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Miranda JA, McKinzie PB, Dobrovolsky VN, Revollo JR. Evaluation of the mutagenic effects of Molnupiravir and N4-hydroxycytidine in bacterial and mammalian cells by HiFi sequencing. Environ Mol Mutagen 2022; 63:320-328. [PMID: 36181379 DOI: 10.1002/em.22510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Molnupiravir (MOV) is used to treat COVID-19. In cells, MOV is converted to the ribonucleoside analog N4-hydroxycytidine (NHC) and incorporated into the SARS-CoV-2 RNA genome during its replication, resulting in RNA mutations. The widespread accumulation of such mutations inhibits SARS-CoV-2 propagation. Although safety assessments by many regulatory agencies across the world have concluded that the genotoxic risks associated with the clinical use of MOV are low, concerns remain that it could induce DNA mutations in patients, particularly because numerous in vitro studies have shown that NHC is a DNA mutagen. In this study, we used HiFi sequencing, a technique that can detect ultralow-frequency substitution mutations in whole genomes, to evaluate the mutagenic effects of MOV in E. coli and of MOV and NHC in mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells and human lymphoblastoid TK6 cells. In all models, exposure to these compounds increased genome-wide mutation frequencies in a dose-dependent manner, and these increases were mainly composed of A:T → G:C transitions. The NHC exposure concentrations used for mammalian cells were comparable to those observed in the plasma of humans who received clinical doses of MOV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime A Miranda
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - Page B McKinzie
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - Vasily N Dobrovolsky
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - Javier R Revollo
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
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2
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Imai Y. [Role of ACE2 in COVID-19]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2022; 157:115-118. [PMID: 35228442 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.21104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), angiotensin II (AngII) converted by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) exerts a strong physiological activity via the AT1 receptor (AT1R). Thus, the ACE-AngII-AT1R axis positively regulates RAS. On the other hand, angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is known to negatively regulate RAS by degrading AngII into angiotensin 1-7 (Ang1-7). In the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which is characterized by pulmonary hyperinflammation, the AngII-AT1R axis acts to exacerbate ARDS and the ACE2-AT2R axis acts protectively. More recently, ACE2 has been shown to be a receptor for SARS-CoV, the causative virus of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and SARS-CoV2, the causative virus of the 2019 coronavirus infection (COVID-19). Therefore, inhibition of the binding between ACE2 and virus spike protein is a drug discovery target for antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV2. In addition, when SARS and COVID-19 become severe, ARDS with cytokine storm is occured. We reported that soluble ACE2 protein and microbial-derived ACE2 like enzyme suppress pulmonary hyperinflammation due to SARS and COVID-19, respectively. In addition, it has been reported that the ACE2-soluble protein has an effect of suppressing the establishment of infection by inhibiting the binding between SARS-CoV2 and the cell membrane surface ACE2. Here, we describe the role of ACE2 in the pathophysiology of SARS/COVID-19 from the perspectives of inhibiting the progression to ARDS by suppressing pulmonary inflammation and suppressing the replication of the virus by inhibiting the binding of ACE2 to the spike protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Imai
- National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN)
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3
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Rimmer C, Hetelekides S, Eliseeva SI, Georas SN, Veazey JM. Budesonide promotes airway epithelial barrier integrity following double-stranded RNA challenge. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260706. [PMID: 34871316 PMCID: PMC8648122 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway epithelial barrier dysfunction is increasingly recognized as a key feature of asthma and other lung diseases. Respiratory viruses are responsible for a large fraction of asthma exacerbations, and are particularly potent at disrupting epithelial barrier function through pattern recognition receptor engagement leading to tight junction dysfunction. Although different mechanisms of barrier dysfunction have been described, relatively little is known about whether barrier integrity can be promoted to limit disease. Here, we tested three classes of drugs commonly prescribed to treat asthma for their ability to promote barrier function using a cell culture model of virus-induced airway epithelial barrier disruption. Specifically, we studied the corticosteroid budesonide, the long acting beta-agonist formoterol, and the leukotriene receptor antagonist montelukast for their ability to promote barrier integrity of a monolayer of human bronchial epithelial cells (16HBE) before exposure to the viral mimetic double-stranded RNA. Of the three, only budesonide treatment limited transepithelial electrical resistance and small molecule permeability (4 kDa FITC-dextran flux). Next, we used a mouse model of acute dsRNA challenge that induces transient epithelial barrier disruption in vivo, and studied the effects budesonide when administered prophylactically or therapeutically. We found that budesonide similarly protected against dsRNA-induced airway barrier disruption in the lung, independently of its effects on airway inflammation. Taken together, these data suggest that an under-appreciated effect of inhaled budesonide is to maintain or promote airway epithelial barrier integrity during respiratory viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Rimmer
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CR); (SNG); (JMV)
| | - Savas Hetelekides
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Sophia I. Eliseeva
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Steve N. Georas
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CR); (SNG); (JMV)
| | - Janelle M. Veazey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CR); (SNG); (JMV)
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4
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Wang Q, Wang F, Chen R, Liu W, Gao N, An J, Chen Y, Wu H, Han D. Differential Effects of Viral Nucleic Acid Sensor Signaling Pathways on Testicular Sertoli and Leydig Cells. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6359040. [PMID: 34453520 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The human testis can be infected by a large number of RNA and DNA viruses. While various RNA virus infections may induce orchitis and impair testicular functions, DNA virus infection rarely affects the testis. Mechanisms underlying the differential effects of RNA and DNA viral infections on the testis remain unclear. In the current study, we therefore examined the effects of viral RNA and DNA sensor signaling pathways on mouse Sertoli cells (SC) and Leydig cells (LC). The local injection of viral RNA analogue polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)] into the testis markedly disrupted spermatogenesis, whereas the injection of the herpes simplex virus (HSV) DNA analogue HSV60 did not affect spermatogenesis. Poly(I:C) dramatically induced the expression of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 in SC and LC through Toll-like receptor 3 and interferon β promoter stimulator 1 signaling pathways, impairing the integrity of the blood-testis barrier and testosterone synthesis. Poly(I:C)-induced TNF-α production thus plays a critical role in the impairment of cell functions. In contrast, HSV60 predominantly induced the expression of type 1 interferons and antiviral proteins via the DNA sensor signaling pathway, which did not affect testicular cell functions. Accordingly, the Zika virus induced high levels of TNF-α in SC and LC and impaired their respective cellular functions, whereas Herpes simplex virus type 2 principally induced antiviral responses and did not impair such functions. These results provide insights into the mechanisms by which RNA viral infections impair testicular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Chen
- School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weihua Liu
- School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Na Gao
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing An
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongmei Chen
- School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Han Wu
- School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Daishu Han
- School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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5
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Ellison EE, Nagalakshmi U, Gamo ME, Huang PJ, Dinesh-Kumar S, Voytas DF. Multiplexed heritable gene editing using RNA viruses and mobile single guide RNAs. Nat Plants 2020; 6:620-624. [PMID: 32483329 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-020-0670-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
An in planta gene editing approach was developed wherein Cas9 transgenic plants are infected with an RNA virus that expresses single guide RNAs (sgRNAs). The sgRNAs are augmented with sequences that promote cell-to-cell mobility. Mutant progeny are recovered in the next generation at frequencies ranging from 65 to 100%; up to 30% of progeny derived from plants infected with a virus expressing three sgRNAs have mutations in all three targeted loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan E Ellison
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- Center for Precision Plant Genomics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- Plant and Microbial Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Ugrappa Nagalakshmi
- Department of Plant Biology and The Genome Center, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Maria Elena Gamo
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- Center for Precision Plant Genomics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Pin-Jui Huang
- Department of Plant Biology and The Genome Center, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Savithramma Dinesh-Kumar
- Department of Plant Biology and The Genome Center, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Daniel F Voytas
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.
- Center for Precision Plant Genomics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.
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6
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of virus infection on estradiol (E2) production in human ovarian granulosa cells. Polyriboinosinic polyribocytidylic acid [Poly (I: C)], a synthetic analog of viral double stranded RNA that can be recognized by Toll like receptor 3 (TLR3), was used to imitate virus infection. Granulosa cells (GCs) obtained from patients undergoing in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) were cultured in vitro and treated with Poly (I: C), FSH, or both. Concentration of E2 was assayed by electrochemiluminescence. The mRNA and protein expression of TLR3 and aromatase were determined by real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) and Western blot, respectively. The results showed that expression of TLR3 mRNA was significantly increased after Poly (I: C) stimulation. Poly (I: C) decreased E2 synthesis in FSH-treated GCs. Poly (I: C) inhibited the expression of aromatase in FSH-treated GCs. This study demonstrated that Poly (I: C) inhibits the synthesis of estradiol by granulosa cells under the stimulation of FSH, which might contribute to disturbance of follicular development and ovulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Fang
- School of Medicine, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiming Lyu
- School of Medicine, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kemei Zhang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Qi Cheng
- School of Medicine, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yimin Zhu
- School of Medicine, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Deng J, Xiao J, Ma P, Gao B, Gong F, Lv L, Zhang Y, Xu J. Manipulation of Viral MicroRNAs as a Potential Antiviral Strategy for the Treatment of Cytomegalovirus Infection. Viruses 2017; 9:v9050118. [PMID: 28534856 PMCID: PMC5454430 DOI: 10.3390/v9050118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection leads to notable morbidity and mortality in immunosuppressed patients. Current antiviral drugs are effective but seriously limited in their long-term use due to their relatively high toxicity. In the present study, we characterized the expression of murine CMV microRNAs (MCMV miRNAs) both in vitro and in vivo. Although 29 miRNAs were detectable during in vitro infection, only 11 miRNAs (classified as Group 1) were detectable during in vivo infection, and as many as 18 viral miRNAs (classified as Group 2) were less detectable (<50% of animals) in both the liver and lungs. In addition, viral miRNA profiles in the blood revealed unstable and reduced expression. We next explored the in vitro effects of viral miRNAs on MCMV replication. The inhibition of Group 1 viral miRNAs had little effect on virus production, but transfected cells overexpressing miR-m01-3-5p, miR-M23-1-5p, miR-M55-1, and miR-m107-1-5p in Group 2 showed statistically lower viral loads than those transfected with control miRNA (29%, 29%, 39%, and 43%, respectively, versus control). Finally, we performed hydrodynamic injection of viral miRNA agomirs and observed lower levels of MCMV recurrence in the livers of animals overexpressing the miR-m01-3-5p or mcmv-miR-M23-1-5p agomirs compared with those of animals transfected with control agomir, confirming the antiviral effects of viral miRNA manipulation in vivo. Therefore, the manipulation of viral miRNA expression shows great therapeutic potential and represents a novel antiviral strategy for the miRNA-based treatment of cytomegalovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Deng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply Technologies, Beijing 100850, China.
- Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, 27 (9) Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Jun Xiao
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Air Force General Hospital, Beijing 100142, China.
| | - Ping Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply Technologies, Beijing 100850, China.
- Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, 27 (9) Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Bo Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply Technologies, Beijing 100850, China.
- Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, 27 (9) Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Feng Gong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply Technologies, Beijing 100850, China.
- Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, 27 (9) Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Liping Lv
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply Technologies, Beijing 100850, China.
- Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, 27 (9) Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Yanyu Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply Technologies, Beijing 100850, China.
- Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, 27 (9) Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Jinbo Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply Technologies, Beijing 100850, China.
- Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, 27 (9) Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China.
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8
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Mitter N, Worrall EA, Robinson KE, Li P, Jain RG, Taochy C, Fletcher SJ, Carroll BJ, Lu GQM, Xu ZP. Clay nanosheets for topical delivery of RNAi for sustained protection against plant viruses. Nat Plants 2017; 3:16207. [PMID: 28067898 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2016.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Topical application of pathogen-specific double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) for virus resistance in plants represents an attractive alternative to transgenic RNA interference (RNAi). However, the instability of naked dsRNA sprayed on plants has been a major challenge towards its practical application. We demonstrate that dsRNA can be loaded on designer, non-toxic, degradable, layered double hydroxide (LDH) clay nanosheets. Once loaded on LDH, the dsRNA does not wash off, shows sustained release and can be detected on sprayed leaves even 30 days after application. We provide evidence for the degradation of LDH, dsRNA uptake in plant cells and silencing of homologous RNA on topical application. Significantly, a single spray of dsRNA loaded on LDH (BioClay) afforded virus protection for at least 20 days when challenged on sprayed and newly emerged unsprayed leaves. This innovation translates nanotechnology developed for delivery of RNAi for human therapeutics to use in crop protection as an environmentally sustainable and easy to adopt topical spray.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neena Mitter
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Elizabeth A Worrall
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Karl E Robinson
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Peng Li
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Ritesh G Jain
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Christelle Taochy
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Stephen J Fletcher
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Bernard J Carroll
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - G Q Max Lu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Zhi Ping Xu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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9
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Wang S, Liu D, Jin R, Zhu Y, Xu A. Differential responses of normal human melanocytes to intra- and extracellular dsRNA. DNA Cell Biol 2015; 34:391-9. [PMID: 25803620 PMCID: PMC4485883 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2014.2711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Revised: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral factor has been implicated in the etiopathogenesis of vitiligo. To elucidate the effects of viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) on melanocytes and to explore the underlying mechanisms, primary cultured normal human melanocytes were treated with synthetic viral dsRNA analog poly(I:C). The results demonstrated that poly(I:C)-triggered apoptosis when transfected into melanocytes, while extracellular poly(I:C) did not have that effect. Intracellular poly(I:C)-induced melanocyte death was decreased by RIG-I or MDA5 siRNA, but not by TLR3 siRNA. Both intracellular and extracellular poly(I:C) induced the expression of IFNB, TNF, IL6, and IL8. However, extracellular poly(I:C) demonstrated a much weaker induction capacity of cytokine genes than intracellular poly(I:C). Further analysis revealed that phosphorylation of TBK1, IRF3, IRF7, and TAK1 was differentially induced by intra- or extracellular poly(I:C). NFκB inhibitor Bay 11-7082 decreased the induction of all the cytokines by poly(I:C), suggesting the ubiquitous role of NFκB in the process. Poly(I:C) treatment also induced the phosphorylation of p38 and JNK in melanocytes. Both JNK and p38 inhibitors showed suppression on the cytokine induction by intra- or extracellular poly(I:C). However, only the JNK inhibitor decreased the intracellular poly(I:C)-induced melanocyte death. Taken together, this study provides the possible mechanism of viral factor in the pathogenesis of vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suiquan Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Third People's Hospital of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Dongyin Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Third People's Hospital of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Rong Jin
- Department of Dermatology, Third People's Hospital of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yiping Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, Third People's Hospital of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Aie Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Third People's Hospital of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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10
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Bernard MA, Han X, Inderbitzin S, Agbim I, Zhao H, Koziel H, Tachado SD. HIV-derived ssRNA binds to TLR8 to induce inflammation-driven macrophage foam cell formation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104039. [PMID: 25090652 PMCID: PMC4121254 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Even though combined anti-retroviral therapy (cART) dramatically improves patient survival, they remain at a higher risk of being afflicted with non-infectious complications such as cardiovascular disease (CVD). This increased risk is linked to persistent inflammation and chronic immune activation. In this study, we assessed whether this complication is related to HIV-derived ssRNAs inducing in macrophages increases in TNFα release through TLR8 activation leading to foam cell formation. HIV ssRNAs induced foam cell formation in monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) in a dose-dependent manner. This response was reduced when either endocytosis or endosomal acidification was inhibited by dynasore or chloroquine, respectively. Using a flow cytometry FRET assay, we demonstrated that ssRNAs bind to TLR8 in HEK cells. In MDMs, ssRNAs triggered a TLR8-mediated inflammatory response that ultimately lead to foam cell formation. Targeted silencing of the TLR8 and MYD88 genes reduced foam cell formation. Furthermore, foam cell formation induced by these ssRNAs was blocked by an anti-TNFα neutralizing antibody. Taken together in MDMs, HIV ssRNAs are internalized; bind TLR8 in the endosome followed by endosomal acidification. TLR8 signaling then triggers TNFα release and ultimately leads to foam cell formation. As this response was inhibited by a blocking anti-TNFα antibody, drug targeting HIV ssRNA-driven TLR8 activation may serve as a potential therapeutic target to reduce chronic immune activation and inflammation leading to CVD in HIV+ patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Bernard
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Xinbing Han
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sonya Inderbitzin
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ifunanya Agbim
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hui Zhao
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- From Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, PR China
| | - Henry Koziel
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Souvenir D. Tachado
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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11
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Feng Q, Langereis MA, Olagnier D, Chiang C, van de Winkel R, van Essen P, Zoll J, Hiscott J, van Kuppeveld FJM. Coxsackievirus cloverleaf RNA containing a 5' triphosphate triggers an antiviral response via RIG-I activation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95927. [PMID: 24759703 PMCID: PMC3997492 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon viral infections, pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and stimulate an antiviral state associated with the production of type I interferons (IFNs) and inflammatory markers. Type I IFNs play crucial roles in innate antiviral responses by inducing expression of interferon-stimulated genes and by activating components of the adaptive immune system. Although pegylated IFNs have been used to treat hepatitis B and C virus infections for decades, they exert substantial side effects that limit their use. Current efforts are directed toward the use of PRR agonists as an alternative approach to elicit host antiviral responses in a manner similar to that achieved in a natural infection. RIG-I is a cytosolic PRR that recognizes 5' triphosphate (5'ppp)-containing RNA ligands. Due to its ubiquitous expression profile, induction of the RIG-I pathway provides a promising platform for the development of novel antiviral agents and vaccine adjuvants. In this study, we investigated whether structured RNA elements in the genome of coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), a picornavirus that is recognized by MDA5 during infection, could activate RIG-I when supplied with 5'ppp. We show here that a 5'ppp-containing cloverleaf (CL) RNA structure is a potent RIG-I inducer that elicits an extensive antiviral response that includes induction of classical interferon-stimulated genes, as well as type III IFNs and proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. In addition, we show that prophylactic treatment with CVB3 CL provides protection against various viral infections including dengue virus, vesicular stomatitis virus and enterovirus 71, demonstrating the antiviral efficacy of this RNA ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Feng
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn A. Langereis
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - David Olagnier
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute of Florida, Port Saint Lucie, Florida, United States of America
| | - Cindy Chiang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute of Florida, Port Saint Lucie, Florida, United States of America
| | - Roel van de Winkel
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter van Essen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Zoll
