacco-substitute" sheet. Analysis of mainstream smoke from experimental cigarettes showed reductions in yields of most measured constituents, other than some volatile species. In vitro toxicological tests showed reductions in the activity of smoke particulates in proportion to their glycerol content. Human exposure to nicotine was reduced by a mean of 18% as determined by filter studies and by 14% using 24h urinary biomarker analysis. Smoke particulate exposures were reduced by a mean of 29% in filter studies and NNK exposure by similar amounts based on urinary 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol concentrations. These results show that reducing exposure to some smoke toxicants is possible using a tobacco-substitute sheet, although some smoke toxicants, and the sensory attributes of the smoke, remain as technical challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- K G McAdam
- British American Tobacco, Group Research and Development Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK.
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50
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Rangiah K, Hwang WT, Mesaros C, Vachani A, Blair IA. Nicotine exposure and metabolizer phenotypes from analysis of urinary nicotine and its 15 metabolites by LC-MS. Bioanalysis 2011; 3:745-61. [PMID: 21452992 PMCID: PMC3134267 DOI: 10.4155/bio.11.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Smokers who inhale less deeply are exposed to lower amounts of the toxic substances present in tobacco smoke. In order to more rigorously assess tobacco smoke exposure, it is necessary to have an accurate method for quantifying nicotine and all of its known metabolites. METHODS A stable-isotope dilution LC-MRM/MS assay has been developed for quantification of urinary nicotine and the 15 possible metabolites that could arise from known metabolic pathways. Nicotine, cotinine, trans-3´-hydroxy-cotinine, nicotine-N-oxide, cotinine-N-oxide, nornicotine, norcotinine and 4-hydroxy-4-(3-pyridyl)butanoic acid were quantified by direct analysis. The corresponding glucuronide metabolites were quantified after urine hydrolysis with β-glucuronidase. RESULTS Nicotine and all 15 nicotine metabolites were quantified by LC-MRM/MS in most urine samples from 61 tobacco smokers. Urinary nicotine and metabolite concentrations ranged from 7.9 to 337.8 µM (mean 75.5 ± 67.8 µM). Three nicotine metabolizer phenotypes were established as reduced metabolizers (ratio < 8), normal metabolizers (ratio 8-30), and extensive metabolizers (ratio > 30). 4-hydroxy-4-(3-pyridyl)butanoic acid, which has not been quantified previously, was an abundant metabolite in all three phenotypes. CONCLUSION Using this assay it will now be possible to determine whether there are relationships between nicotine exposure and/or metabolizer phenotype with exposure to toxic substances that are present in tobacco smoke and/or to biological response biomarkers to tobacco smoking. This will help in identifying individuals at high risk for developing smoking-related diseases as well as those amenable to smoking cessation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannan Rangiah
- Centers for Cancer Pharmacology, Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
- Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
| | - Wei-Ting Hwang
- Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, PA, USA
| | - Clementina Mesaros
- Centers for Cancer Pharmacology, Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
- Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
| | - Anil Vachani
- Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, PA, USA
| | - Ian A Blair
- Centers for Cancer Pharmacology, Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
- Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
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