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - John Hiscott
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute of Florida, Port Saint Lucie, Florida, United States of America
| | - Frank J. M. van Kuppeveld
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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12
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de Rivero Vaccari JP, Brand FJ, Sedaghat C, Mash DC, Dietrich WD, Keane RW. RIG-1 receptor expression in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:67. [PMID: 24694234 PMCID: PMC3977677 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-11-67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and involves activation of the innate immune response via recognition of diverse stimuli by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). The inflammatory inducers and precise innate signaling pathway contributing to AD pathology remain largely undefined. RESULTS In the present study we analyzed expression levels of innate immune proteins in temporal and occipital cortices from preclinical (no cognitive impairment, NCI, N = 22) to mild cognitive impairment (MCI, N = 20) associated with AD pathology (N = 20) and AD patients (N = 23). We found that retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-1) is significantly elevated in the temporal cortex and plasma in patients with MCI. In addition, primary human astrocytes stimulated with the RIG-1 ligand 5'ppp RNA showed increased expression of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and amyloid-β (Aβ), supporting the idea that RIG-1 is involved in the pathology of MCI associated with early progression to AD. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that RIG-1 may play a critical role in incipient AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo de Rivero Vaccari
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Frank J Brand
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Christina Sedaghat
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Deborah C Mash
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - W Dalton Dietrich
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Robert W Keane
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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13
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Goulet ML, Olagnier D, Xu Z, Paz S, Belgnaoui SM, Lafferty EI, Janelle V, Arguello M, Paquet M, Ghneim K, Richards S, Smith A, Wilkinson P, Cameron M, Kalinke U, Qureshi S, Lamarre A, Haddad EK, Sekaly RP, Peri S, Balachandran S, Lin R, Hiscott J. Systems analysis of a RIG-I agonist inducing broad spectrum inhibition of virus infectivity. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003298. [PMID: 23633948 PMCID: PMC3635991 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The RIG-I like receptor pathway is stimulated during RNA virus infection by interaction between cytosolic RIG-I and viral RNA structures that contain short hairpin dsRNA and 5′ triphosphate (5′ppp) terminal structure. In the present study, an RNA agonist of RIG-I was synthesized in vitro and shown to stimulate RIG-I-dependent antiviral responses at concentrations in the picomolar range. In human lung epithelial A549 cells, 5′pppRNA specifically stimulated multiple parameters of the innate antiviral response, including IRF3, IRF7 and STAT1 activation, and induction of inflammatory and interferon stimulated genes - hallmarks of a fully functional antiviral response. Evaluation of the magnitude and duration of gene expression by transcriptional profiling identified a robust, sustained and diversified antiviral and inflammatory response characterized by enhanced pathogen recognition and interferon (IFN) signaling. Bioinformatics analysis further identified a transcriptional signature uniquely induced by 5′pppRNA, and not by IFNα-2b, that included a constellation of IRF7 and NF-kB target genes capable of mobilizing multiple arms of the innate and adaptive immune response. Treatment of primary PBMCs or lung epithelial A549 cells with 5′pppRNA provided significant protection against a spectrum of RNA and DNA viruses. In C57Bl/6 mice, intravenous administration of 5′pppRNA protected animals from a lethal challenge with H1N1 Influenza, reduced virus titers in mouse lungs and protected animals from virus-induced pneumonia. Strikingly, the RIG-I-specific transcriptional response afforded partial protection from influenza challenge, even in the absence of type I interferon signaling. This systems approach provides transcriptional, biochemical, and in vivo analysis of the antiviral efficacy of 5′pppRNA and highlights the therapeutic potential associated with the use of RIG-I agonists as broad spectrum antiviral agents. Development of safe and effective drugs that inhibit virus replication remains a challenge. Activation of natural host defense using interferon (IFN) therapy has proven an effective treatment of certain viral infections. As a distinct variation on this concept, we analyzed the capacity of small RNA molecules that mimic viral components to trigger the host antiviral response and to inhibit the replication of several pathogenic human viruses. Using gene expression profiling, we identified robust antiviral and inflammatory gene signatures after treatment with a 5′-triphosphate containing RNA (5′pppRNA), including an integrated set of genes that is not regulated by IFN treatment. Delivery of 5′pppRNA into lung epithelial cells in vitro stimulated a strong antiviral immune response that inhibited the multiplication of several viruses. In a murine model of influenza infection, inoculation of the agonist protected animals from a lethal challenge of H1N1 influenza and inhibited virus replication in mouse lungs during the first 24–48 h after infection. This report highlights the therapeutic potential of naturally derived RIG-I agonists as potent stimulators of the innate antiviral response, with the capacity to block the replication of diverse human pathogenic viruses.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antiviral Agents/pharmacology
- Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
- Cell Line
- Enzyme Activation
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate
- Inflammation
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Interferon Regulatory Factor-3/metabolism
- Interferon Regulatory Factor-7/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/drug therapy
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/prevention & control
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- RNA, Viral/metabolism
- RNA, Viral/pharmacology
- RNA, Viral/therapeutic use
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/agonists
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/genetics
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/metabolism
- STAT1 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Line Goulet
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - David Olagnier
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute of Florida, Port Saint Lucie, Florida, United States of America
| | - Zhengyun Xu
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Suzanne Paz
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - S. Mehdi Belgnaoui
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Erin I. Lafferty
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Valérie Janelle
- Immunovirology Laboratory, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Meztli Arguello
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Marilene Paquet
- Comparative Medicine & Animal Resources Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Khader Ghneim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute of Florida, Port Saint Lucie, Florida, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Richards
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute of Florida, Port Saint Lucie, Florida, United States of America
| | - Andrew Smith
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute of Florida, Port Saint Lucie, Florida, United States of America
| | - Peter Wilkinson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute of Florida, Port Saint Lucie, Florida, United States of America
| | - Mark Cameron
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute of Florida, Port Saint Lucie, Florida, United States of America
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Hannover, Germany
| | - Salman Qureshi
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Alain Lamarre
- Immunovirology Laboratory, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Elias K. Haddad
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute of Florida, Port Saint Lucie, Florida, United States of America
| | - Rafick Pierre Sekaly
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute of Florida, Port Saint Lucie, Florida, United States of America
| | - Suraj Peri
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | - Rongtuan Lin
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
- * E-mail: (RL); (JH)
| | - John Hiscott
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute of Florida, Port Saint Lucie, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RL); (JH)
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14
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Wang Y, Tong X, Ye X. Ndfip1 negatively regulates RIG-I-dependent immune signaling by enhancing E3 ligase Smurf1-mediated MAVS degradation. J Immunol 2012; 189:5304-13. [PMID: 23087404 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ndfip1 functions as both a recruiter and an activator of multiple HECT domain E3 ubiquitin ligases of the Nedd4 family. In this study, we demonstrate that Ndfip1 is involved in the ubiquitin-mediated degradation of mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS), which is a key adaptor protein in RIG-I-like receptor-mediated immune signaling. We found that overexpression of Ndfip1 severely impaired MAVS and Sendai virus-mediated activation of IFN-stimulated response element, NF-κB, IFN-β promoter, and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid or influenza virus RNA-stimulated IRF-3 phosphorylation, as well as the transcription of IFN-β. This functional interaction was confirmed by knockdown of Ndfip1, which facilitated MAVS-mediated downstream signaling and elevated MAVS protein levels. Further analysis indicated that Ndfip1 enhances both self-ubiquitination of HECT domain-containing E3 ubiquitin ligase Smurf1 and its interaction with MAVS, and eventually promotes MAVS degradation. In addition, the activation of IFN-β by MAVS, influenza virus RNA, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid, and Sendai virus was enhanced in Ndfip1 knockdown cells. These results reveal that Ndfip1 is a potent inhibitor of MAVS-mediated antiviral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yetao Wang
- Center for Molecular Immunology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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15
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Johansson DX, Ljungberg K, Kakoulidou M, Liljeström P. Intradermal electroporation of naked replicon RNA elicits strong immune responses. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29732. [PMID: 22238645 PMCID: PMC3251598 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA-based vaccines represent an interesting immunization modality, but suffer from poor stability and a lack of efficient and clinically feasible delivery technologies. This study evaluates the immunogenic potential of naked in vitro transcribed Semliki Forest virus replicon RNA (RREP) delivered intradermally in combination with electroporation. Replicon-immunized mice showed a strong cellular and humoral response, contrary to mice immunized with regular mRNA. RREP-elicited induction of interferon-γ secreting CD8+ T cells and antibody responses were significantly increased by electroporation. CD8+ T cell responses remained substantial five weeks post vaccination, and antigen-specific CD8+ T cells with phenotypic characteristics of both effector and central memory cells were identified. The immune response during the contraction phase was further increased by a booster immunization, and the proportion of effector memory cells increased significantly. These results demonstrate that naked RREP delivered via intradermal electroporation constitute an immunogenic, safe and attractive alternative immunization strategy to DNA-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel X Johansson
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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16
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Abstract
RNA-based vaccines represent an interesting immunization modality, but suffer from poor stability and a lack of efficient and clinically feasible delivery technologies. This study evaluates the immunogenic potential of naked in vitro transcribed Semliki Forest virus replicon RNA (RREP) delivered intradermally in combination with electroporation. Replicon-immunized mice showed a strong cellular and humoral response, contrary to mice immunized with regular mRNA. RREP-elicited induction of interferon-γ secreting CD8+ T cells and antibody responses were significantly increased by electroporation. CD8+ T cell responses remained substantial five weeks post vaccination, and antigen-specific CD8+ T cells with phenotypic characteristics of both effector and central memory cells were identified. The immune response during the contraction phase was further increased by a booster immunization, and the proportion of effector memory cells increased significantly. These results demonstrate that naked RREP delivered via intradermal electroporation constitute an immunogenic, safe and attractive alternative immunization strategy to DNA-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel X Johansson
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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17
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Ranjan P, Jayashankar L, Deyde V, Zeng H, Davis WG, Pearce MB, Bowzard JB, Hoelscher MA, Jeisy-Scott V, Wiens ME, Gangappa S, Gubareva L, García-Sastre A, Katz JM, Tumpey TM, Fujita T, Sambhara S. 5'PPP-RNA induced RIG-I activation inhibits drug-resistant avian H5N1 as well as 1918 and 2009 pandemic influenza virus replication. Virol J 2010; 7:102. [PMID: 20492658 PMCID: PMC2891689 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-7-102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emergence of drug-resistant strains of influenza viruses, including avian H5N1 with pandemic potential, 1918 and 2009 A/H1N1 pandemic viruses to currently used antiviral agents, neuraminidase inhibitors and M2 Ion channel blockers, underscores the importance of developing novel antiviral strategies. Activation of innate immune pathogen sensor Retinoic Acid Inducible Gene-I (RIG-I) has recently been shown to induce antiviral state. RESULTS In the present investigation, using real time RT-PCR, immunofluorescence, immunoblot, and plaque assay we show that 5'PPP-containing single stranded RNA (5'PPP-RNA), a ligand for the intracytoplasmic RNA sensor, RIG-I can be used as a prophylactic agent against known drug-resistant avian H5N1 and pandemic influenza viruses. 5'PPP-RNA treatment of human lung epithelial cells inhibited replication of drug-resistant avian H5N1 as well as 1918 and 2009 pandemic influenza viruses in a RIG-I and type 1 interferon dependant manner. Additionally, 5'PPP-RNA treatment also inhibited 2009 H1N1 viral replication in vivo in mice. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that 5'PPP-RNA mediated activation of RIG-I can suppress replication of influenza viruses irrespective of their genetic make-up, pathogenicity, and drug-sensitivity status.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Line
- DEAD Box Protein 58
- DEAD-box RNA Helicases/genetics
- DEAD-box RNA Helicases/metabolism
- Disease Outbreaks
- Drug Resistance, Viral
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/drug effects
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/physiology
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/drug effects
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/physiology
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/genetics
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- RNA, Viral/chemical synthesis
- RNA, Viral/chemistry
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- RNA, Viral/metabolism
- RNA, Viral/pharmacology
- Receptors, Immunologic
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Ranjan
- Influenza Division, NCIRD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Lakshmi Jayashankar
- Influenza Division, NCIRD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Varough Deyde
- Influenza Division, NCIRD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Hui Zeng
- Influenza Division, NCIRD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - William G Davis
- Influenza Division, NCIRD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Melissa B Pearce
- Influenza Division, NCIRD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - John B Bowzard
- Influenza Division, NCIRD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Mary A Hoelscher
- Influenza Division, NCIRD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Victoria Jeisy-Scott
- Influenza Division, NCIRD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Mayim E Wiens
- Influenza Division, NCIRD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Shivaprakash Gangappa
- Influenza Division, NCIRD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Larisa Gubareva
- Influenza Division, NCIRD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Katz
- Influenza Division, NCIRD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Terrence M Tumpey
- Influenza Division, NCIRD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Takashi Fujita
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Suryaprakash Sambhara
- Influenza Division, NCIRD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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18
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Silberstein E, Mihalik K, Ulitzky L, Plant EP, Puig M, Gagneten S, Yu MYW, Kaushik-Basu N, Feinstone SM, Taylor DR. Persistent growth of a human plasma-derived hepatitis C virus genotype 1b isolate in cell culture. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1000910. [PMID: 20502631 PMCID: PMC2873922 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
HCV (hepatitis C virus) research, including therapeutics and vaccine development, has been hampered by the lack of suitable tissue culture models. Development of cell culture systems for the growth of the most drug-resistant HCV genotype (1b) as well as natural isolates has remained a challenge. Transfection of cultured cells with adenovirus-associated RNAI (VA RNAI), a known interferon (IFN) antagonist and inhibitor of dsRNA-mediated antiviral pathways, enhanced the growth of plasma-derived HCV genotype 1b. Furthermore, persistent viral growth was achieved after passaging through IFN-α/β-deficient VeroE6 cells for 2 years. Persistently infected cells were maintained in culture for an additional 4 years, and the virus rescued from these cells induced strong cytopathic effect (CPE). Using a CPE-based assay, we measured inhibition of viral production by anti-HCV specific inhibitors, including 2′-C-Methyl-D-Adenosine, demonstrating its utility for the evaluation of HCV antivirals. This virus constitutes a novel tool for the study of one of the most relevant strains of HCV, genotype 1b, which will now be available for HCV life cycle research and useful for the development of new therapeutics. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) causes a persistent infection that can lead to hepatocellular carcinoma and liver cirrhosis. Interferon (IFN)-based treatments are ineffective for some HCV genotypes. HCV research has been hampered by the lack of suitable cell culture systems. With the discovery of a unique HCV genotype 2a isolate that can replicate in the human liver cell line Huh7, some obstacles were overcome. However, there remains the need of systems to grow IFN-resistant genotypes and serum-derived isolates. Here we show that the presence of adenovirus-associated RNAI (VA RNAI), a known IFN antagonist, permitted establishment of a persistent infection of genotype 1b in VeroE6 cells that were passaged weekly for more than 2 years. The persistent virus induces strong cytopathic effect (CPE), a feature that allowed the development of a CPE-based assay to test HCV-specific inhibitors, neutralization by anti-HCV immunoglobulins and by anti-CD81 antibody, and HCV-specific siRNA. Our system provides the first persistent culture of genotype 1b virus and a convenient assay that can be used for therapeutics development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Silberstein
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion-transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kathleen Mihalik
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Laura Ulitzky
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion-transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ewan P. Plant
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion-transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Montserrat Puig
- Division of Therapeutic Proteins, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sara Gagneten
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mei-ying W. Yu
- Division of Hematology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Neerja Kaushik-Basu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Stephen M. Feinstone
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Deborah R. Taylor
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion-transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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Wörnle M, Sauter M, Kastenmüller K, Ribeiro A, Mussack T, Ladurner R, Sitter T. Role of toll-like receptor 3, RIG-I, and MDA5 in the expression of mesothelial IL-8 induced by viral RNA. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2010; 160:1179-87. [PMID: 19472082 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-009-8643-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Accepted: 04/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is a chemokine that has been shown to be a potent chemoattractant for polymorphonuclear neutrophils from the vascular compartment into the pleural space during infectious pleural effusions. Mesothelial cells express the viral receptors Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), RIG-I, and MDA5. Activation of these receptors by viral RNA exemplified by poly (I:C) RNA leads to a time- and dose-dependent increase of mesothelial IL-8 synthesis. To show the specific effect of viral receptors, knockdown experiments with short interfering RNA specific for TLR3, RIG-I and MDA5 were performed. This novel finding of functional expression of these viral sensors on human mesothelial cells may indicate a novel link between viral infections and mesothelial inflammation and indicates a pathophysiologic role of viral receptors in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Wörnle
- Medical Policlinic, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Pettenkoferstrasse 8a, 80336 Munich, Germany.
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20
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Townsend HL, Jha BK, Han JQ, Maluf NK, Silverman RH, Barton DJ. A viral RNA competitively inhibits the antiviral endoribonuclease domain of RNase L. RNA 2008; 14:1026-1036. [PMID: 18426919 PMCID: PMC2390801 DOI: 10.1261/rna.958908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2007] [Accepted: 02/18/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Ribonuclease L (RNase L) is a latent endoribonuclease in an evolutionarily ancient interferon-regulated dsRNA-activated antiviral pathway. 2'-5' oligoadenylate (2-5A), the product of dsRNA-activated oligoadenylate synthetases (OASes), binds to ankyrin repeats near the amino terminus of RNase L, initiating a series of conformational changes that result in the activation of the endoribonuclease. A phylogenetically conserved RNA structure within group C enteroviruses inhibits the endoribonuclease activity of RNase L. In this study we report the mechanism by which group C enterovirus RNA inhibits RNase L. Viral RNA did not affect 2-5A binding to RNase L. Rather, the viral RNA inhibited the endoribonuclease domain. We used purified RNase L, purified 2-5A, and an RNA substrate with a 5' fluorophore and 3' quencher in FRET assays to measure inhibition of RNase L activity by the viral RNA. The group C enterovirus RNA was a competitive inhibitor of the endoribonuclease with a K(i) of 34 nM. Consistent with the kinetic profile of a competitive inhibitor, the viral RNA inhibited the constitutively active endoribonuclease domain of RNase L. We call this viral RNA the RNase L competitive inhibitor RNA (RNase L ciRNA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L Townsend
- Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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21
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Prens EP, Kant M, van Dijk G, van der Wel LI, Mourits S, van der Fits L. IFN-alpha enhances poly-IC responses in human keratinocytes by inducing expression of cytosolic innate RNA receptors: relevance for psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 2008; 128:932-8. [PMID: 17928888 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5701087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Keratinocytes play a key role in innate immune responses of the skin to bacterial and viral pathogens. Viral double-stranded RNA and its synthetic analogue polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid (poly-IC) are recognized via multiple pathways involving the receptors Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), protein kinase R (PKR), and the recently described cytosolic RNA helicases retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5). We show that preincubation of human keratinocytes with IFN-alpha enhances the proinflammatory responses to poly-IC. Kinetic studies suggest that this is mediated via upregulation of the receptors TLR3, PKR, RIG-I, and MDA5. Interestingly, expression of RIG-I, MDA5, and PKR was significantly increased in lesional skin from patients with psoriasis, a chronic inflammatory skin disease that is characterized by high IFN-alpha levels. These results suggest that psoriatic keratinocytes show increased sensitivity to viral RNA intermediates, thereby leading to excessive proinflammatory responses and maintenance of the inflammatory skin phenotype. Here, we provide early evidence that point toward a role for the recently described cytosolic innate RNA receptors in non-viral chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Errol P Prens
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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22
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Liu QY, Han AJ, Yang QX, Dong Y, Wu JH, You SY, Li MF. [Analysis of Epstein-Barr virus BamH I "f" variant in nodal metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma]. Zhonghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi 2008; 37:160-164. [PMID: 18788591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) BamH I "f" variant in primary nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and its metastases in lymph nodes (LN). METHODS In situ hybridization was used to detect EBV-encoded small RNA (EBER) expression in 21 paired paraffin-embedded tissue from primary NPC and their lymph node metastases and 22 primary NPC without lymph node metastasis. PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assay were used to detect EBV BamH I "f" variant in all cases of NPCs, lymph node metastases and 50 cases of chronic inflammation of nasopharynx from Canton. RESULTS All cases of NPCs and their lymph node metastases showed EBER expression, indicating a high EBV-positive rate in Cantonese NPC patients. EBV BamH I "f" variant was found in 11 cases (52.4%, 11/21) of primary NPCs with LN metastasis, 12 cases (57.1%, 12/21) of the LN metastases, and 18 cases (81.8%, 18/22) of primary NPCs without LN metastasis. However, of the 50 cases of chronic inflammation of nasopharynx, only one case (2.1%, 1/47) demonstrated BamH I "f" variant. The frequency of BamH I "f" variant in NPC was therefore dramatically higher than that in chronic inflammation of nasopharynx. It is of note that atypical hyperplasia was observed in a few epithelial cells from the case of chronic inflammation of nasopharynx expressing BamH I "f" variant. CONCLUSIONS The frequency of EBV BamH I "f" variant in NPC is significantly higher than that in chronic inflammation of nasopharynx. It is the first demonstration that the BamH I "f" variant is also present in the LN metastases of NPC. The frequency of BamH I "f" variant in metastatic NPC of the lymph node is almost equal to that of primary NPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Yu Liu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital and Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
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23
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Ghosh M, Schaefer TM, Fahey JV, Wright JA, Wira CR. Antiviral responses of human Fallopian tube epithelial cells to toll-like receptor 3 agonist poly(I:C). Fertil Steril 2007; 89:1497-506. [PMID: 17669408 PMCID: PMC2647142 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2007] [Revised: 05/11/2007] [Accepted: 05/11/2007] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the expression of toll-like receptors (TLR) by primary human Fallopian tube epithelial cells (FTEC) and to determine whether exposure to the TLR3 agonist poly(I:C) induces an antiviral response. DESIGN Tissue culture study. SETTING University medical center. PATIENT(S) Premenopausal women undergoing hysterectomy. INTERVENTION(S) Primary human FTEC were grown to confluence and high transepithelial resistance and treated with TLR agonists. Conditioned media was collected and RNA was extracted and analyzed for the expression of cytokines, chemokines, and antimicrobial genes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) The RNA was analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction and protein levels were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULT(S) The FTEC were demonstrated to express TLR1-9 but not 10. Treatment of FTEC with TLR3 agonist poly(I:C) resulted in increased expression of interleukin-8, tumor-necrosis factor alpha, human beta-defensin 2, interferon beta, and interferon stimulated genes myxovirus resistance gene 1, 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase, and protein kinase R. Additionally, FTEC exposed to poly(I:C) also resulted in the induction of TLR2, TLR3, and TLR7. CONCLUSION(S) Our results suggest that FTEC are sensitive to viral infection and/or exposure to viral double-stranded RNA and can respond by secreting proinflammatory cytokines that mediate the initiation of an inflammatory response as well as expressing genes that can directly inhibit viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimi Ghosh
- Department of Physiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756, USA.
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Alter G, Suscovich TJ, Teigen N, Meier A, Streeck H, Brander C, Altfeld M. Single-Stranded RNA Derived from HIV-1 Serves as a Potent Activator of NK Cells. J Immunol 2007; 178:7658-66. [PMID: 17548602 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.12.7658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Persistent immune activation is a hallmark of chronic viremic HIV-1 infection. Activation of cells of the innate immune system, such as NK cells, occurs rapidly upon infection, and is sustained throughout the course of the disease. However, the precise underlying mechanism accounting for the persistent HIV-1-induced activation of NK cells is poorly understood. In this study, we assessed the role of uridine-rich ssRNA derived from the HIV-1 long terminal repeat (ssRNA40) on activation of NK cells via TLR7/8. Although dramatic activation of NK cells was observed following stimulation of PBMC with ssRNA40, negligible activation was observed following stimulation of purified NK cells despite their expression of TLR8 mRNA and protein. The functional activation of NK cells by this HIV-1-encoded TLR7/8 ligand could not be reconstituted with exogenous IL-12, IFN-alpha, or TNF-alpha, but was critically dependent on the direct contact of NK cells with plasmacytoid dendritic cells or CD14(+) monocytes, indicating an important level of NK cell cross-talk and regulation by accessory cells during TLR-mediated activation. Coincubation of monocyte/plasmacytoid dendritic cells, NK cells, and ssRNA40 potentiated NK cell IFN-gamma secretion in response to MHC-devoid target cells. Studies using NK cells derived from individuals with chronic HIV-1 infection demonstrated a reduction of NK cell responsiveness following stimulation with TLR ligands in viremic HIV-1 infection. These data demonstrate that HIV-1-derived TLR ligands can contribute to the immune activation of NK cells and may play an important role in HIV-1-associated immunopathogenesis and NK cell dysfunction observed during acute and chronic viremic HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galit Alter
- Partners AIDS Research Center, Infectious Disease Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
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25
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Edwards MR, Hewson CA, Laza-Stanca V, Lau HTH, Mukaida N, Hershenson MB, Johnston SL. Protein kinase R, IkappaB kinase-beta and NF-kappaB are required for human rhinovirus induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production in bronchial epithelial cells. Mol Immunol 2006; 44:1587-97. [PMID: 16989899 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2006.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2006] [Accepted: 08/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Rhinovirus infections cause the majority of acute exacerbations of airway diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, with increased pro-inflammatory cytokine production by infected bronchial epithelial cells contributing to disease pathogenesis. Theses diseases are a huge cause of morbidity worldwide, and contribute a major economic burden to healthcare costs. Current steroid based treatments are only partially efficient at controlling virus induced inflammation, which remains an unmet therapeutic goal. Although NF-kappaB has been implicated, the precise mechanisms of rhinovirus induction of pro-inflammatory gene expression in bronchial epithelial cells are unclear. We hypothesised that rhinovirus replication and generation of dsRNA was an important process of pro-inflammatory cytokine induction. Using pharmalogical (2-aminopurine and a new small molecule inhibitor) and genetic inhibition of the dsRNA binding kinase protein kinase R, striking inhibition of dsRNA (polyrIC) and rhinovirus induced CCL5, CXCL8 and IL-6 protein was observed. Using confocal microscopy, rhinovirus induced protein kinase R phosphorylation co-located with NF-kappaB p65 nuclear translocation. Focusing on CXCL8, both rhinovirus infection and dsRNA treatment required IkappaB kinase-beta for induction of CXCL8. Analysis of cis-acting sites in the CXCL8 promoter revealed that both rhinovirus infection and dsRNA treatment upregulated CXCL8 promoter activation via NF-kappaB and NF-IL6 binding sites. Together, the results demonstrate the importance of dsRNA in induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines by rhinoviruses, and suggest that protein kinase R is involved in NF-kappaB mediated gene transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines via IkappaB kinase-beta. These molecules regulating rhinovirus induction of inflammation represent therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Edwards
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Heart Lung Institute and Wright Fleming Institute of Infection and Immunity, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK.
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26
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Löseke S, Grage-Griebenow E, Heine H, Wagner A, Akira S, Bauer S, Bufe A. In vitro-Generated Viral Double-Stranded RNA in Contrast to Polyinosinic : Polycytidylic Acid Induces Interferon-alpha in Human Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells. Scand J Immunol 2006; 63:264-74. [PMID: 16623926 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2006.01736.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) arises in the cytoplasm during viral replication and was shown to participate in the interferon (IFN)-alpha induction process. Besides the intracellular recognition, released dsRNA from dying, infected cells can function as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) for the innate immune system. In the present study, in vitro-generated dsRNA fragments of genomic sequences of Newcastle disease virus were used to induce IFN-alpha release in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), in immature myeloid dendritic cells (mDC) and in immature plasmacytoid DC (pDC). The extracellular administration of dsRNA fragments but not the application of the corresponding single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) strands led to an IFN-alpha production in PBMC. The synthetic dsRNA analogue polyinosinic acid : polycytidylic acid [Poly(I : C)] could only stimulate IFN-alpha production in enriched mDC but not in pDC. In contrast, dsRNA fragments induced IFN-alpha only in pDC. Complexation of dsRNA fragments with transfection reagents increased the efficiency of IFN-alpha induction and commuted ssRNA molecules into IFN-alpha inducers. However, stimulation of in vitro-generated murine Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) knockout DC and human TLR-transfected HEK293 cells with dsRNA fragments gave no evidences for the involvement of pDC-specific TLR7 or TLR9 in the observed IFN-alpha induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Löseke
- Department of Experimental Pneumology, Ruhr-University Bochum, BGFA, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz, Bochum, Germany.
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Ruggli N, Bird BH, Liu L, Bauhofer O, Tratschin JD, Hofmann MA. N(pro) of classical swine fever virus is an antagonist of double-stranded RNA-mediated apoptosis and IFN-alpha/beta induction. Virology 2005; 340:265-76. [PMID: 16043207 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2005] [Revised: 05/20/2005] [Accepted: 06/20/2005] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) protects cells from double-stranded (ds) RNA-mediated apoptosis and IFN-alpha/beta induction. This phenotype is lost when CSFV lacks N(pro) (DeltaN(pro) CSFV). In the present study, we demonstrate that N(pro) counteracts dsRNA-mediated apoptosis and IFN-alpha/beta induction independently of other CSFV elements. For this purpose, we generated porcine SK-6 and PK-15 cell lines constitutively expressing N(pro) fused to the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). The survival of the SK6-EGFP-N(pro) cell line after polyinosinic polycytidylic acid [poly(IC)] treatment was comparable to that of CSFV-infected SK-6 cells and was significantly higher than the survival of the parent cell line. In PK-15 cells, the presence of EGFP-N(pro) prevented the DeltaN(pro) CSFV- and poly(IC)-mediated IFN-alpha/beta production. Importantly, N(pro) also inhibited IFN-alpha and IFN-beta promoter-driven luciferase expression in human cells and blocked IFN-alpha/beta induction mediated by Newcastle disease virus. This establishes a novel function for N(pro) in counteraction of the IFN-alpha/beta induction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Ruggli
- Institute of Virology and Immunoprophylaxis (IVI), Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
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28
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Patole PS, Gröne HJ, Segerer S, Ciubar R, Belemezova E, Henger A, Kretzler M, Schlöndorff D, Anders HJ. Viral Double-Stranded RNA Aggravates Lupus Nephritis through Toll-Like Receptor 3 on Glomerular Mesangial Cells and Antigen-Presenting Cells. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005; 16:1326-38. [PMID: 15772251 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2004100820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
How viral infections trigger autoimmunity is poorly understood. A role for Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) was hypothesized in this context as viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) activates dendritic cells to secrete type I interferons and cytokines that are known to be associated with the disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Immunostaining of nephritic kidney sections of autoimmune MRL(lpr/lpr) mice revealed TLR3 expression in infiltrating antigen-presenting cells as well as in glomerular mesangial cells. TLR3-positive cultured mesangial cells that were exposed to synthetic polyinosinic-cytidylic acid (pI:C) RNA in vitro produced CCL2 and IL-6. pI:C RNA activated macrophages and dendritic cells, both isolated from MRL(lpr/lpr) mice, to secrete multiple proinflammatory factors. In vivo, a single injection of pI:C RNA increased serum IL-12p70, IL-6, and IFN-alpha levels. A course of 50 microg of pI:C RNA given every other day from weeks 16 to 18 of age aggravated lupus nephritis in pI:C-treated MRL(lpr/lpr) mice. Serum DNA autoantibody levels were unaltered upon systemic exposure to pI:C RNA in MRL(lpr/lpr) mice, as pI:C RNA, in contrast to CpG-DNA, failed to induce B cell activation. It therefore was concluded that viral dsRNA triggers disease activity of lupus nephritis by mechanisms that are different from those of bacterial DNA. In contrast to CpG-DNA/TLR9 interaction, pI:C RNA/TLR3-mediated disease activity is B cell independent, but activated intrinsic renal cells, e.g., glomerular mesangial cells, to produce cytokines and chemokines, factors that can aggravate autoimmune tissue injury, e.g., lupus nephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant S Patole
- Nephrological Center, Medical Policlinic, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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Abstract
Double-stranded (ds) RNA is a biologically active component of many viruses including rhinoviruses infecting the upper respiratory tract. Mucus production is a common symptom of such infections. Here, we show that mucin, the glycoprotein subunit of mucus gels, is transcriptionally upregulated in an NF-kappaB- and p38-dependent manner when homogeneous cultures of epithelial cells are exposed to dsRNA. Furthermore, upstream of p38 in this system, dsRNA stimulates the extracellular release of ATP and activation of cell surface ATP receptors, which are G protein-coupled. This results in the stimulation of phospholipase C and protein kinase C. These findings suggest that ATP receptor antagonists could be used to modulate mucus production induced by virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedang Londhe
- Biomedical Sciences Program, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0452, USA
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31
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Hwang J, Fauzi H, Fukuda K, Sekiya S, Kakiuchi N, Taira K, Kusakabe I, Nishikawa S. Analysis of aptamer binding site for HCV-NS3 protease by alanine scanning mutagenesis. Nucleic Acids Symp Ser 2003:253-4. [PMID: 12903364 DOI: 10.1093/nass/44.1.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Nonstructural protein 3 (NS3) of Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a multifunctional protein and possesses protease, nucleotide triphosphatase and helicase activities. The N-terminal domain of NS3 (amino acids 1027-1218; delta NS3) has a trypsin-like protease activity and is essential for processing of viral polyprotein. Accordingly it is a potential target for anti-HCV drugs and we isolated RNA aptamers (Kd = 10 nM, Ki = 100 nM) using in vitro selection strategy. To study the interaction between delta NS3 and its aptamer, we applied alanine scanning mutagenesis and constructed seven mutant proteins at positive amino acid residues on the surface of delta NS3. Binding and inhibitory activities of the NS3 aptamer against mutant proteins were kinetically analyzed. These results clarified that especially Arg161 and Arg130 are important for interaction with the NS3 aptamer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hwang
- National Institute of Bioscience and Human Technology, AIST, Institute of Applied Biochemistry, University of Tsukuba
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32
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McCaffrey AP, Nakai H, Pandey K, Huang Z, Salazar FH, Xu H, Wieland SF, Marion PL, Kay MA. Inhibition of hepatitis B virus in mice by RNA interference. Nat Biotechnol 2003; 21:639-44. [PMID: 12740585 DOI: 10.1038/nbt824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 502] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2002] [Accepted: 04/10/2003] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection substantially increases the risk of chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma in humans. RNA interference (RNAi) of virus-specific genes has emerged as a potential antiviral mechanism. Here we show that RNAi can be applied to inhibit production of HBV replicative intermediates in cell culture and in immunocompetent and immunodeficient mice transfected with an HBV plasmid. Cotransfection with plasmids expressing short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) homologous to HBV mRNAs induced an RNAi response. Northern and Southern analyses of mouse liver RNA and DNA showed substantially reduced levels of HBV RNAs and replicated HBV genomes upon RNAi treatment. Secreted HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) was reduced by 94.2% in cell culture and 84.5% in mouse serum, whereas immunohistochemical detection of HBV core antigen (HBcAg) revealed >99% reduction in stained hepatocytes upon RNAi treatment. Thus, RNAi effectively inhibited replication initiation in cultured cells and mammalian liver, showing that such an approach could be useful in the treatment of viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton P McCaffrey
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Room G305, Stanford, California, USA
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Gern JE, French DA, Grindle KA, Brockman-Schneider RA, Konno SI, Busse WW. Double-stranded RNA induces the synthesis of specific chemokines by bronchial epithelial cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2003; 28:731-7. [PMID: 12600836 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2002-0055oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus-induced secretion of proinflammatory chemokines (e.g., regulated on activation, normal T cells expressed and secreted [RANTES], interleukin [IL]-8) by airway epithelial cells helps to initiate antiviral responses and airway inflammation by enhancing inflammatory cell recruitment. To define mechanisms for virus-induced chemokine secretion, monolayers of nontransformed bronchial epithelial cells were transfected or incubated with polydeoxyinosinic-deoxycytidylic acid (synthetic double-stranded [ds] RNA), rhinovirus dsRNA, or single-stranded RNA (ssRNA), and the secretion of selected chemokines was determined. Transfection or incubation with dsRNA, but not ssRNA, significantly enhanced secretion of RANTES and IL-8, but not eotaxin or macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha. Mechanistically, dsRNA induced and activated dsRNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR), and activated nuclear factor-kappaB and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Furthermore, the PKR inhibitor 2-aminopurine significantly blocked dsRNA-induced RANTES and IL-8 secretion, whereas the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor SB203580 suppressed dsRNA-induced IL-8, but not RANTES. These findings indicate that dsRNA selectively induce the secretion of chemokines such as IL-8 and RANTES, and implicate dsRNA-sensitive signaling proteins in this process. Moreover, these data suggest that this may be an important mechanism for the selective secretion of chemokines by viruses (e.g., rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, influenza) that synthesize dsRNA during replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Gern
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison Medical School, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
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Matsui T, Tanihara K, Date T. Expression of unphosphorylated form of human double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase in Escherichia coli. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 284:798-807. [PMID: 11396973 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.5039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Interferon (IFN)-inducible, double-stranded (dsRNA)-activated protein kinase (PKR) is a key mediator of the antiviral and antiproliferative effects of IFN. PKR is present within cells in a latent state. In response to binding dsRNA, the enzyme becomes activated, causing autophosphorylation and an increase in specific kinase activity. In order to study PKR and its inhibitors, a large amount of the enzyme in its latent, unphosphorylated state is required. When PKR is fused to glutathione S-transferase (GST-PKR) and the fusion protein is expressed in Escherichia coli, the PKR obtained is fully activated by autophosphorylation. Therefore, we have developed an expression plasmid in which both GST-PKR and bacteriophage lambda protein phosphatase (lambda-PPase) genes were placed downstream of a T7 promoter. After induction of expression, unphosphorylated GST-PKR was obtained in good yield, and purified to near homogeneity. The purified enzyme has dsRNA-dependent activation and phosphorylates the translation initiation factor eIF2 alpha. Using the recombinant protein, we analyzed the inhibition mechanisms of two viral inhibitors, vaccinia virus K3L protein and adenovirus virus-associated RNA I (VAI RNA). K3L inhibited both autophosphorylation of PKR and phosphorylation of eIF2 alpha, whereas VAI RNA inhibited only autophosphorylation. The separation of autophosphorylation and catalytic activity shows that the recombinant PKR is useful in analyzing the functions of PKR, its inhibitors, and its regulatory molecules. The coexpression system of protein kinase with lambda-PPase described here will be applicable to obtaining unphosphorylated and unactivated forms of other protein kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Matsui
- Department of Biochemistry, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
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Yu M, Qin E, Zhao W, Hu Z, Yuan X. [Studies of the resistance of the recombinant alphavirus RNAs containing dengue-2 PrM gene to virus infection]. Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao 2001; 41:334-9. [PMID: 12549088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
The amplified PrM gene of dengue-2 virus was cloned into the downstream SP6 promoter-pSFV vector and the recombinant plasmid (pSF.rM2) DNA which contained sense- or antisense-PrM gene, was selected. pSF.rM2 DNA and helper DNA linearized by the enzyme SpeI digestion were both transcribed in vitro into recombinant RNAs which contained the capping analog on the 5'-end and contaansfected into BHK cells by electroportation. The the transfected host cells were challenged with dengue-2 virus and the resistant efficiency of recombinant virus RNAs containing sense- or antisense-PrM gene to virus infection were observed, respectively. The recombinant plasmids (pSFV-PrM) containing sense- or antisense-PrM gene were selected with determination of the nucleotide sequence. The recombinant virus particles were obtained with recombinant RNA and helper RNA co-transfected into BHK cells. Host cells transfected with antisense-PrM RNA derived complete resistance to dengue-2 virus replication and the efficiency was higher than that of the recombinant virus RNA containing sense-PrM gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yu
- Department of Virology, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100850, China
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Uetani K, Der SD, Zamanian-Daryoush M, de La Motte C, Lieberman BY, Williams BR, Erzurum SC. Central role of double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase in microbial induction of nitric oxide synthase. J Immunol 2000; 165:988-96. [PMID: 10878375 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.2.988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
NO synthase 2 (NOS2) is induced in airway epithelium by influenza virus infection. NOS2 induction late in the course of viral infection may occur in response to IFN-gamma, but early in infection gene expression may be induced by the viral replicative intermediate dsRNA through the dsRNA-activated protein kinase (PKR). Since PKR activates signaling pathways important in NOS2 gene induction, we determined whether PKR is a component in the signal transduction pathway leading to NOS2 gene expression after viral infection of airway epithelium. We show that NOS2 gene expression in human airway epithelial cells occurs in response to influenza A virus or synthetic dsRNA. Furthermore, dsRNA leads to rapid activation of PKR, followed by activation of signaling components including NF-kappaB and IFN regulatory factor 1. NOS2 expression is markedly diminished and IFN regulatory factor 1 and NF-kappaB activation are substantially impaired in PKR null cells. Strikingly, NOS2 induction in response to LPS is abolished in PKR null cells, confirming a central role for PKR in the general signaling pathway to NOS2.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Uetani
- Departments of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Cancer Biology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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38
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Fang J, Bredow S, Taishi P, Majde JA, Krueger JM. Synthetic influenza viral double-stranded RNA induces an acute-phase response in rabbits. J Med Virol 1999; 57:198-203. [PMID: 9892408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have characterized the physiological effects of synthetic, high-molecular-weight, homopolymeric, double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), particularly polyriboinosinic.polyribocytidylic acid [Carter and De Clercq (1974): Science 186:1172-1178], but limited information exists regarding the physiological effects of dsRNA of viral composition and size. In this report, we determined sleep and fever responses of rabbits to intracerebroventricular injection of different doses of synthetic viral dsRNA (either 108 base pairs or 661 base pairs) derived from the N-terminal sequence of gene segment 3 of the A/PR/8/34-H1N1 (PR8) influenza virus. Both the108-mer and the 661-mer dsRNAs increased nonrapid eye movement sleep, suppressed rapid eye movement sleep, and induced fever. The 661-mer dsRNA had more potent somnogenic and pyrogenic effects than the 108-mer dsRNA on the basis of weight. Neither single-stranded RNA from the corresponding sequences had significant effects on sleep or brain temperature. These results demonstrate for the first time that low-molecular-weight, viral dsRNA has the stability in vivo that is required to induce the fever and sleep changes found in natural viral infections, and the hypothesis is supported that virus-associated dsRNA may be responsible for initiating the acute-phase response during viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fang
- Department VCAPP, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6520, USA
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39
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Hatta T, Ishikawa M, Takai K, Nakada S, Yokota T, Hata T, Miura K, Takaku H. Inhibition of influenza virus RNA polymerase by 5'-capped short RNA fragments. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 249:103-6. [PMID: 9705839 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1998.9085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have demonstrated that 5'-capped short RNA fragments inhibit the expression of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) in the murine 76 cell line, derived which expresses the genes for the RNA polymerases (PB1, PB2, and PA) and the nucleoprotein (NP) of influenza virus in response to treatment with dexamethasone. We have synthesized 5'-capped short RNA fragments (8-13 ntds long) with a 5'-capped structure (m7GpppGm) using T7 RNA polymerase. The 5'-capped short RNA fragments (8-13 ntds long) were encapsulated in liposomes and were tested for their inhibitory effect by a CAT-ELISA assay using the clone 76 cells. The RNA fragments that were 9-12 ntds long showed inhibitory effects. In particular, the 9 ntds long RNA fragment, was highly inhibitory. On the other hand, the inhibitory effect of the 13 ntds long RNA fragment was considerably decreased in comparison with the other short RNA fragments. The minimal RNA chain length required for priming activity was found to be 12 ntds long. Furthermore, the 5'-capped RNA fragments exhibited higher inhibitory activities than the antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotide (PB2-AUG-as, 20 ntds long) complementary to the site of the PB2-AUG initiation codon. Liposome encapsulation protected the RNA fragments in serum-containing medium and substantially improved their cellular accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hatta
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Chiba Institute of Technology, Japan
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40
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Abstract
Double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) with molecular masses 1.7 and 5.0 kbp, respectively, were isolated from the strain Cryptococcus hungaricus CBS 6569. The dsRNAs were copurified with eicosahedric virus-like particles, 29 nm in diameter. This strain produced a protease-sensitive 'toxin' which inhibited the growth of strain C. hungaricus CBS 4214. The toxin had maximum activity at pH 3.7. The highest toxin amount was attained after a culture period of four days.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Pfeiffer
- Department of Microbiology, Attila József University, Szeged, Hungary.
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41
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Abstract
In this study, we employ antisense RNA technology to block Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) gene expression in cell culture by gene transfer as an approach to block immune recognition and pathogenic sequelae. Retroviral vectors encoding antisense and sense copies of the HBV surface antigen gene (HBsAg) were constructed, respectively. To assay the inhibition of HBV gene expression by antisense RNA, the antisense retroviral construct was co-transfected with HBV expression vector (pTHBV) in hepatoma cell line, HepG2 cells. Expression of surface antigen was assessed by a standard HBsAg assay. The results indicated that HBsAg expression was reduced (40-50%) in antisense co-transfected cells as compared to the control vector co-transfected cells. Furthermore, HepG2 was transduced with antisense retroviral vector and transfected with pTHBV. HBsAg expression was reduced 75% in the antisense retrovirus transduced HepG2 cells as compared to control vector transduced cells. The retroviral vectors developed in this study can be used to identify the target antigen of cytotoxic T lymphocytes, which contribute to the immune mediated damage in chronic HBV patients. The retroviral mediated antisense gene transfer combined with liver (or hepatocyte) transplant could also provide a molecular targeting approach for treating chronic hepatitis patients.
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MESH Headings
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/virology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral/drug effects
- Genetic Therapy/methods
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Hepatitis B Surface Antigens/biosynthesis
- Hepatitis B Surface Antigens/metabolism
- Hepatitis B virus/drug effects
- Hepatitis B virus/genetics
- Humans
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms/virology
- RNA, Antisense/pharmacology
- RNA, Antisense/therapeutic use
- RNA, Viral/biosynthesis
- RNA, Viral/pharmacology
- RNA, Viral/therapeutic use
- Transfection/methods
- Virus Replication/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- F Y Tung
- Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15261, USA.
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42
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Abstract
The ability of the HIV-1 Tat protein to trans -activate HIV-1 transcription in vitro is specifically inhibited by a circular TAR RNA decoy. This inhibition is not overcome by adding an excess of Tat to the reaction but is partially overcome by adding Tat in combination with nuclear extract, suggesting that TAR RNA might function by interacting with a complex containing Tat and cellular factor(s). A cell-free transcription system involving immobilized DNA templates was used to further define the factor(s) that interact with TAR RNA. Preinitiation complexes formed in the presence or absence of Tat were purified on immobilized templates containing the HIV-1 promoter. After washing, nucleotides and radiolabelled UTP were added and transcription was measured. The presence of Tat during preinitiation complex formation resulted in an increase in the level of full-length HIV-1 transcripts. This Tat-activated increase in HIV-1 transcription was not inhibited by circular TAR decoys added during preinitiation complex formation but was inhibited by circular TAR decoys subsequently added during the transcription reaction. These results suggest that TAR decoys inhibit Tat-activated HIV-1 transcription after preinitiation complex formation, perhaps by interacting with components of transcription complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Bohjanen
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Levine Science Research Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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43
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Abstract
All gene segments of influenza virus share a common feature at their respective termini. Both the 5'- and 3'-terminal sequences are highly conserved and possess partial inverted complementarity. This allows for the formation of a double-stranded duplex, which plays a major role in transcription, replication and packaging of the viral genome. In vitro studies have shown that the viral polymerase binds to short RNA molecules containing these termini. In this study, attempts were made to test whether mini-RNA decoys containing either or both termini can inhibit the activity of the viral polymerase in vivo. RNA molecules containing either the 5' or the 3' noncoding sequences were unable to inhibit NS-CAT RNA replication, while mini-RNA decoys consisting of both the 5' and 3' noncoding sequences of vRNA or cRNA were able to efficiently inhibit the activity of the viral polymerases expressed from vaccinia virus vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Luo
- Department of Virology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wallingford, CT 06492-7660, USA.
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44
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Abstract
The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of influenza virus transcribes messenger RNA through a unique cap scavenging mechanism. Viral enzyme binds to the cap structure of host mRNA, cleaves the molecule 9-15 bases downstream of the cap, and uses the short capped oligonucleotide as a primer for mRNA synthesis. Previously, we have shown that the viral polymerase can efficiently bind capped RNAs shorter than 9 nucleotides in length, but the viral enzyme can not utilize these RNAs as primers. For this reason, these short capped oligonucleotides are potent inhibitors of influenza virus transcription. In these studies, it is now shown that short capped oligomers inhibit capped-RNA dependent transcription at the initial step of cap binding. In contrast, low concentrations of these short capped RNAs can actually stimulate viral transcription primed with high concentrations of the dinucleotide ApG. Another capped RNA derivative containing phosphorothioate oligonucleotides was also investigated as a potential polymerase inhibitor. This longer capped RNA was able to bind to the polymerase, but could not be cleaved to primer length by the enzyme associated endonuclease. Thus, the capped phosphorothioate RNA inhibited cap-primed transcription at the step of cap binding. However, in contrast to the short capped oligonucleotide, it also inhibited ApG primed viral transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cianci
- Department of Virology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
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45
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Kalinina NO, Fedorkin ON, Samuilova OV, Maiss E, Korpela T, Atabekov JG. Expression and biochemical analyses of the recombinant potato virus X 25K movement protein. FEBS Lett 1996; 397:75-8. [PMID: 8941717 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(96)01138-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The 25K movement protein (MP) of potato virus X (PVX) is encoded by the 5'-proximal gene of three overlapping MP genes forming a 'triple gene block'. The PVX 25K MP (putative NTPase-helicase) has been synthesized in Escherichia coli as a recombinant containing a six-histidine tag at the amino terminus. The His-tagged 25K protein was purified in a one-column Ni-chelate affinity chromatography procedure. In the absence of any other viral factors, this protein had obvious Mg2+-dependent ATPase activity, which was stimulated slightly (1.7-1.9-fold) by various polynucleotides. Like other viral proteins possessing ATPase-helicase motifs and many plant viral movement proteins, the PVX 25K MP was able to bind nucleic acids in vitro. The RNA binding activity of the 25K MP was pronounced only at very low salt concentrations and was independent of its ATPase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N O Kalinina
- Department of Virology of Moscow State University, Russian Federation
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46
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Abstract
A highly efficient method for the inhibition of bacteriophage phi 29 assembly was developed with the use of mutant forms of the viral procapsid (or packaging) RNA (pRNA) indispensable for phi 29 DNA packaging. Phage phi 29 assembly was severely reduced in vitro in the presence of mutant pRNA and completely blocked in vivo when the host cell expressed mutant pRNA. Addition of 45% mutant pRNA resulted in a reduction of infectious virion production by 4 orders of magnitude, indicating that factors involved in viral assembly can be targets for efficient and specific antiviral treatment. The mechanism leading to the high efficiency of inhibition was attributed to two pivotal features. First, the pRNA contains two separate, essential functional domains, one for procapsid binding and the other for a DNA-packaging role other than procapsid binding. Mutation of the DNA-packaging domain resulted in a pRNA with no DNA-packaging activity but intact procapsid binding competence. Second, multiple copies of the pRNA were involved in the packaging of one genome. This higher-order dependence of pRNA in viral replication concomitantly resulted in its higher-order inhibitory effect. This finding suggested that the collective DNA-packaging activity of multiple copies of pRNA could be disrupted by the incorporation of perhaps an individual mutant pRNA into the group. Although this mutant pRNA could not be used for the inhibition of the replication of other viruses directly, the principle of using molecules with two functional domains and multiple-copy involvement as targets for antiviral agents could be applied to certain viral structural proteins, enzymes, and other factors or RNAs involved in the viral life cycle. This principle also implies a strategy for gene therapy, intracellular immunization, or construction of transgenic plants resistant to viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Trottier
- Department of Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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47
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Volkmann S, Jendis J, Frauendorf A, Moelling K. Inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcription by triple-helix forming oligonucleotides with viral RNA. Nucleic Acids Res 1995; 23:1204-12. [PMID: 7537875 PMCID: PMC306832 DOI: 10.1093/nar/23.7.1204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Reverse transcription of retroviral RNA into double-stranded DNA is catalyzed by reverse transcriptase (RT). A highly conserved polypurine tract (PPT) on the viral RNA serves as primer for plus-strand DNA synthesis and is a possible target for triple-helix formation. Triple-helix formation during reverse transcription involves either single-stranded RNA or an RNA.DNA hybrid. The effect of triple-helix formation on reverse transcription has been analyzed here in vitro using a three-strand-system consisting of an RNA.DNA hybrid and triplex-forming oligonucleotides (TFOs) consisting either of DNA or RNA. Three strand triple-helices inhibit RNase H cleavage of the PPT-RNA.DNA hybrid and initiation of plus-strand DNA synthesis in vitro. Triple-helix formation on a single-stranded RNA target has also been tested in a two-strand-system with TFOs comprising Watson-Crick and Hoogsteen base-pairing sequences, both targeted to the PPT-RNA, on a single strand connected by a linker (T)4. TFOs prevent RNase H cleavage of the PPT-RNA and initiation of plus-strand DNA synthesis in vitro. In cell culture experiments one TFO is an efficient inhibitor of retrovirus replication, leading to a block of p24 synthesis and inhibition of syncytia formation in newly infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Volkmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Genetik, Abt. Schuster, Berlin Dahlem, Germany
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48
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Abstract
Towards gene therapy for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infections, we tested the potency of several antiviral constructs in transient HIV-1 production assays. Whereas little effect was obtained with antisense- and TAR decoy-constructs, we measured efficient inhibition of HIV-1 mRNA translation and virion production in the presence of HIV-1 leader-containing transcripts. The infectivity of these virions was also reduced by this sense inhibitor RNA. These results suggest that leader-encoded functions, like the dimer-linkage structure, can be used to specifically inhibit HIV expression in trans.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Berkhout
- Department of Virology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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49
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Krueger JM, Takahashi S, Kapás L, Bredow S, Roky R, Fang J, Floyd R, Renegar KB, Guha-Thakurta N, Novitsky S. Cytokines in sleep regulation. Adv Neuroimmunol 1995; 5:171-88. [PMID: 7496611 DOI: 10.1016/0960-5428(95)00007-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The central thesis of this essay is that the cytokine network in brain is a key element in the humoral regulation of sleep responses to infection and in the physiological regulation of sleep. We hypothesize that many cytokines, their cellular receptors, soluble receptors, and endogenous antagonists are involved in physiological sleep regulation. The expressions of some cytokines are greatly amplified by microbial challenge. This excess cytokine production during infection induces sleep responses. The excessive sleep and wakefulness that occur at different times during the course of the infectious process results from dynamic changes in various cytokines that occur during the host's response to infectious challenge. Removal of any one somnogenic cytokine inhibits normal sleep, alters the cytokine network by changing the cytokine mix, but does not completely disrupt sleep due to the redundant nature of the cytokine network. The cytokine network operates in a paracrine/autocrine fashion and is responsive to neuronal use. Finally, cytokines elicit their somnogenic actions via endocrine and neurotransmitter systems as well as having direct effects neurons and glia. Evidence in support of these postulates is reviewed in this essay.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Krueger
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Tennessee, Memphis 38163, USA
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50
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Abstract
In order to test the enhancing effect of the 3'-terminal untranslated region (3'-UTR) of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) RNA on protein synthesis in vitro we used a chimeric mRNA construct containing TMV 5'-UTR (omega) and firefly luciferase mRNA. The addition of the TMV 3'-UTR to the chimeric mRNA construct results in a more than 3-fold stimulation of the synthesis of the functionally active protein in the wheat germ cell-free translation system. We have demonstrated that the proper length of the TMV 3'-terminal part is important for efficient translation; elongation of the TMV tail by 160 vector-derived nucleotides fully abolishes the stimulation effect of the TMV 3'-UTR in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- V V Zeyenko
- Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow region
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